Patent Grant
7091244
This application is a 371 of PCT/JP97/02989, filed Aug. 27, 1997, which claims the priority of JP application No. 8-230210, filed Aug. 30, 1996.
The present invention relates to a process for producing unsaturated fatty acid-containing oils with a low 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol content using microorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella, subgenus Mortierella.
Microorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella, subgenus Mortierella are known as microorganisms which produce unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, and processes have been developed for efficient production of arachidonic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by fermentation using these microorganisms (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publications No. 63-44891, No. 63-12290, No. 63-14696, No. 5-91887, No. 63-14697). In addition there is also known a process for producing Mead acid using mutant strains having reduced or defective in Δ12 desaturating activity, which are obtained by mutating microorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella, subgenus Mortierella (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 5-91888).
Unsaturated fatty acids such as dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and Mead acid are precursors of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leucotrienes and the like which have powerful and versatile physiological activity, and much attention is therefore being directed to foods and animal feeds to which these are added.
For example, arachidonic acid is said to be a precursor of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins and leucotrienes which exhibit physiological activity including uterine muscle contracting and relaxing effects, vasodilator and antihypertensive effects, etc., and recently research has been rapidly progressing on docosahexaenoic acid (hereunder also abbreviated to “DHA”) as an essential component particularly for infant development.
Specifically, Lanting et al. (LANCET, Vol. 344, 1319–1322 (1994)) have examined infants raised on breast milk and infants raised on infant powdered milk for 3 weeks or more after birth, with follow-up to 9 years of age, studying the incidence of minor damage to cranial nerves from a behavioral perspective, and have reported that the incidence of brain damage in children raised on infant powdered milk is twice that of children raised on breast milk. This shocking result suggests that higher unsaturated fatty acids such as DHA and arachidonic acid which are present in breast milk but virtually absent in infant powdered milk play a role in the development of the brain. Subsequent reports have also shown results suggesting that higher unsaturated fatty acids are connected with the development of the brain and retina.
Nevertheless, while unsaturated fatty acid-containing oils are considered to be highly safe, the issue of their microbial sources has prevented them from wide use throughout the world; meanwhile, in LIPIDS, Vol. 27, No. 6, 481–483 (1992), Mortierella alpina 1S-4 was reported to produce 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol which to that time was not known to occur naturally. Thus, it has been desired to develop unsaturated fatty acid-containing oils obtained from microorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella subgenus Mortierella which can be more safely utilized for foods and animal feeds.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a microorganic oil which can be safely used in foods and animal feeds and which can economically and stably provide unsaturated fatty acids.
In order to solve the problem described above, the present inventors have searched for a process for efficient production of unsaturated fatty acid oils with a low content of 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol the use of which as a food is still unknown, and have studied in detail the relationship between various medium components and sterol compositions; as a result they have completed the present invention upon finding that it is possible to obtain oils with a low compositional ratio of 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol by using a nitrogen source derived from soybean for culturing of microorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella subgenus Mortierella.
In other words, the present invention relates to a process for producing unsaturated fatty acid-containing oils, which comprises culturing a microorganism belonging to the genus Mortierella subgenus Mortierella in a medium containing a nitrogen source derived from soybean, and collecting the unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil from the culture product.
According to the invention, unsaturated fatty acids are fatty acids with at least 16 carbon atoms and at least one double bond, among which higher unsaturated fatty acids are generally fatty acids with at least 18 carbon atoms and at least two double bonds, and as examples there may be mentioned γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and Mead acid.
As examples of microorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella subgenus Mortierella according to the invention there may be mentioned Mortierella elongata, Mortierella exigua, Mortierella hygrophila, Mortierella alpina, etc., and specifically there may be mentioned Mortierella elongata IFO8570, Mortierella exigua IFO8571, Mortierella hygrophila IFO5941, Mortierella alpina IFO8568, ATCC16266, ATCC32221, ATCC42430, CBS219.35, CBS224.37, CBS250.53, CBS343.66, CBS527.72, CBS529.72, CBS608.70, CBS754.68 and other cell lines.
These strains are all obtainable without restrictions from the Institute of Fermentation, Osaka (IFO), American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS). Mortierella elongata SAM0219 (FERM P-8703) (FERM-BP 1239) which was isolated from soil by the research group for the present invention, may also be used. These type culture cell lines or naturally occurring isolated cell lines may be used directly, but by growth and/or isolation at least once it is possible to obtain a natural mutant with different properties than the original cell line.
The microorganisms used according to the invention include mutant strains or recombinant strains of microorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella subgenus Mortierella (wild strains), i.e. those designed either to give a higher unsaturated fatty acid content in the oil, a higher total oil content, or both, compared to the amount produced by the original wild strain, when cultured using the same substrate.
Also included are microorganisms designed to produce the same amount of unsaturated fatty acid as the wild strain through the efficient use of a substrate with an excellent cost effect. As examples there may be mentioned Mortierella alpina SAM1861 (FERM BP-3590) as a mutant strain defective in Δ12 desaturating activity and Mortierella alpina SAM1860 (FERM BP-3589) as a mutant strain defective in Δ5 desaturating activity.
The above-mentioned microorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella subgenus Mortierella in the form of spores, hypha or a preculture obtained by previous culturing are inoculated into a liquid medium or solid medium and cultured. The carbon source used may be glucose, fructose, xylose, saccharose, maltose, soluble starch, molasses, glycerol, mannitol, citric acid, corn starch or any other conventional one, but glucose, maltose, fructose, corn starch, glycerol and citric acid are particularly preferred.
According to the invention, by using a nutrient source obtained from soybean as the nitrogen source it is possible to lower the compositional ratio of 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol in the oil.
The soybean-derived nitrogen source used for the invention is one with a nitrogen content of at least 2 wt %, preferably at least 3 wt % and more preferably at least 5% with respect to the total components except for water. The soybean-derived nitrogen source may be one or a combination of different types of defatted soybean or soybean subjected to heat treatment; acid treatment; alkali treatment; enzyme treatment; chemical modification; denaturation and/or renaturation by chemical and/or physical processing including heat treatment, acid treatment, alkali treatment, enzyme treatment, chemical modification, etc.; removal of a portion of the components with water and/or organic solvents; removal of a portion of the components by filtration and/or centrifugation; freezing; crushing; drying; sifting; etc., or a product of processing in the same manner as non-defatted soybean; as common candidates there may be mentioned soybean, defatted soybean, soybean flakes, edible soybean protein, okara, soy milk and roasted soybean flour (kinako), among which are particularly preferred heat-denatured defatted soybean, and especially heat-denatured defatted soybean from which the ethanol-soluble components have been further removed.
When necessary one or more different additional nitrogen sources may also be added so long as the sterol composition is not notably affected, and examples include organic nitrogen sources such as peptone, yeast extract, malt extract, meat extract, casaminic acid, corn steep liquor and urea, and inorganic nitrogen sources such as sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate.
Also, when necessary trace nutrient sources may be used, including inorganic salts such as potassium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and other phosphate salts, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, copper sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, etc., and vitamins.
According to the invention, accumulation of the unsaturated fatty acid of interest may be accelerated by accomplishing the culturing with addition of a substrate for the unsaturated fatty acid in the medium. The unsaturated fatty acid substrate used may be, for example, a hydrocarbon such as hexadecane or octadecane; a fatty acid such as oleic acid or linolic acid or a salt, for example a sodium or potassium salt thereof, or a fatty acid ester such as an ethyl ester, glycerol fatty acid ester or sorbitan fatty acid ester; or an oil such as olive oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil or coconut oil, and these may be used alone or in combinations. The total amount of the substrate added is 0.001 to 10 wt %, and preferably 0.5 to 10 wt %, with respect to the medium. Any of these substrates may also be used as the sole carbon source for culturing.
The above-mentioned carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins and/or additives may be added to the medium prior to the start of culturing or to the culture broth during the cultivation. The medium components can be added all at once, or continuously or periodically through a few additions. The medium components may each be added alone or as a mixture. There are no particular restrictions on the concentrations of the medium components so long as growth of the cells is not inhibited. In practical usage, the carbon source should be at a concentration of 0.1 to 30 wt %, preferably 1 to 15 wt %, and the nitrogen source should be at a concentration of 0.01 to 10 wt %, and preferably 0.1 to 5 wt %.
The culturing temperature is 5 to 40° C., and preferably 20 to 30° C., and the unsaturated fatty acid may also be produced by growth of the cells by culturing at 20 to 30° C. followed by continued culturing at 5 to 20° C. This manner of temperature control may also be employed to increase the yield of higher unsaturated fatty acids content in the fatty acids which are produced. The pH of the medium is 4 to 10, and preferably 5 to 8, and culturing with aeration and agitation, shake culturing or static culturing may be employed. The culturing is normally carried out for 2 to 20 days, preferably 5 to 20 days, and more preferably 5 to 15 days.
A fermenter, especially culturing fermenter with aeration and agitation or air-lift culturing fermenter may be used for submerged culturing with aeration to enable production with yields suited for unsaturated fatty acid-containing oils as commercial products. In such cases, the unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil can be even more efficiently produced by maintenance during the culturing to a glucose concentration of at least 0.3 wt % and/or an average glucose concentration of at least 0.5 wt %, preferably a glucose concentration of at least 0.5 wt % and/or an average glucose concentration of at least 0.7 wt %, and more preferably a glucose concentration of 0.5–5 wt % and/or an average glucose concentration of 0.7–3 wt %, for at least 3 days after the start of culturing. For example, arachidonic acid can be produced at 100 mg or more, and preferably 120 mg or more to one gram of dry cells.
Thus, an oil which is rich in the desired unsaturated fatty acid and low in 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol, is accumulated in large quantities in the cells.
The desired oil can be obtained according to a conventional method from the culture broth taken during production of the oil by the cell culturing or after its sterilization, the culture broth obtained at the end of culturing or after its sterilization, or the cultured cells collected from either, alternatively in dry form.
The desired oil may be collected from the cultured cells by the following method, for example.
After culturing is complete, the cultured cells are obtained from the culture broth by a conventional solid/liquid separation means such as centrifugation and/or filtration. The cultured cells are preferably washed, disrupted and dried. The drying may be accomplished by freeze drying, air drying or the like. The dry cells are preferably subjected to extraction with an organic solvent preferably under a nitrogen stream. The organic solvent used may be ether, hexane, methanol, ethanol, chloroform, dichloromethane, petroleum ether or the like, and satisfactory results can also be obtained by alternate extraction with methanol and petroleum ether or by extraction using a chloroform-methanol-water monolayer system.
By removing the organic solvent from the extract under reduced pressure, it is possible to obtain an unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil at a high concentration. The extraction may also be accomplished using wet cells, instead of by the method described above. In this case there is used a water-compatible solvent such as methanol or ethanol, or a water-compatible mixed solvent including one of these with water and/or another solvent. The other procedures are the same as described above.
The oil obtained in this manner contains the unsaturated fatty acids in a state of triglycerides and phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylinositol, but most of it is in the form of triglycerides. In order to separate and purify the unsaturated fatty acid-containing triglycerides from the unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil collected from the cultured product, a conventional method may be used for hexane extraction followed by deacidification, decoloration, deodorization and degumming treatment, or cooling separation.
According to the invention, the compositional ratio of 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol is determined by the following method based on sterol composition analysis.
The sterol composition analysis will be explained first. A 30 to 80 mg portion of the oil is weighed out into a test tube with stopper, 4 mL of methanol and 1 mL of a 33% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution are added, and the stopper is fitted. After reaction for one hour while gently stirring at 80° C., the mixture is allowed to be cooled and the oil-soluble components are extracted with hexane. The resulting hexane solution is washed with water until a phenolphthalein indicator does not color the aqueous layer, and is then concentrated under a reduced pressure to obtain an analytical sample. The analytical sample is dissolved in a small amount of hexane and subjected to gas chromatography under the conditions listed in the table given below. By comparing the gas chromatogram with a commercially available desmosterol standard, the desmosterol peaks are identified.
The components which are detected within 0.8 to 2.0 times the retention time of desmosterol are the sterol components, and the peak areas of the gas chromatograms for all of the sterol components within the retention time are determined by a conventional method. The ratio of the peak area of each component to the sum of the total peak areas of the components is taken as the compositional ratio of each component. For example, the ratio of the peak area detected for desmosterol with respect to the sum of the total sterol area is the compositional ratio of desmosterol. 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol is detected in a retention time of 1.07 to 1.12 times the retention time of desmosterol. The ratio of the peak area detected for 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol with respect to the sum of all the peak areas is the compositional ratio of 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol.
The unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil of the invention has a 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol compositional ratio of 35% or less, preferably 33% or less, and more preferably 30% or less, and/or the 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol proportion is 1.2 or lower, preferably 0.9 or lower and more preferably 0.6 or lower with respect to the desmosterol present in the oil. Desmosterol is a component included with 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol in oils obtained by culturing microorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella subgenus Mortierella, and it is known to be present in breast milk.
As an example of an unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil according to the invention there may be mentioned an arachidonic acid-containing oil with 20 to 54 wt % and preferably 30 to 50 wt % arachidonic acid with respect to the total fatty acids in the oil, and a 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol compositional ratio of 35% or lower, preferably 33% or lower and more preferably 30% or lower and/or a 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol proportion of 1.2 or lower, preferably 0.9 or lower and more preferably 0.6 or lower with respect to the desmosterol present in the oil.
The oil properties of the arachidonic acid-containing oil are such that the triglyceride content is 90% or greater, the moisture content is 0.1% or lower, the acid value is 0.5 or lower and the peroxide value is 5 or lower, while the color is ≦50 yellow and ≦10 by the Lovibond method in a 133.4 mm cell, and the fatty acid composition is 20 to 54%, with preferably 30 to 50% arachidonic acid, 0.2 to 0.7% myristic acid, 10 to 16% palmitic acid, 4 to 10% stearic acid, 5 to 15% oleic acid, 5 to 15% linolic acid, 1 to 5% γ-linolenic acid, 0.1 to 2% α-linolenic acid, 1 to 6% dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, 0 to 1% eicosapentoenoic acid and 2 to 7% lignoceric acid.
The oil is rich in the triglyceride form of arachidonic acid, and either contains no eicosapentoenoic acid or contains it only in a very trace amount, and is therefore desirable as a material for foods, and especially immature infant formula, infant formula, baby food and pregnancy food. The unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil of the invention can also be safely used in foods and animal feeds because of its low content of 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol, the edibility of which has not yet been established.
The present invention will now be explained in more detail by way of examples.
Using Mortierella elongata IFO8570 as the arachidonic acid-producing cell line, 1400 L of a medium containing 2% glucose, 1% edible soybean protein (trade name: Esusan Meat, product of Ajinomoto Co.) and 0.1% rapeseed oil was placed in a 2000 L fermenter equipped with an agitator and aerator and culturing with aeration and agitation was initiated under conditions of 28° C. temperature, 1.0 vvm aeration, 80 rpm agitation and 1.0 kg/cm2G headspace pressure. The glucose concentration was kept at 1.5% by feeding glucose, and after culturing for 7 days the cells were recovered by filtration and subjected to oil extraction. As a comparative example, culturing and oil extraction were carried out in the same manner using 1% yeast extract instead of the edible soybean protein.
Upon analyzing the sterol composition of the resulting oil according to the procedure described above, desmosterol was detected at a retention time of about 9.6 minutes and 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol was detected at a retention time of about 10.5 minutes. In the comparative example, desmosterol was detected at a retention time of about 6.5 minutes and 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol was detected at a retention time of about 7.2 minutes. The results are shown in Table 1. Thus, an arachidonic acid-containing oil was obtained with a low compositional ratio of 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol.
Mortierella alpina CBS754.68 was used as the arachidonic acid-producing cell line, and 600 L of a medium containing 4% glucose, 1.3% roasted soybean flour (kinako), 0.2% yeast extract and 0.1% olive oil was placed in a 1000 L fermenter equipped with an agitator and aerator, for culturing with aeration and agitation for 5 days under conditions of 24° C. temperature, 1.0 vvm aeration, 100 rpm agitation and 0.5 kg/cm2G headspace pressure, followed by filtration and drying to recover the cells and hexane extraction to obtain an oil. As a comparative example, culturing was carried out in the same manner using a medium of 4% glucose, 1.5% yeast extract and 0.1% olive oil to obtain an oil. In both the example and the comparative example, 1% glucose was added on the 2nd day of culturing.
Upon analyzing the sterol composition of the resulting oil according to the procedure described above, desmosterol was detected at a retention time of about 10.2 minutes and 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol was detected at a retention time of about 11.2 minutes. In the comparative example, desmosterol was detected at a retention time of about 6.4 minutes and 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol was detected at a retention time of about 7.1 minutes. The results are shown in Table 2. Thus, an arachidonic acid-containing oil was obtained with a low compositional ratio of 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol.
Mortierella alpina ATCC32221 and Mortierella alpina ATCC42430 were used as arachidonic acid-producing cell lines, and each was cultured. After placing 25 L of a medium containing 4% glucose, 1.2% defatted soy powder, 0.2% potassium hydrogen phosphate and 0.1% soybean oil in a 50 L fermenter equipped with an agitator and aerator, culturing with aeration and agitation was carried out for 5 days under conditions of 28° C. temperature, 1.0 vvm aeration, 300 rpm agitation and 1.0 kg/cm2G headspace pressure, followed by filtration and drying to recover the cells and hexane extraction to obtain an oil from the recovered cells.
As a comparative example, culturing was carried out in the same manner using a medium of 4% glucose, 1.2% beer yeast powder, 0.2% potassium hydrogen phosphate and 0.1% rapeseed oil to obtain an oil. In both the example and the comparative example, 1% glucose was added on the 2nd day of culturing. The sterol composition of the resulting oil was analyzed according to the procedure described above. The results are shown in Table 3. Thus, an arachidonic acid-containing oil was obtained with a low compositional ratio of 24,25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol.
Mortierella
alpina
Mortierella
alpina
Using Mortierella alpina CBS754.68 as the arachidonic acid-producing cell line, 1400 L of a medium containing 2% glucose, 1.5% soybean protein and 0.1% soybean oil was placed in a 2000 L fermenter equipped with an agitation and aeration, and culturing with aeration and agitation was initiated under conditions of 24° C. temperature, 1 vvm aeration, 80 rpm agitation and 200 kPa headspace pressure. The glucose concentration was kept at 0.5 to 1.5% by feeding glucose, and after culturing for 7 days the cells were recovered by filtration. After drying the cells, they were extracted with hexane, the extracted oil was subjected to deacidification, decoloration and deodoration, and 0.05% tocopherol was added as an antioxidant. The resulting oil was analyzed and found to have the following composition.
Analysis Results
Triglyceride content: 95.6%
Moisture: 0.04%
Acid value: 0.08
Peroxide value: 2.16
Color (Lovibond method, 133.4 mm cell): yellow: 20.1,
red: 1.4
24, 25-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol compositional ratio: 24%
Desmosterol compositional ratio: 67%
The arachidonic acid-containing oil obtained in Example 4 was appropriately mixed with fish oil and vegetable oil to obtain an essential fatty acid-adjusted oil. In addition to the essential fatty acid-adjusted oil, the raw materials and components listed below were prepared for formulation of 100 kg of powdered infant formula. After dissolving, mixing and refining the raw materials according to conventional methods, they were sterilized, concentrated and homogenized, and then spray dried to obtain powdered infant formula.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8-230210 | Aug 1996 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP97/02989 | 8/27/1997 | WO | 00 | 2/26/1999 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO98/08967 | 3/5/1998 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5093249 | Nakajima et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5322780 | Kawashima et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5583019 | Barclay | Dec 1996 | A |
| 6117905 | Higashiyama et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
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| A-5-17796 | Jan 1993 | JP |
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| A-7-59540 | Mar 1995 | JP |
| 9213086 | Aug 1992 | WO |
| WO 9213086 | Aug 1992 | WO |
| WO 9428913 | Dec 1994 | WO |
| WO9621037 | Jul 1996 | WO |
