Process for bleaching and delignification of lignocellulosic materials

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Bleaching of lignocellulosic materials can be divided into lignin retaining and lignin removing bleaching operations. In the case of bleaching high yield pulps like Groundwood, Thermo-Mechanical Pulp and Semi-Chemical pulps, the objective is to brighten the pulp while all pulp components including lignin are retained as much as possible. This kind of bleaching is lignin retaining. Common lignin retaining bleaching agents used in the industry are alkaline hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite (hydrosulfite).
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into oxygen and water with increasing pH, temperature, heavy metal concentrations, etc. The decomposition products, radicals like HO. and HOO., lead to lower yields by oxidation and degradation of lignin and polyoses. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide is stabilized with sodium silicates and chelating agents when mechanical pulps (high yield pulps) are bleached.
The bleaching effect is achieved mainly by the removal of conjugated double bonds (chromophores), by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (P), or reduction with hydrosulfite (Y). Other bleaching chemicals more rarely used are FAS (Formamidine Sulfinic Acid), Borohydride (NaBH.sub.4), Sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2), Peracetic acid, and Peroxomonosulfate under strong alkaline conditions.
Pretreatment including electrophilic reagents such as elemental chlorine, chlorine dioxide, sodium chlorite and acid H.sub.2 O.sub.2 increase the bleaching efficiency of hydrogen peroxide bleaching as described in Lachenal, D., C. de Chondens and L. Bourson. "Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp to Very High Brightness." TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1987, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 119-122.
In the case of bleaching chemical pulps like kraft pulp, sulfite pulps, NSSC, NSSC-AQ, soda, organosolv, and the like, that is to say with lignocellulosic material that has been subjected to delignifying treatments, bleaching includes further lignin reducing (delignifying) reactions. Bleaching of chemical pulps is performed in one or more subsequent stages. Most common bleaching sequences are CEH, CEHD, CEHDED, CEDED, CEHH. (C chlorination, E caustic extraction, H alkaline hypochlorite and D chlorine dioxide).
In all of these bleaching sequences, the first two stages are generally considered as the "delignification stages". The subsequent stages are called the "final bleaching". This terminology describes the main effects that can be seen by the specific chemical treatments.
While in the first two stages the most apparent effect is the reduction of residual lignin, in the subsequent stages the most distinguishable effect is the increased brightness.
With the development of new mixing devices like high shear mixers at medium consistency, oxygen delignification and oxygen reinforced extraction stages have been commercialized in numerous mills (Teuch, L. Stuart Harper. "Oxygen-bleaching practices and benefits: an overview". TAPPI JOURNAL, Vol. 70, No. 11, pp. 55-61).
Although oxygen delignification; i.e. application of oxygen prior to the chlorination (C) stage, could be implemented because of economical advantages, environmental concerns arise. This is due to the considerable amount of chlorinated organic compounds such as dioxins in the paper mill effluent and in the resulting product. These problems have highly accelerated the implementation of oxygen stages to avoid the chlorination products.
Oxygen delignification stages can yield delignification rates of up to 65% on kraft and sulfite pulps. In the industry, however, most mills operate oxygen stages with delignification rates between 40 and 45%, because the reaction becomes less selective at higher delignification rates. As a consequence, pulp viscosity and pulp strength properties drop steeply when operating beyond a delignification rate of about 50%. Processes that involve substantial loss of pulp viscosity are undesirable.
As environmental regulations by the authorities in Europe, Canada and in the U.S. are becoming increasingly stringent, extensive research and developments throughout the industry are focused on the enhancement of oxygen delignification. All of these studies have one goal in common; increasing the selectivity of oxygen by increasing the reactivity of the residual lignin prior to the oxygen stage. Several pretreatments have been explored and published. (Fossum, G., Ann Marklund, "Pretreament of Kraft Pulp is the Key to Easy Final Bleaching", Proc. of International Pulp Bleaching Conference, TAPPI, Orlando 1988, pp. 253-261).
All of these pretreatments with elemental chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, acid hydrogen peroxide, and the like, convert lignin to more easily oxidizable substances and make the subsequent oxygen stage more selective towards delignification. At the same time, viscosity loss of the oxygen delignified pulp is reduced.
As the main driving force for the implementation of pretreatments is the reduction of chlorine containing bleaching agents, all processes which use chlorine containing agents are anticipated to have very little viability for the future. Some known pretreatments without chlorine such as Prenox.RTM., PO.sub.A or ozonation involve heavy capital investment and are therefore unattractive from the commercial standpoint.
It is generally presumed that during the acid hydrogen peroxide pretreatment with and without oxygen, the aromatic ring is hydroxylated. This hydroxylation action weakens the ring stability so that the subsequent oxygen treatment can cleave the aromatic ring more easily. The relatively extreme reaction conditions as described by Suess, H. U. and O. Helmling, (Acid hydrogen peroxide/oxygen treatment of Kraft pulp prior to oxygen delignification. Proc. International Oxygen Delignification Conference, TAPPI, pp. 179-182, 1987) show that the effect of acid hydrogen peroxide on enhancement of oxygen delignification is very limited.
The effect can be enhanced with organic peracids but organic peracids have the disadvantage that transportation of quantities needed in the pulp and paper industry would be too expensive to be feasible. On-site manufacturing is also not practicable because of the very large sized reaction vessels that would be required. This is due to the fact that long residence times are needed to reach equilibrium. Another disadvantage of using organic peroxides would be that after the reaction, the organic acid and residual peracid in the filtrate would drastically increase the TOC, BOD and COD concentration in the effluent with all its negative environmental impacts.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to provide a process for the bleaching and delignification of lignocellulosic materials using peroxomonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid) and/or its salts in one stage in combination with a follow on stage using oxygen and/or a peroxide. Caro's acid has the advantage over hydrogen peroxide in that it reacts faster, at milder reaction conditions, and far more selectively towards lignin oxidation. Thus, the present invention requires the carrying out of a sequence of stages where in the first of those stages Caro's acid and/or its salts is used for treatment of the pulp and where in the second of those stages of the sequence the pulp is treated with oxygen and/or a peroxide.
It has been found that the treatment of lignocellulosic materials in a process including the above two sequential stages by reaction with peroxomonosulfuric acid and/or its salts under a wide range of reaction conditions produces an extraordinary enhancement of the subsequent delignification and bleaching effect in combination with oxygen delignification and oxidative stage containing oxygen and/or a peroxide.
The present invention is characterized by the synergistic effect that at the same time, pulp viscosity is maintained at comparable levels of commonly run oxygen delignification stages and strength properties are even improved.
The present invention is of significance especially by promoting ease of application of systems leading to the reduction in the use of chlorine in bleaching operations. Ideal for use in existing pulp handling equipment, the process of this invention enables unbleached pulp to be held in high density bleaching towers for extended periods of time. For example, the pulp can be stored there for varying periods of time, typically 1/2 hour to 24 hours or even more. The pulp typically moves through the tower in a continuous or discontinuous discharge. Longer retention time would not unduly negatively affect the process.
As a result of the present invention, it is possible to avoid the presence of chlorine containing oxidation agents in pulping operations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be further understood with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a plot showing the effect of initial pH in the X stage on the selectivity;
FIG. 2 is a plot showing the effect of final pH in the X stage on the selectivity;
FIG. 3 is a plot of the effect of retention time on the Kappa number and viscosity loss properties;
FIG. 4 is a plot showing the effect of retention time on the O stage viscosity;
FIG. 5 is a plot of the selectivity of oxygen delignification;
FIG. 6 is a plot of the effect of retention time in the X stage on the O stage Kappa number;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the effect of retention time on pH in the X stage;
FIG. 8 is a bar chart representing the effect of X stage retention time on pulp brightness;
FIG. 9 is a bar chart representing the effect of retention time on pulp viscosity and Kappa number after the oxygen delignification stage;
FIG. 10 is a bar chart representing the effect of X stage retention time on the drop in Kappa number; and
FIG. 11 is a bar chart representing the effect of X stage retention time on selectivity of oxygen delignification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Lignocellulosic materials such as untreated wood, wood chips and annual plants like corn stalks, wheat straw, kenaf and the like can be used in accordance with the invention. Especially suitable is material that has been defiberized in a mechanical, chemical processes or a combination of mechanical and chemical processes such as GW, TMP, CTMP, kraft pulp, sulfite pulp, soda pulp, NSSC, organosolv and the like. It is this kind of material in an aqueous suspension, hereinafter referred to as pulp, which is treated in accordance with the present invention with peroxomonosulfuric acid and/or its salts and subsequently in a follow on stage subjected to an oxygen and/or peroxide stage.
The present invention can be considered as providing a core process formed of two stages in a sequence; namely, a step of treatment with peroxomonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid or its salts) and a follow on stage of oxygen and/or peroxide treatment. This core sequence can be systematically represented as X--OX; viz the "X" symbolizing the peracid step and "OX" symbolizing the oxygen/peroxide step. The core sequence as defined herein can be followed by one or more additional conventional pulp handling stages such as washing and additional oxidation, peroxide treatment steps as well as steps involving treatment with Caro's acid. Similarly, the core sequence can be preceded by one or more conventional steps such as those mentioned above.
The core sequence, X--OX, can also be interrupted by a washing cycle. However, it is essential that the order of the core sequence be X--OX; that is, the Caro's acid treatment followed by at least one oxidation stage (oxygen and/or peroxide). The importance of having the Caro's acid treatment precede an OX step resides in the fact that subsequent delignification/oxidation results are unexpectedly enhanced while retaining desirable viscosity properties.
The scope of variations in the overall methods of treating pulp including the 2-stage sequence of the invention is very wide and can be illustrated by the following possible representative sequences.
As used herein, the symbol R represents unbleached, brown stock, A is a transition metal removing treatment, P is any peroxide compound treatment step, O is any oxygen step and X--OX is the core process of the invention: ##STR1##
The above is merely illustrative and is not considered limiting.
Peroxomonosulfuric acid can be supplied by dissolving commercial grades of its salts such as Caroat.RTM. (Degussa AG) or by on-site generation e.g. by mixing high strength hydrogen peroxide with concentrated sulfuric acid or SO.sub.3 prior to the addition point. Peroxomonosulfuric acid and/or its salts can be used alone (the X stage) and then followed by the oxidation stage (OX) where oxygen and/or peroxide are used.
Alternatively, the peroxomonosulfuric acid and/or its salts can be used in the first step, the X stage, simultaneously together with H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and/or molecular oxygen, preferably without molecular oxygen. Actually on site generated Caro's acid always contains a mixture of H.sub.2 SO.sub.5, H.sub.2 SO.sub.4, H.sub.2 O.sub.2, O.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O. In this alternative embodiment, the stage following the X stage is the OX stage which contains oxygen and/or peroxide.
The consistency of the pulp in the peroxomonosulfuric acid treatment step can range from 0.01% to 60% preferably from 1% to 30%.
The peroxomonosulfuric acid and/or its salts contains more or less excess acid, depending on its source. Therefore, it is customary that a chemical base such as NaOH, MgO, or other suitable alkaline material be added to the pulp in order to control the acidity at a desired pH level. Any suitable alkaline material can be used to control acidity provided it does not adversely effect the process or product. Any sequence of chemical addition of pH controlling alkali and acid in the first step, including the simultaneous addition, can be carried out. The starting pH is not narrowly critical. The starting pH can be 1 to 11. Preferably, the starting pH of the pulp for the X stage (after addition of caustic and addition of peroxomonosulfuric acid and/or its salts) is between 7 and 11.
In the course of the reaction, the pH drops to a final pH of 1 to 10 mainly because of the liberation of sulfuric acid. As the sulfuric acid being released derives from the peroxomonosulfuric anion, the higher the peroxomonosulfuric acid charge is, the greater is the drop in pH. Typically, the final pH is between 3 and 5 although good results are obtained outside this range of pH. It is to be noted that the pH profile over the course of the X stage has been determined to be subject to wide variation and is not narrowly critical.
The Caro's acid treatment is carried out with 0.01% to 3% (based on oven-dry weight of pulp) of active oxygen contained in the peroxomonosulfuric acid and/or salt. Less than 0.01% may be too slow and above 3% is unnecessary to obtain satisfactory results. Preferred chemical charge is 0.05% to 1.5% AO (active oxygen).
Trials have shown that the X-stage treatment (peroxomonosulfuric acid stage) is very little effected by temperature; that is, the reaction is not very temperature dependent. Thus, the peroxomonosulfuric acid (and/or salt) treatment step is effective at low temperatures such as 5.degree. C. as well as at temperatures of up to 100.degree. C. Preferable temperatures for the Caro's acid treatment are in the range of 15.degree. C. and 70.degree. C.
Depending on temperature, pH and chemical charge the residence time required is typically between 1 second up to 10 hours, frequently 1 minute to 2 hours, although the upper time limit is not critical. Thus, for example the retention time varies as to how long the pulp takes to pass through the high density bleaching tower. Some parts of the pulp may move through rapidly; e.g. 1/2 hour, while other parts of the pulp may take 24 hours or longer to pass through. Accordingly, the process of the invention is not dependent on a narrow range of time parameters.
It is to be noted that the peroxomonosulfuric acid (and/or salt) stage can be applied to any kind of treated (bleached) or untreated (e.g. brown stock) pulp. Advantageously, one or more heavy metal and organic contaminants eliminating process steps can be initially carried out as pretreatment of favorably impact the delignification efficiency of the aforesaid stage.
Pressure conditions for the X-stage can vary for this process as is conventional in pulp operations. Typically, from atmospheric to 0.5 MPa, is suitable.
Peroxide stabilizing agents (such as silicate, chelating agents like Na.sub.5 DTPA, Na.sub.4 EDTA, DTPMPA, etc.) and cellulose protecting agents like urea, silicate salts, magnesium salts, etc. are favorable for the process. The peroxide stabilizer can be added to the treatment step with the Caro's acid. The actual synergistic effects of treatment with peroxomonosulfuric acid (and/or salt) under the described conditions are not immediately apparent right after the treatment. The synergistic effects thereof however become apparent once the pulp is subsequently subjected to oxygen delignification, oxidative extraction with oxygen and/or peroxide or peroxide bleaching.
Thus, according to the invention, the beneficial and synergistic effects achieved by the Caro's acid treatment described hereinafter become apparent after further process steps are carried out; i.e. after oxygen delignification and oxidative extractions such as O, Op, Eo, Ep, Eop, Eoh and P. The effects are dramatically enhanced delignification and bleaching without additional pulp viscosity losses. This result could not have been predicated from what has gone before. As described in "The Chemistry of Delignification", Part II by Gierer J., Holzforschung, 36 (1982), pp. 55-64, acid hydrogen peroxide and organic peracids like peracetic acid hydroxylate the aromatic rings of lignin through the formation of perhydroxonium cations H.sub.3 O.sub.2.sup.+ ; that is, HO.sup.+.
Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows that as compared with a standard oxygen dilignification as represented by the lower plot, the process of the invention X--OX produces a higher selectivity relative to a wide range of initial pH from 1.4 to 10.5. Selectively is a function of the change in Kappa number divided by the drop in viscosity.
FIG. 2 demonstrates with respect to the final pH value over a wide range of 1.4 to 9.8 that the selectivity for the X--OX process of the invention remains higher than in comparison with conventional prior art standard oxygen dilignification. The data in FIG. 1 and 2 are taken from the actual examples run as shown in the application.
FIG. 3 is a plot showing the effect of retention time in the X stage on Kappa number drop and viscosity loss and relates that to selectivity. Thus, over a time period of 0 to at least 120 minutes the selectivity steadily increases. This is an important aspect of the invention as it shows the selectivity of the reaction remains high and based on extrapolation of the curve would be expected to remain so for a longer period of time.
FIG. 4 shows that for reaction times in the X stage up to 60 minutes, essentially no change in viscosity in the O stage occurs. Thereafter, the viscosity begins to rise.
FIG. 5 shows that in the process of the invention X--O compared with conventional prior methods (O), the viscosity does not decline as rapidly with falling Kappa number.
FIG. 6 shows the essential independence of the Kappa number in the O stage at retention times in the X stage that are 60 minutes or greater.
FIG. 7 shows the results obtained from additional experiments reported in Table 6 herein below. For time periods varying from about 2 hours up to more than 30 hours, the data in FIG. 7 shows that the pH is not greatly effected and for a large portion of the time the pH is generally constant. Thus, the data shows little change in pH in the X stage based on the retention time.
FIG. 8 also relates to the data in Table 6 and shows the brightness is high for the present invention as compared to the prior methods which do not employ an X stage prior to the oxidation delignification stage.
FIG. 9 is also based on the data of Table 6 and shows the effect of retention time on pulp viscosity and Kappa number after oxygen delignification as compared to the prior art.
FIG. 10 relates to the effect of X stage retention time on subsequent oxygen delignification rate and compares it to the prior art results.
FIG. 11 shows the effect on selectivity of the retention time over the time period 2 to 32 hours, and relates the results obtained by the present invention to the prior art.
Table 6 contains the data for FIG. 7 to 11.
It is known in the art that hydrogen peroxide does not react readily with Kraft lignin. An explanation can be found in Blaschette A. and D. Brandes Chapter VII, "Nichtradikalische (polare) Reaktionen der Peroxogruppe", pp. 165-181. "Wasserstoffperoxid und seine Derivate", Editor W. Weigert, Huthig Verlag 1978. Electrophilic substitution on the aromatic ring with a peroxide can also be described as a nucleophilic substitution on the peroxidic oxygen of the peroxygen compound. The n-electrons of the aromatic group attack nucleophilically the peroxidic oxygen. In the transition state, the YO.sup.- is removed quicker the less basic YO.sup.- is (see reaction below). ##STR2## Applying this to the reaction of acid hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid, and although applicants do not wish to be bound by any theory, it is believed to present an explanation of why hydrogen peroxide is a weaker hydroxylation agent than peracetic acid. In the case of H.sub.2 O.sub.2, the removed molecule is water (H.sub.2 O), a relatively weak acid; in the case of peracetic acid it is acetic acid, a moderately strong acid. As peroxomonosulfuric acid removes sulfuric acid (a very strong acid), the hydroxylation occurs more rapidly.
The hydroxylation of the aromatic rings, however, is not enough in order to extract the lignin from the pulp. In a subsequent alkaline oxygen stage, the biradical molecule oxygen or radicals deriving from decomposition of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 are trapped by the anions of the hydroxylated lignin, which are then oxidized to the quinonoid forms. Under the reaction conditions of these stages quinones are easily further degraded. As a consequence, oxygen and/or H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is consumed more completely by the additionally hydroxylated lignin. Less attacks of the cellulose are possible which lead to less fiber damage, i.e. higher viscosities, more lignin degradation and bleaching.
The relatively small brightening effect that results from this treatment stage with peroxomonosulfuric acid (and/or its salts) alone is believed likely to arise as a consequence of also partly hydroxylated aliphatic double bonds, partly removal and/or destruction of lignin and lignin fragments and other reactions as described by Gierer, J. The reason why this treatment stage also enhances subsequent alkaline peroxide bleaching stages can be traced back to the same mechanism.
The treatment stage in which peroxomonosulfuric acid and/or its salts is used can be designated by the symbol "X". The new process which is the subject of this invention features a combined application of the X stage with any other kind of oxygen and/or peroxide stage, generally described by the symbol (OX). The new process can be abbreviated by "X--(OX)" whereby "(OX)" can stand for O (oxygen delignification), Eo, Ep, Eop, Eoh (extraction stages reinfirced with oxygen, peroxide, oxygen and peroxide as well as oxygen and hypochlorite, respectively), and P (peroxide stage). Although hypochlorite has been mentioned as a possible optional stage that can be used in combination with the X--OX process of the invention after the OX stage, efforts are being made in the industry to eliminate the use of chlorine chemicals whenever possible.
The process of the invention can be used repeatedly and in combination with other bleaching stages commonly used in order to delignify and bleach to required levels. The two treatments, step X and step (OX) can be conducted with and without intermediate washing. If intermediate washing is applied, any kind of wash water not negatively affecting the overall effects of this process can be used, i.e. (OX) filtrate. It is, however, indispensible that the X step is performed prior to at least one (OX) step. Thus, one or more intermediate working steps can be carried out between the peroxomonosulfuric acid and the subsequent oxygen/peroxide stage to wash out contaminants and the filtrate of the subsequent oxygen/peroxide stage can be used for dilution and/or wash in further intermediate steps.
The following examples serve to illustrate the present invention without limiting it in any way.
EXAMPLE 1
Unbleached southern pine kraft pulp was subjected to an acidic pretreatment in order to eliminate heavy metals from the pulp. The pretreatment was performed at pH 2.0, (adjusted with H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) 50.degree. C., 2% cons. in the presence of about 0.2% of Na.sub.2 SO.sub.3 and 0.2% Na.sub.5 DTPA for 30 minutes. The pulp was dewatered to 30% consistency without additional washing. The pulp was split into three portions of 50 g oven dry (O.D.) pulp. Each sample was subjected to a P.sub.OA --Op treatment as described in Table 1. The amount of active oxygen applied was the same for all three batches. Washing with deionized water was applied between the P.sub.OA and the Op stages to avoid NaOH charge adjustments in the Op stages. Fresh H.sub.2 O.sub.2 was added to the pulp in the Op stage according to the residual levels in the P.sub.OA stage. By that, a P.sub.OA --Op sequence without intermediate washing should be simulated regarding the consumption of the total AO charge in P.sub.OA and Op.
TABLE 1______________________________________ Trial #1 Trial #2 Trial #3______________________________________Raw materialkappa 27.6 27.6 27.6POA-stageAO (%) .60.sup.1) .60.sup.2) .60.sup.3)H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (%) .64 -- --NaOH (%) -- -- .50O.sub.2 (MPa) .3 .3 .3Consist. (%) 15.7 15.7 15.7Temp. (.degree.C.) 70 70 70Time (min) 30 30 30pH initial 1.9 2.0 2.1pH final 1.9 1.9 1.9Residual AO (%) .51 .26 .37OP-stageAO (%) .51 .26 .37NaOH (%) 3.6 3.6 3.6O.sub.2 (MPa) 0.3 0.3 0.3Cons. (%) 20 20 20Temp (.degree.C.) 100 100 100Time (min) 120 120 120Resid. (%) 0 0 0Kappa (-) 9.1 6.7 8.4Delignification (%) 67.0 75.7 69.6Brightness 57.9 58.0 57.3______________________________________ .sup.1) in form of hydrogen peroxide .sup.2) Caros acid in form of Caroat.sup.R (Triplesalt of approx. 45% KHSO.sub.5, 25% KHSO.sub.4 and 30% K.sub.2 SO.sub.4 approx. formula is 2KHSO.sub.5 . KHSO4 . K.sub.2 SO.sub.4). .sup.3) in form of "onsite generated" Caro's acid H.sub.2 SO.sub.5. Caro' acid was manufactured by mixing slowly 96% sulfuric acid with 70% hydroge peroxide drop by drop. Magnetic stirring assured intensive agitation whil the flask was cooled in an ice bath so that the temperature of the reaction solution never exceeded 10.degree. C. Total addition time, i.e. reaction time was 45 minutes. After this time, the reaction solution was quickly poured onto ice so that the resulting concentration of Caro's aci was below 200 g/l. Before applying the Caro's acid solution to the pulp, the peroxomonosulfate and the H.sub.2 O.sub.2 concentration were determined by two titrations with potassium iodide and with permanganate.
The results show that the Caros acid (Caroat) was consumed to a higher degree than H.sub.2 O.sub.2. As reaction conditions are the same, it confirms that the hydrogen peroxomonosulfate is the reactive molecule. While applicants do not wish to be bound by any theory, it is believed that HSO.sub.5 -- attacks the benzenic ring of lignin principally in a manner as described below: ##STR3##
Although it is generally confirmed that the reaction is catalyzed by hydroxonium cations (low pH), the reaction should also be faster with higher concentrations of phenolate anions (higher pH). The results also show that oxygen and hydrogen peroxide delignify more efficiently in the subsequent Op stage after the pretreatment with Caroat and Caro's acid. The reason why Caroat worked even more efficiently than Caro's acid is simply due to the fact that Caro's acid is a mixture of H.sub.2 O.sub.2, H.sub.2 SO.sub.5 and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4, i.e. not all AO applied is applied as H.sub.2 SO.sub.5, the more reactive compound.
This example proves firstly, that peroxomonosulfuric acid reacts faster than hydrogen peroxide under comparable conditions; and, secondly, that the higher consumption of AO leads to higher delignification rates in a subsequent oxygen stage.
More specifically, Table 1 shows that the two Caros acid trials (#2 and #3) exhibit a lower residual active oxygen contact (0.26 and 0.37 respectively) as compared to the Trial #1 which was not conducted using Caros acid. This means that more active oxygen was used in the process and was available for reaction. Also, looking at the data at the completion of the Op-stage, the Kappa valve was 6.7 and 8.4, respectively for Trials #2 and #3, respectively thereby evidencing greater delignification as compared with Trial #1 (Kappa=9.1).
EXAMPLE 2
Unbleached southern hardwood kraft pulp was subjected to the same acid washing as described in Example 1. The pulp was then divided into 8 even samples of 50 g O.D. each. Reaction conditions and pulp properties are outlined in Table 2. Between the oxidative pretreatment and the oxygen stage thorough washing with deionized water was applied to the pulp in order to prevent interferences due to carry-over of different amounts of residual chemicals
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Trial No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8__________________________________________________________________________Raw MaterialAfter Acid WashKappa 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0Brightness, % 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.1Viscosity, mPas 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3OxidativePretreatmentAO % -- 0.50* 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00NaOH % -- -- 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.80 2.00 3.40MgSO.sub.4 % -- 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Cons. % -- 15 15 15 15 15 15 15Time, min -- 60 15 60 120 60 60 120Temp. .degree.C. -- 60 25 25 25 40 60 60pH initial -- 3.0 7.6 7.7 7.6 9.2 9.3 9.3pH final -- 3.1 4.8 4.1 3.3 3.9 3.4 3.0Residual AO % -- .44 .33 .31 .23 .10 .02 .12Oxygen StageO.sub.2, MPa 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3NaOH % 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2MgSO.sub.4 % 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Cons. % 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20Time, min 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60Temp. .degree.C. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100pH initial 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.8 12.6 12.8 12.8 12.5pH final 11.9 12.2 12.2 12.0 12.1 12.1 12.0 12.1Brightness % 49.8 51.2 54.6 53.4 54.4 56.4 56.3 60.4Kappa 8.3 8.1 6.2 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 3.5Delignification % 40.7 42.1 55.7 61.4 63.6 65.0 67.1 75.0Viscosity, mPas 16.1 12.0 16.2 16.1 17.0 15.5 15.3 14.7Viscosity loss % 12.0 34.4 11.5 12.0 7.1 15.3 16.4 19.7**Selectivity % 81.7 56.4 87.1 87.7 92.9 85.3 84.8 83.7__________________________________________________________________________ *AO (Active oxygen was applied in form of hydrogen peroxide) in all other trials Caroat was used. ##STR4##
The results of these trials show that oxygen delignified by far more selectively after treatment with Caroat (peroxomonosulfate). The difference compared to acid hydrogen peroxide (pretreatment trial 21) is not only even higher delignification in the O stage, it is the superior selectivity of oxygen in the O stage that is dramatically improved by the X pretreatment. Compared to the standard oxygen stage (trial #1 of this example) delignification could be improved in trial 8 by 84% rel. At the same time, viscosity dropped by only 9%.
It is to be noted from Table 2 that for Trials 3 to 8, Caros acid was used with initial pH values ranging from 7.6 to 9.3 in the Caros acid stage an final pH value from 3.0 to 4.8, also in the Caros acid stage. Compared with the Caros acidfree trial (#2), the residual active oxgen ranged from 0.02 to 0.33 versus 0.44% (trial #2). Trial #5 shows about 1/2 the amount of the original active oxygen (0.50%) was used with 0.23% remaining after 2 hours reaction. Note from the Kappa number in trial 6, 7 and 8 that the Kappa number continues to drop (from 5.1) indicating continuation of the delignification process. It may therefore be attractive to keep longer reaction times at 60.degree. C.
Typically in a paper pulp mill, the temperature of the pulp reaching the Caros acid stage may be in the range of 40.degree. to 60.degree. C. If operating in colder climates with fresh water, the temperature could be 20.degree.-25.degree. C.
The selectivity values are a ratio between the Kappa number change and the change in viscosity. It is desirable to have as low a change in viscosity as possible. Therefore, the selectivity factor should remain about the same with little variation.
Additional trials were performed identical to trial #4 of example 2 except that the NaOH charge in the X stage was varied in order to see the effect of pH in the X stage on delignification efficiency of the following O stage.
TABLE 3______________________________________Trial No. 9 10 11 12 13 14______________________________________NaOH charge -- 0.10 0.80 2.00 2.80 3.60pH initial 1.40 3.1 3.7 9.3 10.4 10.5pH final 1.40 2.4 3.2 4.8 7.7 9.8brightness after O.sub.2 50.9 50.6 51.0 53.4 57.0 57.9Kappa after O.sub.2 6.9 6.9 5.9 5.4 5.9 6.1Viscosity after O.sub.2 16.0 15.9 16.2 16.6 15.6 15.7Selectivity % 84.5 83.9 87.5 90.4 84.1 84.3______________________________________
These trials showed the applicability of the X stage over a wide pH range. An optimum in efficiency could be found around a final pH of 3 to 5.
Table 3 also shows the good selectivity values obtained in accordance with the present invention. Thus in the pH (initial) range of 1.4 or 10.5 and a final pH range of 1.4 to 9.8 the selectivity ranged from 3.8 to 4.2. This data shows that the final pH can be broadly from 1 to 10 with very good results being obtained.
EXAMPLE 3
The same unbleached hardwood kraft pulp was acidic washed as described under Example 1. Afterwards, the pulp was bleached in a X.sub.1 --O--X.sub.2 --Eo--P to a final brightness of 76.5 and a final viscosity of 13.1. Bleaching the pulp in X.sub.1 --O--X.sub.2 --Eo--D, final brightness and viscosity was 85.3 and 12.8, respectively. Chemical charges and reaction conditions were X=0.5% AO (Caroat); 1.8% NaOH; O=3.2% NaOH, 0.3 MPa O2; X2=0.25% AO (Caroat); Eo=1.6% NaOH, 0.3 MPa O2 and P=0.47% H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and 0.8% NaOH.
A final brightness of 86.3% ISO and final viscosity of 12.2 could be achieved bleaching the same raw material in a X.sub.1 --O--X.sub.2 --Eop--D sequence. All chemical charge were the same as in trial 1. 1.0% active chlorine as ClO.sub.2 was applied in the final D stage and in Eop: 0.4% H.sub.2 O.sub.2. This example demonstrated that repeated application of the "X--(OX)"--Process led to fully bleached pulp brightness levels.
EXAMPLE 4
Unbleached southern pine kraft pulp was treated according to Example 1. The reaction parameters are outlined in the table below. This example should compare the effects the X--(OX) process has on strength properties compared to a common oxygen delignification. The "X--(OX)" process (trial 2), compared to regular oxygen delignification (Trial 1), yielded a 53% higher delignification rate and a pulp with a brightness of 4.4 points higher, a tear index of 42% higher, the burst index was 3% higher and the Tensile index was 14% higher. Compared to all other known processes that enhance oxygen delignification, these results were surprising and unexpected.
TABLE 4______________________________________ 1Trial No. Reference 2______________________________________Raw materialKappa 23.7 23.7Acid wash + +PretreatmentAO (%) (Caroat.sup.R) -- 0.5NaOH (%) -- 1.8Consistency (%) -- 15Temperature (.degree.C.) -- 40Time (min.) -- 60pH initial -- 8.8pH final -- 3.6Residual AO (%) -- 0.03Oxygen stageMgSO.sub.4 (%) 0.5 0.5O.sub.2 (MPa) 0.3 0.3NaOH (%) 3.2 3.2Consistency (%) 20 20Time (min.) 60 60Temperature (.degree.C.) 100 100pH initial 12.3 12.5pH final 10.6 10.5Brightness 32.2 36.6Kappa 15.1 10.5Delignification (%) 36.3 55.7Tear index (mNm.sup.2 /g) 7.10 10.09Tensile index (Nm/g) 6.75 7.69Burst index (kPam.sup.2 /g) 4.95 5.09Breaking length (km) 11.2 12.0CSF (ml) 500 500______________________________________
In a relatively recent paper ("Pretreatment of Kraft Pulp is the Key to Easy Final Bleaching", by Greta Fossum and Ann Marklund, TAPPI, Proc. 1988 International Pulp Bleaching Conference, pp. 253-261), a variety of pretreatments are compared.
EXAMPLE 5
In order to find out the contribution each chemical (HSO.sub.5 --, O.sub.2 and NaOH) has in the overall effect, another series of trials was conducted. Unbleached southern pine kraft pulp was treated according to Example 1 prior to performing various bleaching trials, as described in Table 5. In order to identify each chemical contribution to the overall effects of the "X--(OX)" treatment, the following procedure was chosen.
The prewashed raw material was split into two even parts of pulp. One part was subjected to the X treatment, the other part was subjected to the same treatment but no active oxygen was added. After completion of the first step, both pulp samples were diluted with deionized water to 2% consistency, dewatered on a Buchner funnel, thoroughly washed with even parts of water and thickened to 30% consistency.
Both samples were divided again into two even parts of pulp. All samples were subjected to oxygen delignification conditions (even in the same reactor), except that one of each pair of samples was charged with nitrogen instead of oxygen. By that, the effect of oxygen, together with caustic soda and the effect of caustic soda alone, could be investigated.
TABLE 5______________________________________Trial 1 2 3 4______________________________________Total Sequence of E O X-E X-OTreatmentRaw MaterialKappa # 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8Viscosity [MPa.s] 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9Brightness [%] 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.61st StageAO (Caroat) (%) -- -- 0.25 0.25NaOH (%) 0.25 0.25 0.80 0.80Consistency 15 15 15 15Temperature (.degree.C.) 40 40 40 40Time (min) 60 60 60 60pH Initial 4.5 4.5 6.8 6.8pH Final 4.5 4.5 3.3 3.3Residual AO (%) -- -- 0.10 0.10Brightness (%) 27.5 27.5 29.3 29.32nd StageO.sub.2 (MPa) -- 0.3 -- 0.3N.sub.2 (MPa) 0.3 -- 0.3 --Consistency (%) 20 20 20 20Time (min) 60 60 60 60Temperature (.degree.C.) 100 100 100 100NaOH % 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2pH Initial 12.8 12.9 12.8 12.9pH Final 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.2Brightness (%) 31.7 37.2 33.5 40.6Kappa (%) 24.7 22.0 17.2 13.0Viscosity (%) 30.8 20.3 27.7 22.4______________________________________
The results provide the synergistic effects of the combined (sequential) treatment of pulp with, first, peroxomonosulfuric acid and, second, an oxygen delignification stage.
______________________________________EFFECT ON BRIGHTNESS INCREASE--NaOH in E : +4.1NaOH + O.sub.2 in 0 : +9.6--O.sub.2 (0 minus E) : +5.5HSO.sub.5.sup.- + NaOH in (X-E) : +5.9--HSO.sub.5.sup.- (X-E) minus E : +1.8Theoretical brightness increase is :Effects of NaOH + O.sub.2 + HSO.sub.5.sup.- = 11.4Actual brightness increase in : X - O was : 13.0EFFECT ON KAPPA NUMBER REDUCTION(DELIGNIFICATION)--NaOH in E : 3.1NaOH + O.sub.2 in O : 5.8--O.sub.2 (O minus E) : 2.7HSO.sub.5.sup.- + NaOH in (X - E) : 10.6--HSO.sub.5.sup.- (X - E) minus E : 7.5Theoretical Kappa number :reduction isEffects of NaOH + O.sub.2 + HSO.sub.5.sup.- = 13.3Actual Kappa number reduction in : X - O was : 14.8EFFECT ON VISCOSITY LOSS--NaOH in E : 0.1NaOH + O.sub.2 in O : 10.6--O.sub.2 (O minus E) : 10.5HSO.sub.5.sup.- + NaOH in (X - E) : 3.2--HSO.sub.5.sup.- (X - E) minus E : 3.1Theoretical viscosity loss is :Effects of NaOH + O.sub.2 = HSO.sub.5.sup.- = 13.7Actual viscosity loss in X - O was : 8.5______________________________________
The results demonstrate that although the delignification rate achieved with X-O was clearly higher than in O, the viscosity loss was much less than expected.
The "X--(OX)" process proved to have synergistic effects on brightness increase, delignification, viscosity preservation and strength characteristics.
Table 6 contains the results of additional experiments using conditions consistent with trials Nos. 3, 4 and 5 in Table 2 of Example 2. The results of these additional experiments confirm that retention time in the X stage is insignificant in effecting the overall process.
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________ CHEMICALS REACTION CONDITIONSTRIAL H2SO5 H2O2 NaOH O2 Na Silicate Na2SO3 Na5DTPA MgSO4 H2SO4 CONS'Y TEMP# STAGE [% a.o.] [% a.o.] [%] MPa. [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [.degree.C.]__________________________________________________________________________SERIES0 raw stock1 Acid 0.2 0.2 5.7 2.0 50 Wash2 X 0.5 0.06 6.0 0.05 15 253 X 15 254 X 15 255 X 15 256 X 15 251.1 O 3.2 0.3 0.05 20 1002.1 O 3.2 0.3 0.05 20 1003.1 O 3.2 0.3 0.05 20 1004.1 O 3.2 0.3 0.05 20 1005.1 O 3.2 0.3 0.05 20 1006.1 O 3.2 0.3 0.05 20 1001.5 X 0.5 7.0 0.05 15 252.50 X 15 252.51 O 3.2 0.3 0.05 20 1004.11 P 1.0 0.5 20 704.111 P 3.0 1.25 1.0 20 70__________________________________________________________________________ TREATMENT RESULTS TRIAL TIME pH pH BRT Resid. Kappa % VISC. # STAGE [HOUR] IN OUT [% ISO] [ao Total] No. Delig. c.__________________________________________________________________________ poise SERIES 0 raw 29.9 14.0 30.5 stock 1 Acid 0.5 2.0 33.9 Wash 2 X 2 9.4 4.3 48.1 0.42 3 X 6 3.7 48.2 0.26 4 X 8 3.6 48.3 0.25 5 X 24 3.6 48.4 0.19 6 X 32 3.5 48.4 trace 1.1 O 1 12.3 11.3 52.9 8.3 41.0 22.8 2.1 O 1 12.5 11.1 63.0 5.1 63.6 24.3 3.1 O 1 12.8 11.2 62.8 4.8 65.7 22.0 4.1 O 1 12.8 11.1 63.1 4.5 68.0 22.4 5.1 O 1 12.7 11.1 62.9 4.6 67.1 24.7 6.1 O 1 12.9 11.1 61.9 4.8 65.7 23.0 1.5 X 2 11.3 8.9 50.9 0.02 2.50 X 6 8.7 50.9 0.01 2.51 O 1 13.0 11.1 64.7 4.6 67.1 21.4 4.11 P 1 11.0 10.8 70.5 0.82 4.111 P 2 11.3 10.4 77.6 1.54 3 10.5 79.3 1.50 4 10.5 80.4 1.11__________________________________________________________________________
In carrying out the present invention, conventional equipment well know in the pulp industry can be used.
Further variations and modifications of the foregoing will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to be encompassed by the appended claims.

Number	Name	Date
3951733	Phillips	Apr 1976
4372812	Phillips et al.	Feb 1983
4404061	Cael	Sep 1983
4568420	Nonni	Feb 1986

Number	Date	Country
0190723	Aug 1986	EPX
3302580	Aug 1983	DEX

Process for bleaching and delignification of lignocellulosic materials

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Entry
Liebergott, "Oxidative Bleaching-A Review", 69th Annual Meeting Tech. Sect. Canadian Pulp & Paper Assoc., Feb. 1 and 2, 1983.
Zakis et al., "Action of Persulfate on Lignin, I" translated from Khimiya Drevesiny (Riza) 9:109-117 (1971).
Dupont Data Sheet; "Oxone.RTM. Monopersulfate Compound", Oct. 1976.