Process for inducing cytochrome P-450 enzymes in streptomyces bacteria and determining the mutagenicity of chemicals

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a process for inducing cytochrome P-450 enzyme production in bacteria of the genus Streptomyces using inducers such as soybean flour, genistein or genistin. Streptomyces enriched in their cytochrome P-450 concentration are useful in carrying out a number of important chemical conversions including the conversion of procarcinogens into mutagens. This invention also relates to a process for determining the mutagenicity of a chemical, using novel bacterial organisms containing both the means to activate promutagens and the means to detect the mutagenic activity of mutagens.
2. Background
Cytochrome P-450 is a term for a group of unique heme proteins which form carbon monoxide complexes with a major absorption band at wavelengths around 450 nm. These proteins are isozymes which carry out oxidase functions in a wide variety of mixed function oxidase systems involved in biosynthesis and catabolism of specific cell or body components, and in the metabolism of foreign substances entering organisms. Oxygenating enzymes such as P-450 appear to be fundamental cellular constituents in most forms of aerobic organisms. The activation of molecular oxygen and incorporation of one of its atoms into organic compounds catalyzed by these enzymes are reactions of vital importance not only for biosynthesis and degradation of steroid hormones necessary for sustaining life, but also for metabolic activation or inactivation of foreign agents such as drugs, food preservatives and additives, insecticides, carcinogens and environmental pollutants.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for the production of cytochrome P-450 enzymes which utilizes bacteria from the genus Streptomyces and a soybean derivative such as soybean flour, or the isoflavonoids genistin or genistein. One of the surprising aspects of the invention is that the Streptomyces cytochrome P-450 enzymes are induced, not by a known substrate, but by certain soybean derivatives. It is also an object of the present invention to provide bacteria enriched in cytochrome P-450 which are useful in carrying out mutagenicity assays. The P-450 enzymes in such enriched bacteria bear a resemblance, in their oxidative reactions, to the cytochrome P-450 enzymes of mammalian liver and thus may serve as an economical and convenient source of cytochrome P-450 for use in a modified version of an Ames-type Salmonella assay for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Although cytochrome P-450 isozymes are found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues, they vary greatly in their composition and functions they can perform. Thus, it is suprising that the cytochrome P-450 enzymes of Streptomyces carry out a spectrum of oxidative reactions that are sufficiently similar to those carried out by the cytochrome P-450 enzymes of the mammalian liver that they may serve as a substitute in the Ames test.
It is a further object of the present invention to develop a process to detect the mutagenic activity of chemicals using novel, genetically engineered Streptomyces organisms and a single incubation of said organisms with suspected carcinogenic chemicals, thus greatly simplifying the screening of chemicals for mutagenic activity. Furthermore, the process of this invention obviates the use of mammalian liver extracts for the conversion of promutagens to mutagens.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent hereinafter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention contemplates a process for inducing cytochrome P-450 enzyme production in bacteria from the genus Streptomyces comprising culturing the bacteria in a culture medium comprising at least one inducer selected from the group consisting of soybean flour, Bacto-soytone.TM., and soypeptone.TM., genistein and genistin. The invention also relates to products produced by this process.
In addition, the invention contemplates a method for evaluating the potential mutagenic activity of a substance which comprises the consecutive steps of: (a) culturing cytochrome P-450 induced bacteria from the genus Streptomyces in a culture medium comprising the substance to be evaluated; (b) incubating an amino acid requiring mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of a sample of the bacterial culture from (a); and (c) determining the number of resulting amino acid sufficient revertant colonies.
Furthermore, the invention contemplates a method for evaluating the mutagenic activity of a substance which comprises the consecutive steps of: (a) culturing cytochrome P-450 induced genetically engineered bacteria from the genus Streptomyces in a culture medium comprising the substance to be evaluated and (b) determining whether or not there is a significant increase in the reversion rate of a mutation-dependent marker of the bacteria.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates the FPLC profiles of ammonium sulfate pellets of S. griseus extracts grown on soybean medium, as described in Example 26.
FIG. 1(A) represents the FPLC analysis of a 35-45% pellet fraction and
FIG. 1(B) represents the FPLC analysis of a 45-55% pellet fraction.
FIG. 2 shows the SDS-page gel electrophoresis of S. griseus extracts, as described in Example 32.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The process of the invention is carried out by culturing bacteria of the genus Streptomyces in a culture medium containing a cytochrome P-450 inducer. Suitable bacteria include, but are not limited to, Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13273, Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 10137, Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13968, Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 21897, Streptomyces griseus NRRL No. B-8090(ATCC No. 55185), Streptomyces punipalus NRRL No. 3529 and Streptomyces griseolus ATCC No. 11796, and combinations thereof. Preferably the bacteria utilized are selected from the group consisting ofStreptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13273, Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 10137, Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13968, Streptomyces griseus NRRL No. B-8090 (ATCC No. 55185), Streptomyces punipalus NRRL No. 3529 and Streptomyces griseolus ATCC No. 11796. More preferably, the bacteria are selected from the group consisting of Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13273, Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 10137, and Streptomyces griseus NRRL No. B-8090 (ATCC No. 55185). Most preferably, the bacteria are Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13273. As used herein, the designation "ATCC" refers to the American Tissue Culture Collection depository located in Rockville, Md. The "ATCC No." is the accession number to cultures on deposit at the ATCC. As used herein, the designation "NRRL" refers to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Regional Research Laboratories, located in Peoria, Ill., and the "NRRL No." is the accession number to cultures on deposit atthe NRRL. In addition, Streptomyces bacteria suitable for use in the present induction process are also found in most soils and can be isolatedtherefrom using conventional methods which are apparent to those skilled inthe art.
Contemplated inducers include soybean derivatives such as soybean flour, Bacto-soytone.TM., soypeptone.TM., genistein, genistin, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the inducer is soybean flour, Bacto-soytone.TM., soypeptone.TM. or genistein. More preferably, the inducer is soybean flouror genistein. Most preferably, from an activity standpoint, the inducer is genistein. As used herein, soybean flour includes both finely ground soybean powder and coarsely ground soybean meal. Preferably, the soybean flour is a finely ground powder. Soybean flour is commercially available from Natural Sales Co., P.O. Box 25, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15230 and Sigma Chemical Co., P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, Mo. 63178. Bacto-soytone.TM. can be obtained from Difco Labs, Detroit Mich., 28232 and Soypeptone.TM. from Sigma Chemical Co. Genistein is available from K&K Labs, Plainview, N.Y. 11803. Soybean flour, genistein and genistin can each be obtained from soybeans using conventional methods which are apparent to those skilled inthe art.
As will be clear to those skilled in the art, the amount of inducer required will vary depending upon the inducer utilized, the bacterial species and strain employed, the particular nutrient medium used, and the extent of P-450 production desired. In general terms, the higher the concentration of inducer, the greater the amount of cytochrome P-450 enzyme produced. Relatively speaking, high levels of cytochrome P-450 enzymes can be induced using about 2.5 to 25 g/L of soybean flour, Bacto-soytone.TM. or Soypeptone.TM., or about 50 to 150 mg/L of genistin or genistein.
The culturing can be carried out in any liquid culture medium suitable for the growth of bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. Such media are well known in the art. Generally, the medium should contain, glycerol, glucose,yeast extract or soybean flour, and have a pH of about 5 to 8, with the optimum pH falling near 7.0. Preferably the medium contains soybean flour or glycerol. Most preferably, the medium contains soybean flour. Suitable buffer salts include potassium or sodium phosphate or potassium or sodium chloride.
Examples of suitable media include the following: (1) Soybean-glycerol medium: glycerol (20 g/L), yeast extract (5 g/L), NaCl (5 g/L), K.sub.2 HPO4 (5 g/L) and distilled water, with the pH adjusted to 7.0 using 5N HCl; (2) Sporulation broth: [ATCC No. 5] yeast extract (1.0 g/L), beef extract (1.0 g/L), tryptose (2.0 g/L), FeSO.sub.4 (trace), glucose (10 g/L) and distilled water, with the pH adjusted to 7.2 using 1N NaOH; and (3) Nutrient broth: bacto beef extract (3 g/L), bacto peptone (5 g/L) and distilled water; (4) M7 agar: (for spore generation); glucose (10 g/L), casein hydrolysate [N-Z amine] (2 g/L), yeast extract (1 g/L), agar (22g/L) and distilled water, adjust to pH 7.0 with potassium hydroxide. Antibiotics are added from concentrated sterile stock solutions to sterileliquified medium which has been cooled to approximately 50.degree. C. Suitable antibiotic concentrations are well known to those skilled in the art, and include but are not limited to 10 .mu.g thiostrepton (Ts) per ml of medium (resulting in M7Ts plates) or 50 .mu.g kanamycin per ml of liquid medium (resulting in M7Km plates); (5) R2YE Medium: (for regeneration of protoplasts); sucrose (103 g/L), yeast extract (5 g/L), K.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (250 mg/L), MgCl.sub.2 -6H.sub.2 O (10.1 g/L), glucose (10 g/L), casamino acids (100 mg/L), KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 (50 mg/L), CaCl.sub.2 -2H.sub.2 O (295 mg/L), proline (300 mg/L), TES buffer (573 mg/L), NaCl (292 mg/L), ZnCl.sub.2 (trace), FeCl.sub.3 -6H.sub.2 O (trace), CuCl.sub.2 -2H.sub.2 O (trace), MnCl.sub.2 -4H.sub.2 O (trace), Na.sub.2 B.sub.4 O.sub.7 -1 H.sub.2 O (trace), (NH.sub.4)6Mo.sub.7 O.sub.24 -4H.sub.2 O (trace), agar (22 g/L) and distilled water. Soft R2YEagar is made by substituting agar at 7 g/L for agar at 22 g/L; (6) S-Medium: (for protoplast formation); peptone (5 g/L), yeast extract (5.1 g/L), KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 (2.5 g/L), K.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 (5 g/L), glucose (1 g/L), MgSO.sub.4 -7H.sub.2 O (500 mg/L), glycine (525 mg/L); and (7) 1/2 YEME: yeast extract (3 g/L), peptone (5 g/L), malt extract (3 g/L), glucose (1 g/L), sucrose (170 g/L), MgCl.sub.2 -6H.sub.2 O (1 g/L). Other suitable media are described in Koenig et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 60: 2071-8 (1977). Another solution of importance is Protoplasting buffer: sucrose (103 g/L), K.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (250 mg/L), MgCl.sub.2 -6H.sub.2 O (2.02 g/L), CaCl.sub.2 -2H.sub.2 O (368 mg/L), TES buffer (573 mg/L), ZnCl.sub.2 (trace), FeCl.sub.3 -6H.sub.2 O (trace), CuCl.sub.2 -2H.sub.2 O(trace), MnCl.sub.2 -4H.sub.2 O (trace), Na.sub.2 B.sub.4 O.sub.7 -1H.sub.2O (trace), (NH.sub.4)6Mo.sub.7 O.sub.24 -4H.sub.2 O (trace) and distilled water.
Generally, the cultures should be maintained at temperatures between about 20.degree.-37.degree. C., preferably between about 25.degree.-37.degree. C., with the optimum growth temperature at about 28.degree.-30.degree. C.
A suitable culturing procedure requires growing the bacteria in a suitable culture medium containing one or more of the inducers for up to about 5 days at a temperature between about 25.degree. and 37.degree. C., and transferring the bacteria into a fresh inducer-containing medium maintained within the same temperature range. The bacteria are then maintained in the fresh medium for up to about 5 days. The period of growth prior to a transfer into fresh inducer-containing medium is termed "stage 1", and the organisms from this period of growth are called "first stage" organisms. The growth period after the transfer of organisms from the first stage into new inducer-containing medium is termed "stage 2" andthe organisms from this stage called "second stage" organisms. This culturing procedure is termed a two-stage culturing protocol. The most preferred culturing procedure is carried out by growing the bacteria in stage 1 at 28.degree.-30.degree. C. for 3 days, transferring the bacteria to fresh medium and growing in stage 2 for one additional day at the sametemperatures. Preferably the cultures in stages 1 and 2 are incubated with shaking.
The bacteria can then be harvested from the bacterial culture by centrifugation. Centrifugation rates of 8,000-15,000.times.g for 15-30 minutes can be employed to yield a cellular pellet portion and a substantially cell-free supernatant. Preferably, a rate of 9,000.times.g for 20 minutes is used.
Cytochrome P-450 induced Streptomyces bacteria may be employed to determinethe mutagenicity of a given substance, and the present invention also encompasses this. As used herein, mutagenicity is defined as including both mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Specifically, the present inventioncontemplates two methods for for evaluating the potential mutagenic activity of a substance. Method A
comprises: (a) culturing cytochrome P-450 induced bacteria from the genus Streptomyces in a culture medium comprising the substance to be evaluated;(b) incubating an amino acid requiring mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of a sample of the bacteria culture from (a); and (c) determining the number of resulting amino acid sufficient revertant colonies.
Preferably, the induced bacteria utilized in the mutagenicity assay are produced using the two-stage culturing protocol, and step (a) of the mutagenicity assay is carried out by adding the substance to be evaluated directly to the second stage culture medium containing the induced bacteria, as described in Example 38 below. Most preferably, the substanceto be evaluated is added to the second stage culture medium at about 24 hr,as described in Examples 39-46 below. Other suitable variations within the ambit of the invention as described in step (a) will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
The preferred method , Method B, for evaluating the potential mutagenic activity of a substance comprises: (a) culturing cytochrome P-450 induced genetically engineered bacteria from the genus Streptomyces in a culture medium comprising the substance to be evaluated; (b) determining whether or not there is a significant increase in the reversion rate of a mutation-dependent marker gene in the genetically engineered Streptomyces.
Cytochrome P-450 induced Streptomyces bacteria for the mutagenicity assay may be obtained using the induction procedures described in detail above. The culture conditions such as culture medium, temperature, pH, etc. utilized in the induction process described herein are also suitable for carrying out step (a) of the mutagenicity assay.
The genetically engineered bacteria utilized in Method B can be made as follows: Plasmid pIJ702-Km.sup.r was produced by cloning the kanamycin resistance gene into pIJ702 and is the starting plasmid for all the subsequent plasmids constructed. Plasmid pIJ702 is described by Hopwood etal., in Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: a laboratory manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, England (1985). pIJ702-Km.sup.r is deposited inthe American Type Culture Collection depository located in Rockville, Md. 20852 and bears accession number ATCC 67696. The deposit was made on May 11, 1988 under conditions complying with Section 1.207 (b) of the BudapestTreaty. Plasmid pIJ702-Km.sup.r is approximately 7.1 Kb in size and is capable of stable replication in Streptomyces and confers thiostrepton resistance and kanamycin resistance to Streptomyces. While pIJ702 and the kanamycin gene were chosen for purposes of the examples in this specification, the invention should not be limited to them. Any plasmid that replicates stably in Streptomyces is suitable. Several examples are: pSLP124, pSLP181, pIJ61, pIJ303, pIJ355, pIJ364, pIJ385. Other suitable plasmids are described by Hopwood et al., in Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: a laboratory manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, England(1985). Also while the gene for kanamycin resistance was used for purposes of example in the present specification, other selective marker genes suchas tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampicin (rifampin), erythromycin, neomycin, hygromycin and viomycin may be used. Stocks of pIJ702-Km.sup.r are obtained by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
To obtain plasmids for testing the mutagenic capability of chemicals, mutations were produced in the selective marker genes for kanamycin resistance and thiostrepton resistance. Mutations with revertant frequencies less than 1.times.10.sup.-4 are required. Mutations in the kanamycin and thiostrepton gene were produced by the following procedure which is a modification of the method described by Gerhardt et al., in theManual of Methods for General Bacteriology, American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC (1981). Mix and sterilize: 1) Buffer A (0.4 mL) consisting of 0.5 M KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 solution adjusted to pH 6.0 with0.5 M K.sub.2 HPO.sub.4. Add EDTA solution to 5 mM. 2) sterile water (0.5 mL), 3) Buffer B (0.8 mL) consisting of 560 .mu.L of 4 M NaOH, 0.35 g hydroxylamine HCl, 4.0 mL water. Adjust to pH 6.0 (with either HCl or NaOH) and bring to 5.0 mL total volume with sterile distilled water. (MakeBuffer B fresh each time) 4) Solution C (0.1 mL) consisting of 200 mM MgSO.sub.4. Adjust several aliquots of pIJ702-Km.sup.r to contain 0.1 to 1.0 .mu.g of DNA and adjust the volume to 200 .mu.L of sterile TE. TE is described in Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. To each plasmid DNA solution, add 200 .mu.L of the hydroxylamine mixture. Incubate the resulting mixtures at 37.degree. C. for 16 hours. Remove a 250 .mu.L aliquot from one of the samples immediately and every 2 hours and add the removed aliquot to 250 .mu.L of a solution of sterile TE , then add 50 .mu.L of sodium acetate solution (3 M, pH 5.2), and 500 .mu.L of isopropanol. Store at 4.degree. C.
An additional plasmid, pFS, bearing a kanamycin resistant gene altered to kanamycin sensitivity by the insertion of an extra nucleotide base, guanine, between reading frame bases 4 and 5 to create a frameshift mutation, was also selected for use in Method B for testing the mutagenicity of chemicals. pFS is deposited in the American Type Culture Collection depository located in Rockville, Md. 20852 and bears accessionnumber ATCC 67967. The deposit was made on May 11, 1988 under conditions complying with Section 1.207 (b) of the Budapest Treaty.
As will be clear to those skilled in the art, the method for introducing a marker gene into recipient bacteria will vary based on the nature of the DNA containing the marker gene and the bacteria into which the DNA is introduced. For purposes of this invention, only plasmids which carry a selectable marker gene and which are capable of stably replicating in the genus Streptomyces are used.
Two methods for the generation of protoplasts which allow efficient introduction of plasmid DNA into S. griseus ATCC 13273 have been developed.
Method #1 is based on the method of Hopwood et al., in Genetic Manipulationof Streptomyces: a laboratory manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, England (1985).
Method #1 follows:
1. Add approximately 5.times.10.sup.5 spores of S. griseus ATCC 13273 to a 125 ml flask containing 25 ml of 1/2 YEME medium and incubate at 28.degree. C. while shaking at 125 RPM for 24 hours.
2. Subculture the resulting culture of 1 by adding 2 ml from it to a 125 mlflask containing 25 ml of S-medium and incubate at 28.degree. C. while shaking at 125 RPM for 24 hours.
3. Centrifuge the culture resulting from 2 in a superspeed centrifuge at 700.times.g for 10 minutes at 4.degree. C. Decant the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 15 ml of 10.3% aqueous sucrose.
4. Repeat the centrifugation of step 3.
5. Resuspend the pellet in 4 ml of a 1 mg/ml solution of lysozyme, and incubate at 30.degree. C. for 30 minutes. Triturate 3 times with the pipetand reincubate at 30.degree. C. for 15 minutes.
6. Add 5 ml of Protoplasting buffer, triturate 3 times with the pipet and filter through sterile cotton. Collect the filtrate and filter it through a filter with pores size of 5 microns.
7 Collect the filtrate of step 6 and centrifuge it in a superspeed centrifuge at 700.times.g for 10 minutes at 4.degree. C. Decant and resuspend the pellet in 10 mL of protoplasting buffer.
8. Repeat the centrifugation of 7 and resuspend the resulting pellet of protoplasts in 50 ul of protoplasting buffer.
Method #2 for generating protoplasts for transformation follows:
Cultures for protoplast formation are conveniently started from spores. When started from bits of mycelium ("propagules"), the cultures grow in the form of tight nodules, and later only the cells at their surface are converted to protoplasts, resulting in low yields. On the other hand, young cultures started from spores and grown overnight in broth on a shaker, are usually well dispersed. Spores are difficult to suspend because of their hygrophobicity, but the use of wetting agents to prepare suspensions for inoculation is not reccommended. Cultures produced by normal inoculation with a loop are adequate for most purposes. Dispersion may be helped by fast rotary shaking and the use of baffled flasks, but this is not strictly necessary.
The liquid medium used is Trypticase-soy (TS) broth (described in Hopwood et al.,in Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: a laboratory manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, England (1985)) with 0.5% glycine. The amino acid can be added to the medium before autoclaving, but it is preferably added from a concentrated solution which has been filter sterilized. The concentration of the stock solution can be as high as 20%, but glycine tends to crystallize after a drop in temperature. A 10% solution can be kept in the refrigerator.
Normally, small cultures of 10 ml each in 50 ml Erlenmeyer flasks are grown. The yield from one or two such cultures is sufficient for a transformation experiment, but if one plans to preserve protoplasts in thefreezer, larger volumes of cultures should be prepared.
A noticeable difference in growth yield is observed between medium containing 0.4% glycine and that containing 0.5% glycine (weaker growth athigher concentration). However, susceptibility to lysozyme becomes higher at 0.5%, and the cell yield is good enough for routine experiments.
The culture is centrifuged to collect the cells. The resulting pellet of cells is washed once with filter-sterilized sucrose (0.3-0.5 M), and suspended in sterile modified P-3 medium containing 1-1.5 mg lysozyme per mL. Use of the lower concentration is preferred; protoplast formation is faster with 1.5 mg lysozyme per mL, but excess of the enzyme usually results in lower viability of the protoplasts.
The modified P-3 medium has the following composition (taken from the paperby Shirahama et al., Agr. Biol. Chem. 45: 1271-1273, (1981)):
______________________________________NaCl 70 mMMgCl.sub.2 5 mMCaCl.sub.2 10 mMsucrose 0.5 MTES buffer, 25 mMpH 7.2______________________________________
This differs from the original formulation in the CaCl.sub.2 concentration (original: 5 nM). A 10 mM concentration seems better to preserve protoplast viability.
In the modified P-3 medium, at room temperature (20.degree.-22.degree. C.),and with a lysozyme concentration of 1 mg/mL, abundant protoplast formationreaching almost all cells in the population, should occur before 20 minutes.
Resulting protoplasts are suspended and released from networks of filamentous cells by gentle pipetting up and down with a Pasteur pipette. The rests of the filamentous cells can be filtered off by passing the suspension through sterile cotton or glass wool. When the original cultures are started from vegetative cells (rather than spores), there is a higher proportion of the population that resists the action of lysozyme.This is due to the fact that the population in this case is composed of cells of different ages, and normally the resistance to lysozyme increaseswith age.
The protoplasts are washed by sedimenting them in a bench top centrifuge. Any common clinical centrifuge can be used at a speed to provide 700 to 1000.times.g, centrifuging for 5 to 10 minutes. After their sedimentation,the protoplasts are washed once with PWP or modified P-3. The composition of PWP is the following:
______________________________________ NaCl 70 mM MgCl.sub.2 10 mM CaCl.sub.2 20 mM sucrose 0.5 M TES, 7.2 25 mM______________________________________
The protoplasts are finally resuspended in P-3. Cell concentrations can be determined by counting cells in a Petroff-Hauser chamber or a common haemocytometer. Final suspensions containing 10.sup.9 to 10.sup.10 protoplasts per mL are best for normal operations and for preservation. The suspensions can be kept frozen at -20.degree. C. or, better at -70.degree. C. or in liquid nitrogen. As mentioned in Hopwood's manual (Hopwood et al., in Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: a laboratory manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, England (1985))(p. 13), freezing should be gradual and thawing fast. One way of having slow freezing is to put the vials in the freezer in a plastic beaker with crushed ice.
Transforming protoplasts is done by the method of Hopwood et al., supra (1985), and is briefly outlined below.
(1) Thaw protoplasts by submersing them under warm (about 37.degree. C.) tap water.
(2) Divide the thawed suspension into aliquots with each containing approximately 5.times.10.sup.9 protoplasts, centrifuge each aliquot at 700.times.g for 7 minutes at room temperature and resuspend the pellets ofprotoplasts in about 50 ul water with 20% glycerol.
(3) Add DNA (20 ug-200 ug) in a volume of 20 ul or less to the concentratedprotoplast slurry.
(4) Immediately add 500 ul of 25% polyethylene glycol 1000 (dissolved in Protoplasting buffer) and mix once using the same pipette.
(5) As soon as possible (no longer than three minutes after adding the polyethylene glycol) add 5 ml of Protoplasting buffer and centrifuge at 700.times.g for 10 minutes at room temperature.
(6) Pour off the supernatant and resuspend the resulting pellet in 1 ml of Protoplasting buffer.
(7) Place 100-200 ul of transformed protoplasts on a dried R2YE agar plate and then overlay with 5 ml R2YE soft agar. Incubate at 30.degree. C.
After 24 hours, overlay the transformed protoplasts with 5 ml R2YE soft agar containing the appropriate antibiotic (10 .mu.g/mL of thiostrepton ifselecting for thiostrepton resistance and kanamycin sensitivity, or 50 .mu.g/mL of kanamycin if selecting for kanamycin resistance and thiostrepton sensitivity.
Twelve kanamycin-sensitive (thiostrepton resistant) derivatives of pIJ702-Km.sup.r were isolated after in vitro hydroxylamine mutagenesis of pIJ702-Km.sup.r, transformation of S. griseus ATCC13273 and selection by thiostrepton, and screening for sensitivity to kanamycin. The sensitive plasmids were designated H and numbers from 60 to 71 (i. e., H60, H61, etc. to H71). The revertant frequencies of each was determined and 7 (H61,H63, H65, H66, H67, H69 and H70) of the 12 were found to exhibit potentially useful revertant frequencies (i.e., less than 1.times.10.sup.-4).
Additionally, a thiostrepton-sensitive (kanamycin resistant) derivative of pIJ702-Km.sup.r was isolated after in vitro hydroxylamine mutagenesis of pIJ702-Km.sup.r, transformation of S. griseus ATCC 13273 and selection with kanamycin. A thiostrepton sensitive plasmid was designated HTSl and was found to exhibit a potentially useful revertant frequency.
All hydroxylamine-generated plasmids selected were approximately 7.1 Kb in size. The description of three particularly useful plasmids for determining the mutagenicity of chemicals by the preferred Method B follows:
Plasmid pH69. Made by in vitro hydroxylamine mutation of pIJ702-Km.sup.r, the plasmid confers resistance to thiostrepton and contains a revertable inactive kanamycin resistance gene. The point of the mutation(s) in the kanamycin resistance gene sequence is not known. Plasmid pH69 confers a revertant rate of 2.9.times.10.sup.-7 to S. griseus ATCC13273, and is mosteasily reverted by (pro)mutagens known to cause point mutations.
Plasmid pHTSl. Made by in vitro hydroxylamine mutation of pIJ702-Km.sup.r, the plasmid confers resistance to kanamycin and contains a revertable inactive thiostrepton resistance gene. The point of the mutation(s) in thethiostrepton resistance gene sequence is not known. Plasmid pHTSl confers arevertant frequency of 1.7.times.10.sup.-8 to S. griseus ATCC 13273, and ismost easily reverted by (pro)mutagens known to cause point mutations.
Plasmid pFS. Plasmid pFS contains a nucleotide base, guanine, inserted between reading frame bases 4 and 5 to create a frameshift mutation. Plasmid pFS confers a rate of reversion to kanamycin resistance of 9.8.times.10.sup.-7 to S. griseus ATCC 13273, and is most easily reverted by (pro)mutagens known to cause frameshift mutations.
Plasmids pH69, and pFS utilize the kanamycin resistance gene as the inactivated antibiotic resistance gene, whereas plasmid pHTSl utilizes thethiostrepton resistance gene.
The genus and strain of the induced Streptomyces bacteria employed in step (a) of either Method A or Method B are not critical. Suitable induced Streptomyces bacteria include, but are not limited to, induced Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13273, induced Streptomyces griseus ATCC No.10137, induced Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13968, induced Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 21897, induced Streptomyces griseus NRRL No. B-8090 (ATCCNo. 55185), induced Streptomyces punipalus NRRL No. 3529 and induced Streptomyces griseolus ATCC No. 11796. Preferably, the induced Streptomyces bacteria employed are selected from the group consisting of induced Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13273, induced Streptomyces griseusATCC No. 10137, induced Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13968, induced Streptomyces griseus NRRL No. B-8090 (ATCC No. 55185), induced Streptomyces punipalus NRRL No. 3529 and induced Streptomyces griseolus ATCC No. 11796. More preferably, the induced Streptomyces bacteria are selected from the group consisting of induced Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13273, induced Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 10137 and induced Streptomyces griseus NRRL No. B-8090 (ATCC No. 55185). Most preferably, the induced Streptomyces bacteria are induced Streptomyces griseus ATCC No. 13273. A culture of Streptomyces griseus is deposited in the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) depository located in Rockville, Md. 20852 and bears accession number ATCC 10137. The culture was deposited in the ATCC depository on Oct. 28, 1946, and has been freely available to the scientific public since that data. Applicant has arranged for the culture to be publically available until at least May 23, 2021, or five years after the date of the most recent request for a sample, whichever is longer. The culture was tested as viable on May 23, 1991. A culture of Streptomyces griseus NRRL-B-8090 is deposited in the American Type CultureCollection (ATCC) depository located in Rockville, Md. 20852 and bears accession number ATCC 55185. The culture was deposited in the ATCC depository on May 21, 1991, under conditions complying with the requirements of the Budapest Treaty.
The bacterial culture sample utilized in step (b) of Method A may be obtained by taking a sample directly from the bacterial culture in step (a). Alternatively, the bacterial culture in (a) may be centrifuged to obtain a cellular pellet portion and a substantially cell-free supernatantportion, and either portion used as the bacterial culture sample in step (b). Suitable centrifugation rates include 8,000 to 15,000.times.g for 15 to 30 minutes. Preferably, the centrifugation rate is 9,000.times.g for 20minutes.
Incubation conditions suitable for step (b) of Method A of the mutagenicityassay will be apparent to one skilled in the art, and are described in Maron et al., Mutation Research, 113: 178-179 (1983), and in Examples 38-46 below. In this regard reference may also be made to Ames et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 70:2281 (1973); Ames et al., Mutation Research, 31:347 (1975); McCann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72:5135 (1975); and McCann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73:950 (1976).
Any amino acid requiring mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium suitable for use in the well-known Ames mutagenicity assays may be employed in the present Method A mutagenicity assay. Preferably the amino acid requiring mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium is a histidine requiring mutant strain. Such Salmonella are discussed, for example, in Maron et al., Mutation Research, 113: 178-179 (1983), which describes a revised Ames assay. Suitable histidine requiring mutant strains include, but are not limited to strains TA 97, TA 97A, TA 98, TA 100, TA 100FR, TA 102, TA 104,TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538 and M 677. Preferably, the mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium is selected from the group consisting of strains TA98, TA 1535, TA 1537 and TA 1538. Most preferred, the mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium is selected from the group consisting of strains TA1535, TA 1537 and TA 1538. On deposit with the ATCC and bearing the following ATCC accession are the following strains of histidine requiring Salmonella typhimurium: Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 1535, ATCC No. 29629; Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 1537, ATCC No. 29630; and Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 1538, ATCC No. 29631. On deposit with the NRRL and bearing the following NRRL accession numbers are the following strains of histidine requiring Salmonella typhimurium: Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 98, NRRL No. B-4279; Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 100, NRRL No. B-4280; Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 1535, NRRL No. B-4211; Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 1537, NRRL No. B-4213; and Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 1538, B-4214. A number of these and other mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium are also available upon request from Bruce Ames, Biochemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. In addition, these and other mutant strains suitable for use in the present mutagenicity assay may be constructed using recombinant DNA techniques well-known to those skilled in the art.
The number of resulting amino acid sufficient revertant colonies in step (c) can be determined using techniques well-known to those skilled in the art.
In addition, cytochrome P-450 induced Streptomyces bacteria may be utilizedin carrying out many commercially important oxidation reactions, as will berecognized by those skilled in the art.
The compounds which may be oxidized by the cytochrome P-450 induced Streptomyces bacteria (and the oxidized compound resulting therefrom) include the following: 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-hydroxycoumarin); precocene II (precocene-diol); anisole (phenol, 2-OH anisole); benzene (phenol); biphenyl (4-OH biphenyl); chlorobenzene (2-OH chlorobenzene); coumarin (7-OH coumarin); naphthalene (1-OH naphthalene); trans-stilbene (4-OH stilbene, 4,4'-di-OH stilbene); toluene (2-OH toluene); glaucine (predicentrine, norglaucine); 10,11-dimethoxyaporphine (apocodeine, isoapocodeine); papaverine (6-desmethylpapaverine, 7-desmethylpapaverine, 4'-desmethylpapaverine); d-tetrandrine (N'-nortetrandrine); thalicarpine (hernandalinol); bruceantin (side chain alcohols, epoxide); vindoline (dihydrovindoline ether, dihydrovindoline ether dimer, dihydrovindoline ether enamine); dihydrovindoline (11-desmethyldihydrovindoline); leurosine(12'-hydroxyleurosine); and codeine (14-hydroxycodeine).
The preferred process of this invention for testing chemicals for mutagenicity is Method B which follows:
Streptomyces griseus containing the appropriate plasmid and its selective marker gene are grown by streaking a culture of said cells onto M7 agar plates and incubating the plates for several days at 25.degree.-35.degree.C. Spore formation is evident by the white granular appearance of the colonies. Spores are collected as described by Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipultion of Streptomyces: a laboratory manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, England (1985) which is as follows:
Add 9 mL of sterile water to the culture plate. Scrape the surface of the culture with a sterile inoculating loop, first with gentle pressure and gradually more vigorously, so as to suspend the spores. Pour the crude suspension into a disposable capped test tube and agitate the liquid vigorously on a vortex mixer for a minute or so. Filter the suspension through non-absorbent cotton wool, using a filter tube. Pour the filtered suspension into a centrifuge tube and centrifuge for 5-10 minutes at 700.times.g to pellet the spores. As soon as the centrifuge stops, pour off the supernatant. Agitate the tube on a vortex mixer for a few seconds to disperse the pellet in the drop of water remaining in the tube. Add 1-2mL of sterile 20% glycerol and briefly agitate again. Freeze the resulting spores at -80.degree. C. until needed for use.
To prepare cultures for testing chemicals suspected of being mutagenic, inoculate approximately 50 .mu.l (approximately 5.times.10.sup.7 spores) of a frozen spores stock of a strain of transformed Streptomyces griseus (transformed with one of the selective marker-containing plasmids) into a 125 mL flask containing 25 mL of soybean-glycerol medium. Inoculate a flask with each transformed Streptomyces to be used in the test. Add thiostrepton to each flask to a concentration of 10 .mu.g/mL. Incubate with shaking at 125 RPM, at 28.degree. C. for 48 to 72 hours. Cultures resulting are called Stage 1 cultures. Subculture 2 mL from each flask into two fresh 125 mL flasks, again containing 25 mL of soybean-glycerol medium and thiostrepton at a concentration of 10 .mu.g/mL. Incubate with shaking at 125 RPM (or any speed which allows aeration and growth of the culture), at 28.degree. C. (temperature can be 25 to 35.degree. C.) for 24hours. The resulting cultures are called stage 2 cultures.
Dissolve 1 to 10 mg of the suspected mutagenic or promutagenic chemical in 300 to 5000 .mu.L of solvent. The solvent may be acetone, DMSO, toluene ora mixture of the three. Use of 1500 .mu.L of DMSO is preferred. Add the dissolved suspected mutagenic chemical to one flask of each different transformed Streptomyces stage 2 culture in the test so that the chemical is present in a concentration between 1 and 10 mg per flask in preferably 1500 .mu.L of DMSO. Add an equivalent amount of solvent to the duplicate flask of each different transformed Streptomyces stage 2 culture to serve as the solvent control. Incubate all the cultures with shaking at 125 RPM,at 28.degree. C. for 3 to 24 hours in a fume hood.
Remove 1 mL aliquots from each flask and wash the cells three times with 50mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) or 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.7) to remove chemicals and media. After the third wash resuspend thewashed cells of each in phosphate buffer to a total volume of 0.2 to 1.0 mL. From each suspension, remove and add 0.1 mL onto each of 1 to 10 M7-thiostrepton plates per culture. Spread cultures by streaking plates. Incubate plates for 3 days at 28.degree. C.
Collect spores from each plate and combine the spores of plates started from the same culture. Titer each spore sample on both M7-kanamycin (M7Km)and M7-thiostrepton (M7Ts) plates. Incubate plates at 28.degree. C. for 4 to 5 days. For each culture, determine the titer (colony forming units permilliliter) from both M7-thiostrepton and M7-kanamycin plates. Divide the titer from the M7-kanamycin plates by the titer from the M7-thiostrepton plates to determine the revertant frequency for each culture. Divide the revertant frequency for a culture treated with a chemical by the revertantfrequency for the same culture not treated by a chemical to determine the mutagenic ratio. A mutagenic ratio of 1.9 or greater is statistically significant and indicates mutagenic activity by the tested chemical. A mutagenic ratio of less than 1.0 indicates toxicity of the chemical towards the bacterial strain at the concentration of the chemical used.
The invention is further described in the Examples set forth below. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the following General Methods, except where otherwise indicated. In the General Methods and Examples, all parts and percentages are by weight, and all degrees are Celsius unless otherwise noted.
General Methods
Chemicals
The soybean flour routinely used in these studies was purchased from Natural Sales Co., P.O. Box 25, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15230. Soybean flour may also be obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, Mo. 63178.
Genistein was purchased from K&K Labs., Plainview, N.Y. 11803.
Soy oil was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, Mo. 63178.
Coumestrol was purchased from Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y. 14650.
Daidzein was purchased from Spectrum Chemical MFG Corp., 14422 S. San PedroSt., Gardena, Calif. 90248.
Mutagens
For purposes of the examples below which utilized genetically engineered S.griseus strains, several known mutagenic and promutagenic chemicals where the type of mutagenic activity is known were chosen. They are (with their known method of causing mutations): N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG),a direct-acting chemical which causes point mutations; benzo(a)pyrene (BZP), a promutagen which causes point mutations; ICR-191 (ICR191), a direct acting chemical which causes frameshift mutations; 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), a promutagen which causes frameshift mutations.
Bacterial Strains
Streptomyces griseus (ATCC 13273, ATCC 10137, ATCC 13968, ATCC 21897, NRRL B-8090 (ATCC No. 55185), ATCC 23336 and NRRL 3242).
Streptomyces punipalus (NRRL 3529).
Streptomyces griseolus (ATCC 11796).
Streptomyces lincolnensis (ATCC 25466).
Culture Maintenance
Bacteria were maintained on sporulation agar stock slants or plates and stored in sealed screw-capped tubes at 4.degree..
Media and Growth Conditions
The bacteria were grown on three different complex media. "Medium A" contains soybean flour (5 g), glycerol (20 g), yeast extract (5 g), NaCl (5 g), K.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 (5 g), and distilled water (1.0 L); with the pH adjusted to 7.0 with 5N HCl. "Medium B" is sporulation broth (ATCC No. 5) and consists of yeast extract (1.0 g), beef extract (1.0 g), tryptose (2.0g), FeSO.sub.4 (trace), glucose (10 g) and distilled water (1.0 L); with the pH adjusted to 7.2 using 1N NaOH. "Medium C" is nutrient broth. Nutrient broth consists of bacto beef extract (3 g) and bacto peptone (5 g) in 1.0 L of distilled water. All media were sterilized by autoclaving.
The bacteria were grown according to a two stage fermentation protocol as described by R.E. Betts et al., J. Med. Chem. 17:599-602, (1974). Bacteriawere transferred from stock slants or plates to either 25 mL or 200 mL of the relevant media and incubated with shaking (2500 rpm) at 28.degree.-30.degree. for three days (stage 1). A portion of the stage 1 cultures sufficient to constitute 10-20% of the volume of the new culture was used to start stage 2 cultures. Stage 2 cultures were usually incubated with shaking for 24-72 hours, preferably 24 hours.
Preparation of Cell Suspensions and Cell Extracts
Bacteria grown on liquid medium were harvested by centrifugation (9,000.times.g, 20 min) and washed once with one volume of buffer (pH 7.4)containing 100 mM sodium phosphate, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and 0.1 mM ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). This buffer is called DEP buffer.Cell suspensions in DEP buffer were prepared by suspending 5-8 g (wet weight) of centrifuged bacteria in 15-24 mL of buffer. The bacteria were disrupted by two passages through a French Pressure cell at 8.27.times.10.sup.6 Pa (1200 psi) pressure. The resulting viscous liquids (19-29 mL) were digested with deoxyribonuclease (5 mg/ 20 mL of extract) for 7 minutes at about 25.degree. and centrifuged at 105,000.times.g for 1hour. When there was a white film at the top of 105,000.times.g supernatantfluid, it was discarded and the remaining clear yellow supernatant fluids containing the cytochrome P-450 enzymes were used. In some cases (see, e.g., Example 30) instead of centrifuging at 105,000.times.g for 1 hr, thedigested the resulting supernatant fluids were used.
Total Protein Content Assay
The total protein content of the extracts was determined by the method of Lowry et al., J. Biol. Chem., 193:165-275, (1951).
Spectrophotometric Cytochrome P-450 Assay
CO-Difference Spectrophotometry
Cytochrome P-450 was assayed by the method of Omura and Sato, J. Biol. Chem., 239:2370-2378, (1964), using a Perkin Elmer lambda 5 recording spectrophotometer. The extract (1 mL) was placed in both sample and reference cuvettes. The sample cuvette was reduced by the addition of a few crystals of sodium dithionite and the spectrum was recorded. Then the reference cuvette was reduced in the same fashion, and carbon monoxide wasbubbled through the sample cuvette and the spectrum recorded. The O.D. at 448 nm was measured and the concentration of P-450 was calculated using a molar extinction coefficient of 91 mM.sup.-1 .times.cm.sup.-1 for the chromophore.
Quantitative Analysis of Genistein
These analyses were performed using a Du Pont 850 High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC). Two solvent systems were used. Solvent A consisted of water and acetic acid in a ratio of 100:0.1 (v/v). Solvent B consisted of methanol and acetic acid in a ratio of 100:0.1 (v/v). A Du Pont C8 column was employed for the analyses and the injected samples were eluted with a mixture of 30% A and 70% B maintained isocratically at a flow rate of 1 mL.times.min.sup.-1. The concentration of genistein in the samples was estimated using a calibration curve obtained from analysis of known quantities of genistein. Samples of cultures (2 ml) were mixed with ETOAC (1 mL), shaken vigorously and centrifuged. The organic layer (0.5 ml) was then dried under nitrogen, dissolved in 300 .mu.L of MeOH, and analyzed byHigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Using this system, genistein was eluted at 6.2 mL.
Analysis of Proteins by Gel Electrophoresis
Proteins in the 105,000.times.g supernatant fluids and desalted ammonium sulfate fractions thereof were analyzed by SDS-page electrophoresis (SDS=sodium dodecyl sulfate). For this purpose, 20.mu.L of sample containing approximately 5 mg per mL protein was added to 10 .mu.L of SDS solubilizing buffer and heated at 95.degree. for 3 minutes. SDS solubilizing buffer consists of 150 mM Na tricine (pH 7.8), obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., 150 mM dithiothreitol, 21% (w/v) glycerol 0.003% (w/v)bromphenol blue, and 6% lithium dodecyl sulfate. The entire 30 .mu.L samplewas then loaded onto a 15.times.32 cm 8% (or 10-17% gradient) polyacrylamide slab gel and electrophoresed overnight at 5-10 watts. Afterelectrophoresis the gel was removed from the casting apparatus and the protein bands were stained with Coummassie blue.
Preparation of Phosphate Buffer Saline Solution (PBS w/Ca++ and Mg++)
The following ingredients were used to prepare the buffer: calcium chloride(CaCl.sub.2 2H.sub.2 O; 0.7 mM); potassium chloride (KCl; 2.7 mM); potassium phospate monobasic (KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 ; 1.5 mM); magnesium chloride(MgCl.sub.2 6H.sub.2 O; 0.5 mM); sodium phosphate dibasic (Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 7H.sub.2 O); 8.1 mM); and sodium chloride (NaCl; 13.7 mM). The buffer was prepared by adding the following amounts of these ingredients, in the following order, to a suitable vessel containing 10 L of distilled, deionized water: CaCl.sub.2 2H.sub.2 O-1.0 g; KCl-2.0 g; KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 -2.0 g; NaCl-8.0 g; MgCl.sub.2 6H.sub.2 O-1.0 g; and Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 7H2O-21.6 g. The mixture was stirred until all components were dissolved, and the solution then filter sterilized with a Millipore filter apparatus directly into 500 mL sterile screw-cap bottles.Next, 0.1 mL of the filtered solution was aseptically streaked on a complete base agar plate and the plate incubated for 24 hr at 37.degree. to sterilize.
Preparation of Minimal Base Agar Plate
To prepare the minimal base agar plates, 60 g of Difco Bacto agar (granular), obtained from Difco Labs, Detroit, Mich. 48232, and 92.8 g of Davis Minimal Broth (dry form), obtained from Gibco Labs, Grand Island, N.Y. 14072, were suspended in 4000 mL of distilled, deionized water. The suspension was then stirred with a Teflon.TM. coated magnetic stirrer until the Minimal Broth was dissolved, and a sponge plug was placed in thetop of flask and the flask covered with aluminum foil. The flask was then autoclaved for 20 minutes (15 psi, 121.degree.). The flask was removed from the autoclave and, after 30 minutes, the contents stirred and dispensed onto a petri dish (25 mL per 100.times.15 mM petri plate (Falcon.TM. 1029) using Petrimat.TM. plate filling equipment. The filled petri plates were allowed to cool and stored at 4.degree..
Preparation of Complete Base Agar Plate
To prepare the complete base agar plates, 94.0 g of BBL Standard Methods agar (2.4%) (which contains, per liter, 5 g of pancreatic digest of casein, 2.5 g of yeast extract, 1 g of dextrose and 15 g of agar) was suspended in 4000 mL of distilled, deionized water. The suspension was stirred with a Teflon.TM. coated magnetic stirrer until the Standard Methods agar was dissolved, and a sponge plug was placed in the top of flask and the flask covered with aluminum foil. The flask was then autoclaved for 60 minutes (15 psi, 121.degree.). The flask was removed from the autoclave and, after 30 minutes, the contents stirred and dispensed onto a petri dish (25 mL per 100.times.15 mM petri plate (Falcon.TM. 1029) using Petrimat.TM. plate filling equipment. The filled petri plates were incubated at 37.degree. for 24 hr to check sterility andthen stored at 4.degree..
Preparation of 0.5 mM L-Histidine/0.5mM Biotin Solution
Approximately 450 mL of distilled, deionized water was added to a 500 mL volumetric flask containing 61.0 mg of D-biotin and 52.5 mg L-histidine, both obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, Mo. The flask was stirred until all components were dissolved and the flask brought to volume. The solution was then filter sterilized with a Nalgene 0.2 micron filter unit, produced by Nalgene Labware, Nalge Co., Rochester,N.Y. 14602. Next, 0.1 mL of the filtered solution was aseptically streaked on a complete base agar plate, the plates were incubated for 24 hr at 37.degree. to check sterility, and 100 mL of the solution dispensed into each of five 100 mL bottles for storage at 4.degree..
Preparation of Top Agars
Standard top agar was prepared by first suspending 24.0 g of Difco Bacto agar and 24.0 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 4000 mL of distilled, deionized water. The solution was mixed and sterilized by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 121.degree. (15 psi) and 75 mL dispensed into 100 mL capacity screw-cap bottles for storage at room temperature.
Procedure for Growing Cultures of Salmonella Strains
Suitable procedures for growing Salmonella cultures are well known in the art, and the particular procedure employed is not critical. The procedure employed in the Examples below is set forth in Maron et al., Mutation Research, 113: 178-179 (1983).
EXAMPLES
Examples 1-10
Following the growth conditions described in the General Methods, organismswere transferred from sporulation agar stock slants or plates to 25 mL of Medium A and incubated with shaking at 2500 rpm at 28.degree.-30.degree. for three days--i.e., stage 1. Each strain was grown as a separate culture. Stage 2 cultures of each strain were prepared by inoculating 200 mL of medium A with 20 mL of stage 1 culture. Each stage 2 culture was incubated for 24 hours under the conditions used for stage 1 cultures. Each culture was processed separately and 105,000.times.g cell-extracts prepared separately using the Preparation of Cell Suspension and Cell Extracts procedures described in the General Methods. The yellow supernatant fluids were then assayed for cytochrome P-450 material using CO-Difference Spectrophotometry as discussed in the General Methods. The results are summarized below (Table 1).
TABLE 1______________________________________ pmol P-450 perExample Medium Organism mg protein*______________________________________1 A S. griseus, ATCC 13273 122.52 A S. griseus, ATCC 10137 28.23 A S. griseus, ATCC 13968 10.24 A S. griseus, ATCC 21897 2.35 A S. griseus, NRRL B-8090 53.6 (ATCC No. 55185)6 A S. punipalus, NRRL 3529 6.27 A S. griseolus, ATCC 11796 5.38 A S. griseus, ATTC 23336 <2.09 A S. griseus, NRRL 3242 <2.010 A S. lincolnensis, ATCC 25466 <2.0______________________________________*<2.0 means below measurable amounts
The above data illustrates the production of measurable amounts of cytochrome P-450 for a number of Streptomyces species and strains grown asdescribed in medium A. The greatest amount of P-450 enzymes was produced byS. griseus, ATCC 13273. Although S. griseus, ATTC 23336, S. griseus, NRRL 3242, and S. lincolnensis, ATCC 25466 failed to produce measurable amountsof P-450 enzymes in this experiment, it is believed that at higher inducer concentrations, measurable amounts would be present.
Examples 11-16
The procedures of Examples 1-10 were repeated except that the organisms were grown on Medium B (sporulation broth) and on medium C (nutrient broth). Only the three strains of Streptomyces producing the greatest amounts of cytochrome P-450 enzymes were used, namely, S. griseus ATCC 13273, ATCC 10137, and NRRL B-8090 (ATCC No. 55185).
TABLE 2______________________________________ pmol P-450 perExample Medium Organism mg protein*______________________________________11 B S. griseus, ATCC 13273 <2.012 C S. griseus, ATCC 13273 <2.013 B S. griseus, ATCC 10137 <2.014 C S. griseus, ATCC 10137 <2.015 B S. griseus, NRRL B-8090 <2.0 (ATCC No. 55185)16 C S. griseus, NRRL B-8090 <2.0______________________________________*<2.0 means below measurable amounts
As the data shows, the tested bacteria failed to produce measurable amountsof cytochrome P-450 enzymes on either media.
Examples 17-22
The procedures of Examples 1-10 were repeated except that cultures of S. griseus, ATCC 13273, were grown in the following media: Medium A having 5 g/L of soy oil substituted for the 5 g/L of soybean flour; Medium B with 5g/L of soybean flour added; Medium B with 0.1 g/L of genistein added; Medium B with 0.1 g/L of coumestrol added; Medium B with 0.1 g/L of daidzein added; or Medium C with 5 g/L of soybean flour added. The amountsof cytochrome P-450 enzymes produced by each of comparable cultures is shown in Table 3. Soy oil, soybean flour, genistein, coumestrol and diadzein are all soybean derivatives. Soy oil, while containing many of the substituents of soybeans does not contain genistein.
TABLE 3______________________________________ pmol P-450 Substitution perExample Medium or Addition mg protein*______________________________________17 A with 5.0 g/L soy oil <2.0 substituted for 5.0 g/L soybean flour18 B with 5.0 g/L soybean 28.0 flour added19 B with 0.1 g/L 124.8 genistein added20 B with 0.1 g/L <2.0 coumestrol added21 B with 0.1 g/L <2.0 daidzein added22 C with 5.0 g/L 8.6 soybean flour added______________________________________*<2.0 means below measurable amounts
Cytochrome P-450 enzymes were produced whenever soybean flour or genistein were present regardless of the media. Media without soybean flour or genistein but containing soy oil, coumestrol, or daidzein, all of which are soybean substituents, failed to induce cytochrome P-450 enzymes.
Examples 23-25
The procedures of Examples 1-10 were repeated except that cultures of S. griseus, ATCC 10137 were grown in the following media with the following added constituents: Medium B containing 5 g/L of soybean flour, or Medium B containing 0.1 g/L of genistein, or Medium C containing 5 g/L of soybeanflour. The amounts of cytochrome P-450 enzymes produced by each culture areshown in Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________ pmol P-450 perExample Medium Addition mg protein______________________________________23 B soybean flour 6.1 (5.0 g/L)24 B genistein 20.2 (0.1 g/L)25 C soybean flour 4.9 (5.0 g/L)______________________________________
Cytochrome P-450 enzymes were produced whenever soybean flour or genistein were present regardless of the medium.
Example 26
The procedures of Examples 1-10 were repeated except that a culture of S. griseus, NRRL B-8090 (ATTC No. 55185) was grown in Medium B containing 0.1g/L of genistein. The amount of cytochrome P-450 enzymes produced is shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5______________________________________ pmol P-450 perExample Medium Addition mg protein______________________________________26 B genistein 60.0 (0.1 g/L)______________________________________
Significant cytochrome P-450 enzymes were produced.
From the data in Examples 1 through 26, it is clear that soybean flour and soybean flour substituents genistein and genistin can induce the production of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in bacteria from the genus Streptomyces.
Example 27
A three-day old stage 1 culture (200 mL) of S. griseus ATCC 13273 grown using the procedures in Examples 1-10 in Medium B was centrifuged and resuspended in 200 mL of fresh Medium B. The resulting suspension was added to a 1500 mL capacity fermenter vessel containing 1200 mL of the medium. Genistein (120 mg) was dissolved in about 3-4 mL of solvent consisting of dimethylformamide and methanol in a ratio of 3:2 (v/v), dimethylformamide:methanol, and the solution was added to the medium. Samples of 100-200 mL were removed periodically and their dry weight and cytochrome P-450 contents determined. The dry weight of each sample was measured by filtering 5 mL of the sample through a preweighed Nuclepore PCmembrane (47 mm, 4 .mu.m) filter and drying it overnight at 60.degree.. Thecontents of cytochrome P-450 of each sample was determined essentially as in Examples 1-10. The results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6______________________________________ pmol P-450Time Dry wt. per(h) (mg/mL) mg protein*______________________________________0 0.326 37.5 0.314 12.523.5 0.408 30.348 1.54 5672 1.18 19.396 1.3 <2.0______________________________________*<2.0 means below measurable amounts
The results indicate that cytochrome P-450 is induced during the growth lagphase, reaches a maximum level between 48 and 72 hours, after which it diminishes and finally disappears at 96 hours. HPLC analysis of the supernatant fluids of batch cultures (shake flasks) containing genistein, conducted as described in the General Methods, Quantitative Analysis of Genistein section, indicate that during the induction and disappearance ofcytochrome P-450, utilization of genistein does not occur.
Example 28
A stage 2 culture of S. griseus, ATCC 13273 grown for 24 hours in Medium A was harvested yielding 57.6 g wet weight of cells. An extract of these cells was obtained as described in Examples 1-10. After centrifugation at 105,000.times.g, a supernatant fluid of 102 mL was obtained. The supernatant fluid was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation as follows. To obtain 35% of the saturation concentration of ammonium sulfate, 20.8 g of ammonium sulfate crystals were added to each 100 mL of the crude extract during a period of about 15 minutes with constant slow stirring. When the entire amount of salt was added, the stirring was continued for an additional 10 minutes to allow complete equilibration between dissolved and aggregated proteins. The cloudy liquid was centrifuged for 30 minutes at 18,000.times.g to separate the aggregated proteins. The pellet obtained in this fashion was labeled "0-35% pellet" and the supernatant fluid was labeled "0-35% supernatant". To each 100 mL of the "0-35% supernatant", 6.16 g of ammonium sulfate crystals were added, essentially as above, to obtain 45% of the saturation concentration. The cloudy solution was centrifuged, as above, to obtain the "35-45% pellet" and the "35-45% supernatant". A "45-55% pellet" and "45-55% supernatant" was obtained by adding, essentially as above, 6.38 g of ammonium sulfate crystals to each 100 mL of the "35-45% supernatant" followed by centrifugation, as above. The P-450 content of each of these fractions was determined as previously described in Examples 1-10. The total protein was determined in accordance with the General Methods, TotalProtein Content Assay section. The pmol per mg protein was then calculated from the total protein and P-450 determinations. The results are summarized in Table 7.
TABLE 7______________________________________ pmol P-450 Protein P-450 perSample (mg/mL) (pmol/mL) mg protein______________________________________Crude 12.5 749.4 59.90-35% supernatant 7.4 560.0 75.60-35% pellet 5.5 98.9 17.935-45% supernatant 5.3 149.0 28.135-45% pellet 38.4 5934.0 154.545-55% supernatant 3.3 0.0 0.045-55% pellet 45.4 1560.0 34.4______________________________________
From the above data it is clear that the majority (almost 80%) of the cytochrome P-450 containing material is precipitated in the fraction resulting when the ammonium sulfate concentration was increased from 35% to 45% of the saturation level.
Example 29
The 35-45% and 45-55% pellets of Example 28 were analyzed by Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) as follows. Sephadex G-25 (0.5 g/ 50 mL), obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., P.0. Box 14508, St. Louis, Mo. 63178, was stirred in DEP buffer. Some of the resulting gel was added to a 1.0 mLsyringe containing a porous plug. The syringe was placed in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged in a bench-top centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes. The addition of gel followed by centrifugation was repeated until the column was almost filled with the gel. The column was washed with 0.5 mL of buffer. A sample (150 .mu.L) of the ammonium sulfate pellet dissolved in DEP buffer was added to the top of this column followed by centrifugation as before. The desalted protein extracts that accumulated in the centrifuge tube were then analyzed by FPLC using an LKB instrument connected to a Hewlett Packard (HP) diode array spectrophotometer, an HP 85 computer, and an HP plotter. Analyses were done using an LKB glaspac TSK DEAE-3SW (8.times.75 mm) anion exchange column. The solvent systems were as follows: Solvent A consisted of 20 mM tris acetate and 20% glycerol (pH 7.4); Solvent B consisted of solvent A with 0.8 M sodium acetate added (pH 7.4). The gradient employed for the separation was 0-40 minutes; from 0-100% B. Fractions were eluted at a flow rate of 0.75 mL per minute and analyzed for cytochrome P-450 content as described above. The FPLC profiles at 420 nm can be seen in FIG. 1. Specifically, FIG. 1(A)shows the FPLC analysis of the 35-45% pellet fraction, and FIG. 1(B) shows the FPLC analysis of the 45-55% pellet fraction. The analyses indicate that in both ammonium sulfate fractions, the fractions eluting at 15 mL contained the cytochrome P-450 material.
Example 30
Oxidation of Precocene II and 7-Ethoxycoumarin with Cell-Free Extracts
S. griseus, ATCC 13273 was grown in 200 mL of Medium A as described in Examples 1-10 except that at the beginning of stage 2, 7-ethoxycoumarin (50 mg/200 mL) was added to one culture and precocene II (100 mg/200 mL) was added to another. Bacteria from these cultures were harvested after 24hours of incubation in stage 2 and subjected to the French Pressure cell asdescribed in Examples 1-10. The broken cells were centrifuged at 18,000.times.g for 10-15 minutes. The supernatant fluid of each was then centrifuged at 50,000.times.g for 1 hr. The resulting supernatant fluid constituted the test extract. Preparative scale incubations were performedusing the test extract (15-20 mL), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (77-101 mg) as cofactor and either precocene II (0.51 mg dissolved in 0.5 mL of an equal mixture of ethanol and water) or 7-ethoxycoumarin (0.66 mg was dissolved in 0.5 mL of an equal mixture of ethanol and water). The resulting mixtures were incubatedon the shaker at 28.degree. C. for 1.5 hours and then extracted with 1/2 volume of ethylacetate. The ethylacetate layer was dried under nitrogen and then taken up in a small volume of methanol for Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis. Products formed were isolated by preparative TLC using the solvent system of chloroform:methylene chloride:methanol:ethylacetate (10:10:1:1 v/v) for precocene metabolite, precocene-diol, and benzene:ethanol (45:5) for ethoxycoumarin metabolite, 7-hydroxycoumarin (umbelliferone). The bands corresponding to the precocene-diol and 7-hydroxycoumarin were then scraped off and the metabolites recovered from the silica gel by resuspending the scraped material in methanol and filtering the suspensions to remove the gel. The metabolites were recovered from the methanol by drying over anhydrous MgSO.sub.4, under reduced pressure.
The metabolites obtained in this fashion were derivatized by the addition of a couple of drops of tetramethylsilane (TMS) and were then analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The TMS-derivatives of the metabolite isolated from the cell extract incubation with precocene II gave a molecular ion peak at m/e 398, a base peak at m/e 239 and another peak at m/e 73. The TMS-derivative of the isolated metabolite from incubation with 7-ethoxycoumarin gave a molecular ion peak at m/e 234, base peak at m/e 219, and major fragments at m/e 191, 163 and 73. These results are consistent with the GC/MS data for the TMS-derivatives of 7-hydroxycoumarin and trans-precocene-diol.
Example 31
In this example, a fluorometer was utilized to detect 7-ethoxycoumarin O-dealkylase activity. First, cells were grown on Medium A in the presenceof ethoxycoumarin and an extract was prepared as described in Example 30. Enzyme assays were performed by first adding test extract (1-2 mg of protein) to a 2 mL reaction mixture containing 0.05 mM ethoxycoumarin and DEP buffer, and then initiating the reaction by the addition of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) (0.5 mM) as a cofactor. The formation of 7-hydroxycoumarin was determined by irradiating the cuvette at 365 mM and recording the increase in light emission at 450 nm using a fluorometer. Using this approach the specific activity for 7-hydroxycoumarin formation from 7-ethoxycoumarin was measured at about 0.2 nmol.times.min.sup.-1 .times.mg.sup.-1 protein
Examples 32-34
Cultures of S. griseus, ATCC 13273 were grown as described in Examples 1-10, except as follows. One culture was grown in Medium A, one culture inMedium B, and one culture in Medium B containing soybean flour at a concentration of 5 g/L. In addition, precocene II (100 mg/ 200 mL) was dissolved in 1 mL of methanol and added to the 24-hour stage 2 cultures. Samples (3 mL) were withdrawn after 48 hours. Each sample was extracted with ethylacetate (2 mL), thoroughly mixed, and centrifuged for 3 minute in a benchtop clinical centrifuge. The ethylacetate layer (1 mL) was withdrawn, dried under a stream of nitrogen and dissolved in 0.3 mL of methanol prior to HPLC analysis.
Quantitative analyses of precocene-diol formation were performed using a DuPont 850 HPLC connected to a U.V. spectrophometer, a Waters WISP 710B automatic injector and a Perkin Elmer 56 recorder. The solvent systems used were: solvent A consisting of water and acetic acid in a ratio of 100to 0.1, respectively; solvent B consisting of methanol and acetic acid in aratio of 100 to 0.1, respectively. The gradient employed was 30-50% B for 6minutes, 50-75% B for 2 min, 75-100% B for 5 minutes, isocratic at 100% B for 5 minute and then 100-30% B for 5 minutes. A calibration curve was prepared by injecting different volumes of a mixture of control 0.37 mg ofcis- and 0.5 mg of trans-precocene- diol isomers. Samples were injected into a C8 column, eluted at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute and detected at 254nm. Using this system, diols elute as a broad split peak at 16 mL while precocene elutes at 21 mL. The results are shown in Table 8.
TABLE 8______________________________________ Cytochrome P-450formed formed Precocene-diols(pmol/mg protein) (mg/mL at 48 h) Example Medium______________________________________32 A 122.5 1.2733 B <2.0 0.2334 B + 28.0 0.87 soybean flour______________________________________
HPLC analysis of the culture supernatants indicates the strong correlation between cytochrome P-450 concentrations and precocene-diol formation.
Example 35
Cultures of S. griseus, ATCC 13273, were grown on Medium A, on Medium B andon Medium B supplemented with genistein, and the 105,000.times.g supernatant fluid collected as described in Examples 1-10. A portion of the 105,000.times.g supernatant fluid from the culture grown on Medium A was then fractionated as described in Example 28. Analysis of the proteinspresent in the 105,000.times.g supernatant fluid from the cultures grown onunsupplemented and supplemented Medium B and the 35-45% and 45-55% ammoniumsulfate pellet fractions from Medium A was accomplished using sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page). For this purpose, 20 .mu.L of each sample of the 105,000.times.g supernatant fluid,containing about 5 mg/mL of protein, was added to 10 .mu.L of sodium dodecylsulfate solubilizing buffer and heated at 95.degree. for 3 minutes.Each resulting 30 .mu.L sample was then loaded onto a 15.times.32 cm gel containing 8% acrylamide and electrophoresed at pH 8.5, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, using a Protean slab cell (Bio-Rad) apparatus maintained at 5-10 W for 16.5 hours.
In addition, cultures of a mutant strain of S. griseus which lacks the ability to synthesize P-450 enzymes were grown on Medium A, and Medium B supplemented with genistein. The supernatant was collected and the proteins present in the 105,000.times.g supernatant fluid analyzed as described above.
The results obtained after electrophoresis of proteins in the extracts described are shown in FIG. 2. In this figure, the lane designated MW represents the molecular weight standard. A polypeptide band with a molecular weight of 45,000 daltons was observed in extracts prepared from cells of S. griseus, ATCC 13273, grown on Medium B supplemented with genistein (lanes designated WT-B&G) but not in control cells grown on Medium B alone (lane designated WT-B). A band containing proteins of similar size was also detected in the 35-45% ammonium sulfate fractions ofS. griseus, ATCC 13273, grown on Medium A (lane designated 35-45%), which, based on its relative stain intensity, appeared to have been enriched. This finding is consistent with the observation in Example 28 that P-450, as measured by CO-difference spectrophotometry, was contained primarily inthe 35-45% ammonium sulfate fraction. Finally, little or none of a 45,000 molecular weight protein could be detected in the mutant strain grown on Medium A (lane designated M-A) and Medium B with genistein (lane designated M-B&G). These results lead one to conclude that a 45,000 daltonpeptide represents the major cytochrome P-450 protein induced by either genistein or soybean.
Example 36
Three cultures of S. griseus, ATCC 13273 were grown on Medium B as described in Examples 1-10, except that at the beginning of stage 2 growth, one of three classical mammalian P-450 inducers--see, e.g., Bresnick et al., Pharmacological Reviews, 36:43S, (1984) (3-methylcholanthrene); Richardson et al., Cancer Res., 11:274, (1951) (3-methylcholanthrene); Conney, A.H., Pharmacol. Rev., 19:317 (1966) (phenobarbital) and Ames et al., Mutation Res., 31:347, (1975) (3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital and aroclor)--were added to each of the cultures. Specifically, the inducers employed were: (1) phenobarbital added to a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL of culture; (2) 3-methylcholanthrene added to a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL of culture; and (3) aroclor added to a concentration of 1 mL/200 mL of culture. The bacteria were harvested after 24 hours of incubation and the amount of cytochrome P-450 in each sample determined as described in Examples 1-10.
The culture containing phenobarbital produced 5.21 pmol/mg protein of cytochrome P-450 material. The culture containing 3-methylcholanthrene produced 2.72 pmol/mg protein of cytochrome P-450 material.
Example 37
Three cultures of S. griseus, ATCC 13273 were grown on Medium B as described in Examples 1-10, except that at the beginning of stage 2 growth, all three cultures received soybean flour to a concentration of 5 g/L. One culture received no further additions, one culture received metyrapone, a classic mammalian P-450 inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 induction in mammalian systems, see, e.g., Ryan et al., Methods in Enzymology, L11: 117-132 (1978), to a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, and the remaining culture received metyrapone to a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. The cultures were incubated an additional 24 hr before the amount of cytochrome P-450 produced by each was determined, as described in Examples1-10. The culture with soybean flour produced 15.71 pmol of cytochrome P-450 material per mg or total protein. The cultures with metyrapone at 0.1 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL produced 25.1 and 38.7 pmol of cytochrome P-450 material, respectively. Clearly metyrapone did not inhibit, but rather stimulated, the production of cytochrome P-450 material, illustrating the difference between the production of mammalian and S. griseus P-450.
Example 38
Two cultures of S. griseus, ATCC 13273 were grown in Medium A essentially as described in Examples 1-10. A 200 mL stage 2 culture of each was prepared. At this time, 20 mg of Benzo[a]pyrene (BZP) which had been dissolved in 1 mL of dimethylsulfoxide was added to one of the cultures. The other culture served as a control. Both cultures were incubated, with shaking, for 24 hours. The bacteria were then collected by centrifuging them at 9,000.times.g for 20 minutes. The supernatant fluids (200 mL from each) were then extracted with 1/2 volume of ethylacetate and the resulting solutions dried under nitrogen. The dried residue from each wereresuspended in 0.8 mL of dimethylsulfoxide, and 0.1 mL of the control supernatant fluids (control extract) and 0.1 mL of the BZP-treated supernatant fluids (BZP extract) was added to each of two agar plates along with the histidine requiring mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 98, used in the Ames assay to detect mutagenic chemicals. In addition, 0.1 mL of the BZP-treated supernatant fluids was added to Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA 98, together with an Ames test rat microsomal S9 preparation (BZP extract +rat microsomes S9). Samples are considered to contain potential mutagenic compounds if the number of colonies--arising from a revertant mutation--on the plates containing the material being tested is two-fold or greater than the number of colonies on the plates seeded with bacteria which have not seen any additional chemicals. The latter constitute the controls and colonies arising in cultures of them represent spontaneous mutations. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 9.
TABLE 9______________________________________ Revertants/plateExtract (2 plates shown)______________________________________control extract 166,179BZP extract 458,425BZP extract + rat microsomes S9 832,755______________________________________
These results show that S. griseus can metabolize BZP to its mutagenic forms and serve as a potential replacement for rat microsomal S9 preparations. Use of S. griseus for this test eliminates the requirements for rat microsomes with the required cofactor which are two major expensesof the Ames test as now routinely performed.
Examples 39-46
S. griseus (ATCC 13273) was grown on a soybean/glycerol medium according tothe two-stage fermentation protocol. Procarcinogen substrates (20 mg/200 mLculture) were added to the 24 hr old second stage cultures and incubated at28.degree. for 24 hr. Incubations were then harvested by centrifuging (30 minutes, 10,000.times.g, 4.degree.) and both supernatants (Spt) and the pellets (P) were used for the Salmonella assay. Salmonella typhimurium strains used in these tests were TA 98 and TA 1538. The procarcinogens employed were: 2-aminoanthracene, 3,3-dimethylbenzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, Benzo(a)pyrene, chloropicrin, benzidine, 2-aminoacetylfluorene and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene. Controls in these experiments consisted of: (1) samples of cell-free supernatant fluid (Spt)and pellets (P) of S. griseus 24 hr old second stage cultures incubated without any procarcinogens (S. griseus control); (2) samples of procarcinogens in soybean/glycerol medium without S. griseus, incubated for 24 hr at 28.degree. (procarcinogen control); and/or (3) samples of procarcinogens directly applied to the Salmonella strains (Direct Application).
Assay Procedure
The procedures for preparation of the histidine/biotin solution and top agar used, and the growth conditions employed for the Salmonella strains are discussed in the General Methods. For the assay, 500 .mu.L of the samples to be tested (in the indicated dilutions) and 100 .mu.L of the TA strains were mixed in tubes by vigorous shaking and incubated with shakingat 37.degree. for 1 hr. Separately, to 75 mL of top agar was added 10 mL ofhistidine/biotin solution. The volume was brought up to 100 mL with steriledistilled, deionized water, and 100 .mu.L of a 50 mg/mL solution of thiostrepton dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was added. Two mL of the top agar containing the above additions was then added to the incubated tubes and the mixture poured on an agar plate. The plates were incubated at 37.degree. for 48 hr and the number of Salmonella colonies counted.
Results of the experiments are presented in the following tables. High numbers of Salmonella revertants were observed for the procarcinogens incubated with S. griseus, indicating that S. griseus can metabolize thesechemicals to mutagenic metabolites. The following abbreviations found in the Tables are defined as follows: and=undiluted; 1:2=diluted twice, 1:10=diluted ten times, 1:100=diluted a hundred times; and NT=not tested.
Example 39
______________________________________ 2-Aminoanthracene (Procarcinogen) # of Salmonella revertants dilutions TA 98 TA 1538______________________________________S. griseus control und 5.5 2(Spt) 1:2 8 3.5 1:10 8 2 1:100 7.5 1S. griseus control und 7.5 5(P) 1:2 14.5 8 1:10 12 11.5 1:100 6.5 6S. griseus test und 351 132(Spt) 1:2 195.5 130 1:10 49.5 33.5 1:100 16 9.5S. griseus test und 758 602(P) 1:2 1295 1122 1:10 582 555 1:100 52.5 662-aminoanthracene und 26 730control (Spt) 1:2 22.5 312.5 1:10 12.5 57.5 1:100 4.5 7.52-aminoanthracene und 37 28control (P) 1:2 61 21 1:10 NT 46.5 1:100 NT 54______________________________________
Example 40
______________________________________ 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine (Procarcinogin) # of Salmonella revertants dilutions TA 98 TA 1538______________________________________S. griseus control und 22 3(Spt) 1:2 12 6 1:10 11 4 1:100 8 2S. griseus control und 12 12(P) 1:2 45 18 1:10 18 12 1:100 13 6S. griseus test und 1862 2048(Spt) 1:2 44 38 1:10 17 10 1:100 16 6S. griseus test und 593 478(P) 1:2 216 331 1:10 134 188 1:100 24 253,3'-dimethylbenz- und 28 30idine control (Spt) 1:2 18 22 1:10 22 11 1:100 19 83,3'-dimethylbenz- und 20 15idine control (P) 1:2 22 13 1:10 17 9 1:100 13 8Direct Application und 9 16 1:2 10 11 1:10 16 8______________________________________
Example 41
______________________________________ 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine (Procarcinogen) # of Salmonella revertants dilutions TA 98 TA 1538______________________________________S. griseus control und 15 16(Spt) 1:2 17 9 1:10 17 2 1:100 24 1S. griseus control und 19 7(P) 1:2 26 15 1:10 22 9 1:100 15 4S. griseus test und 76 55(Spt) 1:2 42 43 1:10 32 14 1:100 21 10S. griseus test und 930 799(P) 1:2 259 300 1:10 314 500 1:100 26 163,3'-dimethoxybenz- und 63 35idine control (Spt) 1:2 31 12 1:10 25 6 1:100 19 53,3'-dimethoxybenz- und 11 22idine control (P) 1:2 12 14 1:10 6 11 1:100 11 9Direct Application und 12 15 1:2 9 7 1:10 8 5 1:100 6 5______________________________________
Example 42
______________________________________ Benzo(a)pyrene (Procarcinogen) # of Salmonella revertants dilutions TA 98 TA 1538______________________________________S. griseus control und 22 3(Spt) 1:2 12 6 1:10 11 4 1:100 8 2S. griseus control und 12 12(P) 1:2 45 18 1:10 18 12 1:100 13 6S. griseus test und 100 23(Spt) 1:2 110 31 1:10 43 15 1:100 9 10S. griseus test und 414 338(P) 1:2 311 258 1:10 233 206 1:100 82 72Benzo(a)pyrene und 27 10control (Spt) 1:2 29 8 1:10 18 8 1:100 17 2Benzo(a)pyrene und 18 11control (P) 1:2 17 15 1:10 12 8 1:100 14 10______________________________________
Experiment 43
______________________________________ Chloropicrin, 100 .mu.l (Procarcinogen) # of Salmonella revertants dilutions TA 98 TA 1538______________________________________S. griseus control und 8 9(Spt) 1:2 8 5 1:10 6 5 1:100 5 4S. griseus control und 14 22(P) 1:2 26 19 1:10 17 14 1:100 17 6S. griseus test und 115 33(Spt) 1:2 50 21 1:10 13 10 1:100 10 4S. griseus test und 72 29(P) 1:2 17 12 1:10 10 7 1:100 11 3Chloropicrin und 19 14control (Spt) 1:2 22 8 1:10 9 3 1:100 5 0Chloropicrin und 15 24control (P) 1:2 10 5 1:10 5 3 1:100 12 4Direct Application und 13 6 1:2 11 4 1:10 10 6 1:100 11 6______________________________________
Example 44
______________________________________ Benzidine (Procarcinogen) # of Salmonella revertants dilutions TA 98 TA 1538______________________________________S. griseus control und 22 13(Spt) 1:2 18 8.5 1:10 21 6 1:100 10 9.5S. griseus control und 12 16.5(P) 1:2 25 11.5 1:10 20 9 1:100 23 5.5S. griseus test und 246 315(Spt) 1:2 38 32 1:10 23 12.5 1:100 12 4.5S. griseus test und 478 764(P) 1:2 169 99.5 1:10 133 88 1:100 18 12.5Benzidine und 53 17.5control (Spt) 1:2 33 8 1:10 18 7 1:100 13 6.5Benzidine und 16 6.5control (P) 1:2 13 4 1:10 15 3 1:100 13 10.5______________________________________
Example 45
______________________________________ 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (Procarcinogen) # of Salmonella revertants dilutions TA 98 TA 1538______________________________________S. griseus control und 14 9.5(Spt) 1:2 10.5 7.5 1:10 6.5 4.5 1:100 16 4.5S. griseus control und 8.5 0.5(P) 1:2 26.5 7 1:100 48.5 5.5S. griseus test und 42.5 20.5(Spt) 1:2 41 13.5 1:10 31 8 1:100 34 8.5S. griseus test und 39 15.5(P) 1:2 86.5 54.5 1:10 103 108 1:100 42.5 377,12-dimethylbenz- undanthracenecontrol (Spt)______________________________________
Example 46
______________________________________ 2-Aminoacetylfluorene (Procarcinogen) # of Salmonella revertants dilutions TA 98 TA 1538______________________________________S. griseus control und 5.5 2(Spt) 1:2 13 3.5 1:10 11 2 1:1002 17 1S. griseus control und 11.5 5(P) 1:2 17.5 8 1:10 20.5 11.8 1:100 20.5 6S. griseus test und 93.5 2(Spt) 1:2 56 4 1:10 30 7 1:100 17.5 7S. griseus test und 5000 299(P) 1:2 1175 262.5 1:10 467.5 67.5 1:100 322.5 112-aminoacetyl- und NT 4fluorene control 1:2 NT 8.5(Spt) 1:10 NT 4 1:100 NT 0.52-aminoacetyl- und NT 26fluorene 1:2 NT 21control (P) 1:10 NT 12 1:100 NT 6______________________________________
Example 47
Shake flasks containing 25 mL of soybean-glycerol medium were inoculated, respectively, with approximately 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.5 spores/flask of S. griseus ATCC 13273, S. griseus (pH63) and S. griseus (pFS). The medium in the flasks receiving S. griseus (pH63) and S. griseus (pFS) also containedthiostrepton (Ts) at a concentration of 20 .mu.g/mL. The flasks were incubated for 72 hours at 27.degree. to 28.degree. C., and constantly shaken at 150 to 200 RPM. (Stage 1 cultures)
From each of the resulting cultures, 2 mL were removed and added to two newflasks with 25 mL of soybean-glycerol medium and appropriately supplementedwith Ts for those receiving S. griseus (pH63) and S. griseus (pFS). These six secondary cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 27.degree. to 28.degree. C. (Stage two cultures).
Benzo(a)pyrene (BZP), (5 mg) in 200 .mu.l of solvent (50% DMSO, 50% Acetone, v/v) was added to one flask of each culture. The other flask of each culture received only solvent (100 .mu.l). All the cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 27.degree. to 28.degree. C.
The bacterial cells from each culture were collected and washed three timeswith sterile 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 and resuspended in 0.3 mL of buffer. From each culture, 50 .mu.L were plated onto each of 5 plates of M7 agar. The M7 agar onto which the cultures containing S. griseus (pH63) and S. griseus (pFS) were plated also contained 10 .mu.g/mLof Ts. Spores were harvested and titered on M7Ts and M7Km and the ratio of revertants to kanamycin resistance between those cultured in the presence and absence of benzo(a)pyrene determined.
______________________________________Results:Frequency of Revertants MutagenicStrains No BZP BZP Ratio______________________________________13273 (Ts) none none NA13273 (Km) none none NAH63 2.8 .times. 10.sup.-5 3.7 .times. 10.sup.-5 1.32FS 4.1 .times. 10.sup.-8 * 3.4 .times. 10.sup.-8 * 0.83*______________________________________*There were so few revertants of S. griseus (pFS) spores that these numbermay be inaccurate.
Example 48
S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) were grown through stage 1 and stage2 cultures as in Example 47. After the 24 hours of growth in stage 2, 5 mg per flask of each of the following mutagens dissolved in 750 .mu.l DMSO were added to one culture each of S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) (one culture each of S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) received only DMSO and served as the controls): benzo(a)pyrene (BZP), 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), Ethidium bromide (EtBr), Mutagen ICR-191 (ICR191). The flasks were incubated for three hours (shaking) with mutagens, then 1 mL of each culture was harvested from each of the shake flasks, and the bacteria recovered from each of the samples were washed three times with phosphate buffer and resuspended in a small amount of buffer (100 .mu.L for each aliquot to be plated). Aliquots of these suspensions (100 .mu.l) were spread on each of 5 M7Ts plates and incubated for spore formation. After 72 more hours, the spores were harvested and titered on M7Ts and M7Km plates.
______________________________________Results: Mut.Strain Mutagen Km titer Ts titer Rev. Freq. Ratio______________________________________pH69 Control 1.15 .times. 10.sup.1 2.65 .times. 10.sup.8 4.3 .times. 10.sup.-8 1.0 EtBr none none none NA BZP 6.5 .times. 10.sup.1 1.3 .times. 10.sup.8 5.0 .times. 10.sup.-7 11.6 ICR191 2.5 .times. 10.sup.1 2.65 .times. 10.sup.8 9.4 .times. 10.sup.-8 2.2 2AA 2.0 .times. 10.sup.1 2.25 .times. 10.sup.8 8.8 .times. 10.sup.-8 2.0pFS Control 8.7 .times. 10.sup.3 5.7 .times. 10.sup.7 1.5 .times. 10.sup.-4 1.0 EtBr -- -- -- NA BZP 4.3 .times. 10.sup.3 1.7 .times. 10.sup.7 2.5 .times. 10.sup.-4 1.7 ICR191 8.0 .times. 10.sup..sup.3 1.9 .times. 10.sup.7 4.2 .times. 10.sup.-4 2.8 2AA 1.33 .times. 10.sup. 4 1.2 .times. 10.sup.7 1.1 .times. 10.sup.-3 7.3______________________________________1) The concentration of ethidium bromide used was lethal to the cells.2) The stock vials of this batch of FS were discarded after this experimendue to the abnormally high revertant frequency of the control cultures.
Example 49
S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) were grown through stage 1 and stage2 cultures as in Example 47. After the 24 hours of growth in stage 2, 1 mg per flask of each of the following mutagens was added to one culture each of S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) (one culture each of S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) received only DMSO and served as the controls): N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), benzo(a)pyrene (BZP), 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), Mutagen ICR-191 (ICR191). Note: In order to reduce the chances of toxicity, the mutagens were added at a concentration of 1 mg/25 mL culture volume in 200 .mu.l DMSO. These cultures were incubated for 6 hours (instead of 3h as in Example 48), withshaking, to compensate for the reduced concentration of mutagens. An aliquot of 1 mL of each culture was harvested from each of the shake flasks, and the bacteria recovered from each of the samples were washed three times with phosphate buffer and resuspended in a small amount of buffer. An aliquot (100 .mu.L) of each of these suspensions was spread on each of 5 Yeast extract-glycerol plates contining Ts at a concentration of10 .mu.g/mL and incubated for spore formation. After 72 more hours, the spores were harvested and titered on M7Ts and M7Km plates.
Note
Yeast extract-glycerol medium is the same as soybean-glycerol medium without soybean. These plates gave poor spore formation, and, as such, thespore preparations may have contained multicellular mycelial fragments which may have lead to an altered revertant frequency.
Results
Titers indicate the average number of colony forming units per milliliter of spore preparation.
______________________________________ Mut.Strain Chemical Ts Titer Km Titer Rev. Freq. Ratio______________________________________pH69 DMSO 1.20 .times. 10.sup.8 5.50 .times. 10.sup.2 4.6 .times. 10.sup.-6 1.0 NTG 3.70 .times. 10.sup.8 1.25 .times. 10.sup.4 3.4 .times. 10.sup.-5 7.4 BZP 2.20 .times. 10.sup.8 2.35 .times. 10.sup.3 1.1 .times. 10.sup.-5 2.4 2AA 2.55 .times. 10.sup.8 1.75 .times. 10.sup.3 6.9 .times. 10.sup.-6 1.5 ICR191 2.25 .times. 10.sup.8 1.75 .times. 10.sup.2 7.8 .times. 10.sup.-7 0.2pFS DMSO 2.90 .times. 10.sup.8 2.85 .times. 10.sup.3 9.8 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.0 NTG 3.05 .times. 10.sup.7 8.00 .times. 10.sup.1 2.6 .times. 10.sup.-6 2.7 BZP 3.15 .times. 10.sup.7 2.00 .times. 10.sup.1 6.3 .times. 10.sup.-7 0.6 2AA 5.50 .times. 10.sup.7 7.50 .times. 10.sup.1 1.4 .times. 10.sup.-6 1.4 ICR191 3.45 .times. 10.sup.7 1.50 .times. 10.sup.1 4.3 .times. 10.sup.-7 0.4______________________________________
Example 50
S griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) were grown through stage 1 and stage 2 cultures as in Example 47. After the 24 hours of growth in stage 2, 5 mgper flask of each of the following mutagens were added to one culture each of S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) (one culture each of S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) received only DMSO and served as the controls): N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), benzo(a)pyrene (BZP), 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), Mutagen ICR-191 (ICR191). The resulting cultures were incubated for 24 hours, with shaking. Cells (1 mL) from eachculture were harvested, and the bacteria recovered from each were washed three times with phosphate buffer and resuspended in a small amount of buffer. An aliquot (100 .mu.L) of each of these suspensions was spread on Yeast extract-glycerol plates containing Ts at a concentration of 10 .mu.g/mL and incubated for spore formation. After 72 more hours, the spores were harvested and titered on M7Ts and M7Km plates.
The cells treated with NTG gave very sparse growth for spore formation. It is assumed this was due to the toxicity of the compound.
Also, the fact that cells grown on Yeast extract-glycerol Ts medium do not yield as many spores as when they are grown on other media such as M7Ts agar was noted in Example 49.
Results
______________________________________ Mut. Muta- Ra-Strain gen Km Titer Ts Titer Rev. Freq. tio______________________________________pH69 solvent 6.33 .times. 10.sup.2 3.90 .times. 10.sup.7 1.62 .times. 10.sup.-5 1.0 BZP 6.33 .times. 10.sup.2 3.23 .times. 10.sup.7 1.96 .times. 10.sup.-5 1.2 NTG 5.03 .times. 10.sup.2 4.27 .times. 10.sup.6 1.18 .times. 10.sup.-4 7.3 2AA 1.27 .times. 10.sup.3 4.73 .times. 10.sup.7 2.68 .times. 10.sup.-5 1.65 ICR191 3.13 .times. 10.sup.2 1.77 .times. 10.sup.7 1.76 .times. 10.sup.-5 1.1pFS solvent 3.67 .times. 10.sup.1 8.67 .times. 10.sup.7 4.23 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.0 BZP 9.67 .times. 10.sup.1 1.50 .times. 10.sup.8 6.44 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.5 NTG 6.67 .times. 10.sup.0 1.40 .times. 10.sup.7 4.76 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.13 2AA 3.03 .times. 10.sup.2 1.87 .times. 10.sup.8 1.62 .times. 10.sup.-6 3.8 ICR191 1.50 .times. 10.sup.1 5.97 .times. 10.sup.7 2.51 .times. 10.sup.-7 0.6______________________________________
Example 51
S. griseus (pH69) was grown through stage 1 and stage 2 cultures as in Example 47. After the 24 hours of growth in stage 2, 5 mg per flask of benzo(a)pyrene were dissolved in different sovents or at different concentrations and added to one culture of S. griseus (pH69) (a culture ofS. griseus (pH69) received only solvent and served as the controls). The resulting cultures were incubated for 24 hours, with shaking. Cells (1 mL)from each culture were harvested, and the bacteria recovered from each werewashed three times with phosphate buffer and resuspended in a small amount of buffer. An aliquot (1.0 mL) of each of these suspensions was spread on M7Ts agar plates containing Ts at a concentration of 10 .mu.g/mL and incubated for spore formation. After 72 more hours, the spores were harvested and titered on M7Ts and M7Km plates. Results:
______________________________________ Mut- Mut.Solvent agen Km Titer Ts Titer Rev. Freq. Ratio______________________________________*DMSO none 7.33 .times. 10.sup.1 4.20 .times. 10.sup.8 1.75 .times. 10.sup.-7 -- +Acetone*DMSO BZP 1.30 .times. 10.sup.2 6.90 .times. 10.sup.8 1.88 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.07 +AcetoneAcetone none 1.40 .times. 10.sup.2 7.23 .times. 10.sup.8 1.94 .times. 10.sup.-7 --(300 .mu.L)Acetone BZP 1.63 .times. 10.sup.2 4.40 .times. 10.sup.8 3.70 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.91(300 .mu.L)DMSO none 1.40 .times. 10.sup.2 6.43 .times. 10.sup.8 2.17 .times. 10.sup.-7 --(750 .mu.L)DMSO BZP 5.47 .times. 10.sup.2 5.53 .times. 10.sup.8 9.88 .times. 10.sup.-7 4.55(750 .mu.L)DMSO none 1.57 .times. 10.sup.2 4.97 .times. 10.sup.8 3.15 .times. 10.sup.-7 --(1500.mu.L)DMSO BZP 1.51 .times. 10.sup.3 4.27 .times. 10.sup.8 3.55 .times. 10.sup.-6 11.27(1500.mu.L)______________________________________*Mixture contained 200 .mu.L of DMSO and 100 .mu.L of AcetoneNote:Many of the Km.sup.r colonies of the cells incubated with BZP in 750 .mu.and 1500 .mu.L of DMSO were very small.
S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) were grown through stage 1 and stage2 cultures as in Example 47. After the 24 hours of growth in stage 2, 5 mg per flask of each of the following mutagens, dissolved in 1.5 mL of DMSO were added to one culture each of S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) (one culture each of S. griseus (pH69) and S. griseus (pFS) received only 1.5 mL of DMSO and served as the controls: 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), 1,2-benzanthracene (1,2-BA), and 2,3-benzanthracene (2,3-BA). The resulting cultures were incubated for 24 hours, with shaking. Cells (1 mL)from each culture were harvested, and the bacteria recovered from each werewashed three times with 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.7, and resuspended in a small amount of buffer. An aliquot (100 .mu.L) of each ofthese suspensions was spread on M7Ts plates and incubated for spore formation. After 72 more hours, the spores were harvested and titered on M7Ts and M7Km plates. Results:
______________________________________ Muta- Mut.Strain gen Km Titer Ts Titer Rev. Freq. Ratio______________________________________pH69 solvent 1.37 .times. 10.sup.2 1.10 .times. 10.sup.8 1.24 .times. 10.sup.-6 1.0 2AA 3.27 .times. 10.sup.2 1.20 .times. 10.sup.8 2.72 .times. 10.sup.-6 2.19 1,2-BA 2.33 .times. 10.sup.1 1.13 .times. 10.sup.8 2.05 .times. 10.sup.-6 1.65 2,3-BA 3.10 .times. 10.sup.2 6.33 .times. 10.sup.8 4.89 .times. 10.sup.-7 0.39pFS solvent 2.00 .times. 10.sup.1 5.23 .times. 10.sup.8 3.82 .times. 10.sup.-8 1.0 2AA 4.67 .times. 10.sup.1 3.00 .times. 10.sup.8 1.56 .times. 10.sup.-7 4.07 1,2-BA 0.00 1.67 .times. 10.sup.8 -- -- 2,3-BA 2.33 .times. 10.sup.1 1.88 .times. 10.sup.9 1.24 .times. 10.sup.-8 0.32______________________________________
Example 53
This example was done using the protocol of Example 52 and differed only in1) the testing of different chemicals for mutagenicity and 2) the inclusionof Streptomyces bearing the plasmid HTS1 (HTS1). The chemicals tested were:9-aminoacridine (9-AAD), 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), and ICR-191. Results:
______________________________________ Muta- Mut.Strain gen Km Titer Ts Titer Rev. Freq. Ratio______________________________________pH69 solvent 5.66 .times. 10.sup.2 3.43 .times. 10.sup.9 1.65 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.0 9-AAD 8.66 .times. 10.sup.2 2.05 .times. 10.sup.9 4.22 .times. 10.sup.-7 2.56 2-NF 2.87 .times. 10.sup.3 4.18 .times. 10.sup.9 6.87 .times. 10.sup.-7 4.16 ICR- 2.07 .times. 10.sup.2 6.83 .times. 10.sup.8 3.03 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.83 191pFS solvent 2.10 .times. 10.sup.2 2.88 .times. 10.sup.9 7.29 .times. 10.sup.-8 1.0 9-AAD 7.40 .times. 10.sup.2 7.24 .times. 10.sup.9 1.02 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.40 2-NF 1.10 .times. 10.sup.3 9.98 .times. 10.sup.9 1.10 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.51 ICR- 9.30 .times. 10.sup.2 4.25 .times. 10.sup.9 2.18 .times. 10.sup.-7 3.00 191pHTS1 solvent 2.84 .times. 10.sup.9 8.00 .times. 10.sup.2 2.82 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.0 9-AAD 2.93 .times. 10.sup.8 6.67 .times. 10.sup.1 2.27 .times. 10.sup.-7 0.80 2-NF 1.05 .times. 10.sup.9 2.00 .times. 10.sup.1 1.90 .times. 10.sup.-8 0.07 ICR- 2.54 .times. 10.sup.9 1.00 .times. 10.sup.1 3.93 .times. 10.sup.-9 0.01 191______________________________________

Number	Name	Date
4256832	Findl et al.	Mar 1981
4532204	Crespi et al.	Jul 1985
4698307	Mabe et al.	Oct 1987
4792520	Stambrook et al.	Dec 1988

Number	Date	Country
213898	Mar 1987	EPX
243856	Nov 1987	EPX
258899	Mar 1988	EPX
273771	Jul 1988	EPX
8100726	Mar 1981	WOX
8400384	Feb 1984	WOX
1261953	Mar 1985	SUX

Process for inducing cytochrome P-450 enzymes in streptomyces bacteria and determining the mutagenicity of chemicals

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Entry
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