Patent Application
20070270598
The present invention relates to an improved process for one pot conversion of artemisinin into artelinic acid, which reduces the three step (three pots) conversion of artemisinin to artelinic acid in one step (one pot). Artelinic acid and sodium artelinate are customary names for p[(12-dihydroartemisininoxy)methyl] benzoate and sodium p-[12-dihydroartemisininoxy] methyl] benzoate, respectively.
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites, notably Plasmodium falciparum. An approximately out of the 4 billion people suffering from malaria, 1-3 million, mostly children die every year worldwide. The range of drugs available for malaria is limited, and there are problems of drug resistance. Artemisinin and its derivatives: artemether and arteether (oil solubles), artelinate and artesunate (water sulables), a novel class of antimalarials derived from Artemisia annua are now proving their promising activity and are being used for the treatment of uncomplicated/severe complicated/cerebral and multi drug resistant malaria. The chemistry and the antiprotozoal action of these compounds is described in the following publications: Woerdenbag et al., Progress in the Research of Artemisinin Related Antimalarials: An Update, Pharm. World Sci. 16 (4), 169-180 (1994); Hien et al., Qinghaosu, The Lancet 341, 603-608. (1993); Butler et al., Artemisinin (Qinghaosu): A New Type of Antimalarial Drug, Chem. Soc. Reviews, 85-90(1992); Zaman et al., Some Aspects of the Chemistry and Biological Activity of Artemisinin and Related Antimalarials, Heterocycles 32 (8), 1593-1638 (1991); Woerdenbag et al., Artimisia annua L.:A Source of Novel Antimalarial Drugs, Pharm. Weekblad Sci. 12(5), 169-181 (1990); Klayman, D. L., Qinghaosu (Artemisinin): An Antimalarial Drug from China, Science 228, 1049-1055 (1985).
The water-insoluble artesunic acid and artelenic acid is customarily administered orally in the form of tablets or rectally in the form of suppositories, while the water-soluble artesunate and artelinate are administered intravenously.
Although sodium salt of artesunic acid, the half succinic acid ester derivative of DHA was clinically evaluated in China as water soluble drug but its utility was impaired by poor stability in aqueous solution due to the easy hydrolysis of its ester linkage.
A new water soluble derivative was needed not only to overcome the instability problem in the aqueous solution but also of having much longer plasma half life than artemether, arteether and artesunate. The sodium artelinate is considered the best candidate drug amongst the available water soluble analogues of this class for the treatment of multi drug resistant and cerebral malaria.
Lin et al., J. Med. Chem, 30, 2147-2150 (1987) prepared β-artelinic acid in three steps (three pots) (Chart-I) and and its sodium salts four steps (four pots), respectively. Artemisinin was converted into dihydroartemisinin (According to the method reported by Brossi et al) in the first step (1st Pot); In the second step (2nd pot) the dihydroartemisinin was stirred in ether with methyl-p(hydroxymethyl) benzoate in the presence of BF3.Et2O an acid catalyst for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was washed with NaHCO3 and H2O, dried with Na2SO4 and evaporate to dryness to give oily product. The impure product was purified by column chromatography to yield methyl artelinate. In the third step (3rd pot) methyl artelinate was hydrolysed with 2.5 NaOH/MeOH solution for two days at room temp and after acidic workup β artelinic acid was obtained in 55% yield in the step (43.5% with respect to artemisinin). In the last step β artelinic acid was converted into water soluble sodium β-artelinate.
Another three steps (three pots) (Chart-I) method for the preparation of α-artelinic acid was reported by Vishwakarma et al J. Nat. Product, 55, 114-1144(1992). In this method dihydroartemisinin was stirred with methyl-p(iodomethyl) benzoate in dry dichloromethane using freshly prepared Ag2O for 5 hrs at room temperature and yielded only α-epimer, methyl α artelinate. Hydrolysis and subsequent preparation of sodium salt of the acid, methyl α artelinate was done according to the method reported by lin et al.
In another three pots method reported by Jain et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,631, and Indian Patent No. 185198, for the preparation of the β artelinic acid, in the second pot methyl artelinate was prepared by stirring dihydroartemisinin with methyl-p(hydroxymethyl) benzoate in the presence of a different acid catalyst chlorotrimethylsilane in dry benzene for 2-6 hrs. The reaction mixture was washed with sodium acetate, dried with sodium sulphate and evaporated to dryness to yield oily product which upon column chromatography yielded pure methyl artelinate. This methodology thus, starting from artemisinin yielded β-artelinic acid (53%) (Chart-I) which was furthur converted into sodium artelinate.
In another method reported by Bhakuni et al, a novel one pot conversion of artemisinin into arteether, U.S. Pat. No. 6,750,356, 15 Jun. 2004 in which artemisinin was converted into arteether using a new catalyst, polyhydroxy compound (PHC) which catalyses the reduction of artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin at room temperature (20-30 degree C.).
Another method reported by Singh et al, Tet. Lett 43, 7235-7237(2002), artemisinin was converted into methyl artelinate in 49% yield in one step by stirring artemisinin first with sodium borohydride and catalyst, Amberlyst-15 in tetrahydrofuran followed by replacing tetrahydrofuran with dichloromethane and strring further the reaction mixture with methyl (p-hydroxy methyl) benzoate at room temperature in 18 hrs.
The above methods for the preparation of artelinic acid carry some disadvantages as compared to the present invention are:
Our invention is able to overcome the shortcoming of the cited invention above being one pot conversion of artemisinin into artelinic acid around 98% yield.
References
The main objective of the present invention is to provide a process for one pot conversion of artemisinin into artelinic acid.
The another objective of the present invention is to provide a process where, the yield of the product pure artelinic acid is up to 98%.
Another objective of the present invention is the development of one pot conversion of artemisinin into β artelenic acid which possesses reduction of artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin followed by alkylation of dihydroartemisinin to methyl artelinate, filtration of unwanted, undissolve reaction products and hydrolysis of methyl artelinate into β-artelinic acid in the filtrate in one pot at room temperature (20-30 degree C.).
Another objective of the present invention is the purification of impure product to pure artelinic acid without the use of column chromatography.
The present invention relates to an improved process for one pot conversion of artemisinin into artelinic acid, which reduces the three step (three pot) conversion of artemisinin to artelinic acid in one step (one pot). Artelinic acid and sodium artelinate are customary names for p[(12-dihydroartemisininoxy)methyl] benzoate and sodium p-[12-dihydroartemisininoxy] methyl] benzoate, respectively.
The process of preparation of artelinic acid involves stirring of artemisinin with sodium borohydride ,catalyst, polyhydroxy compound (PHC—dextrose/galactose/phloroglucinol)—chlorotrimethylsilane or amberlyst-15 resin and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate, filtration of undissolve, unwanted reaction products and finally stirring of the filtrate with alcoholic or aqueous alkali hydroxide.
It involves three step reactions: 1st—reduction of artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin (DHA), 2nd—alkylation of dihydroartemisinin into methyl artelinate (MAL), 3rd—after filtration hydrolysis of methyl artelenate into artelinic acid in the filtrate were carried out in one pot (Chart-I) thus, avoids the unwanted process of isolation of dihydroartemisinin and methyl artelinate (MAL) which saves losses of the intermediates dihydroartemisinin and methyl artelinate, chemicals, labour and time and removal of unwanted, undissolve reaction products by filtration improves hydrolysis of methyl artelinate to produce artelinic acid in very high yield which does not require column chromatography in its purification.
Accordingly the present invention provides a one pot process for the preparation of β artelinic acid from artemisinin, which comprises:
In the process of present invention artemisinin, polyhydroxy compound (PHC)—chlorotrimethylsilane or Amberlyst-15, sodium borohydride and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate were stirred in dioxane/tetrahydrofuran at room temperature (20-30 degree C.) for about 2.5-7.0 hrs. After completion of the reduction and alkylation reaction, the undissolve, unwanted reaction products was filtered and in the filtrate 5-15% KOH/MeOH or EtOH/H2O was added slowly at room temperature to carry out the hydrolysis of methyl artelinate. The reaction mixture was stirred further for about 2-9 hrs. After completion of the hydrolysis cooled water was added. The reaction mixture was neutralized with 5-10% acetic acid and extracted with ethyl acetate: (2-3 times). The combined extract was washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and removal of the solvent furnished impure artelinic acid which was recrystallized in ethyl acetate-hexane to furnished pure artelinic acid, single on thin layer chromatography (TLC) in 91.2-98% w/w yield.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein three reactions, 1st—reduction of artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin, 2nd—alkylation of dihydroartemisinin into methyl artelinate and 3rd—after filtration of unwanted and undissolve reaction products hydrolysis of methyl artelinate into β-artelinic acid in the filtrate are carried out in single pot (Chart-I).
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein the process of isolation of dihydroartemisinin and methyl artelinate is not required, saves chemicals, labour, time and losses of dihydroartemisinin and methyl artelinate in isolating them.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein the process of filtration of undissolve and unwanted reaction products improves hydrolysis of methyl artelinate to produce artelicic acid in very high yield which does not require column chromatography in its purification.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein the undissolve and unwanted reaction products were not filtered purification of artelinic acid required column chromatography which has lowered the yield (76-85%) of the product and the process consumed extra chemicals, solvents and time.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein conversion of artemisinin into impure artelinic acid takes place in about 5-9 hrs and is a less time consuming method.
In another embodiment of the present invention a process wherein the conversion of artemisinin into artelinic acid is carried out at room temperature (20-30 degree C.) and thereby avoiding the use of cooling unit.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention a process wherein the same solvent 1,4-dioxan/tetrahydrofuran is used in reduction, alkylation and hydrolysis steps and is cost effective.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention a process wherein artemisinin and sodium brohydride are used in 1:2.0-3.0 w/w ratio.
Further in an embodiment a process as claimed in claims 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 wherein artemisinin and methyl p(hydroxymethyl) benzoate are used in 1:2.0-3.0 w/w ratio.
Further in an embodiment a process as claimed in claim 1 wherein, artemisinin and chlorotrimethylsilane are used in ratio ranging between 1:1-4 w/v.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein artemisinin and cation exchange resin are used in 1:10.0 w/w.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein catalyst cation exchange resin(Amberlyst-15)/PHC, used to carry out the reduction and alkylation at room temperature can be recovered, regenerated and reused.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein hydrolysis is carried out with 5-15% KOH/MeOH or EtOH/H2O at room temperature.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein after completion of the reaction the extraction of artelinic acid from aqueous reaction mixture is carried out with ethyl acetate.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein the purification of impure artelenic acid is carried by simple crystallization with mixture of ethyl acetate-hexane to yield pure β artelinic acid in very high yield, 91.2-98% w/w as compared to 43.5 to 53% yields obtained in prior arts.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein the purification process of impure artelenic acid into pure product omits column chromatography step which is an extra chemical consuming, product yield lowering and time consuming process.
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein the conversion of artemisinin into pure β artelinic acid in very high yield takes 12-18 hrs is very less time consuming process as compared to prior arts (4-5 days).
In an embodiment of the present invention a process wherein the improved method overcomes the disadvantages of previously known processes and is suitable for the preparation of β-artelinic acid/sodium β-artelinate in large scale.
Process of the Present Follows Two Methodologies
After completion of all three reactions, reduction, alkylation and hydrolysis followed by usual workup provides crude artelenic acid in about double of artemisinin which require column chromatography to produce lower yield of pure product. Though it is better than all the prior art processes but the drawback of this process is the unwanted and undissolved reaction products obtained in the reduction and alkylation processes which lead to get much complicated mixture of artelinic acid and require column chromatography to produce pure product.
Removal of unwanted and undissolved reaction products after reduction and akylation processes improve the hydrolysis of MAL in the filtrate and produce cleaner product which upon usual work up and recrystallization produce pure artelinic acid in very high yield (91 to 98%).
Therefore, the novel process steps in the second methodology of filtration of unwanted reaction products and removal of column chromatography thereby leading to very high yield of pure product is the novelty of our present invention and are non-obvious.
The following examples are given by the way of illustration and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention:
Artemisinin (1.0 g), polyhydroxy compound (dextrose, 5.0 g), sodium borohydride (2.0 g) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (2.1 g) and chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) (1.0 ml) were stirred in 1,4-dioxan (40 ml) at room temperature at 25° C. for about 7 hrs. It was filtered. The filterate was further stirred with 10% KOH/H2O (75 ml) for about 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was neutralized with 5% CH3COOH, extracted with ethyl acetate (2×60 ml). The ethyl acetate extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporation of solvent yielded impure artelinic acid (1.25 gm) which was recrystallized in ethyl acetate-hexane to yield pure artelinic acid in 98% yield (980 mg). After thorough drying the pure artelinic acid, m.p 142-415° C. was characterized by spectral analysis.
Artemisinin (50 mg), PHC (dextrose, 250 mg), sodium borohydride (100 mg) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (100 mg) and chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) (0.1 ml) were stirred in tetrahydrofuran (3 ml) at room temperature at 20° C. for about 8.0 hrs. After completion of the reduction and alkylation reaction it was filtered. In the filtrate, 10% KOH/MeOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for 3.5 hours at room temp. After usual work up and purification through prep TLC, yielded 16 mg (32%) artelinic acid.
Artemisinin (50 mg), phloroglucinol (300 mg), sodium borohydride (150 mg) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (150 mg) and chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) (0.05 ml) were stirred in tetrahydrofuran (4 ml) at room temperature at 25° C. for about 8.0 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered. In the filtrate 10% KOH/MeOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for 3 hours at room temp. After usual work up and purification through prep TLC yielded 11 mg (22%) pure artelinic acid.
Artemisinin (50 mg), PHC (galactose, 300 mg), sodium borohydride (150 mg) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (150 mg) and chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) (0.2 ml) were stirred in dioxane (3 ml) at room temperature at 23° C. for about 8.0 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered. In the filtrate, 5% KOH/EtOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and it was stirred further for 7 hours at room temp. After usual work up and purification through prep TLC, yielded 9 mg (18%) artelinic acid.
Artemisinin (500 mg), cation exchange resin (5.0 g), sodium borohydride (1.0 g) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (1.0 g) were stirred in 1,4-dioxan (10 ml) at room temperature at 25° C. for about 2.5 hours. After completion of the reduction and alkylation reaction (Checked by TLC) it was filtered. In the filtrate, 15% KOH/ EtOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for about 2 hrs at room temperature. Added cooled water (50 ml) in the reaction mixture and the pH of the aqueous reaction mixture was adjusted about 6.0 with dilute acitic acid and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The combined ethyl acetate extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporation of the solvent yielded 0.515 g of impure artelinic acid which upon recrystallization with mixture of ethyl acetate-hexane furnished pure artelinic acid (0.456 g) in 91.2% w/w yield.
Artemisinin (500 mg), cation exchange resin (5.0 g), sodium borohydride (1.0 g) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (1.0 g) were stirred in tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) at room temperature (27° C.) for about 2.0 hrs. After completion of the reduction and alkylation reaction, it was filtered. In the filtrate 10% KOH/MeOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for 4 hrs at room temp. After usual work up and purification through recrystallization yielded 235 mg (47%) pure artelinic acid.
Artemisinin (500 mg), PHC (dextrose, 3.0 g), sodium borohydride (1.0 g) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (1.0 g) and chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) (0.5 ml) were stirred in 1,4-dioxan (15 ml) at room temperature (20° C.) for about 6.0 hrs. After completion of the reduction and alkylation reaction (Checked by TLC), 15% KOH/MeOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for 2 hours at room temp. Added cooled water (50 ml) in the reaction mixture and the pH of the aqueous reaction mixture was adjusted about 6.0 with dilute acetic acid and extracted with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane (3×25 ml). The combined extract was washed with water (50 ml). The ethyl acetate n-hexane extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporation of the solvent yielded 935 mg of crude artelinic acid which upon purification over silica gel column (1:5 ratio) with 15-25% ethyl acetate in hexane, furnished pure artelinic acid (380 mg) in 76% w/w yield.
Artemisinin (500 mg), cation exchange resin (5.0 g), sodium borohydride (1.0 g) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (1.0 g) were stirred in 1,4-dioxan (10 ml) at room temperature (27° C.) (20-30 degree C.) for about 2.5 hours. After completion of the reduction and alkylation reaction (Checked by TLC) 15% KOH/EtOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for 2-2.5 hours at room temperature. Added cooled water (50 ml) in the reaction mixture and the pH of the aqueous reaction mixture was adjusted about 6.0 with dilute acetic acid and extracted with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane (3×25 ml). The combined extract was washed with water (50 ml). The ethyl acetate n-hexane extract was dried over anhydrous Sodium sulphate and evaporation of the solvent yielded 900 mg of crude artelinic acid which upon purification over silica gel column (1:5 ratio) with 15-25% ethyl acetate in hexane, furnished pure artelinic acid in 82% w/w yield. After drying the pure artelinic acid, m.p 142-415° C. was characterized by spectral analysis.
Artemisinin (500 mg), cation exchange resin (5.0 g), sodium borohydride (1.5 g) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (750 mg) were stirred in 1,4-dioxan (10 ml) at room temperature (30° C.) for about 3.0 hrs. After completion of the reduction and alkylation reaction (Checked by TLC ), 5% KOH/MeOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for 24 hours at room temp. After usual work up and purification through column chromatography (1:4 ratio) yielded 150 mg (30%) pure artelinic acid.
Artemisinin (500 mg), cation exchange resin (5.0 g), sodium borohydride (1.0 g) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (1.0 g) were stirred in tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) at room temperature (23° C.) (20-30 degree C.) for about 2.0 hrs. After completion of the reduction and alkylation reaction (Checked by TLC), 5% KOH/MeOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for 24 hours at room temp. After usual work up and purification through column chromatography (1:4 ratio) yielded 100 mg (20%) pure artelinic acid.
Artemisinin (50 mg), PHC (100 mg), sodium borohydride (1.0 g) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (1.0 g) were stirred in tetrahydrofuran (3 ml) at room temperature (30° C.) for about 4.0 hrs. 5% KOH/MeOH (15 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for 24 hours at room temp. After usual work up and purification through prep TLC, yielded 4 mg (8%) artelinic acid.
Artemisinin (2 g), cation exchange resin (20.0 g), sodium borohydride (5.0 g) and methyl p-(hydroxymethyl) benzoate (4.0 g) were stirred in 1,4-dioxan (60 ml) at room temperature (23° C.) for about 3.0 hrs. After completion of the reduction and alkylation reaction (Checked by TLC) 15% KOH/EtOH(40 ml) was added slowly at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred further for 2-2.5 hrs at room temperature. Added cooled water (50 ml) in the reaction mixture and the pH of the aqueous reaction mixture was adjusted about 6.0 with dilute acetic acid and extracted with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane (3×50 ml). The combined extract was washed with water (500 ml). The ethyl acetate n-hexane extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporation of the solvent yielded 3.96 g of crude artelinic acid which upon purification over silica gel column (1:5 ratio) with 15-25% ethyl acetate in hexane, furnished pure artelinic acid in 85% w/w yield.
Advantages
The improved method overcomes the disadvantages of previously known processes and is suitable for the preparation of β-artelinic acid/sodium β-artelinate in large scale.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0670/DEL/2006 | Mar 2006 | IN | national |
