Patent Grant
7078008
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
This invention generally relates to the production of carbon filaments. More specifically, the invention relates to a process for converting alkanes found in natural gas directly to carbon filaments.
Natural gas reserves have been found in remote areas where it is uneconomical to develop the reserves due to the lack of local markets for the gas and the high cost of transporting the gas to distant markets. This high cost is often related to the extremely low temperatures needed to liquefy the highly volatile gas during transport. An alternative is to locally convert the natural gas to products that can be transported more cost effectively.
Natural gas comprises several components, including alkanes that are usually separated before being fed to different downstream processes. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons (compounds containing hydrogen [H] and carbon [C]) whose molecules contain carbon atoms linked together by single bonds. The simplest alkanes are methane (CH4), ethane (CH3CH3), and propane (CH3CH2CH3). Separating the different components of natural gas typically entails subjecting the natural gas to a very expensive, multi-stage process that is performed in a so-called gas plant. Inefficient separation can lead to lower product selectivity and catalyst deactivation resulting from the formation of coke deposits (i.e., low volatile hydrocarbonaceous substances) that plug the micropores and block the active sites of the catalyst. Therefore, a simpler, less expensive, and more efficient process is needed to separate natural gas into useful components.
One process that utilizes hydrocarbon compounds recovered from a gas plant is the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of alkanes to olefins. In ODH, the alkanes are dehydrogenated in the presence of oxygen, typically in a short contact time reactor containing an ODH catalyst, thereby producing olefins. Olefins (also called alkenes) are unsaturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one or more pairs of carbon atoms linked together by a double bond. Generally, primary olefin molecules are commonly represented by the chemical formula CH2═CHR, where C is a carbon atom, H is a hydrogen atom, and R is an atom or pendant molecular group of varying composition. Another process using hydrocarbon feed to make carbon monoxide (CO) is the synthesis gas generation via catalytic partial oxidation or reforming reactions.
Olefins and CO are useful as a feedstock for various downstream processes, such as carbon filament production. In a conventional process, carbon filaments are grown during the thermal decomposition of olefins or CO in the presence of a metal catalyst. Producing carbon filaments in this manner depends upon an upstream process generating olefins or CO to supply the feed components for carbon filament growth. Carbon filaments produced from the catalytic decomposition of olefins or CO may have a wide variety of diameters (from tens of nanometers to tens of microns) and structures (e.g., twisted, straight, helical, branched, and mixtures thereof). Carbon filaments, especially when combined within a polymer matrix to form an engineered composite material, are known for their outstanding physical properties. However, the high cost of manufacturing carbon filaments continues to be an impediment to their widespread use. Thus, an ongoing need exists to develop efficient methods for producing carbon filaments. Using a process for converting alkanes directly to carbon filaments in accordance with the present invention eliminates the intermediate step of converting alkanes to olefins or CO, and thus avoids the high operating, equipment, and catalyst costs associated with production of olefins or CO.
The present invention includes a process for producing carbon filaments and synthesis gas from a mixture of alkanes, comprising converting a first portion of the alkanes directly to carbon filaments and converting a second portion of the alkanes to synthesis gas (syngas), which comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The first portion of alkanes preferably consists essentially of alkanes having more than one carbon atom (i.e., C2+ hydrocarbons), more preferably consists essentially of ethane, propane, and butane, and most preferably consists essentially of ethane and propane. The second portion of alkanes preferably consists essentially of methane.
The mixed alkanes of the present invention are preferably provided from natural gas. According to a first embodiment, the natural gas is passed to a gas plant to separate into a first feed stream comprising ethane and propane and a second feed stream comprising the methane. The first feed stream is passed directly to a carbon filament (CF) reactor to produce carbon filaments and hydrogen from the ethane and propane. The second feed stream is passed to a syngas production reactor to produce syngas from the methane via partial oxidation (POX), steam reforming, and/or autothermal reforming. The syngas recovered from the syngas production reactor is then fed to a synthesis reactor, such as a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor to produce hydrocarbon liquids or to an alcohol synthesis reactor to produce alcohols.
According to a second embodiment, the natural gas is fed to at least one carbon filament reactor that is maintained at an effective temperature to convert ethane and propane in the natural gas to carbon filaments and hydrogen. Methane in the natural gas remains substantially unconverted at the effective temperature and thus passes through the at least one CF reactor. In this manner, methane is filtered from the natural gas without having to subject the natural gas to a complex separation process. The methane filtered from the natural gas is fed to a syngas production reactor to convert the methane to syngas. The syngas recovered from the syngas production reactor can then be fed to a synthesis reactor such as a FT reactor to produce hydrocarbon liquids or to an alcohol synthesis reactor to produce alcohols.
The invention, together with further advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
According to the present invention, a mixture of alkanes is processed wherein a first portion of the alkanes is converted directly to carbon filaments and another portion of the alkanes is converted to syngas for use in downstream processes. The mixture of alkanes is preferably natural gas. The first portion of the alkanes preferably consists essentially of alkanes having two or more carbon atoms (i.e., C2+ alkanes), and more preferably consists essentially of ethane and propane. The second portion of the alkanes preferably consists essentially of methane. Preferred downstream processes are those suitable for conversion of synthesis gas, i.e., carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), to hydrocarbon liquids, such as the FT process shown in the figures.
Turning to
The CF reactor 20 effluent comprises carbon filaments, H2, and unconverted ethane and propane. The H2 produced in CF reactor 20 may be recovered using any known separation technique, such as membrane separation. Carbon filaments are removed from CF reactor 20 via product stream 22, and H2 is removed from CF reactor 20 via by-product stream 24. Although not shown, by-product stream 24 can be passed to processes that require H2, e.g., a FT process or a hydrotreater or a hydrocracker or the like. The unconverted hydrocarbons recovered from CF reactor 20 may be further processed via a recycle stream (not shown) to the CF reactor.
The CF catalyst contained within CF reactor 20 is preferably a metal catalyst, defined herein as comprising elemental iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, or chromium; alloys comprising the foregoing metals; oxides of the forgoing metals and alloys; and combinations of the foregoing metals, alloys, and oxides. The CF catalyst may comprise any appropriate structure such as a wire, disk, gauze, mesh, sheets, spheres, rods, or inert supports coated with catalysts. Preferred CF catalysts include Ni gauzes, a nickel-copper alloy screen or wire known as MONEL alloy 400 and a nickel-chromium alloy known as Nichrome, each available from commercial sources.
The CF reactor 20 is configured to support the particular CF catalyst being used and to accommodate harvesting of the carbon filaments upon completion of their growth cycle. The CF reactor 20 is further configured such that the carbon filaments can be removed from the metal catalyst and/or reactor vessel. The CF reactor 20 may be either a batch or continuous reactor, and is preferably a continuous reactor, thus allowing the CF process to operate continuously. A suitable continuous reactor is shown in
Within CF reactor 20, ethane and propane are contacted with the CF catalyst in a reaction zone that is maintained at conversion-promoting conditions effective to produce carbon filaments. Conversion-promoting conditions are preferably the optimum flowrate, gas preheat and/or catalyst temperature. Depending on the catalyst arrangement, preheating the feed gas may be preferred over preheating the catalyst. It is preferred to have the temperature of gases contacting the catalyst to be from about 350° C. to about 1000° C., more preferably from about 450° C. to about 800° C. and most preferably from about 550° C. to about 700° C. Feed gas may contain small amounts of nitrogen and hydrogen to improve the heat distribution and contact between the feed gases and catalyst, and also to improve certain properties of the filament product. Ratio of the gas flowrates for hydrocarbon:hydrogen can range from about 1:2 to about 1:0.05, more preferably from about 1:3 to about 1:0.3 and most preferably from about 1:1 to about 1:0.5. Ratio of the gas flowrates for hydrocarbon:nitrogen can range from about 1:1 to about 1:0.1, more preferably from about 1:1 to about 1:0.2 and most preferably from about 1:0.5 to about 1:0.3. Operating pressure ranges from atmospheric to slightly elevated pressures. Gas flowrates in GHSV range from about 1,000 1/hr to about 100,000 1/hr, more preferably from about 5,000 1/hr to about 50,000 1/hr and most preferably from about 10,000 1/hr to about 30,000 1/hr. GHSV is measured at standard temperature and pressure conditions and is defined as normal liters of feed gases per kilogram of catalyst per hour.
2CH4+O2→2CO+4H2
The syngas reactor 26 contains any suitable catalyst for promoting the conversion of hydrocarbon gas to syngas. For a partial oxidation catalyst, the catalyst comprises a wide range of catalytically active components such as palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, osmium, ruthenium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, cerium, lanthanum, and mixtures thereof. A syngas stream 28 comprising H2 and CO is recovered from syngas reactor 26.
Within syngas reactor 26, methane is contacted with the catalyst in a reaction zone that is maintained at conversion-promoting conditions effective to produce H2 and CO. Preferably, syngas reactor 26 is operated at mild conditions to avoid the formation of unwanted by-products. Suitable partial oxidation processes, conditions, and catalysts for use with the present invention are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,402,989 and 6,409,940; published PCT application WO 02/20395; and published U.S. Pat. Applications 2002-0006374 and 2002-0009407, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In alternative embodiments, syngas reactor 26 may be replaced with other syngas production units capable of converting methane to syngas, such as a steam refonmer and/or an auto-thermal reformer. Steam reforming (SR) entails endothermically reacting light hydrocarbons and steam over a catalyst contained within a plurality of externally heated tubes mounted in a furnace. Auto-thermal reforming (ATR) employs a combination of steam reforming and partial oxidation. More particularly, the endothermic heat required for the steam reforming reaction is obtained from the exothermic partial oxidation reaction.
Syngas stream 28 is fed to a synthesis reactor 30 wherein the syngas is converted to a hydrocarbon liquid product such as FT liquids and/or alcohol, typically by contact with a synthesis catalyst. In a preferred embodiment, synthesis reactor 30 is a FT reactor containing any suitable FT catalyst for promoting the conversion of syngas to hydrocarbon liquids. In an alternative embodiment, synthesis reactor 30 is an alcohol synthesis reactor containing any suitable catalyst for promoting the conversion of syngas to one or more alcohols, preferably methanol. The reaction zone within synthesis reactor 30 is maintained at conversion-promoting conditions effective to produce the hydrocarbon liquids.
In the FT reactor embodiment, the catalysts may include any of the Fischer-Tropsch catalysts known in the art. The FT catalyst preferably comprises a catalytically effective amount of catalytic metal. The catalytic metal is preferably selected from the Groups 8, 9, or 10 metals, more preferably cobalt, iron, nickel, and combinations thereof. The catalytic metal preferably comprises cobalt, and more preferably consists essentially of cobalt. The amount of catalytic metal present in the FT catalyst may vary widely. When the catalytic metal is cobalt, the FT catalyst preferably comprises cobalt in an amount totaling from about 1% to about 50% by weight (as the metal) of total catalyst composition (catalytic metal, support, and any optional promoters), more preferably from about 10% to about 40% by weight, still more preferably from about 15% to about 35% by weight. It will be understood that % indicates percent throughout the present specification. The FT catalyst may also comprise a promoter selected from Groups 1–11 and 13 of the Periodic Table (New Notation). The promoter is preferably at least one of rhenium, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, boron, silver, rhodium, boron, and combinations thereof. According to some embodiments, the promoter is a precious metal that acts as a reduction promoter. The promoter is added to the cobalt FT catalyst in an amount sufficient to provide a weight ratio of elemental promoter to elemental cobalt between about 0.0001 and about 0.5, and preferably between about 0.001 and about 0.1 (dry basis). Preferably, the catalytic metal is supported. Suitable support materials include metal oxides, and combinations thereof. For example, suitable support materials include but are not limited to alumina, modified alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, titania, fluorided metal oxides, borated alumina, aluminum fluoride, aluminum boride, and combinations thereof. Alumina or modified alumina are the most preferred supports.
The FT process is typically run in a continuous mode. In this mode, typically, the gas hourly space velocity through the reaction zone may range from about 50 volumes/hour/reactor volume (v/hr/v) to about 10,000 v/hr/v, preferably from about 300 v/hr/v to about 2,000 v/hr/v. The gas hourly space velocity is defined at the standard condition where the pressure is 1 atm (101 kPa) and temperature is 0 degree centigrade (273.16 K). The reaction zone temperature is typically in the range from about 160° C. to about 300° C. Preferably, the reaction zone is operated at conversion promoting conditions at temperatures from about 190° C. to about 260° C. The reaction zone pressure is typically in the range of about 80 psia (552 kPa) to about 1000 psia (6895 kPa), more preferably from 80 psia (552 kPa) to about 600 psia (4137 kPa), and still more preferably, from about 140 psia (965 kPa) to about 500 psia (3447 kPa).
In the alcohol synthesis embodiment, any suitable process, operating conditions, catalysts, and the like as known to those of skill in the art may be used to convert syngas to one or more alcohols. Preferred alcohol synthesis processes include those for converting syngas to methanol. Examples of suitable alcohol synthesis processes are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,767,039, 4,628,065, 4,540,412, 4,339,413, and U.S. Publication H1311, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Products produced in the alcohol synthesis reactor may be upgraded in upgrading unit 106, for example distilled to create a purified methanol product.
Any suitable reactor configuration that allows contact between the syngas and the synthesis catalyst may be employed for synthesis reactor 30. Examples of suitable synthesis reactors for the FT embodiment include slurry-bubble reactors and fixed bed reactors, such as tubular reactors. In a slurry-bubble reactor, the FT catalyst is suspended in a liquid phase of molten hydrocarbon wax by the motion of bubbles of syngas sparged into the bottom of the reactor. Cooling coils immersed in the slurry remove heat generated by the reaction. In a fixed bed reactor, the FT catalyst is held in a fixed bed that is suspended within the reactor vessel. The reactants flowing through the vessel contact the FT catalyst that is held in the fixed bed. The reaction heat is removed by passing a cooling medium around the tubes or vessels that contain the fixed bed.
In synthesis reactor 30, H2 and CO combine in a polymerization-like fashion to form hydrocarbon compounds having varying numbers of carbon atoms. The hydrocarbon compounds are typically separated by boiling point into three streams, with each stream having the majority of the hydrocarbons falling within a given range of carbon atoms. In the preferred FT embodiment shown in the Figures, the first stream is a light liquid hydrocarbon stream 32 comprising liquid intermediate compounds, such as synthetic crude or paraffinic liquids, having about five to seventeen carbon atoms. The second stream is a heavy liquid hydrocarbon stream 34 comprising semi-solid heavy compounds, such as waxy hydrocarbons having greater than about seventeen carbon atoms. The third stream produced by synthesis reactor 30 is a light off-gas stream 36 comprising various components, such as water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), unreacted H2 and CO, and light hydrocarbons having about one to six carbon atoms. Light off-gas stream 36 can be processed as needed (e.g., water removal) and recycled partially or completely to gas plant 12 to process the hydrocarbons therein.
Light hydrocarbon liquid stream 32, heavy hydrocarbon liquid stream 34, and a gas plant recovery stream 18, which comprises butanes and heavier hydrocarbons, may be fed to an upgrading process 38 such to form additional commercial products. Upgrading process 38 may include a refining process, a hydrotreater, and/or a hydrocracker (not individually shown) for upgrading the hydrocarbon liquids from the FT process. The long-chain hydrocarbon waxes such as those in heavy hydrocarbon liquid stream 34 are subjected to hydrogenation and shortening in the hydrotreater and thermal degradation in the presence of H2 in the hydrocracker, thereby forming a distillate stream. The distillate stream and the light hydrocarbon liquid stream 32 are further refined to form product streams, such as naphtha stream 40, kerosene stream 42, and diesel stream 44. The naphtha, kerosene, and diesel streams are essentially free of sulfur and thus may be used to produce environmentally friendly low sulfur diesel fuels.
The CF reactor 48 contains a CF catalyst as discussed previously. The reaction conditions, other than the reaction temperature, and the CF catalyst composition and arrangement, e.g. shape and form, are the same as those described previously in relation to the CF process shown in
Methane stream 54 may be passed from CF reactor 48 to a syngas reactor 56 to produce syngas via partial oxidation. The particular reaction conditions and catalyst composition employed for the syngas process are the same as those described above for the syngas process in
The hydrocarbon compounds produced by synthesis reactor 60 may be separated by boiling point into three streams: (1) a light liquid hydrocarbon stream 62 comprising liquid intermediate compounds, such as synthetic crude or paraffinic liquids having about five to seventeen carbon atoms; (2) a heavy liquid hydrocarbon stream 64 comprising semi-solid heavy compounds, such as waxy hydrocarbons having greater than about seventeen carbon atoms; and (3) a light off-gas stream 66 comprising various components, such as H2O, CO2, unreacted H2 and CO, and light gaseous hydrocarbons. Light off-gas stream 66 can be processed accordingly (e.g., water removal) and recycled to CF reactor 48 for use in the production of the carbon filaments. Light hydrocarbon liquid stream 62 and heavy hydrocarbon liquid stream 64 are fed to an upgrading process 68 to form commercial products, such as naphtha, kerosene, and diesel, which are recovered via streams 70, 72, and 74, respectively. Upgrading process 68 is operated in the manner described previously for the hydrocarbon upgrading process depicted in
The CF reactor 78 can be maintained at a first effective temperature to convert hydrocarbons having three or more carbon atoms to carbon filaments and H2, while a hydrocarbon having only one or two carbon atoms, i.e., methane and ethane, remain substantially unconverted at the effective temperature. This first effective temperature ranges from about 400° C. to about 750° C., preferably from about 450° C. to about 700° C., and more preferably from about 500° C. to about 650° C. and is selected based on the desired selectivity to carbon filaments. As a result of operating CF reactor 78 at the first effective temperature, primarily propane in the natural gas is converted to carbon filaments, and methane and ethane are filtered from the natural gas for use in downstream processes. Therefore, the effluent from CF reactor 78 typically comprises carbon filaments, H2, and unconverted hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, and propane). The H2 produced in CF reactor 78 can be recovered using any known separation technique, such as membrane separation or cryogenic separation. Carbon filaments are removed from CF reactor 78 via product stream 80, H2 is removed from CF reactor 78 via by-product stream 82 consisting essentially of hydrogen, and the methane, ethane, and propane are removed from CF reactor 78 via stream 84. Although not shown, by-product stream 82 can be passed to other processes that use H2.
The stream 84 recovered from CF reactor 78 is fed to CF reactor 86, which is maintained at a second effective temperature to convert primarily the ethane and the unconverted propane in stream 84 to carbon filaments and H2. Preferably, the majority of the ethane and the propane in stream 84 are converted to carbon filaments and H2 such that stream 92 consists essentially of methane. The methane in CF reactor 86 remains substantially unconverted at the second effective temperature and thus may be recovered from CF reactor 78 for use in downstream processes. Preferably, the effective temperature in the second (i.e., downstream) reactor is greater than the effective temperature in the first (i.e., upstream) reactor. Specifically, the second effective temperature ranges from about 500° C. to about 850° C., preferably from about 600° C. to about 800° C., and more preferably from about 650° C. to about 750° C. The carbon filaments are removed from CF reactor 86 via stream 88, and the H2 is removed from CF reactor 86 via by-product stream 90 consisting essentially of hydrogen, which-can be passed to other processes that use H2. Where economically advantageous to do so, additional CF reactors can be added in series to convert any remaining C2+ alkanes, and the number of reactors is preferably optimized such that the effluent from the last reactor (other than hydrogen and carbon filaments) consists essentially of methane.
In addition, methane is removed from CF reactor 86 via stream 92, preferably consisting essentially of methane, and is fed to a syngas reactor 94 to produce syngas via partial oxidation. The reaction conditions and catalyst composition employed for this syngas process are the same as those described above for the syngas process in
The hydrocarbon compounds produced by synthesis reactor 98 may be separated by boiling point into a light liquid hydrocarbon stream 100 comprising liquid intermediate compounds, a heavy liquid hydrocarbon stream 102 comprising semi-solid heavy compounds, and a light off-gas stream 104 comprising various components, such as H2O, CO2, unreacted H2 and CO, and light gaseous hydrocarbons. Light off-gas stream 104 can be processed accordingly (e.g., water removal) and recycled to CF reactor 78 for use in the production of the carbon filaments. Light hydrocarbon liquid stream 100 and heavy hydrocarbon liquid stream 102 are fed to an upgrading process 106 to form commercial products, such as naphtha, kerosene, and diesel, which are recovered via streams 108, 110, and 112, respectively. Upgrading process 106 is operated in the manner described previously for the hydrocarbon upgrading process depicted in
While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and teachings of the invention. Reactor design criteria, pendant hydrocarbon processing equipment, and the like for any given implementation of the invention will be readily ascertainable to one of skill in the art based upon the disclosure herein. The embodiments described herein are exemplary only, and are not intended to be limiting. Many variations and modifications of the invention disclosed herein are possible and are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above, but is only limited by the claims which follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims.
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