Process for preparing hydrogen peroxide from the elements

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of hydrogen peroxide from oxygen or oxygen-delivering substances and hydrogen or hydrogen-delivering substances in the presence of at least one catalyst containing a metal-organic framework material, wherein said framework material comprises pores and a metal ion and an at least bidentate organic compound, said bidentate organic compound being coordinately bound to the metal ion. The invention further relates to a novel material consisting of said metal organic framework material wherein the material is brought in contact with at least one additional metal.

Description

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to a process for preparing hydrogen peroxide from the reaction of oxygen and/or oxygen-delivering substances with hydrogen and/or hydrogen-delivering substances in the presence of a catalyst.

[0003] 2. Discussion of the Background

[0004] Most hydrogen peroxide produced commercially is obtained via the anthraquinone process involving the oxidation of an anthra-hydroquinone in the presence of air (yielding the hydrogen peroxide) and the recycling reaction of reducing the resulting anthraquinone to anthra-hydroquinone in the presence of a noble metal catalyst, most commonly Pd. A catalyst free of noble metals is described in WO 97/01113. The formation of hydrogen peroxide from the elements is not of significant commercial importance at this point. However, for specific applications, e.g. in electronics, ultrapure hydrogen peroxide is required. In this context, producing hydrogen peroxide from the elements may be cost-effective over working-up and cleaning hydrogen peroxide obtained by the anthraquinone process.

[0005] In a promising novel and alternative strategy to create micro- and/or mesoporous catalytically active materials in general, metal ions and molecular organic building blocks are used to form so-called metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The metal-organic framework materials as such are described, for example, in. U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,508, EP-A-0 709 253, M. O'Keeffe et al., J. Sol. State Chem., 152 (2000) p. 3-20, H. Li et al., Nature 402 (1999) p. 276 seq., M. Eddaoudi et al., Topics in Catalysis 9 (1999) p. 105-111,B. Chen et al., Science 291 (2001) p. 1021-23.

[0006] Among the advantages of these novel materials, in particular for applications in catalysis, are the following:

[0007] (i) larger pore sizes can be realized than for the zeolites used presently;

[0008] (ii) the internal surface area is larger than for porous materials used presently;

[0009] (iii) pore size and/or channel structure can be tailored over a large range;

[0010] (iv) the organic framework components forming the internal surface can be functionalized easily;

[0011] (v) the metal-organic framework according to the invention is stable even if no host, solvent or any other additional substance is present, i.e. the framework does not collapse and/or interpenetrate and/or change its shape and dimension. This puts the material according to the invention in contrast to other metal-organic materials that maybe used as catalysts.

[0012] However, these novel porous materials have only been described as such. The use of these catalytically active materials for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide has not been disclosed yet. In related applications, the use of these novel porous materials as shaped bodies (U.S. application Ser. No. 10/157,182) and for epoxidation reactions (U.S. application Ser. No. 10/157,494) has been described.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] It is an object of the present invention to provide a process and a catalyst for the reaction of oxygen and/or oxygen-delivering substances with hydrogen and/or hydrogen-delivering substances, wherein the catalyst for said reaction contains a novel material, in addition to, or instead of, catalytic materials according to the prior art.

[0014] This object is solved by providing a process for the reaction of oxygen and/or oxygen-delivering substances with hydrogen and/or hydrogen-delivering substances in the presence of a catalyst, wherein said catalyst contains a metal-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound, which is coordinately bound to said metal ion, and wherein said framework material retains its dimension and shape even while no other materials are present.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] As has been mentioned above, metal-organic framework materials as such are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,508, EP-A-0 709 253, M. O'Keeffe et al., J. Sol. State Chem., 152 (2000) p. 3-20, H. Li et al., Nature 402 (1999) p. 276 seq., M. Eddaoudi et al., Topics in Catalysis 9 (1999) p. 105-111, B. Chen et al., Science 291 (2001) p. 1021-23. An inexpensive way for the preparation of said materials is the subject of DE 10111230.0. The content of these publications, to which reference is made herein, is fully incorporated in the content of the present application.

[0016] The catalyst used in the present invention contains at least one metal-organic framework material, for example one of the materials described below.

[0017] The metal-organic framework materials, as used in the present invention, comprise pores, particularly micro- and/or mesopores. Micropores are defined as being pores having a diameter of 2 nm or below and mesopores as being pores having a diameter in the range of above 2 nm to 50 nm, respectively, according to the definition given in Pure Applied Chem. 45, p. 71 seq., particularly on p. 79 (1976). The presence of the micro- and/or mesopores can be monitored by sorption measurements for determining the capacity of the metal-organic framework materials to take up nitrogen at 77 K according to DIN 66131 and/or DIN 66134.

[0018] For example, a type-I-form of the isothermal curve indicates the presence of micropores {see, for example, paragraph 4 of M. Eddaoudi et al., Topics in Catalysis 9 (1999)}. In a preferred embodiment, the specific surface area, as calculated according to the Langmuir model (DIN 66131, 66134) is above 5 m2/g, preferably above 10 m2/g, more preferably above 50 m2/g, particularly preferred above 500 m2/g and may increase into the region of to above 3000 m 2/g.

[0019] As to the metal component within the framework material that is to be used according to the present invention, particularly to be mentioned are the metal ions of the main group elements and of the subgroup elements of the periodic system of the elements, namely of the groups Ia, IIa, IIIa, IVa to VIIIa and Ib to VIb. Among those metal components, particular reference is made to Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, and Bi, more preferably to Zn, Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh and Co. As to the metal ions of these elements, particular reference is made to: Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Sc3+, Y3+, Ti4+, Zr4+, Hf4+, V4+, V3+, V2+, Nb3+, Ta3+, Ta3+, Cr3+, Mo3+, W3+, Mn3+, Mn2+, Re3+, Re2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Ru3+, Ru2+, Os3+, Os2+, Co3, Co2+, Rh2+, Ir2+, Ni2+, Ni+, Pd2+, Pd+, Pt2+, Pt+, Cu2+, Cu+, Ag+, Au+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, Tl3+, Si4+, Si2+, Ge4+, Ge2+, Sn4+, Sn2+, Pb4+, Pb2+, As5+, As3+, As+, Sb5+, Sb+, Bi5+, Bi3+, and Bi+.

[0020] With regard to the preferred metal ions and further details regarding the same, particular reference is made to: EP-A 0 790 253, particularly to p. 10, 1. 8-30, section “The Metal Ions”, which section is incorporated herein by reference. In the context of the present invention, Zn is particularly preferred as the metal component.

[0021] In addition to the metal salts disclosed in EP-A 0 790 253 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,508, other metallic compounds can be used, such as sulfates, phosphates and other complex counter-ion metal salts of the main- and subgroup metals of the periodic system of the elements. Metal oxides, mixed oxides and mixtures of metal oxides and/or mixed oxides with or without a defined stoichiometry are preferred. All of the above mentioned metal compounds can be soluble or insoluble and they may be used as starting material either in form of a powder or as a shaped body or as any combination thereof.

[0022] As to the at least bidentate organic compound, which is capable to coordinate with the metal ion, in principle all compounds can be used which are suitable for this purpose and which fulfill the above requirements of being at least bidentate. Said organic compound must have at least two centers, which are capable to coordinate with the metal ions of a metal salt, particularly with the metals of the aforementioned groups. With regard to the at least bidentate organic compound, specific mention is to be made of compounds having

[0023] i) an alkyl group substructure, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0024] ii) an aryl group substructure, having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings,

[0025] iii) an alkyl or aryl amine substructure, consisting of alkyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or aryl groups having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings,

[0026] said substructures having bound thereto at least one at least bidentate functional group “X”, which is covalently bound to the substructure of said compound, and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of CO2H, CS2H, NO2, SO3H, Si(OH)3, Ge(OH)3, Sn(OH)3, Si(SH)4, Ge(SH)4, Sn(SH)3, PO3H, AsO3H, AsO4H, P(SH)3, As(SH)3, CH(RSH)2, C(RSH)3, CH(RNH2)2, C(RNH2)3, CH(ROH)2, C(ROH)3, CH(RCN)2, C(RCN)3, wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an aryl group consisting of 1 to 2 phenyl rings, and CH(SH)2, C(SH)3, CH(NH2)2, C(NH2)2, CH(OH)2, C(OH)3, CH(CN)2 and C(CN)3.

[0027] Particularly to be mentioned are substituted or unsubstituted, mono- or polynuclear aromatic di-, tri- and tetracarboxylic acids and substituted or unsubstituted, aromatic, at least one hetero atom comprising aromatic di-, tri- and tetracarboxylic acids, which have one or more nuclei. Preferred bidendate organic compounds in the context of the present invention are alkyl group substructures with at least two carboxy groups and/or aryl groups with one or two phenyl rings having at least two carboxy groups.

[0028] A preferred ligand is 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate (BCT). Further preferred ligands are ADC (acetylene dicarboxylate), NDC (naphtalen dicarboxylate), BDC (benzene dicarboxylate), ATC (adamantane tetracarboxylate), BTC (benzene tricarboxylate), BTB (benzene tribenzoate), MTB (methane tetrabenzoate) and ATB (adamantane tribenzoate).

[0029] Besides the at least bidentate organic compound, the framework material as used in accordance with the present invention may also comprise one or more mono-dentate ligand(s), which is/are preferably selected from the following mono-dentate substances and/or derivatives thereof:

[0030] a. alkyl amines and their corresponding alkyl ammonium salts, containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (and their corresponding ammonium salts);

[0031] b. aryl amines and their corresponding aryl ammonium salts having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings;

[0032] c. alkyl phosphonium salts, containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

[0033] d. aryl phosphonium salts, having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings;

[0034] e. alkyl organic acids and the corresponding alkyl organic anions (and salts) containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

[0035] f. aryl organic acids and their corresponding aryl organic anions and salts, having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings;

[0036] g. aliphatic alcohols, containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

[0037] h. aryl alcohols having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings;

[0038] i. inorganic anions from the group consisting of:

[0039] sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, phosphite, chloride, chlorate, bromide, bromate, iodide, iodate, carbonate, bicarbonate, and the corresponding acids and salts of the aforementioned inorganic anions,

[0040] j. ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, ethylene, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, naphthalene, thiophene, pyridine, acetone, 1-2-dichloroethane, methylenechloride, tetrahydrofuran, ethanolamine, triethylamine and trifluoromethylsulfonic acid.

[0041] Further details regarding the at least bidentate organic compounds and the mono-dentate substances, from which the ligands of the framework material as used in the present application are derived, can be taken from EP-A 0 790 253, whose respective content is incorporated into the present application by reference.

[0042] Within the present application, framework materials of the kind described herein, which comprise Zn2+ as a metal ion and ligands derived from terephthalic acid as the bidentate compound, are particularly preferred. Said framework materials are known as MOF-5 in the literature.

[0043] Further metal ions and at least bidentate organic compounds and mono-dentate substances, which are respectively useful for the preparation of the framework materials used in the present invention as well as processes for their preparation are particularly disclosed in EP-A 0 790 253, U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,508 and DE 10111230.0.

[0044] As solvents, which are particularly useful for the preparation of MOF-5, in addition to the solvents disclosed in the above-referenced literature, dimethyl formamide, diethyl formamide and N-methylpyrollidone, alone, in combination with each other or in combination with other solvents may be used. Within the preparation of the framework materials, particularly within the preparation of MOF-5, the solvents and mother liquors are recycled after crystallization in order to save costs and materials.

[0045] The pore sizes of the metal-organic framework can be adjusted by selecting suitable organic ligands and/or bidendate compounds (=linkers). Generally, the larger the linker, the larger the pore size. Any pore size that is still supported by a the metal-organic framework in the absence of a host and at temperatures of at least 200° C. is conceivable. Pore sizes ranging from 0.2 nm to 30 nm are preferred, with pore sizes ranging from 0.3 nm to 3 nm being particularly preferred.

[0046] In the following, examples of metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) are given to illustrate the general concept given above. These specific examples, however, are not meant to limit the generality and scope of the present application.

[0047] By way of example, a list of metal-organic framework materials already synthesized and characterized is given below. This also includes novel isoreticular metal organic framework materials (IR-MOFs), which may be used in the context of the present application. Such materials having the same framework topology while displaying different pore sizes and crystal densities are described, for example in M. Eddouadi et al., Science 295 (2002) 469, whose respective content is incorporated into the present application by 1 0 reference.

[0048] The solvents used are of particular importance for the synthesis of these materials and are therefore mentioned in the table. The values for the cell parameters (angles α, β and γ as well as the spacings a, b and c, given in Angstrom) have been obtained by x-ray diffraction and represent the space group given in the table as well.

	Ingredients
	molar ratios								Space
MOF-n	M + L	Solvents	α	β	γ	a	b	c	Group
MOF-0	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	ethanol	90	90	120	16.711	16.711	14.189	P6(3)/
	H3(BTC)								Mem
MOF-2	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	102.8	90	6.718	15.49	12.43	P2(1)/n
	(0.246 mmol)	toluene
	H2(BDC)
	0.241 mmol)
MOF-3	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	99.72	111.11	108.4	9.726	9.911	10.45	P-1
	(1.89 mmol)	MeOH
	H2(BDC)
	(1.93 mmol)
MOF-4	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	ethanol	90	90	90	14.728	14.728	14.728	P2(1)3
	(1.00 mmol)
	H3(BTC)
	(0.5 mmol)
MOF-5	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	90	90	25.669	25.669	25.669	Fm-3m
	(2.22 mmol)	chloro-
	H2(BDC)	benzene
	(2.17 mmol)
MOF-38	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	90	90	20.657	20.657	17.84	14cm
	(0.27 mmol)	chloro-
	H3(BTC)	benzene
	(0.15 mmol)
MOF-31	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	ethanol	90	90	90	10.821	10.821	10.821	Pn(−3)m
Zn(ADC)2	0.4 mmol
	H2(ADC)
	0.8 mmol
MOF-12	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	ethanol	90	90	90	15.745	16.907	18.167	Pbca
Zn2(ATC)	0.3 mmol
	H4(ATC)
	0.15 mmol
MOF-20	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	92.13	90	8.13	16.444	12.807	P2(1)/c
ZnNDC	0.37 mmol	chloro-
	H2NDC	benzene
	0.36 mmol
MOF-37	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DEF	72.38	83.16	84.33	9.952	11.576	15.556	P-1
	0.2 mmol	chloro-
	H2NDC	benzene
	0.2 mmol
MOF-8	Tb(NO3)3.5H2O	DMSO	90	115.7	90	19.83	9.822	19.183	C2/c
Tb2(ADC)	0.10 mmol	MeOH
	H2ADC
	0.20 mmol
MOF-9	Tb(NO3)3.5H2O	DMSO	90	102.09	90	27.056	16.795	28.139	C2/c
Tb2(ADC)	0.08 mmol
	H2ADB
	0.12 mmol
MOF-6	Tb(NO3)3.5H2O	DMF	90	91.28	90	17.599	19.996	10.545	P21/c
	0.30 mmol	MeOH
	H2(BDC)
	0.30 mmol
MOF-7	Tb(NO3)3.5H2O	H2O	102.3	91.12	101.5	6.142	10.069	10.096	P-1
	0.15 mmol
	H2(BDC)
	0.15 mmol
MOF-69A	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DEF	90	111.6	90	23.12	20.92	12	C2/c
	0.083 mmol	H2O2
	4,4′BPDC	MeNH2
	0.041 mmol
MOF-69B	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DEF	90	95.3	90	20.17	18.55	12.16	C2/c
	0.083 mmol	H2O2
	2,6-NCD	MeNH2
	0.041 mmol
MOF-11	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	H2O	90	93.86	90	12.987	11.22	11.336	C2/c
Cu2(ATC)	0.47 mmol
	H2ATC
	0.22 mmol
MOF-11			90	90	90	8.4671	8.4671	14.44	P42/
Cu2(ATC)									mmc
dehydr.
MOF-14	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	H2O	90	90	90	26.946	26.946	26.946	Im-3
Cu3(BTB)	0.28 mmol	DMF
	H3BTB	EtOH
	0.052 mmol
MOF-32	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	H2O	90	90	90	13.468	13.468	13.468	P(−4)3m
Cd(ATC)	0.24 mmol	NaOH
	H4ATC
	0.10 mmol
MOF-33	ZnCl2	H2O	90	90	90	19.561	15.255	23.404	Imma
Zn2(ATB)	0.15 mmol	DMF
	H4ATB	EtOH
	0.02 mmol
MOF-34	Ni(NO3)2.6H2O	H2O	90	90	90	10.066	11.163	19.201	P212121
Ni(ATC)	0.24 mmol	NaOH
	H4ATC
	0.10 mmol
MOF-36	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	H2O	90	90	90	15.745	16.907	18.167	Pbca
Zn2(MTB)	0.20 mmol	DMF
	H4MTB
	0.04 mmol
MOF-39	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	H2O	90	90	90	17.158	21.591	25.308	Pnma
Zn3O(HBTB)	0.27 mmol	DMF
	H3BTB	EtOH
	0.07 mmol
NO305	FeCl2.4H2O	DMF	90	90	120	8.2692	8.2692	63.566	R-3c
	5.03 mmol
	formic acid
	86.90 mmol
NO306A	FeCl2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	9.9364	18.374	18.374	Pbcn
	5.03 mmol
	formic acid
	86.90 mmol
NO29	Mn(Ac)2.4H2O	DMF	120	90	90	14.16	33.521	33.521	P-1
MOF-0 like	0.46 mmol
	H3BTC
	0.69 mmol
BPR48A2	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMSO	90	90	90	14.5	17.04	18.02	Pbca
	0.012 mmol	toluene
	H2BDC
	0.012 mmol
BPR69	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMSO	90	98.76	90	14.16	15.72	17.66	Cc
B1	0.0212 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.0428 mmol
BPR92A2	Co(NO3)2.6H2O	NMP	106.3	107.63	107.2	7.5308	10.942	11.025	P1
	0.018 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.018 mmol
BPR95	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	NMP	90	112.8	90	14.460	11.085	15.829	P2(1)/n
C5	0.012 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.36 mmol
Cu C6H4O6	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	105.29	90	15.259	14.816	14.13	P2(1)/c
	0.370 mmol	chloro-
	H2BDC(OH)2	benzene
	0.37 mmol
M(BTC)	Co(SO4).H2O	DMF	Same as MOF-0
MOF-0 like	0.055 mmol
	H3BTC
	0.037 mmol
Tb(C6H4O6)	Tb(NO3)3.5H2O	DMF	104.6	107.9	97.147	10.491	10.981	12.541	P-1
	0.370 mmol	chloro-
	H2(C6H4O6)	benzene
	0.56 mmol
Zn (C2O4)	ZnCl2	DMF	90	120	90	9.4168	9.4168	8.464	P(−3)1m
	0.370 mmol	chloro-
	oxalic acid	benzene
	0.37 mmol
Co(CHO)	Co(NO3)2.5H2O	DMF	90	91.32	90	11.328	10.049	14.854	P2(1)/n
	0.043 mmol
	formic acid
	1.60 mmol
Cd(CHO)	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF	90	120	90	8.5168	8.5168	22.674	R-3c
	0.185 mmol
	formic acid
	0.185 mmol
Cu(C3H2O4)	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	90	90	8.366	8.366	11.919	P43
	0.043 mmol
	malonic acid
	0.192 mmol
Zn6(NDC)5	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	95.902	90	19.504	16.482	14.64	C2/m
MOF-48	0.097 mmol	chloro-
	14 NDC	benzene
	0.069 mmol	H2O2
MOF-47	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	92.55	90	11.303	16.029	17.535	P2(1)/c
	0.185 mmol	chloro-
	H2(BDC[CH3]4)	benzene
	0.185 mmol	H2O2
MO25	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	112.0	90	23.880	16.834	18.389	P2(1)/c
	0.084 mmol
	BPhDC
	0.085 mmol
Cu-Thio	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DEF	90	113.6	90	15.4747	14.514	14.032	P2(1)/c
	0.084 mmol
	thiophene
	dicarboxylic
	0.085 mmol
C1BDC1	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	105.6	90	14.911	15.622	18.413	C2/c
	0.084 mmol
	H2(BDCCl2)
	0.085 mmol
MOF-101	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	90	90	21.607	20.607	20.073	Fm3m
	0.084 mmol
	BrBDC
	0.085 mmol
Zn3(BTC)2	ZnCl2	DMF	90	90	90	26.572	26.572	26.572	Fm-3m
	0.033 mmol	EtOH
	H3BTC	base
	0.033 mmol	added
MOF-j	Co(CH3CO2)2.4H2O	H2O	90	112.0	90	17.482	12.963	6.559	C2
	(1.65 mmol)
	H3(BZC)
	(0.95 mmol)
MOF-n	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	ethanol	90	90	120	16.711	16.711	14.189	P6(3)/
	H3(BTC)								mcm
PbBDC	Pb(NO3)2	DMF	90	102.7	90	8.3639	17.991	9.9617	P2(1)/n
	(0.181 mmol)	ethanol
	H2(BDC)
	(0.181 mmol)
Znhex	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	90	120	37.1165	37.117	30.019	P3(1)c
	(0.171 mmol)	p-xylene
	H3BTB	ethanol
	(0.114 mmol)
AS16	FeBr2	DMF	90	90.13	90	7.2595	8.7894	19.484	P2(1)c
	0.927 mmol	anhydr.
	H2(BDC)
	0.927 mmol
AS27-2	FeBr2	DMF	90	90	90	26.735	26.735	26.735	Fm3m
	0.927 mmol	anhydr.
	H3(BDC)
	0.464 mmol
AS32	FeCl3	DMF	90	90	120	12.535	12.535	18.479	P6(2)c
	1.23 mmol	anhydr.
	H2(BDC)	ethanol
	1.23 mmol
AS54-3	FeBr2	DMF	90	109.98	90	12.019	15.286	14.399	C2
	0.927	anhydr.
	BPDC	n-
	0.927 mmol	propanol
AS61-4	FeBr2	pyridine	90	90	120	13.017	13.017	14.896	P6(2)c
	0.927 mmol	anhydr.
	m-BDC
	0.927 mmol
AS68-7	FeBr2	DMF	90	90	90	18.3407	10.036	18.039	Pca21
	0.927 mmol	anhydr.
	m-BDC	Pyridine
	1.204 mmol
Zn(ADC)	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	99.85	90	16.764	9.349	9.635	C2/c
	0.37 mmol	chloro-
	H2(ADC)	benzene
	0.36 mmol
MOF-12	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	ethanol	90	90	90	15.745	16.907	18.167	Pbca
Zn2(ATC)	0.30 mmol
	H4(ATC)
	0.15 mmol
MOF-20	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	92.13	90	8.13	16.444	12.807	P2(1)/c
ZnNDC	0.37 mmol	chloro-
	H2NDC	benzene
	0.36 mmol
MOF-37	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DEF	72.38	83.16	84.33	9.952	11.576	15.556	P-1
	0.20 mmol	chloro-
	H2NDC	benzene
	0.20 mmol
Zn(NDC)	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMSO	68.08	75.33	88.31	8.631	10.207	13.114	P-1
(DMSO)	H2NDC
Zn(NDC)	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O		90	99.2	90	19.289	17.628	15.052	C2/c
	H2NDC
Zn(HPDC)	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF	107.9	105.06	94.4	8.326	12.085	13.767	P-1
	0.23 mmol	H2O
	H2(HPDC)
	0.05 mmol
Co(HPDC)	Co(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	97.69	90	29.677	9.63	7.981	C2/c
	0.21 mmol	H2O/
	H2(HPDC)	ethanol
	0.06 mmol
Zn3(PDC)2.	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF/ CIBz	79.34	80.8	85.83	8.564	14.046	26.428	P-1
5	0.17 mmol	H2O/ TEA
	H2(HPDC)
	0.05 mmol
Cd2	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	methanol/	70.59	72.75	87.14	10.102	14.412	14.964	P-1
(TPDC)2	0.06 mmol	CHP H2O
	H2(HPDC)
	0.06 mmol
Tb(PDC)1.5	Tb(NO3)3.5H2O	DMF	109.8	103.61	100.14	9.829	12.11	14.628	P-1
	0.21 mmol	H2O/
	H2(PDC)	ethanol
	0.034 mmol
ZnDBP	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	MeOH	90	93.67	90	9.254	10.762	27.93	P2/n
	0.05 mmol
	dibenzylphosphate
	0.10 mmol
Zn3(BPDC)	ZnBr2	DMF	90	102.76	90	11.49	14.79	19.18	P21/n
	0.021 mmol
	4,4'BPDC
	0.005 mmol
CdBDC	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF	90	95.85	90	11.2	11.11	16.71	P21/n
	0.100 mmol	Na2SiO3
	H2(BDC)	(aq)
	0.401 mmol
Cd-mBDC	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF	90	101.1	90	13.69	18.25	14.91	C2/c
	0.009 mmol	MeNH2
	H2(mBDC)
	0.018 mmol
Zn4OBNDC	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DEF	90	90	90	22.35	26.05	59.56	Fmmm
	0.041 mmol	MeNH2
	BNDC	H2O2
Eu(TCA)	Eu(NO3)3.6H2O	DMF	90	90	90	23.325	23.325	23.325	Pm-3n
	0.14 mmol	chloro-
	TCA	benzene
	0.026 mmol
Tb(TCA)	Tb(NO3)3.6H2O	DMF	90	90	90	23.272	23.272	23.372	Pm-3n
	0.069 mmol	chloro-
	TCA	benzene
	0.026 mmol
Formate	Ce(NO3)3.6H2O	H2O	90	90	120	10.668	10.667	4.107	R-3m
	0.138 mmol	ethanol
	Formaic acid
	0.43 mmol
	FeCl2.4H2O	DMF	90	90	120	8.2692	8.2692	63.566	R-3c
	5.03 mmol
	Formic acid
	86.90 mmol
	FeCl2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	9.9364	18.374	18.374	Pbcn
	5.03 mmol
	Formic acid
	86.90 mmol
	FeCl2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	8.335	8.335	13.34	P-31c
	5.03 mmol
	Formic acid
	86.90 mmol
NO330	FeCl2.4H2O	form-	90	90	90	8.7749	11.655	8.3297	Pnna
	0.50 mmol	amide
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO332	FeCl2.4H2O	DIP	90	90	90	10.0313	18.808	18.355	Pbcn
	0.50 mmol
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO333	FeCl2.4H2O	DBF	90	90	90	45.2754	23.861	12.441	Cmcm
	0.50 mmol
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO335	FeCl2.4H2O	CHF	90	91.372	90	11.5964	10.187	14.945	P21/n
	0.50 mmol
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO336	FeCl2.4H2O	MFA	90	90	90	11.7945	48.843	8.4136	Pbcm
	0.50 mmol
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO13	Mn(Ac)2.4H2O	ethanol	90	90	90	18.66	11.762	9.418	Pbcn
	0.46 mmol
	Bezoic acid
	0.92 mmol
	Bipyridine
	0.46 mmol
NO29	Mn(Ac)2.4H2O	DMF	120	90	90	14.16	33.521	33.521	P-1
MOF-0 like	0.46 mmol
	H3BTC
	0.69 mmol
Mn(hfac)2	Mn(Ac)2.4H2O	ether	90	95.32	90	9.572	17.162	14.041	C2/c
(O2CC6H5)	0.46 mmol
	Hfac
	0.92 mmol
	Bipyridine
	0.46 mmol
BPR43G2	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	91.37	90	17.96	6.38	7.19	C2/c
	0.0288 mmol	CH3CN
	H2BDC
	0.0072 mmol
BPR48A2	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMSO	90	90	90	14.5	17.04	18.02	Pbca
	0.012 mmol	toluene
	H2BDC
	0.012 mmol
BPR49B1	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMSO	90	91.172	90	33.181	9.824	17.884	C2/c
	0.024 mmol	methanol
	H2BDC
	0.048 mmol
BPR56E1	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMSO	90	90.096	90	14.5873	14.153	17.183	P2(1)/n
	0.012 mmol	n-
	H2BDC	propanol
	0.024 mmol
BPR68D10	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMSO	90	95.316	90	10.0627	10.17	16.413	P2(1)/c
	0.0016 mmol	benzene
	H3BTC
	0.0064 mmol
BPR69B1	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMSO	90	98.76	90	14.16	15.72	17.66	Cc
	0.0212 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.0428 mmol
BPR73E4	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMSO	90	92.324	90	8.7231	7.0568	18.438	P2(1)/n
	0.006 mmol	toluene
	H2BDC
	0.003 mmol
BPR76D5	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	DMSO	90	104.17	90	14.4191	6.2599	7.0611	pc
	0.0009 mmol
	H2BzPDC
	0.0036 mmol
BPR80B5	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF	90	115.11	90	28.049	9.184	17.837	C2/c
	0.018 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.036 mmol
BPR80H5	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF	90	119.06	90	11.4746	6.2151	17.268	P2/c
	0.027 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.027 mmol
BPR82C6	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF	90	90	90	9.7721	21.142	27.77	Fdd2
	0.0068 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.202 mmol
BPR86C3	Co(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	90	90	18.3449	10.031	17.983	Pca2(1)
	0.0025 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.075 mmol
BPR86H6	Cd(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	80.98	89.69	83.412	9.8752	10.263	15.362	P-1
	0.010 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.010 mmol
	Co(NO3)2.6H2O	NMP	106.3	107.63	107.2	7.5308	10.942	11.025	P1
BPR95A2	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	NMP	90	102.9	90	7.4502	13.767	12.713	P2(1)/c
	0.012 mmol
	H2BDC
	0.012 mmol
CuC6F4O4	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	98.834	90	10.9675	24.43	22.553	P2(1)/n
	0.370 mmol	chloro-
	H2BDC(OH) 2	benzene
	0.37 mmol
Fe Formic	FeCl2.4H2O	DMF	90	91.543	90	11.495	9.963	14.48	P2(1)/n
	0.370 mmol
	Formic acid
	0.37 mmol
Mg Formic	Mg(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	91.359	90	11.383	9.932	14.656	P2(1)/n
	0.370 mmol
	Formic acid
	0.37 mmol
MgC6H4O6	Mg(NO3)2.6H2O	DMF	90	96.624	90	17.245	9.943	9.273	C2/c
	0.370 mmol
	H2BDC(OH)2
	0.37 mmol
Zn	ZnCl2	DMF	90	94.714	90	7.3386	16.834	12.52	P2(1)/n
C2H4BDC	0.44 mmol
MOF-38	CBBDC
	0.261 mmol
MOF-49	ZnCl2	DMF	90	93.459	90	13.509	11.984	27.039	P2/c
	0.44 mmol	CH3CN
	m-BDC
	0.261 mmol
MOF-26	Cu(NO3)2.5H2O	DMF	90	95.607	90	20.8797	16.017	26.176	P2(1)/n
	0.084 mmol
	DCPE
	0.085 mmol
MOF-112	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	107.49	90	29.3241	21.297	18.069	C2/c
	0.084 mmol	ethanol
	o-Br-m-BDC
	0.085 mmol
MOF-109	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	111.98	90	23.8801	16.834	18.389	P2(1)/c
	0.084 mmol
	KDB
	0.085 mmol
MOF-111	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	102.16	90	10.6767	18.781	21.052	C2/c
	0.084 mmol	ethanol
	o-BrBDC
	0.085 mmol
MOF-110	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	90	120	20.0652	20.065	20.747	R-3/m
	0.084 mmol
	thiophene
	dicarboxylic
	0.085 mmol
MOF-107	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DEF	104.8	97.075	95.206	11.032	18.067	18.452	P-1
	0.084 mmol
	thiophene
	dicarboxylic
	0.085 mmol
MOF-108	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DBF/	90	113.63	90	15.4747	14.514	14.032	C2/c
	0.084 mmol	methanol
	thiophene
	dicarboxylic
	0.085 mmol
MOF-102	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	91.63	106.24	112.01	9.3845	10.794	10.831	P-1
	0.084 mmol
	H2(BDCCl2)
	0.085 mmol
Clbdcl	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DEF	90	105.56	90	14.911	15.622	18.413	P-1
	0.084 mmol
	H2(BDCCl2)
	0.085 mmol
Cu(NMOP)	Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O	DMF	90	102.37	90	14.9238	18.727	15.529	P2(1)/m
	0.084 mmol
	NBDC
	0.085 mmol
Tb(BTC)	Tb(NO3)3.5H2O	DMF	90	106.02	90	18.6986	11.368	19.721
	0.033 mmol
	H3BTC
	0.033 mmol
Zn3(BTC)2	ZnCl2	DMF	90	90	90	26.572	26.572	26.572	Fm-3m
Honk	0.033 mmol	ethanol
	H3BTC
	0.033 mmol
Zn4O(NDC)	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF	90	90	90	41.5594	18.818	17.574	aba2
	0.066 mmol	ethanol
	14NDC
	0.066 mmol
CdTDC	Cd(NO3)2.4H2O	DMF	90	90	90	12.173	10.485	7.33	Pmma
	0.014 mmol	H2O
	thiophene
	0.040 mmol
	DABCO
	0.020 mmol
IRMOF-2	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	25.772	25.772	25.772	Fm-3m
	0.160 mmol
	o-Br-BDC
	0.60 mmol
IRMOF-3	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	25.747	25.747	25.747	Fm-3m
	0.20 mmol	ethanol
	H2N—BDC
	0.60 mmol
IRMOF-4	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	25.849	25.849	25.849	Fm-3m
	0.11 mmol
	[C3H7O]2—BDC
	0.48 mmol
IRMOF-5	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	12.882	12.882	12.882	Pm-3m
	0.13 mmol
	[C5H11O]2—BDC
	0.50 mmol
IRMOF-6	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	25.842	25.842	25.842	Fm-3m
	0.20 mmol
	[C2H4]—BDC
	0.60 mmol
IRMOF-7	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	12.914	12.914	12.914	Pm-3m
	0.07 mmol
	1,4NDC
	0.20 mmol
IRMOF-8	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	30.092	30.092	30.092	Fm-3m
	0.55 mmol
	2,6NDC
	0.42 mmol
IRMOF-9	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	17.147	23.322	25.255	Pnnm
	0.05 mmol
	BPDC
	0.42 mmol
IRMOF-10	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	34.281	34.281	34.281	Fm-3m
	0.02 mmol
	BPDC
	0.012 mmol
IRMOF-11	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	24.822	24.822	56.734	R-3m
	0.05 mmol
	HPDC
	0.20 mmol
IRMOF-12	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	34.281	34.281	34.281	Fm-3m
	0.017 mmol
	HPDC
	0.12 mmol
IRMOF-13	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	24.822	24.822	56.734	R-3m
	0.048 mmol
	PDC
	0.31 mmol
IRMOF-14	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	34.381	34.381	34.381	Fm-3m
	0.17 mmol
	PDC
	0.12 mmol
IRMOF-15	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	21.459	21.459	21.459	Im-3m
	0.063 mmol
	TPDC
	0.025 mmol
IRMOF-16	Zn(NO3)2.4H2O	DEF	90	90	90	21.49	21.49	21.49	Pm-3m
	0.0126 mmol	NMP
	TPDC
	0.05 mmol

[0049]

ADC Acetylene dicarboxylic acid
NDC Naphtalene dicarboxylic acid
BDC Benzene dicarboxylic acid
ATC Adamantane tetracarboxylic acid
BTC Benzene tricarboxylic acid
BTB Benzene tribenzoate
MTB Methane tetrabenzoate
ATB Adamantane tetrabenzoate
ADB Adamantane dibenzoate

[0050] Examples of the synthesis of these materials as such can, for example, be found in: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) pages 8241ff or in Acc. Chem. Res. 31 (1998) pages 474ff, which are fully encompassed within the content of the present application.

[0051] The separation of the framework materials, particularly of MOF-5, from the mother liquor of the crystallization may be achieved by procedures known in the art such as solid-liquid separations, centrifugation, extraction, filtration, membrane filtration, cross-flow filtration, flocculation using flocculation adjuvants (non-ionic, cationic and anionic adjuvants) or by the addition of pH shifting additives such as salts, acids or bases, by flotation, as well as by evaporation of the mother liquor at elevated temperature and/or in vacuo and concentrating of the solid. The material obtained in this step is typically a fine powder and is not optimally suited for most practical applications, e.g. in catalysis, where shaped bodies are preferred. Therefore, the powder is pressed or granulated or formed by any process known to the expert in the art, in particular any process that results in forming a powder into a shaped body. Such a process is disclosed, e.g. in the U.S. application Ser. No. 10/157,182.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment, the metal-organic framework material catalyst used for the reaction of oxygen and/or oxygen-delivering substances with hydrogen and/or hydrogen-delivering substances contains at least one additional metal selected from the main groups and/or the subgroups of the periodic table of the elements. In a further preferred embodiment, in order to produce said catalyst, the metal-organic framework material as described above is brought in contact with a substance, preferably a powder, a solution or a suspension, containing at least one metal of the main groups or the subgroups of the periodic table of the elements.

[0053] The term “bringing in contact” in the context of the present invention refers to any procedure yielding a metal-organic framework catalyst as described above, containing, at least in parts, at least one additional metal component. As far as the methods of bringing the metal-organic framework in contact with an additional metal component, any method known to the expert in the field, in particular any method known in the context of charging a porous material, can be used. In a preferred embodiment, these methods include but are not limited to: dipping, coating, spraying, impregnating, soaking, applying, precipitating, co-precipitating, kneading, powder kneading.

[0054] The additional metal is selected form the group consisting of the main group or the subgroup metals of the periodic table of the elements, preferably form the group of the sub group metals, further preferred from the group of Cu, Ag, Au, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, particularly preferred from the group of Pd, Pt, Au. Mixtures of at least two of all of the aforementioned substances are included as well.

[0055] For the reaction to produce hydrogen peroxide, any substance that contains or delivers oxygen and any substance that contains or delivers hydrogen can be used, so long as, ultimately, hydrogen peroxide is formed in the presence of the catalyst according to the invention. In a preferred embodiment the molecular gases oxygen and hydrogen are used. Either or both gases may be mixed with other reactive gases and/or inert gases, preferably with inert gases.

[0056] The invention is now further described by way of the following examples, which are, however, not meant to limit the scope of the present application.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Preparation of the Metal-Organic Framework Material

[0057] 41 g of terephthalic acid are dissolved together with 193.5 g of ZnNO3.4 H2O in 5650 g of diethyl formamide in a container with a frit (HWS, 10 liters). The mixture is heated to 130° C. and kept at that temperature for 210 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture is cooled down and the solid formed is filtered off and washed three times with 1 liter of chloroform, respectively. The filter cake is blow dried with nitrogen.

[0058] The product thusly obtained is subsequently activated in several portions under high vacuum. The structure of MOF-5 is discernible in the x-ray diffraction pattern.

Example 2

Preparation of the Catalyst

[0059] The preparation of the metal-organic framework material containing Pd and used as a catalyst was performed as described in the following: 1.0 g of Pd Acetate (4.45 mmol) are dissolved in 91.5 g of diethyl formamide and 33 g of acetonitrile in a beaker. The brownish solution is filled into a four neck flask containing 5.0 g of the MOF-5 from Example 1. The suspension is cooked in an oil bath at 60° C. for 7 h while being stirred. Subsequently the mixture is transferred into a beaker and the mother liquor is decanted off after the crystals have settled.

[0060] The crystals are over-layered with chloroform and, after 12 hours, washed with chloroform until the chloroform solution hardly shows any coloring, then transferred into a flask and dried at room temperature under high vacuum (turbo molecular pump). The yield was 5.7 g. Elemental analysis resulted in a Pd content of 1.6% by weight next to 29.2% by weight of Zn and a residual content of Cl of 220 ppm.

Example 3

Activation of the Inventive Catalyst

[0061] 54.3 g of the catalyst prepared as described above are transferred into a glass reactor that is fed with 10% by volume of hydrogen in Ar at a flow rate of 30 ml/min. In a temperature-controlled reduction (Autochem II 2920, Micromeritics), the reactor is heated to 250° C. using a ramp of 5 K/min. At a temperature of 92° C., 3.67 ml STP of gas per gram of catalyst are activated in the presence of hydrogen, corresponding to approx. 1.7% by weight of Pd in the catalyst that can be reduced.

Example 4

Preparation of H2O2 Using The Inventive Catalyst

[0062] 4 g of the material from Example 3 are mixed with 120 mg of Graphite and pressed into tablets of 4.75 mm over 3 mm using a tabletting apparatus (Korsch).

[0063] 10 ml of these tablets are exposed to the following feed in a designated pressure container with a basket-like insert: 89 g/h of methanol containing 120 ppm of NaBr, 8 STDl/h of hydrogen and 37.4 STDl/h of oxygen. The liquid medium is stirred at 1500 rpm. A space-time yield of 16 g/l/h with respect to the formation of hydrogen peroxide was measured by means of titration at a temperature of 40° C., a pressure of 50 bar and a running time of 91 hours.

Claims

1. A process for preparing hydrogen peroxide comprising: reacting oxygen or an oxygen-delivering substance with hydrogen or a hydrogen-delivering substance, in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst comprises a metal-organic framework material having pores and comprising at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound coordinately bound to the metal ion.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal ion of the metal-organic framework catalyst comprises an ion selected from group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Sc3+, Y3+, Ti4+, Zr4+, Hf4+, V4+, V3+, V2+, Nb3+, Ta3+, Cr3+, Mo3+, W3+, Mn3+, Mn2+, Re3+, Re2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Ru3+, Ru2+, Os3+, Os2+, Co3+, Co2+, Rh2+, Rh+, Ir2+, Ir+, Ni2+, Ni+, Pd2+, Pd+, Pt2+, Pt+, Cu2+, Cu+, Ag+, Au+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, Tl3+, Si4+, Si4+, Si2+, Ge4+, Ge2+, Sn4+, Sn2+, Pb4+, Pb2+, As5+, As3+, As+, Sb5+, Sb3+, Sb+, Bi5+, Bi3+, and Bi+.

3. The process of claim 2, wherein the metal ion is Zn2+.

4. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least bidentate organic compound has a substructure bound to at least one bidentate functional group, said substructure is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, an aryl group having 1 or 2 phenyl rings, and combinations thereof, and said bidentate functional group has at least 2 carboxy groups.

5. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal-organic framework material further comprises at least one additional metal selected from groups Ia, IIa, IIIa, IVa to VIIIa and Ib to VIb of the periodic table.

6. The process of claim 5, wherein the at least one additional metal is selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, and Au.

7. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least bidentate organic compound is selected from the group consisting of 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate, acetylene dicarboxylate, naphtalen dicarboxylate, benzene dicarboxylate, adamantane tetracarboxylate, benzene tricarboxylate, benzene tribenzoate, methane tetrabenzoate, and adamantane tribenzoate.

8. The process of claim 1, wherein said catalyst further comprises at least one monodentate ligand.

9. The process of claim 8, wherein the monodentate ligand is selected from the group consisting of alkyl amines having linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and alkyl ammonium salts thereof; aryl amines having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings, and aryl ammonium salts thereof; alkyl phosphonium salts, having linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; aryl phosphonium salts having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings; alkyl organic acids having linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and alkyl organic anions and salts thereof; aryl organic acids having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings, and aryl organic anions and salts thereof; linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic alcohols having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; aryl alcohols having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings; inorganic anions of the group consisting of sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, phosphite, chloride, chlorate, bromide, bromate, iodide, iodate, carbonate, bicarbonate, and acids and salts thereof; and ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, ethylene, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, naphthalene, thiophene, pyridine, acetone, 1-2-dichloroethane, methylenechloride, tetrahydrofuran, ethanolamine, triethylamine and trifluoromethylsulfonic acid.

10. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal ion is Zn2+.

11. The process of claim 1, wherein the metal-organic framework material is MOF-5.

12. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a pore size of from 0.2 to 30 nm.

13. A material comprising at least one metal-organic framework material, wherein the metal-organic framework material has pores and comprises at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound coordinately bound to the metal ion, wherein the metal-organic framework material is contacted with at least one additional metal selected from groups Ia, IIa, IIIa, IVa to VIIIa and Ib to VIb of the periodic table.

14. The material of claim 13, wherein the additional metal is selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, and Au.

15. The material of claim 13, wherein said contacting comprises dipping, coating, spraying, impregnating, soaking, applying, precipitating, co-precipitating, kneading, or powder kneading.

16. The material of claim 14, wherein said contacting comprises dipping, coating, spraying, impregnating, soaking, applying, precipitating, co-precipitating, kneading, or powder kneading.