Patent Application
20150038707
The present disclosure relates to methods for preventing pest infestations, and in particular embodiments, methods for preventing infestations by use of pyrethroid insecticides or the stereoisomers or salts thereof for the purposes of human public health, veterinary medicine, and animal agriculture.
Invertebrate pests and in particular insects and arthropods can have negative effects on the quality of human life. For instance, when found in the home, insects and other arthropods can be a source of annoyance due purely to their presence. They may also spread disease and allergens. While a large number of pesticidal agents are known, due to the ability of target pests to develop resistance to said agents, there is an ongoing need for new agents for combating invertebrate pests such as insects and arachnids.
Among the insects which are particularly undesirable are domestic mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are known to be a vector for the spread of many infection diseases in humans such as malaria, yellow fever, West Nile virus and dengue fever. Infections spread by mosquitoes result in illness and even death of infected hosts.
There is a continuing need to provide compounds having a good pesticidal activity and showing a broad activity spectrum against a large number of different invertebrate pests, especially against difficult to control insects and arachnids.
The present disclosure relates to a method for combating or controlling invertebrate pests of the group of insects or arachnids, which method comprises contacting said pest or its food supply, habitat or breeding grounds with a pesticidally effective amount of at least one compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure.
The present disclosure also relates to the use of a compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure for combating or controlling invertebrate pests of the group of insects or arachnids.
The present disclosure also relates to the use of a compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure for combating or controlling invertebrate pests in and on animals.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for treating an animal infested or infected by pests or for preventing animals from getting infested or infected by pests or for protecting an animal against infestation or infection by pests which comprises orally, topically or parenterally administering or applying to the animal a pesticidally effective amount of a compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure.
The present disclosure also relates to the use of a compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure for the manufacture of a medicament for protecting an animal against infestation or infection by pests or treating an animal infested or infected by pests.
The present disclosure also relates to a process for the preparation of a composition for treating animals infested or infected by pests, for preventing animals of getting infected or infested by pests or protecting animals against infestation or infection by pests which comprises a compound according to the disclosure including a stereoisomer, salt, tautomer or N-oxide thereof.
The present disclosure also relates to a compound according to the disclosure including a stereoisomer, salt, tautomer or N-oxide thereof for use as a medicament.
The present disclosure also relates to a compound according to the disclosure for use in the treatment, control, prevention or protection of animals against infestation or infection by pests.
The disclosure also relates to compositions comprising a pesticidally effective amount of compounds of the present disclosure and an acceptable carrier, for combating pests in and on animals.
One aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method for protecting an animal, including a human, against a pest infestation as the infestation pertains to human public health, veterinary medicine, and animal agriculture. A pesticidally effective amount of compound of formula (I),
or a stereoisomer or salt thereof is applied or administered to the animal or to a locus within an environment in which the animal interacts. R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of halogens and C1-C4-haloalkyl. R10 is selected from the group consisting of halogens. R11 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C4-haloalkyls. R12 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogens.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method for protecting an animal, including humans, against mosquitoes. A partial barrier is provided between the animal and a source of mosquitoes. The barrier has a compound of formula (I)
or stereoisomer or salt thereof at the surface of the barrier or embedded therein. R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of halogens and C1-C4-haloalkyl. R10 is selected from the group consisting of halogens. R11 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C4-haloalkyls. R12 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogens.
Various refinements exist of the features noted in relation to the above-mentioned aspects of the present disclosure. Further features may also be incorporated in the above-mentioned aspects of the present disclosure as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. For instance, various features discussed below in relation to any of the illustrated embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into any of the above-described aspects of the present disclosure, alone or in any combination.
In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, an animal is protected from infestations of pests by application of a compound of formula (I),
or a stereoisomer or salt thereof, wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and C1-C4-haloalkyl; R10 is selected from the group consisting of halogen; R11 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C4-haloalkyl; and R12 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen. The compounds of formula (I), their stereoisomers and their salts are particularly useful for controlling invertebrate pests, in particular for controlling arthropods and especially insects.
In this regard, while reference may be made herein to compounds of formula I, it should be noted that the methods of the present disclosure are also applicable to stereoisomers and salts of said compounds. Accordingly, reference to “compound(s) of the present disclosure” includes compound(s) as defined by formula I as well as a stereoisomer or salt thereof. Further, the phrase “composition(s) according to the present disclosure” as used herein includes composition(s) comprising at least one compound of formula I or a stereoisomer or salt thereof.
Depending on the substitution pattern, the compounds of the formula (I) may have one or more centers of chirality, in which case they are present as mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers. Both the pure enantiomers or pure diastereomers of the compounds of formula (I) or their mixtures may be used to protect animals from infestation in accordance with the present disclosure. Suitable compounds of the formula (I) which may be used include all possible geometrical stereoisomers (cis/trans isomers) and mixtures thereof. Cis/trans isomers may be present with respect to an alkene, carbon-nitrogen double-bond or amide group. As used herein, the term “stereoisomer(s)” encompasses both optical isomers, such as enantiomers or diastereomers, the latter existing due to more than one center of chirality in the molecule, as well as geometrical isomers (cis/trans isomers).
The compounds of the present disclosure that are used to protect animals against pests may be amorphous or may exist in one or more different crystalline states (polymorphs) which may have different macroscopic properties such as stability or may show different biological properties such as activities. The present disclosure includes both amorphous and crystalline compounds of formula (I), their enantiomers or diastereomers, mixtures of different crystalline states of the respective compound of formula (I), its enantiomers or diastereomers, as well as amorphous or crystalline salts thereof.
Preferably, in embodiments wherein a salt of a compound of formula I is applied or administered, the salt is safe for use near animals (including, in some embodiments, humans). The salt may be formed in a customary method, e.g., by reacting the compound with an acid if the compound of the present disclosure has a basic functionality or by reacting the compound with a suitable base if the compound of the present disclosure has an acidic functionality.
Suitable pesticidal salts are especially the salts of those cations or the acid addition salts of those acids whose cations and anions, respectively, do not have any adverse effect on the pesticidal action of the compounds of the present disclosure. Suitable cations are in particular the ions of the alkali metals, preferably lithium, sodium and potassium, of the alkaline earth metals, preferably calcium, magnesium and barium, and of the transition metals, preferably manganese, copper, zinc and iron, and also ammonium (NH4+) and substituted ammonium in which one to four of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-alkoxy-C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkoxy-C1-C4-alkyl, phenyl or benzyl. Examples of substituted ammonium ions comprise methylammonium, isopropylammonium, dimethylammonium, diisopropylammonium, trimethylammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, 2-hydroxyethylammonium, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethylammonium, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium and benzl-triethylammonium, furthermore phosphonium ions, sulfonium ions, preferably tri(C1-C4-alkyl)sulfonium, and sulfoxonium ions, preferably tri(C1-C4-alkyl)sulfoxonium.
Anions of useful acid addition salts are primarily chloride, bromide, fluoride, hydrogensulfate, sulfate, dihydrogenphosphate, hydrogenphosphate, phosphate, nitrate, bicarbonate, carbonate, hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, benzoate, and the anions of C1-C4-alkanoic acids, preferably formate, acetate, propionate and butyrate. They can be formed by reacting compounds of the present disclosure with an acid of the corresponding anion, preferably of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or nitric acid.
Veterinary acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include the salts of those cations or the acid addition salts which are known and accepted in the art for the formation of salts for veterinary use. Suitable acid addition salts, e.g., formed by compounds of the present disclosure containing a basic nitrogen atom, e.g., an amino group, include salts with inorganic acids, for example hydrochlorids, sulphates, phosphates, and nitrates and salts of organic acids for example acetic acid, maleic acid, e.g., the monoacid salts or diacid salts of maleic acid, dimaleic acid, fumaric acid, e.g., the monoacid salts or diacid salts of fumaric acid, difumaric acid, methane sulfenic acid, methane sulfonic acid, and succinic acid. Pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include the salts of those cations or the acid addition salts which are known and accepted in the art for the formation of salts for pharmaceutical use.
The term “halogen” denotes fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine, more preferably fluorine or chlorine, and, in particular, fluorine.
The organic moieties mentioned in the above definitions of the variables are—like the term halogen—collective terms for individual listings of the individual group members. The prefix Cn-Cm indicates in each case the possible number of carbon atoms in the group.
The term “Cn-Cm-haloalkyl” as used herein refers to a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having n to m carbon atoms, e.g., 1 to 4, in particular 1 to 2 carbon atoms (as mentioned above), where some or all of the hydrogen atoms in these groups may be replaced by halogen atoms as mentioned above, for example C1-C4-haloalkyl, such as chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and the like. The term C1-C4-haloalkyl in particular comprises C1-C2-fluoroalkyl, which is synonym with methyl or ethyl, wherein 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atoms, such as fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl and pentafluoromethyl.
It should be noted that the remarks herein as to preferred embodiments of the variables (substituents) of the compounds of formula (I) are valid on their own as well as preferably in combination with each other. The remarks made below concerning preferred embodiments of the variables further are valid on their own as well as preferably in combination with each other concerning the uses and methods of the present disclosure.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a compound of formula (I) relates to compounds of formula (I),
or a stereoisomer or salt thereof, wherein R1, R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and C1-C4-haloalkyl; R10 is selected from the group consisting of halogen; R11 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C4-haloalkyl; and R12 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen.
In some preferred embodiments, R1, R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, and pentafluoroethyl. In a more preferred embodiment, R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of chlorine, C1-C2-chloroalkyl, and C1-C2-fluoroalkyl, wherein chlorine, C1-chloroalkyl, and C1-fluoroalkyl are even more preferred.
In preferred embodiments, at least one of R1 and R2 are selected from halogen, such as chlorine or fluorine. More preferred, at least one of R1 and R2 are selected from chlorine.
In another more preferred embodiment, one of R1 and R2 are selected from halogen (such as chlorine) and one of R1 and R2 are selected from C1-C4-haloalkyl.
In other preferred embodiments, at least one of R1 or R2 are selected from the group consisting of C1-C4-haloalkyl, preferably C1-C2-haloalkyl, such as chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, and pentafluoroethyl.
In other preferred embodiments, R10 is selected from the group consisting of chlorine and fluorine, wherein fluorine is more preferred.
In other preferred embodiments, R12 is selected from the group consisting of chlorine and fluorine, wherein fluorine is more preferred.
In other preferred embodiments, R11 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C2-chloroalkyl and C1-C2-fluoroalkyl, such as chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, and pentafluoroethyl. In more preferred embodiments, R11 is trifluoromethyl.
In other preferred embodiments, R10 and R12 are independently selected from the group consisting of chlorine and fluorine. In more preferred embodiments, R10 and R12 are fluorine.
In most preferred embodiments, R1 is chlorine, R2 is trifluoromethyl, R10 and R12 are fluorine, and R11 is trifluoromethyl.
In other most preferred embodiments, R1 and R2 are chlorine, R10 and R12 are fluorine, and R11 is trifluoromethyl.
The compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by the standard methods of organic chemistry. The compounds of the formula (I) belong to the class of pyrethroids, and may be synthesized similar to other pyrethroids, such as described in DE 3005722, EP 0621254, EP 0128351, JP 05-279213 or EP 0006978, each of which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.
As a rule, the compounds of formula (I), and their precursors in the synthesis process, can be prepared by the methods described above. If individual compounds can not be prepared via the above-described routes, they can be prepared by derivatization of other compounds (I) or the respective precursor or by customary modifications of the synthesis routes described. For example, in individual cases, certain compounds of formula (I) can advantageously be prepared from other compounds of formula (I) by derivatization, e.g., by ester hydrolysis, amidation, esterification, ether cleavage, olefination, reduction, oxidation and the like, or by customary modifications of the synthesis routes described.
The reaction mixtures are worked up in the customary manner, for example by mixing with water, separating the phases, and, if appropriate, purifying the crude products by chromatography, for example on alumina or on silica gel. Some of the intermediates and end products may be obtained in the form of colorless or pale brown viscous oils which are freed or purified from volatile components under reduced pressure and at moderately elevated temperature. If the intermediates and end products are obtained as solids, they may be purified by recrystallization or trituration.
Due to their excellent activity, the compounds of the present disclosure may be used for controlling pests including infestations of such pests. The term “pest” as used herein encompasses any invertebrate animal of the phylum Arthropoda that is detrimental to an animal (including humans). In some embodiments, the pest is an invertebrate pest such as an arthropod including insects and arachnids. In some embodiments, the pest which is controlled is an insect.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the pest(s) may be controlled by (1) applying or administering the compound of formula (1) to an animal which is or may become infested and/or (2) by applying the compound to a locus within an environment in which the animal interacts. As used herein, the compound may be “applied” or “administered” by, for example, use of a pesticidal composition of the compound or by use of an article (e.g., a net) which includes the compound at the surface of the article or embedded or impregnated within the article. Further, “locus” means a habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, area, material or environment in which a pest or parasite may be found.
Pesticidal compositions include, for example, liquid, aerosol or dust compositions that are applied to a target surface. Pesticidal compositions also include veterinary and/or pharmaceutical compositions that may be used to directly apply or administer the composition to the animal which is desired to be protected. The composition may be applied in any manner that is known and suitable to those of skill in the art for applying such compositions. For example, the composition may be applied by use of a pressurized canisters, pump canisters, aerosols, foggers, bombs, repellant candles, other fumigants, dusts, powders, gels, unit-dosed applicators or the like.
The pesticide compound may be administered or applied directly to an animal topically, orally or parenterally. In some embodiments, the composition is applied topically to an animal.
In some embodiments, the compound is applied to a locus in which the animal interacts such as, for example, the dwelling of the animal or to another structure which the animal is known to inhabit. In embodiments wherein humans are desired to be protected, a compound of formula (I) may be applied to the exterior of commercial or residential structures and, in some embodiments, to interiors of such structures as well. The composition may be applied to the ground (e.g., as a soil treatment) and/or exterior surface of a building structure, landscaping materials, and/or about any outdoor area (e.g., a garden area, a treed area, wooden fence posts, etc.).
Accordingly, the present disclosure also provides a method for controlling invertebrate pests which method comprises treating the pests, their food supply or their habitat or their breeding ground or soil, area, material or environment in which the pests are growing or may grow, or the materials, soils, surfaces or spaces to be protected from pest attack or infestation with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure or a composition as defined above.
In embodiments wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied by a liquid pesticide composition, the composition may concentrated or in a ready-to-use concentration. If a concentration is used, the composition is diluted before use with dilution typically being performed by the end user (e.g., in a pump spray bottle). The composition may be diluted by addition of solvent (e.g., water) at the site of use. When used by a pest control professional, the composition may alternatively be diluted at the place of business of the professional. Alternatively and in some embodiments, the pesticide composition is a ready-to-use composition that is not diluted prior to use.
In some embodiments, an article is coated with the compound of formula (I) or the compound of formula (I) may be embedded or impregnated within the article. Any article that may be found within the environment of an animal of which protection is desired may be used. In embodiments in which protection of humans from pest infestation is desired, the article may be, for example, netting, clothing, structural material (floorboards, exterior walls, etc.), linens and the like.
Compositions of the present disclosure used to administer or apply a compound of formula (I) may comprise a single active compound of a compound of formula (I) or a mixture of several active compounds of the present disclosure. The composition according to the present disclosure may comprise an individual isomer or mixtures of isomers or a salt as well as individual tautomers or mixtures of tautomers.
As described above, the compounds of formula (I), their stereoisomers and their salts are particularly useful for controlling invertebrate pests, in particular for controlling arthropods and especially insects. As used herein “pests” include ectoparasites which may infest animals, in particular warm blooded animals such as e.g., mammals or birds, or other higher animals such as reptiles, amphibians or fish, thereby causing substantial damage to the animals infested. The compounds of formula (I) may be especially suitable for efficiently combating or controlling the following pests:
The compounds of the present disclosure, including their salts, stereoisomers and tautomers, are also suitable for controlling arachnids (Arachnoidea):
The compounds of the present disclosure, including their salts, stereoisomers and tautomers, are particularly useful for controlling insects, preferably sucking or piercing insects such as insects from the genera Thysanoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera, in particular the following species:
The compounds of the present disclosure, including their salts, stereoisomers and tautomers, are particularly useful for controlling insects of the orders Hemiptera and Thysanoptera.
The compounds of formula (I) can be converted into customary types of compositions, e.g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary types of compositions include suspensions (e.g., SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g., EC), emulsions (e.g., EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g., CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g., WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g., BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g., WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal articles (e.g., LN), as well as gel formulations. These and further compositions types are defined in the “Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system”, Technical Monograph No. 2, 6th Ed. May 2008, CropLife International, which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.
Examples for suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifiers and binders.
Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g., kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. toluene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, e.g., ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclohexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones, e.g., cyclohexanone; esters, e.g., lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; amides, e.g., N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.
Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g., silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharide powders, e.g., cellulose, starch; fertilizers, e.g., ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g., cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emusifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol. 1: Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.), which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.
Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof. Examples of sulfonates are alkylarylsulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkylnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates. Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters. Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters. Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates.
Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-substituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents. Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide. Examples of N-substituted fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides. Examples of esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides. Examples of sugar-based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or alkylpolyglucosides. Examples of polymeric surfactants are home- or copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.
Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines. Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines. Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or polyethyleneamines.
Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the compound of formula I on the target. Examples are surfactants, mineral or vegetable oils, and other auxiliaries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5, which is incorporated hererein by reference for all relevant and consistent purpose.
Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g., xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), anorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.
Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones.
Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.
Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.
Suitable colorants (e.g., in red, blue, or green) are pigments of low water solubility and water-soluble dyes. Examples are inorganic colorants (e.g., iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanoferrate) and organic colorants (e.g., alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).
Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidons, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.
Examples for composition types and their preparation are:
The compositions generally comprise between 0.01 and 95%, preferably between 0.1 and 90%, and most preferably between 0.5 and 75%, by weight of active substance. The active substances are employed in a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably from 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).
According to one embodiment, individual components of the composition according to the disclosure such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture may be mixed by the user in a spray tank and further auxiliaries may be added, if appropriate.
In a further embodiment, either individual components of the composition according to the disclosure or partially premixed components, e.g. components comprising compounds of formula (I) and/or active substances from the groups A) to O), may be mixed by the user in a spray tank and further auxiliaries and additives may be added, if appropriate.
In a further embodiment, either individual components of the composition according to the disclosure or partially premixed components, e.g. components comprising compounds I and/or active substances from the groups A) to O), can be applied jointly (e.g., after tank mix) or consecutively.
In the methods and uses of this disclosure, the compounds according to the disclosure may be applied with other active ingredients, for example with other pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and nematicides. These additional ingredients may be used sequentially or in combination with the above-described compositions and, if appropriate, added only immediately prior to use. For example, a composition of the present disclosure may be administered or applied before or after being treated with other active ingredients.
The following list M of pesticides together with which the compounds according to the disclosure can be used and with which potential synergistic effects might be produced, is intended to illustrate the possible combinations, but not to impose any limitation:
The commercially available compounds of the group M may be found in The Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition, British Crop Protection Council (2003) among other publications. Paraoxon and their preparation have been described in Farm Chemicals Handbook, Volume 88, Meister Publishing Company, 2001. Flupyrazofos has been described in Pesticide Science 54, 1988, p. 237-243 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,779.-AKD 1022 and its preparation have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,348.-M21.1 is known from WO 2007/101540.-Isoxazolines M22.1 to M22.8 have been described in e.g., WO2005/085216, WO 2007/079162, WO 2007/026965, WO 2009/126668 and WO2009/051956. Anthranilamides M23.1 to M23.6 have been described in WO 2008/72743 and WO 200872783, those M23.7 to M23.12 in WO 2007/043677. Malononitriles M24.1 and M24.2 have been described in WO 02/089579, WO 02/090320, WO 02/090321, WO 04/006677, WO 05/068423, WO 05/068432 and WO 05/063694. Aminofuranones M26.1 to M6.10 have been described eg. in WO 2007/115644. Alkynylether M27.1 is described e.g., in JP 2006131529. Organic sulfur compounds have been described in WO 2007060839. Pyripyropene derivative M27.2 has been described in WO 2008/66153 and WO 2008/108491. Pyridazin M27.3 has been described in JP 2008/115155. Each of these references is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.
The compound of formula I may be applied or administered to the invertebrate pest (also referred to as “animal pest” or simply “pest”), i.e. the insects and arachnids, by any application method known in the art.
The compounds of the present disclosure can also be applied preventively to places at which occurrence of the pests is expected.
The amount of pesticide utilized in the pesticide composition may vary depending on the intended use of the composition including, for example, the pests intended for control. In some embodiments, a pest is contacted with the pesticide composition in a pesticidally effective amount. For purposes of the present disclosure, a “pesticidally effective amount” of the composition means the amount of a compound of formula (I) needed to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target pest. The pesticidally effective amount can vary for the various compounds/compositions used in the disclosure. A pesticidally effective amount of the compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like. In various embodiments, a “pesticidally effective amount” may include amounts that repel the pest and may include, in another embodiment, amounts of the composition that kill the pest.
In the case of soil treatment or of application to the pests dwelling place or nest, the quantity of active ingredient ranges from 0.0001 to 500 g per 100 m2, preferably from 0.001 to 20 g per 100 m2.
Customary application rates in the protection of materials are, for example, from 0.01 g to 1000 g of active compound per m2 treated material, desirably from 0.1 g to 50 g per m2.
Insecticidal compositions for use in the impregnation of materials typically contain from 0.001 to 95 weight %, preferably from 0.1 to 45 weight %, and more preferably from 1 to 25 weight % of at least one repellent and/or insecticide.
The compounds of the present disclosure are effective through both contact (via soil, glass, wall, bed net, carpet, plant parts or animal parts), and ingestion (bait).
In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may be applied against pests by use of a bait composition. The bait can be a liquid, a solid or a semisolid preparation (e.g., a gel). Solid baits can be formed into various shapes and forms suitable to the respective application e.g., granules, blocks, sticks, disks. Liquid baits can be filled into various devices to ensure proper application, e.g., open containers, spray devices, droplet sources, or evaporation sources. Gels can be based on aqueous or oily matrices and can be formulated to particular necessities in terms of stickiness, moisture retention or aging characteristics.
The bait employed in the composition is a product, which is sufficiently attractive to incite insects such as ants, termites, wasps, flies, mosquitoes, crickets etc. or cockroaches to eat it. The attractiveness can be manipulated by using feeding stimulants or sex pheromones. Food stimulants are chosen, for example, but not exclusively, from animal and/or plant proteins (meat-, fish- or blood meal, insect parts, egg yolk), from fats and oils of animal and/or plant origin, or mono-, oligo- or polyorganosaccharides, especially from sucrose, lactose, fructose, dextrose, glucose, starch, pectin or even molasses or honey. Fresh or decaying parts of fruits, crops, plants, animals, insects or specific parts thereof can also serve as a feeding stimulant. Sex pheromones are known to be more insect specific. Specific pheromones are described in the literature and are known to those skilled in the art.
For use in bait compositions, the typical content of active ingredient is from 0.001 weight % to 15 weight %, desirably from 0.001 weight % to 5% weight % of active ingredient.
Formulations of compounds of the present disclosure such as aerosols (e.g., in spray cans), oil sprays or pump sprays are highly suitable for the non-professional user for controlling pests such as flies, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes or cockroaches. Aerosol recipes are preferably composed of the active compound, solvents such as lower alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone), paraffin hydrocarbons (e.g., kerosenes) having boiling ranges of approximately 50 to 250° C., dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, water, furthermore auxiliaries such as emulsifiers such as sorbitol monooleate, oleyl ethoxylate having 3-7 mol of ethylene oxide, fatty alcohol ethoxylate, perfume oils such as ethereal oils, esters of medium fatty acids with lower alcohols, aromatic carbonyl compounds, if appropriate stabilizers such as sodium benzoate, amphoteric surfactants, lower epoxides, triethyl orthoformate and, if required, propellants such as propane, butane, nitrogen, compressed air, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, or mixtures of these gases.
The oil spray formulations differ from the aerosol recipes in that no propellants are used.
For use in spray compositions, the content of active ingredient is from 0.001 to 80 weights %, preferably from 0.01 to 50 weight % and most preferably from 0.01 to 15 weight %.
The compounds of the present disclosure and its respective compositions can also be used in mosquito and fumigating coils, smoke cartridges, vaporizer plates or long-term vaporizers and also in moth papers, moth pads or other heat-independent vaporizer systems.
Methods to control infectious diseases transmitted by insects (e.g., malaria, dengue and yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, and leishmaniasis) with compounds of the present disclosure and its respective compositions also comprise treating surfaces of huts and houses, air spraying and impregnation of curtains, tents, clothing items, bed nets, tsetse-fly trap or the like. Insecticidal compositions for application to fibers, fabric, knitgoods, nonwovens, netting material or foils and tarpaulins preferably comprise a mixture including the insecticide, optionally a repellent and at least one binder. Suitable repellents for example are N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), N,N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA), 1-(3-cyclohexan-1-yl-carbonyl)-2-methylpiperine, (2-hydroxymethylcyclohexyl)acetic acid lactone, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexandiol, indalone, Methylneodecanamide (MNDA), a pyrethroid not used for insect control such as {(+/−)-3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-(+)-enyl-(+)-trans-chrysantemate (Esbiothrin), a repellent derived from or identical with plant extracts like limonene, eugenol, (+)-Eucamalol (1), (−)-1-epi-eucamalol or crude plant extracts from plants like Eucalyptus maculata, Vitex rotundifolia, Cymbopogan martinii, Cymbopogan citratus (lemon grass), Cymopogan nartdus (citronella). Suitable binders are selected for example from polymers and copolymers of vinyl esters of aliphatic acids (such as such as vinyl acetate and vinyl versatate), acrylic and methacrylic esters of alcohols, such as butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, and methyl acrylate, mono- and di-ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as styrene, and aliphatic diens, such as butadiene.
Animals may be protected from pests by use of a partial barrier (e.g., bednet or curtain) that is placed between the animal and a source of pests. The barrier has a compound of formula (I) at its surface or impregnated within the barrier. The impregnation of curtains and bednets is done in general by dipping the textile material into emulsions or dispersions of the insecticide or spraying them onto the nets.
The compounds of the present disclosure and their compositions can be used for protecting wooden materials such as trees, board fences, sleepers, etc. and buildings such as houses, outhouses, factories, but also construction materials, furniture, leathers, fibers, vinyl articles, electric wires and cables etc. from ants and/or termites, and for controlling ants and termites from doing harm to human being (e.g., when the pests invade into houses and public facilities). The compounds of the present disclosure are applied not only to the surrounding soil surface or into the under-floor soil in order to protect wooden materials but it can also be applied to lumbered articles such as surfaces of the under-floor concrete, alcove posts, beams, plywoods, furniture, etc., wooden articles such as particle boards, half boards, etc. and vinyl articles such as coated electric wires, vinyl sheets, heat insulating material such as styrene foams, etc. In case of application against ants, the ant controller of the present disclosure may be applied to the surrounding soil, may be directly applied to the nest of ants or the like.
The compounds of the present disclosure, especially compounds of formula (I) and compositions comprising them are preferably used for controlling and preventing infestations and infections animals including warm-blooded animals and fish. They are for example suitable for controlling and preventing infestations and infections in animals such as cattle, sheep, swine, camels, deer, horses, pigs, poultry, rabbits, goats, dogs and cats, water buffalo, donkeys, fallow deer and reindeer, and also in fur-bearing animals such as mink, chinchilla and raccoon, birds such as hens, geese, turkeys and ducks and fish such as fresh- and salt-water fish such as trout, carp and eels. The compounds of the present disclosure are also suitable for preventing and controlling pest infestations of human beings.
Compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them are preferably used for controlling and preventing infestations and infections in domestic animals, such as dogs or cats.
Infestations in warm-blooded animals and fish include, but are not limited to, lice, biting lice, ticks, nasal bots, keds, biting flies, muscoid flies, flies, myiasitic fly larvae, chiggers, gnats, mosquitoes and fleas.
The compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them are suitable for systemic and/or non-systemic control of ecto- and/or endoparasites in and on animals. They are active against all or some stages of development.
In one embodiment, the compounds of the present disclosure are especially useful for combating endoparasites in and on animals.
In another embodiment, the compounds of the present disclosure are especially useful for combating ectoparasites in and on animals.
The compounds of the present disclosure are especially useful for combating parasites in and on animals of the following orders and species, respectively:
The compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them are particularly useful for the control of pests from the orders Diptera, Siphonaptera and Ixodida.
Moreover, the use of the compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for combating mosquitoes is especially preferred.
The use of the compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for combating flies is a further preferred embodiment of the present disclosure.
Furthermore, the use of the compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for combating fleas is especially preferred.
The use of the compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for combating ticks is a further preferred embodiment of the present disclosure.
The compounds of the present disclosure also are especially useful for combating endoparasites (roundworms nematoda, thorny headed worms and planarians).
The present disclosure relates to the therapeutic and the non-therapeutic use of compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for controlling and/or combating pests in and/or on animals. The compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them may be used to protect the animals from attack or infestation by pests by contacting them with a pesticidally effective amount of compounds of the present disclosure and compositions containing them.
The compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them can be effective through both contact (via soil, glass, wall, bed net, carpet, blankets or animal parts) and ingestion (e.g., baits). As such, “contacting” includes both direct contact (applying the pesticidal mixtures/compositions containing the compounds of the present disclosure directly on the pest, which may include an indirect contact at its locus, and optionally also administrating the pesticidal mixtures/composition directly on the animal to be protected) and indirect contact (applying the compounds/compositions to the locus of the pest). Contact of the pest through application to its locus is an example of a non-therapeutic use of compounds of the present disclosure. “Locus” as used herein means the habitat, food supply, breeding ground, area, material or environment in which a pest is growing or may grow outside of the animal.
The compounds of the present disclosure can also be applied preventively to places at which occurrence of the pests or parasites are expected.
Administration can be carried out both prophylactically and therapeutically. Administration of the active compounds is carried out directly or in the form of suitable preparations, orally, topically/dermally or parenterally.
For oral administration to warm-blooded animals, the compounds of the present disclosure may be formulated as animal feeds, animal feed premixes, animal feed concentrates, pills, solutions, pastes, suspensions, drenches, gels, tablets, boluses and capsules. In addition, the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered to the animals in their drinking water. For oral administration, the dosage form chosen should provide the animal with 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day of the active compound, preferably with 0.5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day.
Alternatively, the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered to animals parenterally, for example, by intraruminal, intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection. The compounds of the present disclosure may be dispersed or dissolved in a physiologically acceptable carrier for subcutaneous injection. Alternatively, the compounds of the present disclosure may be formulated into an implant for subcutaneous administration. In addition the compounds of the present disclosure may be transdermally administered to animals. For parenteral administration, the dosage form chosen should provide the animal with 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day of the compound of the present disclosure.
The compounds of the present disclosure may also be applied topically to the animals in the form of dips, dusts, powders, collars, medallions, sprays, shampoos, spot-on and pour-on formulations and in ointments or oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. For topical application, dips and sprays usually contain 0.5 ppm to 5,000 ppm and preferably 1 ppm to 3,000 ppm of the compound of the present disclosure. In addition, the compounds of the present disclosure may be formulated as ear tags for animals, particularly quadrupeds such as cattle and sheep.
Suitable preparations include, for example:
Compositions suitable for injection are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable solvent and optionally adding further ingredients such as acids, bases, buffer salts, preservatives, and solubilizers. The solutions are filtered and filled sterile.
Suitable solvents for injection are physiologically tolerable solvents such as water, alkanols such as ethanol, butanol, benzyl alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, N-methyl-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, and mixtures thereof.
The active compounds can optionally be dissolved in physiologically tolerable vegetable or synthetic oils which are suitable for injection.
Suitable solubilizers are solvents which promote the dissolution of the active compound in the main solvent or prevent its precipitation. Examples are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyoxyethylated castor oil, and polyoxyethylated sorbitan ester.
Suitable preservatives are benzyl alcohol, trichlorobutanol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, and n-butanol.
Oral solutions are administered directly. Concentrates are administered orally after prior dilution to the use concentration. Oral solutions and concentrates are prepared according to the state of the art and as described above for injection solutions, sterile procedures not being necessary.
Solutions for use on the skin are trickled on, spread on, rubbed in, sprinkled on or sprayed on.
Solutions for use on the skin are prepared according to the state of the art and according to what is described above for injection solutions, sterile procedures not being necessary.
Further suitable solvents are polypropylene glycol, phenyl ethanol, phenoxy ethanol, ester such as ethyl or butyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, ethers such as alkyleneglycol alkylether, e.g., dipropylenglycol monomethylether, ketones such as acetone, methylethylketone, aromatic hydrocarbons, vegetable and synthetic oils, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, transcutol, solketal, propylencarbonate, and mixtures thereof.
It may be advantageous to add thickeners during preparation. Suitable thickeners are inorganic thickeners such as bentonites, colloidal silicic acid, aluminium monostearate, organic thickeners such as cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohols and their copolymers, acrylates and methacrylates.
Gels are applied to or spread on the skin or introduced into body cavities. Gels are prepared by treating solutions which have been prepared as described in the case of the injection solutions with sufficient thickener that a clear material having an ointment-like consistency results. The thickeners employed are the thickeners given above.
Pour-on formulations are poured or sprayed onto limited areas of the skin, the active compound penetrating the skin and acting systemically.
Pour-on formulations are prepared by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the active compound in suitable skin-compatible solvents or solvent mixtures. If appropriate, other auxiliaries such as colorants, bioabsorption-promoting substances, antioxidants, light stabilizers, adhesives are added.
Suitable solvents are: water, alkanols, glycols, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, glycerol, aromatic alcohols such as benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, phenoxyethanol, esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, ethers such as alkylene glycol alkyl ethers such as dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-butyl ether, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, aromatic and/or aliphatic hydrocarbons, vegetable or synthetic oils, DMF, dimethylacetamide, n-alkylpyrrolidones such as methylpyrrolidone, n-butylpyrrolidone or n-octylpyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, 2,2-dimethyl-4-oxy-methylene-1,3-diox-olane and glycerol formal.
Suitable colorants are all colorants permitted for use on animals and which can be dissolved or suspended.
Suitable absorption-promoting substances are, for example, DMSO, spreading oils such as isopropyl myristate, dipropylene glycol pelargonate, silicone oils and copolymers thereof with polyethers, fatty acid esters, triglycerides, fatty alcohols.
Suitable antioxidants are sulfites or metabisulfites such as potassium metabisulfite, ascorbic acid, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, tocopherol.
Suitable light stabilizers are, for example, novantisolic acid.
Suitable adhesives are, for example, cellulose derivatives, starch derivatives, polyacrylates, natural polymers such as alginates, gelatin.
Emulsions can be administered orally, dermally or as injections. Emulsions are either of the water-in-oil type or of the oil-in-water type. They are prepared by dissolving the active compound either in the hydrophobic or in the hydrophilic phase and homogenizing this with the solvent of the other phase with the aid of suitable emulsifiers and, if appropriate, other auxiliaries such as colorants, absorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers, viscosity-enhancing substances.
Suitable hydrophobic phases (oils) are: liquid paraffinins, silicone oils, natural vegetable oils such as sesame oil, almond oil, castor oil, synthetic triglycerides such as caprylic/capric biglyceride, triglyceride mixture with vegetable fatty acids of the chain length C8-C12 or other specially selected natural fatty acids, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids possibly also containing hydroxyl groups, mono- and diglycerides of the C8-C10 fatty acids, fatty acid esters such as ethyl stearate, di-n-butyryl adipate, hexyl laurate, dipropylene glycol perlargonate, esters of a branched fatty acid of medium chain length with saturated fatty alcohols of chain length C16-C18, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, caprylic/capric acid esters of saturated fatty alcohols of chain length C12-C18, isopropyl stearate, oleyl oleate, decyl oleate, ethyl oleate, ethyl lactate, waxy fatty acid esters such as synthetic duck coccygeal gland fat, dibutyl phthalate, diisopropyl adipate, and ester mixtures related to the latter, fatty alcohols such as isotridecyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, cetylstearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, and fatty acids such as oleic acid and mixtures thereof.
Suitable hydrophilic phases are: water, alcohols such as propylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol and mixtures thereof.
Suitable emulsifiers are: non-ionic surfactants, e.g., polyethoxylated castor oil, polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, glycerol monostearate, polyoxyethyl stearate, alkylphenol polyglycol ether; ampholytic surfactants such as di-sodium N-lauryl-p-iminodipropionate or lecithin; anionic surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, mono/dialkyl polyglycol ether orthophosphoric acid ester monoethanolamine salt; cation-active surfactants, such as cetyltrimethylammonium chloride.
Suitable further auxiliaries are: substances which enhance the viscosity and stabilize the emulsion, such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose and other cellulose and starch derivatives, polyacrylates, alginates, gelatin, gum arabic, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride, polyethylene glycols, waxes, colloidal silicic acid or mixtures of the substances mentioned.
Suspensions can be administered orally or topically/dermally. They are prepared by suspending the active compound in a suspending agent, if appropriate with addition of other auxiliaries such as wetting agents, colorants, bioabsorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers.
Liquid suspending agents are all homogeneous solvents and solvent mixtures.
Suitable wetting agents (dispersants) are the emulsifiers given above.
Other auxiliaries which may be mentioned are those given above.
Semi-solid preparations can be administered orally or topically/dermally. They differ from the suspensions and emulsions described above only by their higher viscosity.
For the production of solid preparations, the active compound is mixed with suitable excipients, if appropriate with addition of auxiliaries, and brought into the desired form.
Suitable excipients are all physiologically tolerable solid inert substances. Those used are inorganic and organic substances. Inorganic substances are, for example, sodium chloride, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, hydrogencarbonates, aluminium oxides, titanium oxide, silicic acids, argillaceous earths, precipitated or colloidal silica, or phosphates. Organic substances are, for example, sugar, cellulose, foodstuffs and feeds such as milk powder, animal meal, grain meals and shreds, starches.
Suitable auxiliaries are preservatives, antioxidants, and/or colorants which have been mentioned above.
Other suitable auxiliaries are lubricants and glidants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, bentonites, disintegration-promoting substances such as starch or crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, binders such as starch, gelatin or linear polyvinylpyrrolidone, and dry binders such as microcrystalline cellulose.
The compositions which can be used in the disclosure can comprise generally from about 0.001 to 95% of the compound of the present disclosure.
Generally it is favorable to apply the compounds of the present disclosure in total amounts of 0.5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per day, preferably 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg per day.
Ready-to-use preparations comprise the compounds acting against parasites, preferably ectoparasites, in concentrations of 10 ppm to 80% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 65% by weight, more preferably from 1 to 50% by weight, most preferably from 5 to 40% by weight.
Preparations which are diluted before use comprise the compounds acting against ectoparasites in concentrations of 0.5 to 90% by weight, preferably of 1 to 50% by weight.
Furthermore, the preparations comprise the compounds of the present disclosure against endoparasites in concentrations of 10 ppm to 2% by weight, preferably of 0.05 to 0.9% by weight, very particularly preferably of 0.005 to 0.25% by weight.
In a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the compositions comprising the compounds of the present disclosure are applied dermally/topically.
In a further preferred embodiment, the topical application is conducted in the form of compound-containing shaped articles such as collars, medallions, ear tags, bands for fixing at body parts, and adhesive strips and foils.
Generally it is favorable to apply solid formulations which release compounds of the present disclosure in total amounts of 10 mg/kg to 300 mg/kg, preferably 20 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg, most preferably 25 mg/kg to 160 mg/kg body weight of the treated animal in the course of three weeks.
For the preparation of the shaped articles, thermoplastic and flexible plastics as well as elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers are used. Suitable plastics and elastomers are polyvinyl resins, polyurethane, polyacrylate, epoxy resins, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, polyamides and polyester which are sufficiently compatible with the compounds of the present disclosure. A detailed list of plastics and elastomers as well as preparation procedures for the shaped articles is given e.g., in WO 03/086075 which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.
The compounds of the present disclosure can also be used as a mixture with synergists or with other active compounds which act against pathogenic endo- and ectoparasites.
When applied in a mixture with synergists or with other active compounds, the compounds of the present disclosure, especially the active compounds of formula (I), can be applied for example with synthetic coccidiosis compounds, polyetherantibiotics as Amprolium, Robenidin, Toltrazuril, Monensin, Salino-mycin, Maduramicin, Lasalocid, Narasin or Semduramicin or with other pesticides which are described in the list M (M.1 to M.27) above.
The processes of the present disclosure are further illustrated by the following Examples. These Examples should not be viewed in a limiting sense.
Compound (A) (2.16 g), compound (B) (1.9 g), picolin (0.93 g) and toluene (20 ml) were mixed and kept at room temperature overnight. The volatiles were removed at 60° C. under vacuum to receive 3.5 g of the product (C). Analysis by H-NMR (CDCl3) confirmed the structure (C) (compound 1406 referenced below).
Compound (D) (2.48 g), compound (B) (1.9 g), picolin (0.93 g) and toluene (20 ml) were mixed and kept at room temperature overnight. The volatiles were removed at 60° C. under vacuum to receive 3.8 g of the product (E). Analysis by H-NMR (CDCl3) confirmed the structure (E) (compound 1405 referenced below).
Four compounds of formula (I) were tested for contact irritancy (i.e., movement away from the source after physical contact) at low doses on female Aedes aegypti (Thailand strain) mosquitoes. The contact irritant response was determined by use of the contact irritant assay disclosed by Grieco et al. in “A New Classification System for the Actions of IRS Chemicals Traditionally Used for Malaria Control,” Plos One, Issue 8 (2007) (available at www.plosone.org). The assay used was a cylindrical assembly that included a metal treatment end to which 10 mosquitoes were introduced and a clear receiving chamber. The treatment end included a netting strip (nylon organdy) that was treated with the insecticide of interest at the relevant dose. A butterfly valve separated the treatment end from the remainder of the assembly.
Each composition was applied to the netting strip at a varied dose via a 1.5 ml acetone solution. Four (4) treatment concentrations were used—0.0025 nmol/cm2, 0.025 nmol/cm2, 0.25 nmol/cm2 and 2.5 nmol/cm2. Netting was allowed to dry for 15 minutes prior to placement in the cylinder. Control assays were performed with netting treated with acetone only.
For each run, 10 mosquitoes were transferred into the treatment end of the assembly and, after 30 seconds, the butterfly valve was opened. The valve was closed after 10 minutes and the number of mosquitoes in the clear end (i.e., the number of escaped mosquitoes) was tested.
Four compounds of formula (I) which is produced again below were tested:
The R1, R2, R10, R11 and R12 functional groups for each compound tested are shown in Table 1 below.
Two additional compounds were tested for purposes of comparison—alpha cypermethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).
The results of the testing are shown in
The four compounds of formula I described in Example 2 were tested for spatial repellency (directed movement away from the chemical source without the insect making physical contact with the treated surface) at low doses on female Aedes aegypti (Thailand strain) mosquitoes. The spatial repellency response was determined by use of the spatial repellency assay disclosed by Grieco et al. in “A New Classification System for the Actions of IRS Chemicals Traditionally Used for Malaria Control” in Plos One, Issue 8 (2007) (available at www.plosone.org) which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes. The assay used was a cylindrical assembly that included a treatment chamber at one end and a control chamber at the other end. The treatment chamber included a netting strip (nylon organdy) that was treated with the insecticide of interest at the relevant dose. The treatment chamber and control chamber were connected by a clear cylinder and were separated from the clear cylinder by butterfly valves. Twenty (20) mosquitoes were introduced into the clear central chamber and the butterfly valves were opened after 30 seconds. After 10 minutes, the valves were closed and the number of mosquitoes in each chamber was counted.
The compositions were applied to the net strips by the same methods and at the same concentrations as described in Example 2 above. Alphacypermethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were also tested for comparison.
The results of the testing are shown in
The four compounds of formula I listed in Example 2 were mapped with 3000 other compounds to determine which compounds exhibited both contact irritancy and spatial repellency. Dosage was 25 nmol/cm2. Several known compounds were also mapped for comparison—alphacypermethrin, cypermethrin, propoxur, bendiocarb, permethrin, SS220, DDT, deet and chlorpyrifos. As can be seen from
The contact irritancy protocol of Example 2 was used to determine contact irritancy against mosquitoes (Ae. Aegypti) that had acquired metabolic resistance against pyrethroids. Alphacypermethrin and transfluthrin were also tested. Three mosquito strains were tested—Houston which is pyrethroid susceptible, That which is pyrethroid tolerant and Isla Mujer which is metabolically pyrethroid resistant.
As can be seen from
The spatial repellency protocol of Example 3 was used to determine spatial repellency against mosquitoes (Ae. Aegypti) that had acquired metabolic resistance against pyrethroids. DDT and transfluthrin were also tested. Three mosquito strains were tested—Houston which is pyrethroid susceptible, That which is pyrethroid tolerant and Isla Mujer which is metabolically pyrethroid resistant.
As can be seen from
Several compounds were tested to determine their toxic effect on Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Three mosquito strains were tested—Houston which is pyrethroid susceptible, That which is pyrethroid tolerant and Isla Mujer which is metabolically pyrethroid resistant.
The toxicity assay involved a single chamber to which treated netting was added. Twenty (20) mosquitoes were transferred to the chamber. After 1 hour, the number of knocked down mosquitoes was recorded and all mosquitoes were transferred to holding cartoons. The mosquitoes were given a 10% sucrose-soaked cotton ball and returned to the insectary. Mortaility was measured after 24 hours. A control assay using acetone-treated netting was used. Six replicates were performed at each treatment concentration.
The compounds of formula I that were tested include 1403, 1405 and 1406 listed above in Example 2 as well as several additional compounds
The toxicity of permethrin, alphacypermethrin and metafluthrin were also determined for purposes of comparison. The results of the toxicity testing are shown in Table 2 below.
As can be seen from Table 2, compounds 1403, 1405 and 1406 were more toxic to resistant populations than permethrin, matfluthrin and transfluthrin and at doses below that found to be toxic in the standard compounds.
Several compounds were tested to determine their toxic effect on knockdown resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes and susceptible mosquitoes. Acetone and different amounts of pesticides were added to 250 ml bottles. In one bottle, only acetone was added as a control. The bottles were rotated in all directions while uncapped until all acetone was evaporated and the insecticide was coated onto the inside surfaces of the bottle. A number of knockdown resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were added to the bottle. The number of dead mosquitoes was recorded at 1 hour and 24 hours.
The compounds of formula I that were tested include 1405 and 1406 listed above in Example 2. The toxicity of metafluthrin and permethrin were also determined for purposes of comparison. The results of the toxicity testing are shown in Table 3 below.
An. Gambiae
An. Gambiae
As shown by Table 3, compounds 1405 and 1406 are effective against knockdown resistant strains when other compounds such as permethrin and metafluthrin are less effective. This suggests that compounds 1405 and 1406 (and compounds of formula I generally) possess a high degree of activity while utilizing a novel mode of action that is different from pyrethroids.
The spatial repellency assay of Example 3 was used to determine the residual life of compound 1405 on Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Compound 1405 (neat, suspended in acetone) was applied by pipette to the netting material and the netting material was maintained at room temperature. The assay was performed at 0, 24 and 48 hours.
Nets were treated and tested at times 0 hour, 24 hour and 48 hour. The nets were held at room temperature between tests. The spatial activity index (“SAI” which varies from −1 to 1 with zero (0) indicating no response) and spatial repellency (SR) were determined. SAI is the measure of the proportion of females in the control chamber over the treated chamber after correcting for the proportion of females in the control chamber. The results of the testing are shown in Table 4 below.
Results shown in Table 4 demonstrate that there was spatial repellent activity applied to netting out to at least 48 hours for the higher (25 nmole) dosing and for at least 24 hours at the lower (2.5 nmole) dosing.
Contact irritancy tests (blind testing) were performed for several samples of compounds 1405 and 1406 at 0 weeks, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks to determine the residual contact irritancy of the compounds on mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti). Between testing, the nets were hung in the lab and held at a temperature of 27-29° C. and 56-67% relative humidity. Each run was performed 6 times for each sample with 10 mosquitoes used in each run (60 mosquitoes total). The results are shown in Table 5 below
As can be seen from Table 5, while there was a decrease in activity over the course of the 12 week test period, all net samples showed a high level of activity to at least 2 weeks. Most samples showed significant contact irritant activity out to 12 weeks post initial testing. The samples treated with compound 1406 showed to be the most residual with the highest level of activity out to 12 weeks.
Further residual spatial repellency effect was tested. The procedure of Example 10 was used with the spatial repellency assay. The results are shown in Table 6 below.
As can be seen from Table 6, while there was a decrease in activity over the course of the 12 week test period, the results were similar to the contact irritant tests and all net samples showed a high level of activity out to at least 2 weeks. Nearly all samples satisfied the 8 week test period and most samples satisfied the 12 week test period. Compound 1406 appeared to be the more residual of the two compounds tested.
Compound 1405 was tested in field studies in Belize at a concentration of 2.5 nmole/cm2. The field studies involved use of huts that were equipped with entrance and exit traps. The hut design and collection procedures correspond to those disclosed by Suwonkerd et al. in “The Effect of Host Type on Movement Patters of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) into and out of Experimental Huts in Thailand,” J. Vector. Ecol., vol. 31 (2), p. 311-318 (2006) which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes. The huts were equipped with entrance and/or exit traps at entry and exit points (e.g., windows and doors). The huts were randomized and designated as control (no treatment) or treated (with some intervention being evaluated). The relative numbers of mosquitoes entering or leaving the treated vs. control huts was determined. An. Vestitipennis, An. Albimanus, An. Punctimacula, An. Crucians and a large number of other culicines were collected in the traps. An. Vestitipennis comprised the majority of what was collected.
Mosquito counts were performed for four days. The number of An. Vestitipennis species collected over the four day period can be seen in
Table 7 below shows the entrance repellency data for An. Vestitipennis vs. a control (no repellant used) over the four day period.
As can be seen from Table 7, compound 1405 reduced the number of An. Vestitipennis species mosquitoes entering the hut by 82%.
When introducing elements of the present disclosure or the embodiment(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. The use of terms indicating a particular orientation (e.g., “top”, “bottom”, “side”, etc.) is for convenience of description and does not require any particular orientation of the item described.
As various changes could be made in the above constructions and methods without departing from the scope of the disclosure, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawing[s] shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
The claimed subject matter was developed with Government support under NIH Grant No. U01AI054777, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights in the claimed subject matter.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US13/60696 | 9/19/2013 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61704093 | Sep 2012 | US |
