Process for preparing optically active .alpha.-cyano-3-(4-halogenophenoxy)-benzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an optically active .alpha.-cyano-3-(4-halogenophenoxy)benzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein X is a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a bromine atom, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, which contains at least 60% of a compound of said formula having an (S)-configuration on both the acid and alcohol moieties; (S)-.alpha.-cyano-3-(4-halogenophenoxy)benzyl (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate; a process for preparing the same; and an insecticide and/or acaricide containing the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
.alpha.-Cyano-3-(4-halogenophenoxy)benzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerates are useful as insecticides and/or acaricides. These esters have one asymmetric carbon atom on each of the acid and alcohol moieties. An ester provided by the conventional method is a mixture comprising substantially equal amounts of four isomers.
These optical isomers are hereunder referred to as shown in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1______________________________________Abbreviations for Optical Isomers Acid Moiety (S)-Config- (R)-Config-Alcohol Moiety uration Racemic uration______________________________________(S)-Configuration A.alpha.-Isomer .alpha.-Isomer B.alpha.-IsomerRacemic A-Isomer "Racemate" B-Isomer(R)-Configuration A.beta.-Isomer .beta.-Isomer B.beta.-Isomer______________________________________
However, no single optical isomer which is optically active on both the acid and alcohol moieties has yet been synthesized, and as a matter of course, the relationship between the physiological activity and configuration has not been known.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
As a result of syntheses of these optical isomers and review of the physiological activity thereof, the inventors have found that the A.alpha.-isomer, i.e., an ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on both the acid and alcohol moieties has strong insecticidal and/or acaricidal activity and they have found an economical process for preparing the same, such leading to the accomplishment of this invention.
In addition, an A.alpha.-isomer of a compound of the formula (I) wherein X is a fluorine atom (hereinafter, this compound being referred to as "p-fluoroester") has a stronger activity than other halogen-substituted compounds, and therefore, it is more important from an economical standpoint.
Of the optical isomers of the esters of the formula (I), the A.alpha.-isomer has the strongest insecticidal and/or acaricidal efficacy which is on the order of about four times greater than that of "racemate" prepared by the conventional method. This fact was first revealed by the inventors and it is very important to understand the fact in controlling various harmful insects and/or mites.
This invention also provides an ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety, which is rich in the A.alpha.-isomer. The biological activity of this ester generally increases in proportion to the content of the A.alpha.-isomer. Such ester has economic advantages over a substantially pure A.alpha.-isomer.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
One method of producing the A.alpha.-isomer is by chromatography of a carboxylic ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety.
An .alpha.-cyano-3-(4-halogenophenoxy)benzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety is prepared by esterifying S-(+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleric acid by a known method. The optically active carboxylic acid can be prepared by reacting the carboxylic acid in the racemic form with an optically active amine, followed by optical resolution of the reaction product (see Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 25544/75 (the term "OPI" as used herein refers to a "published unexamined Japanese patent application")).
The A.alpha.-isomer may also be prepared via the following route (see K. Aketa et al., Agric. Biol. Chem., 42 (4), 895-896 (1978)): ##STR2## (wherein X has the same meaning as defined above; R* is a group represented by the formula ##STR3## and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom). However, these conventional methods are complicated and are not always suitable on an industrial scale.
With respect to .alpha.-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate, if a compound having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety (A-isomer) is obtained, it is easy to form the A.alpha.-isomer by selective crystallization. In this case, if the selective crystallization is carried out in the presence of a base, then the A-isomer can be converted to the A.alpha.-isomer almost quantitatively (see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 922,476, filed July 7, 1978, and British patent application (OPI) No. 2,014,137). However, with respect to esters such as those in the present invention in which the alcohol moiety is constituted by an .alpha.-cyano-3-(4-halogenophenoxy)benzyl alcohol, such has not yet been known.
Therefore, the inventors continued to extensively study processes for preparing optically active esters of the formula (I) and found that the A.alpha.-isomer can be crystallized. The inventors further found that the A.alpha.-isomer crystal can be selectively crystallized from a solution of the corresponding ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety and that the presence of a basic catalyst in the crystallization system helps increase the yield of the A.alpha.-isomer crystal greatly. Based on these findings, the inventors have established a process for producing the optically active ester of this invention very advantageously on an industrial scale.
The process comprises crystallizing an A.alpha.-isomer from a solution of an ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety in the presence or absence of a basic catalyst, followed by separation of the crystal from the mother liquor.
If crystallization and separation of the crystal are effected in the absence of a basic catalyst, the ester recovered from the mother liquor contains an increased amount of the A.beta.-isomer is brought into contact with a basic catalyst to epimerize it on the alcohol moiety. After the ratio of the A.alpha.-isomer to the A.beta.-isomer reaches equilibrium, the crystallization is further conducted whereby the ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety can be converted to the A.alpha.-isomer almost quantitatively. If crystallization and separation of the crystal are effected in the presence of a basic catalyst, it becomes possible to obtain the crystal of the A.alpha.-isomer in an amount higher than that initially contained (usually in an amount of about 50%) in the starting ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety. In this case, the ester remaining in the mother liquor may be recovered and purified for use as the starting material for the next crystallization.
Alternatively, the crystal of the A.alpha.-isomer is crystallized from the ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety in the presence of a basic catalyst, the basic catalyst is removed or inactivated (or neutralized) without separating the crystal from the mother liquor, and the whole is then subjected to concentration or the like to recover the ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety together with the crystal of the A.alpha.-isomer whereby the ester having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety which is rich in the A.alpha.-isomer becomes available.
This alternative method is more advantageous from the industrial and economical standpoints because it permits effective use of the A.alpha.-isomer remaining in the mother liquor without losing it and is a simpler operation.
In any of the methods described above, it is preferred that the starting ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety desirably is in the racemic form on the alcohol moiety, but in the presence of a basic catalyst, any proportion of the (S)-configuration to the (R)-configuration on the alcohol moiety may be used. It is preferred that the optical purity on the acid moiety is 80% or more, preferably 90% or more.
It is to be emphasized that the ester of the formula (I) having an (S)-configuration on the acid moiety which is rich in the A.alpha.-isomer may be recrystallized to provide the A.alpha.-isomer of higher purity.
In the process of this invention, since the ester used as the starting material is a liquid which is hardly fluid at the crystallization temperature, a solvent is generally used. Any solvent may be used without particular limitation so long as it dissolves therein the A-isomer or the A.beta.-isomer to a moderate extent and has a sufficiently low solubility to the A.alpha.-isomer. Examples of the solvent are aliphatic hydrocarbons, e.g., hexane, heptane, etc., alicyclic hydrocarbons, e.g., methylcyclohexane, etc., lower alcohols, e.g., methanol, ethanol, etc., and mixed solvents containing the same. Of these, the lower alcohols are preferred with methanol being particularly preferred. The concentration of the starting ester in the solution can be freely selected from the range of 1 to 95 wt%, preferably 20 to 80 wt%.
Crystallization of the A.alpha.-isomer is preferably performed by seeding with crystals. Examples of the seed crystals are the crystal of the A.alpha.-isomer or B.beta.-isomer of the corresponding ester, a mixture comprising equal amounts of these two crystals and a mixture of any proportion of these crystals. There is no particular limitation on the amount of the seed crystals used, and the use of a high amount of seed crystals generally results in rendering the more efficient crystallization. The crystallization of the A.alpha.-isomer can be carried out continuously or semicontinuously. In this case, the seeding with crystals may be effected only at the initiation of crystallization of the A.alpha.-isomer.
Examples of the basic catalyst include nitrogen-containing bases such as ammonia, hydrazine, methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, di-n-propylamine, di-n-butylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, cyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, aniline, 1-naphthylamine, pyridine, quinoline, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4,3,0]-none-5-ene, etc., phosphorus-containing bases such as triphenylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, etc., quaternary ammonium hydroxides such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide, etc., metal-containing bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium cyanide, sodium methylate, sodium hydride, sodium amide, talc, bentonite, etc., basic ion exchange resins, and the like, with the ammonia and triethylamine being preferred.
The proportion of the catalyst to the starting ester may be freely selected from the range of from 0.001 mol% to 100 mol%, preferably from 1 mol% to 100 mol%, if the catalyst is a weak base such as nitrogen-containing and phosphorus-containing bases, etc. Strong bases such as quaternary ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydride, etc., are desirably used in an amount not greater than 10 mol% to prevent significant decomposition of the catalyst.
Theoretically, a crystallization temperature lower than the melting point of the desired A.alpha.-isomer may be used, but the process of this invention is generally performed at a temperature lower than the melting point by about 20.degree. C. and preferably at -50.degree. C. to 0.degree. C.
The .alpha.-isomer or .beta.-isomer can be synthesized by reacting optically active 3-(4-halogenophenoxy)mandelic acid with (R,S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleryl chloride in accordance with the method taught in K. Aketa et al., Agric. Biol. Chem., 42 (4), 895-896 (1978) described above.
The compound and the process for preparing the same according to this invention are hereunder described in greater detail by reference to the following examples which are given here for illustrative purposes only and are by no means intended to limit the invention.

In the examples, the ratio of the A.alpha.-isomer to the A.beta.-isomer was analyzed by gas chromatography.
EXAMPLE 1
To 8.65 g (40 mmol) of 3-(4-fluorophenyloxy)-benzaldehyde were added 9.50 g (41 mmol) of S-(+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleryl chloride and then 30 cc of n-hexane, and the mixture was stirred in a nitrogen atmosphere. Separately, 2.48 g (95% grade, 48 mmol) of sodium cyanide and 80 mg of benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride were dissolved in 20 cc of water, and the solution was dropwise added to the mixture at 20.degree. to 25.degree. C. over a period of 30 minutes, followed by stirring the resulting mixture for 7 hours. The aqueous layer was separated, and 10 cc of toluene was added to the oily layer which was then washed twice with water. The oily layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 16.99 g (yield based on the aldehyde: 97.0%) of an A-isomer of a p-fluoroester (of the formula (I) wherein X is a fluorine atom) as a yellow viscous oily matter.
n.sub.D.sup.22.5.degree. =1.5602, [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.23.degree. =-7.7.degree. (in chloroform, C=4.9 g/dl)
EXAMPLE 2
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the S-(+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleryl chloride was replaced by R-(-)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleryl chloride to obtain a B-isomer of the p-fluoroester. (yield: 97.5%)
n.sub.D.sup.22.5.degree. =1.5621, [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.23.degree. =+8.4.degree. (in chloroform, C=2.0 g/dl)
EXAMPLE 3
The same procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the 3-(4-fluorophenyloxy)benzaldehyde was replaced by 3-(4-chlorophenyloxy)benzaldehyde to obtain an A-isomer of a p-chloroester (of the formula (I) wherein X is a chlorine atom). (yield: 98.4%)
n.sub.D.sup.22.5.degree. =1.5739, [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.23.degree. =-8.4.degree. (in chloroform, C=3.9 g/dl)
EXAMPLE 4
The same procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the 3-(4-fluorophenyloxy)benzaldehyde was replaced by 3-(4-bromophenyloxy)benzaldehyde to obtain an A-isomer of a p-bromoester (of the formula (I) wherein X is a bromine atom). (yield: 99.8%)
n.sub.D.sup.22.5.degree. =1.5828, [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.22.degree. =-9.9.degree. (in chloroform, C=2.3 g/dl)
EXAMPLE 5
700 mg of the A-isomer of the p-fluoroester prepared in Example 1 was dissolved in hexane, and the solution was adsorbed on a silica gel column (Lobar Column, Size B Lichroprep Si 60; a product of Merck Co.) and eluted with a mixed solvent of hexane and ethyl acetate (80:1). The eluate was subjected to gas chromatography to determine the ratio of the A.beta.-isomer to the A.alpha.-isomer. Fractions (A.alpha.-isomer) which were eluted later during the gas chromatograph were combined and concentrated to obtain 156 mg of the A.alpha.-isomer.
m.p.: 40.0.degree.-43.2.degree. C., [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.23.degree. =-10.7.degree. (in chloforom, C=3.1 g/dl)
EXAMPLE 6
The procedure of Example 5 was repeated to separate the A.alpha.-isomer of the p-chloroester from the A-isomer of the p-chloroester prepared in Example 3.
m.p.: 61.degree.-64.degree. C., [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.22.degree. =-9.5.degree. (in chloforom, C=3.2 g/dl)
EXAMPLE 7
The procedure of Example 5 was repeated to separate the A.alpha.-isomer of the p-bromoester from the A-isomer of the p-bromoester prepared in Example 4.
m.p.: 71.0.degree.-73.1.degree. C., [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.23.degree. =-7.5.degree. (in chloroform, C=0.93 g/dl)
EXAMPLE 8
5 g of the A-isomer of the p-fluoroester prepared in Example 1 was dissolved in 10 g of methanol, and the solution was cooled to -15.degree. C. A mixture of 1 mg of, as a seed crystal, the A.alpha.-isomer and 0.2 cc of a 10.5% ammonia-methanol solution was added to the solution, and the resulting mixture was stirred at -15.degree. C. for a day. The crystal was collected by filtration, washed with a small amount of cold methanol (-25.degree. to -10.degree. C.), and dried in vacuo to obtain 3.52 g of the crystal of A.alpha.-isomer. (yield: 70.4%).
m.p.: 40.6.degree.-43.5.degree. C. [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.24.degree. =-10.5.degree. (in chloroform, C=2.5 g/dl)
EXAMPLE 9
6.09 g of the A-isomer of the p-bromoester prepared in Example 4 was dissolved in 12.2 g of methanol, and the solution was cooled to -6.degree. C. A mixture of 0.2 cc of a 10.5% ammonia-methanol solution and 1 mg of, as a seed crystal, the A.alpha.-isomer was added to the solution, and the resulting mixture was stirred at -6.degree. C. One day later, the crystal was collected by filtration, washed with cold methanol (-15.degree. to -5.degree. C.) and vacuum-dried to provide 4.67 g (yield: 76.7%) of the A.alpha.-isomer.
m.p.: 71.0.degree.-73.0.degree. C., [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.24.degree. =-7.8.degree. (in chloroform, C=3.0 g/dl)
EXAMPLE 10
5 g of the A-isomer of the p-chloroester prepared in Example 3 was dissolved in 12.2 g of methanol, and the solution was cooled to -15.degree. C. A mixture of 0.2 cc of a 10.5% ammonia-methanol solution and 1 mg of, as a seed crystal, the A.alpha.-isomer was added to the solution, and the resulting mixture was stirred at -15.degree. C. One day later, 20 cc of toluene and 20 cc of a 1% aqueous hydrochloric acid were added to the reaction system, and the resulting mixture was thoroughly stirred at 20.degree. to 25.degree. C. The aqueous layer was separated, and the oily layer was thoroughly washed with water and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 4.81 g of the A-isomer containing 85% of the A.alpha.-isomer.
n.sub.D.sup.22.degree. =1.5498, [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.23.degree. =-9.0.degree. (in chloroform, C=1.9 g/dl)
The insecticides and/or acaricides of this invention are highly effective in controlling the below illustrated harmful insects on field crops, fruit trees, vegetables, forests and woodwork, insanitary insects and harmful insects on livestock, exhibit a high insecticidal and/or acaricidal activity and residual activity against these harmful insects, and have low toxicity to mice, rats and other mammals. For this reason, there is no particular limitation on the field where the compound of this invention can be used with advantage.
1. Order Hemiptera:
white-backed planthopper, smaller brown planthopper, brown planthopper, green rice leafhopper, grain aphid, green peach aphid, cotton aphid, cabbage aphid, common green stink bug, azalea lacewing bug, citrus phitefly
2. Order Lepidoptera:
peach leaf miner, tea leaf roller, apple leaf miner, citrus leaf miner, diamond-back moth, summer fruit tortrix, tea tortrix, rice stem borer, grass leaf roller, corn borer, pine moth, tent caterpillar, akebia leaf-like moth, armyworm, cabbage armyworm, tobacco cutworm, smaller citrus dog
3. Order Coleoptera:
striped flea beetle, daikon leaf beetle, rice leaf beetle, rice plant weevil, azuki bean weevil, cupreous chafer, soybean beetle
4. Order Diptera:
yellow fever mosquito, anopheles, common mosquito, housefly, onion maggot, green bottle fly, flesh fly, rice leaf miner
5. Order Orthoptera:
short-winged rice grasshopper
6. Order Isoptera:
Formosan subterranean termite, Japanese termite
7. Order Blattoidea:
German cockroach, American cockroach, smoky brown cockroach
8. Order Acarina:
carmine mite, two-spotted spider mite, sugi spider mite, citrus red mite, European red mite, Japanese citrus rust mite, cyclamen mite, cattle tick
The compound of this invention may be applied to the field without being combined with other ingredients, but it is more common to make a formulation using a carrier that facilitates handling as a controlling agent and to use the formulation after suitable dilution. Any desired formulation such as an emulsifiable concentrate, a wettable powder, a dust, a granule, a fine granule, an oil, an aerosol, a thermal fumigant (e.g., mosquito coil, an electric mosquito repellent, etc.), a spray such as fogging, a non-thermal fumigant, and poisonous bait may be made of the compound of this invention without requiring a special condition and in accordance with the method familiar to the skilled in the art of manufacture of general agrichemicals. The formulations prepared may be used in various applications depending on the purpose.
Two or more compounds of this invention may be combined to exhibit a higher insecticidal and/or acaricidal activity. The insecticidal and/or acaricidal activity of the compound of the invention may also be enhanced by mixing it with known synergists for pyrethroids, such as .alpha.-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene (hereinafter referred to as piperonylbutoxide (PBO)), 1,2-methylenedioxy-4-[2-(octylsulfinyl)propyl]-benzene (hereinafter referred to as sulfoxide), 4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxane (hereafter referred to safroxane), N-(2-ethylhexyl)bicyclo[2,2,1]-hepta-5-ene-2,3-dicarboximide (hereinafter referred to as MGK-264), octachlorodipropyl ether (referred to as S-421), isobronyl thiocyanoacetate (hereinafter referred to as thanite), etc., and known effective synergists for allethrin and pyrethrin.
While the compound of this invention is stable against light, heat and oxidation, a stabler compound may be made by incorporating therein a suitable amount of an antioxidant, a UV absorber, or a stabilizer such as a phenol derivative, e.g., BHT or BHA, a bisphenol derivative, arylamines such as phenyl-.alpha.-naphthylamine, phenyl-.beta.-naphthylamine, and a condensate of phenetidine and acetone, or a benzophenone compound.
Multipurpose compositions may be prepared or synergistic effect may be provided by combining the compound of this invention with other physiologically active substances such as allethrin, N-(chrysanthemoylmethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (hereinafter referred to as tetramethrin), 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl chrysanthemate (hereinafter referred to as resmethrin), 3-phenoxybenzyl chrysanthemate, 5-propargylfurfuryl chrysanthemate, and other known cyclopropane carboxylic esters and isomers thereof or pyrethrum extract, organophosphorus insecticides and acaricides such as O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)phosphorothioate (hereinafter referred to as fenitrothion), O,O-dimethyl O-4-cyanophenylphosphorothioate (hereinafter referred to as cyanophos) and O,O-dimethyl O-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphate (hereinafter referred to as dichlorovos), carbamate insecticides such as 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, 3,4-dimethylphenyl N-methylcarbamate, meta-tolyl N-methylcarbamate, O-sec-butylphenyl N-methylcarbamate, O-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate, 3-methyl-4-dimethylaminophenyl N-monomethylcarbamate and 4-dimethylamino 3,5-xylylmethylcarbamate, and other insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, nematocides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, fertilizers, pesticides against microorganism, insect hormones and other pesticides.
The compound of this invention may be incorporated in an insecticidal and/or acaricidal composition in an amount which preferably ranges from 0.001% to 80%, more preferably from 0.01% to 50%.
The high insecticidal and/or acaricidal efficacy of the compound of this invention is hereinafter described in detail by the following illustrative formulation examples and test examples.
______________________________________Compound No. Structureof this ["X" in the ExampleInvention formula (I)] Isomer No.______________________________________(1) A-Isomer 1 X: F(2) A.alpha.-Isomer 5(3) X: Cl A.alpha.-Isomer 6(4) A-Isomer 4 X: Br(5) A.alpha.-Isomer 7______________________________________
FORMULATION EXAMPLE 1
10 parts of each of the compounds of this invention, (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) was mixed with 15 parts of Sorpol 3005x (a registered trademark of Toho Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 75 parts of xylene, and the mixture was thoroughly stirred to provide a 10% emulsifiable concentrate.
FORMULATION EXAMPLE 2
0.5 part of each of the compounds of this invention, (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) was dissolved in 20 parts of acetone. To the solution was added 99.5 parts of 300 mesh clay, and the mixture was thoroughly stirred. The acetone was distilled off to provide a 0.5% dust.
FORMULATION EXAMPLE 3
0.2 part of each of the compounds of this invention, (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) was mixed with 2 parts of m-tolyl N-methylcarbamate and 0.3 part of PAP (isopropyl acid phosphate), and the mixture was dissolved in 20 parts of acetone. To the solution was added 97.5 parts of 300 mesh clay, and the mixture was stirred thoroughly. The acetone was distilled off to provide a 2.2% dust.
FORMULATION EXAMPLE 4
50 parts of each of the compounds of this invention, (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) was thoroughly mixed with Sorpol 5029-0 (special anionic surfactant). To the mixture was added 45 parts of 300 mesh diatomaceous earth, and the resulting mixture was thoroughly stirred to provide a 50% wettable powder.
FORMULATION EXAMPLE 5
10 parts of each of the compounds of this invention (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) was mixed with 2.0 parts of dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorothionate. To the mixture were added 5 parts of Sorpol 3005x (described above) and 80 parts of 300 mesh diatomaceous earth. The resulting mixture was thoroughly stirred to provide a 30% wettable powder.
FORMULATION EXAMPLE 6
2 parts of each of the compounds of this invention, (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) was thoroughly mixed with 2 parts of sodium lignin sulfonate (binder) and 96 parts of clay (carrier) in a triturator. Water was added to the mixture with stirring in an amount of 10 wt% based on the mixture. The resulting mixture was passed through a granulator to form granules which were then air-dried to provide a 2% granule.
FORMULATION EXAMPLE 7
0.5 part of the compound (1) of this invention was dissolved in illuminating kerosine to make a total of 100 parts to provide a 0.5% oil.
FORMULATION EXAMPLE 8
A mixture of 0.5 part of the compound (2) of this invention and 2 parts of PBO (described above) was dissolved in illuminating kerosine to make a total of 100 parts to provide a 0.5% oil.
It will be demonstrated by the following test examples that the thus formulated insecticides and acaricides of this invention exhibit a high efficacy.
In the following test examples, the "racemate" (conventional product) of each of the compounds of the formula (I) was formulated in the same procedures as in each test example and then used as a reference compound.
Reference Compound
(a): a compound of the formula (I) wherein
X=F
(b): a compound of the formula (I) wherein
X=Cl
(c): a compound of the formula (I) wherein
X=Br
TEST EXAMPLE 1
Each of the emulsifiable concentrates prepared from the compounds of this invention, (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) in the procedures described in Formulation Example 1 was diluted with water to a predetermined concentration, and a sticker containing 20% of an alkylphenol polyethylene glycol ether and 12% of a salt of lignin sulfonic acid was added to the solution in an amount of 1 ml per 3,000 ml of the solution. Leaves of cabbage 2 months old after seeding were immersed in each solution for 1 minute. Ten 3rd-instar larvae of tobacco cutworm were further immersed in each solution for 10 seconds. The leaves and cutworms were air-dried and placed in each plastic cup having a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 4 cm. 48 hours later, the alive and dead was evaluated to obtain the LC.sub.50 (median lethal concentration) (ppm).
______________________________________ LC.sub.50 Relative EfficacyCompound (ppm) (reference compound: 100)______________________________________Compound (1) 2.3 217Compound (2) 1.2 417ReferenceCompound (a) 5.0 100Compound (3) 3.9 390ReferenceCompound (b) 15.2 100Compound (4) 9.5 211Compound (5) 4.2 476ReferenceCompound (c) 20.0 100______________________________________
TEST EXAMPLE 2
The compounds of this invention, (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) were diluted with acetone to a predetermined concentration, and 0.5 .mu.l of each solution was topically applied to thorax of female adult CSMA-strain houseflies with a microsyringe. The flies were placed in a plastic cup having a diameter of 12 cm containing therein cotton absorbent impregnated with 3% sugar water. 24 hours later, the alive and dead was evaluated to determine the LD.sub.50 (median lethal dose) (.mu.g/insect).
______________________________________ LD.sub.50 Relative EfficacyCompound (.mu.g/insect) (reference compound: 100)______________________________________Compound (1) 0.019 216Compound (2) 0.010 410ReferenceCompound (a) 0.041 100Compound (3) 0.016 388ReferenceCompound (b) 0.062 100Compound (4) 0.035 229Compound (5) 0.018 444ReferenceCompound (c) 0.080 100______________________________________
TEST EXAMPLE 3
The dusts prepared from the compounds of this invention, (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) in the procedures described in Formulation Example 2 were applied to rice seedlings planted in each 3 inch pot and 20 days old after seeding. A bell-jar duster was used to apply each dust at a pressure of 200 mmHg at a rate of 2 kg/10 ares. After the treatment, each pot was enclosed with a metal screen cage in which about 30 adult green rice leafhoppers were released. 24 hours later, the alive and dead was evaluated to found that the leafhoppers were completely killed.
TEST EXAMPLE 4
10 to 15 female adult carmine mites were placed on each leaf of potted kidney beans (2-leaf stage) 9 days old after seeding. After standing in a constant temperature room at 27.degree. C. for a week, a lot of mites in various growth stages were observed on the beans. Each of the emulsifiable concentrates prepared from the compounds of this invention (1) and (2) in the procedures described in Formulation Example 1 was diluted 500-fold with water and applied to the beans on a turntable at a rate of 10 ml/pot. Observation 10 days later showed the mite-released kidney beans were little damaged.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

Number	Date	Country
853411	Oct 1977	BEX
857859	Dec 1977	BEX
2289	Jun 1979	EPX
7806273	Dec 1978	NLX
7807368	Jan 1979	NLX
2001964	Feb 1979	GBX
2014137	Aug 1979	GBX

Process for preparing optically active .alpha.-cyano-3-(4-halogenophenoxy)-benzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate

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