Patent Application
20240407397
This application claims priority of the Luxembourg application LU504450, filed on Jun. 7, 2023, the entire content thereof being incorporated by reference herein
The present invention relates to an animal feed and to a process for producing an animal feed.
Diets of mammals, such as monogastric animals, i.e., poultry, pigs, fish, and of polygastric animals, i.e., ruminants, are an important source of energy for the animals.
The source of the energy in the diets is supplied by dietary proteins. The dietary proteins provide essential amino acids, i.e., amino acids that are not synthesized by the animals. The essential amino acids are also termed indispensable amino acids.
Essential amino acids of the monogastric animals are, for example, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Lysine is especially an important essential amino acid for the monogastric animals, as disclosed by Larkins et al. in “Modification of maize-seed-protein quality”, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 58, Issue 2, August 1993, Pages 264S-269S. Arginine is an essential amino acid for birds and fish more specifically.
The animal feeds of the monogastric animals further require a source of nitrogen provided by the amino acids that can be used for synthesizing the remaining amino acids, i.e. amino acids that are not essential amino acids but that are necessary for providing sufficient energy to the monogastric animals.
Two amino acids, cysteine and tyrosine, can be synthesized by the monogastric animals but only from the essential amino acids methionine and phenylalanine. The cysteine and the tyrosine are termed semi-indispensable or semi-essential for monogastric animals. Consequently, a dietary supply of the cysteine and the tyrosine spares the need for essential, i.e., indispensable amino acids.
The diets of the polygastric animals, i.e. the ruminants, must also comprise essential, i.e., indispensable amino acids. The ruminants are capable of synthesizing amino acids. Therefore, it is enough to provide animal feeds to the ruminants with sufficient nitrogen in form of amino acids.
Arginine is synthesized as part of the urea cycle in mammals. Glycine and serine may not be synthesized in sufficient quantities for mammals, such as for young mammals and, for example, for rapidly growing chicks. Glycine and serine are termed “conditionally indispensable” amino acids for the good functioning of the body of mammals, as disclosed by Miller in the article “Protein nutrition requirements of farmed livestock and dietary supply”, accessed on 28. Apr. 2023.
Diets must meet basic physiological needs of the animals, e.g., the needs for energy, protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. The diets must further ensure optimal growth and productivity of the animals. Deficiencies can be compensated by feed supplements, such as vitamins, among others.
Nutritional feeding management should consider the digestive function, the age, the sex, the breed, the lactation status, and the gestational status, as well as the physical activity and the environmental conditions of the animals. Nutritionally related diseases in companion animals include both diseases of an excess of essential nutrients, and diseases of a deficiency of essential nutrients. The animal feeds and the nutritional feeding management can also influence the animal health if feeding results in an exposure to foodborne hazards, such as physical objects or chemicals, e.g. mycotoxins, allergens, or microbes, as disclosed by Torremorell in “Biosecurity of Animals”, MSD Veterinary Manual, last review/revision in February 2021 and modified in November 2022.
Animal studies, as disclosed by Miller in the article “Protein nutrition requirements of farmed livestock and dietary supply”, accessed on 28 Apr. 2023, confirmed that protein deficiency reduces the immune status of the animals. Tsiagbe et al. in the article “Efficacy of Cysteine in Replacing Methionine in the Immune Responses of Broiler Chick”, Poultry Science, Volume 66, Issue 7, 1987, pages 1138-1146, showed the effect of supplemental methionine and cysteine, that are sulfur amino acids, on growth and immune responses of broiler chicks fed corn-soy diets. Tsiagbe et al. found that cysteine is important for the immune response of broiler chicks and that it can replace methionine to a large extent in this role for the immune response. Konashi et al. conducted experiments that are described in “Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens”. Br J Nutr. 2000 April; 83 (4): 449-56. PMID: 10858703 for determining the effects of essential amino acid deficiencies on several immunological variables in male broiler chickens.
The response of the animals to an animal feed depends on complex interactions among the composition, the preparation, and the consequent nutritive value of the diets. Animal feeds are rated on productive energy and protein content of the animal feeds.
Rating the protein content of the animal feeds is performed by measuring the crude protein content. This is analyzed by determining the nitrogen (N) content in the animal feed, which is recalculated via a nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor, leading to the amount of crude protein present. Measuring the crude protein content in the animal feeds is of utmost importance for all animals.
Nevertheless, limiting amino acids are essential amino acids that are present in the lowest content in a protein relative to a reference protein.
Lysine or methionine and cysteine are first or second limiting amino acids for the monogastric animals. The nature of the limiting amino acids for the ruminants depends on the maturity state of the ruminants. Mature ruminants are generally capable of synthesizing amino acids in the rumen. Therefore, there are no limiting amino acids for the mature ruminants. Lactating ruminants and infant ruminants are, in contrast, not capable of synthesizing sufficient amino acids. Therefore, the amino acid composition of the animal feeds for the lactating ruminants and for the infant ruminants is all the more of great interest.
The limiting amino acids are used for further rating the animal feed by calculating a chemical score (CS) amino acid. The CS amino acid is an indicator of the quality of a protein and is evaluated by the following equation (1):
wherein the ideal content of the essential amino acid is the content of the reference essential amino acid pattern.
The most limiting amino acid in the protein is reflected by the lowest CS amino acid.
Differences between animal species in their digestive system also affect the required concentration of protein in the animal feed. Carnivores have no ability to digest fibrous feed and even have a limited ability to digest starchy carbohydrates. Consequently, the diet of carnivores has to comprise more of both protein and fat, but the protein-to-energy ratio is not greatly increased compared with pigs and poultry. Fishes appear to have much higher protein needs than mammals. Aquaculture diets are a very important area in developing countries. The animal feeds of fishes comprise high content of proteins. This is not due to a greater need for protein by the fishes but a smaller need for energy, as disclosed by Miller in the article “Protein nutrition requirements of farmed livestock and dietary supply”, accessed on 28. April 2023.
Digestibility is defined as the difference between the amount of nitrogen (N) ingested and excreted, expressed as a proportion of N ingested.
Camp Montoro et al. describe in “High levels of standardized ileal digestible amino acids improve feed efficiency in slow-growing pigs at late grower-finisher stage” (DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13610) studies performed on slow- and fast-growing pigs to see the difference in levels of standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA).
Ileal digestibility is used as an estimate for AA bioavailability in e.g. pig feed ingredients. These values can be denoted as standardized ileal digestibility, when the basal loss of AA is taken into account for calculation of the ileal digestibility, as defined by H. H. Stein et al., “Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs”, Livestock Science, Volume 109, Issues 1-3, 2007, pages 282-285.
The studies of Camp Montoro show that an increase in SID of lysine per total of amino acids leads to a higher pig feed efficiency for slow-growing pigs. Thus, nutrient requirements may vary depending on a growth rate of animals for a same age of the animals.
Specific limiting amino acids or vitamins could be a problem for lactating adult females under the heavy stress of milk production, as disclosed by Van Soest et al. in “Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant”, Cornell University Press, 1994.
Miller discloses in “Protein nutrition requirements of farmed livestock and dietary supply,” accessed on Apr. 28, 2023, that processing an animal feed for the monogastric animals under mild conditions, for example under low temperatures, results in a better digestibility of the animal feed, that is especially important for young mammals and fish.
Miller describes in particular that the mild conditions in presence of reducing sugars or sucrose result in a reaction of the epsilon-amino group of lysine with potential aldehyde groups of the reducing sugars or the sucrose to form early Maillard reaction products, such as fructosyl-lysine or formyl-lysine. The formation of the fructosyl-lysine or the formyl-lysine results in a loss of lysine. The reaction occurs further when proteins are even stored for substantially long times at 37° C. in the presence of the reducing sugars or the sucrose. The fructosyl-lysine and the formyl-lysine are absorbed by the monogastric animals, but they are not metabolized by the monogastric animals.
Animal feeds for the ruminants are not significantly influenced in their digestibility by heat treatment, especially when the composition of the amino acids of the animal feed is balanced to fulfill the required needed amino acids of the ruminants.
When the process does not comprise reducing sugars, process conditions of temperatures above 100° C. and high duration, for e.g. several hours, result in a loss of lysine, as disclosed by Carpenter and Booth, 1973.
These process conditions lead to cross-links being formed between the epsilon-amino group of lysine and the carboxyl group of aspartic acid and glutamic acid (or their amides) to form new peptide-like cross bonds (Hurrell et al., 1976). Further, under these process conditions, cystine loses hydrogen sulfide to form a dehydroalanine residue and a cysteine residue. The dehydroalanine residue and the cysteine residue recombine to form lanthionine, thereby creating a new C—S—C cross-link between peptide chains between the epsilon-amino group of lysine and between the carboxyl group of aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
Heating proteins in the absence of reducing sugars under milder conditions, for example, between 7° and 120° C., and for a duration of 20 minutes, results in a loss of sulfhydryl groups in the cysteine residues and an increase in disulfide bonds in the cysteine residues with little loss of the total cysteine, as disclosed in Opstvedt et al., “Heat-induced changes in sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds in fish protein and their effect on protein and amino acid digestibility in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1984 July; 32 (4): 929-935. DOI: 10.1021/jf00124a056. The heating causes the formation of new S—S cross-links in the proteins and also causes the rearrangement of existing disulfide bonds during denaturation of proteins, reducing protein digestibility and amino acid digestibility, according to Opstvedt et al.
Dehydroalanine may also be formed by dehydration of serine. Under certain conditions, especially under alkaline pH, the epsilon-amino group of lysine reacts with dehydroalanine to form a lysinoalanine cross link. The lysinoalanine cross link reduces the digestibility of the protein and hence the availability of all amino acids, not just the amino acids directly involved, i.e. the lysine and the dehydroalanine.
It should be noted that the digestibility of an animal feed produced from a protein source containing prolamin may be linked to the content of hydrophobic amino acids in the animal feed. The hydrophobic amino acids may be alanine (Ala), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), valine (Val), proline (Pro), glycine (Gly), tryptophan (Trp), and tyrosine (Tyr). Gulati et al in “Heating Reduces Proso Millet Protein Digestibility via Formation of Hydrophobic Aggregates”. J Agric Food Chem. 2017 Mar. 8; 65(9):1952-1959. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05574. Epub 2017 Feb. 23. PMID: 28198183 states that a reduction of the content of hydrophobic amino acids in the animal feed in view of the amino acid composition of the protein source results in an increase of the digestibility of the animal feed.
It should be noted that the digestibility of an animal feed produced from a protein source containing prolamin may further be defined by the pepsin non-digestible protein fraction in the animal feed. A value of the pepsin non-digestible protein fraction below 25% is a “normal” value, a value above 30% is a sign for too intense heat-treatment conducted on the protein source (“Die praktische Anwendung der Proteinbewertung für Wiederkäuer in der Rationsgestaltung für Milchrinder”, M. Hoffmann, L K V Sachsen, 2011). The pepsin digestibility assay is one of the most widely used assays to evaluate the quality of an animal feed and protein ingredients according to Bryan D D S L, Classen H L. In Vitro Methods of Assessing Protein Quality for Poultry. Animals. 2020; 10(4):551. Rumen degradable protein is also reduced with increasing heat treatment, according to Bryan D D S L et al. Bryan D D S L et al. further discloses that in addition, an amino acid loss can be triggered through heat processing of protein meal, most commonly by Maillard reactions.
Prolamins are defined by Osborne in The chemistry of the protein-bodies of the wheat kernel. Part I. The protein soluble in alcohol and its glutaminic acid content. In: American Journal of Physiology. 1905; 13:35-44 as proteins that can be extracted in aqueous ethanol, in comparison to other proteins such as albumins that are extractable with water, globulins that are extractable with saline solution and glutelins that are substantially not extractable.
Current animal feeds comprise globulins and a protein source containing prolamin(s).
There are nutritional limitations in the current animal feeds because the globulins and the prolamins are devoid or deficient in one or more amino acids required for the animals. The prolamins in cereals are generally devoid of lysine, whereas the globulins in legumes are limited in the content of sulfur-containing amino acids, i.e., methionine and cysteine.
Various types of biotechnological approaches have been considered for improving the amino acid composition of the current animal feeds made of, for example, maize. One type of biotechnological approaches is producing, for example, transgenic maize plants, as disclosed by Holding et al. in “Recent advances in the study of prolamin storage protein organization and function”, Frontiers in Plant Science, Plant Evolution and Development, June 2014, Volume 5, Article 276. One major drawback of the production of the transgenic maize plants is that a material imported into Europe containing more than 0.9% of any genetic modified organism (GMO) has to be GMO-labeled.
Overall, using maize grains as a major energy source, or corn gluten meal as a protein supplement, leads to a low contribution of lysine in the animal feed. Lysine has to be supplemented chemically in the animal feeds. A chemically supplemented lysine has a bioavailability more limited compared to a naturally supplemented lysine, i.e. lysine that is originally present in the animal feed, as disclosed in “Many lysine sources degrade in the rumen, losing their effectiveness”.
Current animal feeds are also produced from millet, according to Gulati et al. in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017, 65 (9), 1952-195, doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05574. According to Gulati et al., about 51% of proso millet protein is made up of hydrophobic amino acid residues. The hydrophobic amino acid residues might be responsible for low digestibility of the proso millet protein by animals.
Sorghum was also investigated to be used as a source for producing animal feeds, but sorghum has a property of poor digestibility of prolamins.
Zein and kafirin proteins are packaged into protein bodies that are inherently recalcitrant to digestion. The recalcitrance of the protein bodies results from the disulfide cross-linked nature of γ-prolamins. The γ-prolamins form a shell of relatively low surface area, i.e. the surface area that enzymes attack to digest the protein of the γ-prolamins is substantially low in view of the amount of γ-prolamin packaged, as disclosed by Holding et al. in “Recent advances in the study of prolamin storage protein organization and function”, Frontiers in Plant Science, Plant Evolution and Development, June 2014, Volume 5, Article 276.
Mycotoxins are toxins produced naturally by fungi, for example by species of fungi of the Aspergillus, Penicillium or Fusarium genus. The species of fungi grow on different sorts of crops and foodstuffs, including cereals, and grow under any environmental conditions, as disclosed by “Mycotoxins,” World Health Organization, Oct. 2, 2023. The growth of the species of fungi can take place before, after the harvesting, or during storing the crops. Most mycotoxins are chemically stable and survive food processing.
Mycotoxins cause a toxic response when the mycotoxins are ingested by animals above a certain concentration. The symptoms of the ingestion of the mycotoxin comprise reduced animal productivity, reduced body weight gain, reduced fertility and immune suppression, resulting in increased susceptibility to diseases and parasites to overt disease and death, as disclosed by Streit E et al., Current Situation of Mycotoxin Contamination and Co-occurrence in Animal Feed—Focus on Europe. Toxins. 2012; 4(10):788-809.
The mycotoxins that have gained the most attention are aflatoxins (AF), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA), because these mycotoxins are abundant in animal feeds originating from maize, are widely distributed, and have serious health effects on animals.
SU 639 511 A1 further discloses treating a feedstuff, i.e., washing a feedstuff, with sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3). NaHSO3 is suitable for the removal of water soluble proteins, or proteins solubilized by breaking disulfide bridges, only. This further leads to a change of amino acid concentrations in the obtained animal feed. Since the solubility of hydrophobic prolamins is not similar in NaHSO3 as in an organic solvent, such as an aqueous ethanol solution, a washing of a protein source containing prolamin with NaHSO3 does not result in removing the same substances than conducting a washing of a protein source containing prolamin with a first organic solvent, followed by a washing with a second organic solvent.
NaHSO3 is also known as being applied for steeping of corn, as disclosed in Yang, P. et al., (2005), Effect of Steeping with Sulfite Salts and Adjunct Acids on Corn Wet-Milling Yields and Starch Properties. Cereal Chemistry, 82: 420-424. The steeping of corn is the pre-processing condition of CGM happening at e.g., raw material suppliers. The effect of NaHSO3 is mainly to soften the kernel of CGM, for further removing water-soluble proteins and y-zein being water soluble after treatment with NaHSO3 or SO2, for example.
Therefore, there is a need for a process capable of producing an animal feed with increased amounts of essential amino acids.
There is a need for a process capable of producing an animal feed with reduced mycotoxin contents.
This problem is solved by the subject-matter of claims 1, 4, 6, 8 and 17. Further aspects and preferred embodiments of the present invention are defined in the process and use claims as well as in the dependent claims and result from the following description, the appended examples and especially the appended further patent claims.
An aspect of a process for producing an animal feed from a protein source containing prolamin is taught in this disclosure. The process comprises a first washing of the protein source containing prolamin followed by at least a second washing of the solid phase obtained from the first washing, thereby obtaining again a solid phase as the animal feed and at least two liquid phases. Parameters of washing are set such that the at least two liquid phases in sum yield at least 22% of initial glutamic acid, at least 22% of initial proline, at most 60% of initial lysine, and at least 20% of initial mycotoxins.
The term “initial” refers to the content in the protein source containing prolamin.
The term “at least 22% of initial glutamic acid” means “at least 22% in respect to the content of glutamic acid of the protein source containing prolamin”.
The first washing enables to remove most of the initial mycotoxins from the protein source containing prolamin by extracting most of the initial mycotoxins (AF, DON, ZEA, OXA) in the first liquid phase, resulting in a concentration of mycotoxins in the animal feed lower than the overall concentration of mycotoxins of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s).
The extraction of the initial protein with low relative lysine content (based on total protein) into the second liquid phase(s) results in obtaining the animal feed with higher relative lysine content (based on total protein) than the protein source containing prolamin.
It is to be noted that not only the second washing can be foreseen as subsequent washings, i.e., a cascade system of washings, but the first washing as well may comprise subsequent washing.
Still, it is to be noted that it is essential to use different organic solvents or solvent/water mixtures.
In one aspect, the at least two liquid phases comprise from 22% to 70% of initial glutamic acid, from 22% to 75% of initial proline, from 10% to 60% of initial lysine, and from 20% to 90% of initial mycotoxins, if the initial concentration of mycotoxins is at least above 200 μg/kg.
In one aspect, the at least two liquid phases comprise 22% to 24% of initial glutamic acid, from 22% to 30% of initial proline, from 11% to 15% of initial lysine and from 41% to 50% of initial mycotoxins, where initial means protein source containing prolamin.
A process for producing an animal feed from a protein source containing prolamin, comprising the steps of washing the protein source containing prolamin with a first organic solvent to obtain a first solid phase and a first liquid phase, removing prolamin by washing the first solid phase with a second organic solvent to obtain a second solid phase and at least one second liquid phase, the second solid phase being obtained as the animal feed, wherein the animal feed comprises glutamic acid at a concentration as compared to the protein source containing prolamin decreased by at least 22%, proline at a concentration as compared to the protein source containing prolamin decreased by at least 22%, mycotoxins at a concentration as compared to the protein source containing prolamin decreased by at least 20%, and lysine at a concentration as compared to the protein source containing prolamin increased by at least 40%. The animal feed contains at most 50% of initial mycotoxins, in case of severe mycotoxin load.
The washing of the protein source containing prolamin with the first organic solvent enables to reduce the amount of the mycotoxins. The washing of the first solid phase with the second organic solvent enables to remove proteins with low lysine content.
Therefore the animal feed produced by the process has a reduced amount of mycotoxins and additionally a higher amount of lysine compared to the protein source containing prolamin.
The animal feed comprises at least 4% increased amount of sulfur-containing amino acids and at least 40% increased lysine content compared to the initial raw material, i.e., the protein source containing prolamin. Furthermore, the animal feed comprises at most 60 mg/g dry matter of fatty acids, including at most 9 mg/g dry matter of saturated fatty acids; and the amount of mycotoxin is reduced by at least 20%. The process further enables increasing the content of arginine by 30% compared to the protein source containing prolamin. The content of glycine in the animal feed produced by the process of the present invention is also more than doubled compared to the content of glycine in an animal feed produced in a classical wet-milling process, such as described by Kent et al., Chapter 18-Wet Milling: The Basis for Corn Biorefineries, Corn (Third Edition), AACC International Press, 2019, pages 501-535.
The animal feed of the present invention comprises higher methionine and cysteine content, such as 3 g per 16 g N in comparison to the animal feed of the prior art, as disclosed by the article “Protein nutrition requirements of farmed livestock and dietary supply,” accessed on 28. Apr. 2023, comprising about 2.8 g per 16 g N. The animal feed of the present invention further comprises a higher lysine content, of 2.4 g per 16 g N compared to 1.2 g per 19 g N. In one aspect, the animal feed contains <0.1 g sugar per 100 g.
In another aspect, a process for producing an animal feed from a protein source containing prolamin, comprising the steps of washing the protein source containing prolamin with a first organic solvent to obtain a first solid phase and a first liquid phase, removing prolamin by washing the first solid phase with a second organic solvent to obtain a second solid phase and a second liquid phase, until the second solid phase is obtained as the animal feed, wherein the animal feed comprises a content of glutamic acid lower than the overall amount of glutamic acid of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s), a content of proline lower than the overall amount of proline of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s), a content of lysine higher than the overall amount of lysine of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s) and an amount of mycotoxins lower than the overall amount of mycotoxins of the protein source containing prolamin.
It is assumed that there was no major heat treatment interfering with the digestibility of the animal feed based on a pepsin-nondigestible protein value being below 25%.
It is assumed that the animal feed has an improved digestibility as parts of hydrophobic amino acids are removed out of the animal feed. Additionally, no significant heat treatment is conducted during the present process that would result in reducing the digestibility.
The “overall amount of glutamic acid of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s)” refers to a sum of a first fraction of glutamic acid from the first liquid phase and a second fraction of glutamic acid from the second liquid phase.
It is intended to have substantially no glutamic acid nor other amino acids in the first liquid phase. It is intended to obtain an amino acid content in the second liquid phase and in the second solid phase to be the same amount as the amino acid content in the protein source containing prolamin.
It is to be noted that conducting the step of washing the first solid phase with a second organic solvent to obtain a second solid phase and a second liquid phase, until the second solid phase is obtained as the animal feed has been obtained by intense research and is a motivated choice to obtain an improved animal feed, and in particular to obtain an animal feed with improved digestibility.
The inventors have indeed conducted washing of the first solid phase with the second organic solvent to obtain a second solid phase and a second liquid phase, until the second solid phase is obtained as the animal feed, so that obtaining the specific content of amino acid claim.
Though washing is a well-known technique in the feedstuff production technical domain, there was prior to the present invention a prejudice against conducting more than one washing, for environmental and economic reasons, as using more solvent implies recycling the solvent in a proper and clean way, which is time and cost consuming. The process claimed provides for a unique solution with highly specific indication that from the overall contents of the protein source containing a prolamin is obtained that has less than half of initial the content of glutamic as the content of glutamic acid is defined to lower than the overall amount of glutamic acid of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s). In other words, more than half is washed out. Concurrently a content of proline is also lower than the overall amount of proline of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s). In other words, more than half is washed out. Further concurrently, and against expectations the process needs to be adjusted such that a content of lysine is higher than the overall amount of lysine of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s), while the amount of mycotoxins needs to be lower than the overall amount of mycotoxins of the protein source containing prolamin. There is no hint at providing multistage washing and the expectation of the person skilled in the art would indeed be that all components be constantly washed out and their content reduced. In full contrast thereto the invention provides for reducing the concentrations of unwanted matter while increasing the content in proline. In other words, the inventive process is very specific in that it uses two different washing steps, and only by combining two different washing steps it is possible to reduce the generally unwanted components and to select among the proteins the specific ones that are advantageous for animal feed while reducing the ones that are more difficult to digest, i.e. having more complex folding configurations no disclosure.
In another aspect, a process for producing an animal feed from a protein source containing prolamin, comprising the steps of washing the protein source containing prolamin with a first organic solvent to obtain a first solid phase and a first liquid phase, removing prolamin by washing the first solid phase with a second organic solvent to obtain a second solid phase and a second liquid phase, until the second solid phase is obtained as the animal feed, wherein the liquid phases together comprise at least 120 mg/g of glutamic acid, at least 40 mg/g of proline, at most 7 mg/g of lysine, and at least 400 μg/kg mycotoxins is provided.
In one aspect, the step of washing the protein source containing prolamin with the first organic solvent is performed until the content of mycotoxins is less than 500 μg/kg in the first solid phase, in particular the animal feed comprises 90 μg/kg dry matter of mycotoxins, including 40 μg/kg dry matter of Deoxynivalenol and 40 μg/kg dry matter of Zearalenone.
In one further aspect, the step of extracting prolamin from and washing the first solid phase with a second organic solvent is performed using parameters and/or cascaded multiple runs until the content of prolamin is less than 60% of the initial prolamin content, in particular the animal feed comprises 500 mg/g dry matter of proteins, including 110 mg/g of glutamic acid, 37 mg/g of proline and at least 10 mg/g of lysine.
In one aspect, the first organic solvent comprises at least 90% by weight of ethanol and the washing is conducted so as to reduce the mycotoxin content by at least 10%, in particular during at least half an hour and at a temperature of at least 20° C., in particular three hours at 30° C.
In a further aspect, the second organic solvent is a water/ethanol solution comprising at most 95 wt % of ethanol. In a further aspect, the second organic solvent is a water/ethanol solution comprising at least 60% by weight of ethanol, preferably the second organic solvent comprises between 60% by weight and 95% by weight of ethanol, preferably 70% by weight of ethanol, more preferably 65% by weight of ethanol. The washing is conducted during at least half an hour, preferably one hour, and at a temperature of at least 50° C.
In a further aspect, the process for producing the animal feed is advantageously not heated above 100° C., so that no new disulfide-bonds are introduced in the proteins according to the processing conditions. Catalyzed reactions, such as unwanted reactions, Maillard reactions, due to high temperatures are also prevented, preventing a reduction of the digestibility of the animal feed.
An animal feed from a protein source containing prolamin is further taught in this disclosure. The animal feed comprises at least 450 mg/g dry matter of proteins, including at most 130 mg/g of glutamic acid, at most 40 mg/g of proline, at least 7 mg/g of lysine, and at most 15000 μg/kg dry matter of mycotoxins.
The animal feed comprises at most 80% of glutamic acid in respect to the protein source containing prolamin, at most 70% of proline in respect to the protein source containing prolamin, at least 40% of lysine in respect to the protein source containing prolamin. At least 20% of mycotoxins are reduced in respect to the protein source containing prolamin.
In one aspect, the protein fraction of the at least two liquid phases together comprise at least 150 mg/g of glutamic acid, at least 60 mg/g of proline, and at least 250 μg/kg of mycotoxin, but at most 7 mg/g of lysine.
In one further aspect, the protein fraction in the animal feed comprises a concentration of glutamic acid of at most 120 mg/g, a concentration of proline of at most 40 mg/g, a concentration of lysine of at least 7 mg/g. In this aspect, the animal feed contains a concentration of mycotoxins of at most 90 μg/kg mycotoxins.
The animal feed of the invention is, in one aspect, produced under acidic conditions, for example at pH of at most 7.0 and not under alkaline pH, thereby reducing the risks of a formation of additional cross-links in the animal feed, such as lysinoalanine cross-links.
The protein fraction of the animal feed comprises advantageously at least 5% increased amount of sulfur-containing amino acids and at least 50% increased lysine content compared to the initial raw material. Furthermore, the animal feed comprises at most 60 mg/g dry matter of fatty acids, including at most 9 mg/g dry matter of saturated fatty acids; and the mycotoxin content is reduced by at least 20%.
In a further aspect, the animal feed comprises 25 μg/kg dry matter of mycotoxin. The mycotoxin content is indicated as the sum of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A.
The process comprises providing a protein source containing prolamin, such as corn gluten meal. The protein source containing prolamin comprises glutamic acid, proline, lysine and mycotoxins, termed as initial glutamic acid, initial proline, initial lysine and initial mycotoxins.
The process comprises a washing, i.e. a first washing, of the protein source containing prolamin.
The first washing is, in one example, with a first solvent, preferably a first organic solvent.
The first washing is, in another example, with a supercritical gas, preferably supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2).
The first washing, i.e. the washing with the first organic solvent, enables to obtain a first solid phase and a first liquid phase. The first washing is conducted for at least 15 minutes, preferably for one hour, at room temperature.
The first solid phase comprises, for example, substantially carbohydrates and substantially proteins and a reduced content of mycotoxins as compared to the protein source containing prolamin.
The first liquid phase comprises, for example, fatty acids, pigments, polyphenols and mycotoxins. The mycotoxins are, for example, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A. The fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated acids. The saturated fatty acids are, for example, palmitic acid. The unsaturated fatty acids are, for example, oleic and linoleic acid.
An advantage of the first washing is that at least 40% of the initial Deoxynivalenol concentration is removed from the protein source containing prolamin.
In one example, the inventors were surprisingly able to reduce the initial Deoxynivalenol concentration by 50%.
Another advantage of the first washing is that at least 20% of the initial Zearalenone concentration is removed from the protein source containing prolamin.
In a further example, the inventors were able to reduce the initial Zearalenone concentration by 72%.
The first liquid phase is, for example, further processed for recovering the first organic solvent from the first liquid phase. In one example, the first liquid phase is recovered by evaporation for better recycling the first organic solvent from the first liquid phase. The process for recovering the first organic solvent can be conducted in a combined distillation and dehydration system for removing impurities from the first solvent.
The first organic solvent comprises, for example, ethanol. The first organic solvent comprises at least 90% by weight of ethanol, preferably at least 95% by weight of ethanol, more preferably 98% by weight of ethanol.
The first washing, i.e. the washing of the protein source containing prolamin with the first organic solvent, is performed, for example, until the content of mycotoxins is less than 600 μg/kg in the first solid phase.
The first washing is performed, i.e., conducted during at least half an hour and at a temperature of at least 20° C., preferably the first washing is conducted during two hours at a temperature of 40° C.
The process further comprises removing prolamin by washing the first solid phase, i.e., removing prolamin from the first solid phase, with a second organic solvent to obtain a second solid phase and a second liquid phase, until the second solid phase is obtained as the animal feed.
The washing of the first solid phase, i.e. the second washing, with the second organic solvent, enables removing proteins with low relative concentration (based on total protein) of lysine from the second solid phase in the second liquid phase.
The second organic solvent comprises, in one example, ethanol or isopropanol.
The second organic solvent is, in another example, a water-ethanol solution, or a water-isopropanol solution.
In a further example, the second solvent 30 comprises at least 42% by weight of ethanol and 58% by weight of water, preferably 52% by weight of ethanol and 48% by weight of water, most preferably 60% by weight of ethanol and 40% by weight of water.
The second washing is conducted during at least half an hour and at a temperature of at least 50° C., preferably the first washing is conducted during one hour at a temperature of 70° C.
In one example the second liquid phase is applied counter currently in several washing steps, to further increase the yield in prolamin extraction.
In another example, the second liquid phase is processed for recovering the second organic solvent.
The removal of prolamin by washing the first solid phase with the second organic solvent is followed, for example, by washing the second solid phase to obtain a third solid phase. The process comprises, for example, successive washings of successive obtained solid phases for improving the digestibility and the formulation of the animal feed, preferably the process comprises a first washing and a second washing, more preferably the process comprises a first washing, a second washing, wherein the second washing comprises two successive washings.
In one example, the washings are performed, i.e. conducted, until the content of prolamin in the animal feed is less than 60% of the initial prolamin amount.
In another example, the washings are performed in a countercurrent operation.
The process further comprises separating the second solid phase from the second liquid phase in a separator, such as a Büchner filter.
The process further comprises, for example, drying the second solid phase to obtain the animal feed.
The drying is, for example, at a temperature between 30° C. and 80° C., preferably at a temperature between 50° C. and 100° C., more preferably at a temperature between 60° C. and 80° C. The drying enables to achieve a dry matter of the animal feed of at least 85%, preferably 88%, more preferably 90%.
The drying is conducted, in one example, in a vacuum dryer.
In one further example, the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase comprise at least 22% of initial glutamic acid, at least 22% of initial proline, at most 60% of initial lysine, and at least 20% of initial mycotoxins.
The formulation of “the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase comprise” should be understood as “the sum of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase comprise”, “the liquid phases together comprise”, “the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase comprise in sum”.
In a further example, the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase comprise from 22% to 75% of initial glutamic acid, from 22% to 70% of initial proline, from 10% to 60% of initial lysine; and from 20% to 90% of initial mycotoxins, if the initial concentration of mycotoxins is at least above 200 μg/kg.
In a further example, the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase comprise at least 140 mg/g of glutamic acid, at least 60 mg/g of proline, and at least 20% of the initial amount of mycotoxin, but at most 8 mg/g of lysine.
In a further example, the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase comprise at least 150 mg/g of glutamic acid, at least 65 mg/g of proline, and at least 30% of the initial amount of mycotoxins, but at most 7 mg/g of lysine.
In another example, the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase comprise at least 120 mg/g of glutamic acid, at least 40 mg/g of proline, at most 7 mg/g of lysine, and at least 400 μg/kg of initial mycotoxins.
The animal feed comprises, in one example, glutamic acid at a concentration as compared to the protein source containing prolamin decreased by at least 22%, proline at a concentration as compared to the protein source containing prolamin decreased by at least 22%, mycotoxins at a concentration as compared to the protein source containing prolamin decreased by at least 20%, and lysine at a concentration as compared to the protein source containing prolamin increased by at least 40%.
The animal feed comprises, in one example, a content of glutamic acid lower than the overall amount of glutamic acid of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s), a content of proline lower than the overall amount of proline of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s), a content of lysine higher than the overall amount of lysine of the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase(s), and an amount of mycotoxins lower than the overall amount of mycotoxins of the protein source containing prolamin.
In one example, the first liquid phase is void of glutamic acid and/or proline and/or lysin. The second liquid phase comprises the overall amount of glutamic acid and/or the overall amount of proline and/or the overall amount of lysin.
In one example, the amino acid content in the second liquid phase and the second solid phase is substantially the same amount amino acid as in the protein source containing prolamin.
The animal feed comprises proteins, for example 450 mg/g dry matter of proteins, in a further example 500 mg/g dry matter of proteins, the proteins including glutamic acid, proline, and lysine.
The animal feed comprises, for example, at most 160 mg/g of glutamic acid, preferably at most 130 mg/g of glutamic acid, preferably 120 mg/g of glutamic acid.
The animal feed comprises, in a further example, at most 100 mg/g of proline, at most 80 mg/g of proline, preferably 60 mg/g of proline, more preferably 40 mg/g of proline.
The animal feed comprises, in a further example, at least 5 mg/g lysine, preferably at least 7 mg/g, more preferably at least 10 mg/g of lysine, preferably 15 mg/g dry matter of lysine.
The animal feed comprises a concentration of mycotoxins of at most 400 μg/kg in one example.
The animal feed comprises at most 15000 μg/kg dry matter of mycotoxins in another example, the mycotoxins including 12000 μg/kg dry matter of Deoxynivalenol and 3000 μg/kg dry matter of Zearalenone; preferably at most 10000 μg/kg dry matter of mycotoxin.
The animal feed obtained according to the process of the invention was found to present surprising digestibility properties.
The amino acid composition of the animal feed was improved in terms of absolute lysine content. The amino acid composition of the animal feed comprises, for example, an absolute lysine content of at least 2.4 g per 16 g N and an improved sulfur amino acid content of at least 3.0 g per 16 g N.
The animal feed further comprises a high content of carbohydrates and a high protein content and a low content of fatty acids, as shown on the table below, in comparison to corn gluten meal (CGM). The values for the CGM are described by D. D. Loy et al. in “Nutritional Properties and Feeding Value of Corn and Its Coproducts.” The process disclosed by D. D. Loy et al. for producing the CGM comprised the conventional steps of wet milling of maize kernels.
The table shows that the process of the present invention enables to obtain an animal feed with an increased amount of carbohydrates relative to commercial corn gluten meal (CGM) and a decreased content of fatty acids, but a relatively high content of protein maintained relative to CGM.
The animal feed of the present invention is improved compared to CGM, as it comprises higher contents of ileal amino acids, i.e. lysine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan and isoleucine.
The animal feed of the present invention comprises twice as much lysine [mg/g protein] compared to commercial corn gluten meal (CGM). In addition, the concentrations of the essential amino acids methionine and cysteine are increased in the animal feed by 5%.
In one example, the inventors achieved to produce an animal feed with 14% increased cysteine concentration at an identical methionine concentration.
This renders the animal feed of the present invention especially suitable for the diets of pigs and chickens. Indeed, the body of the pigs and of the chickens cannot produce lysine by itself. Therefore, lysine is an essential amino acid and a limiting factor for the pigs and the chickens and needs to be provided by an external source, such as from an animal feed.
The second washing, followed by the separating of the second solid phase from the second liquid phase, enables removing proteins with low lysine content from the second solid phase, leading to increasing the content of lysine in the second solid phase. The proteins with low lysine content have substantially no value for the animal growth. The removing of the proteins with low lysine content enables to obtain the animal feed with a significantly better amino acid composition and having a high protein content.
In the following, the invention is explained in more detail by means of selected examples.
The contents of the mycotoxins in the following examples were measured with a Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The contents of the fatty acids were measured according to the Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH, ASU numbers of 17.00-4, the contents of protein (N×6,25) were measured by ASU L 17.00-15. The contents of the amino acids were measured with a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detection (HPLC/FLD).
Commercial corn gluten meal (CGM) is used as a comparison relative to the animal feed.
A protein source containing prolamin of corn gluten meal was provided for Example 1. The corn gluten meal was washed for one hour at 25° C. with a first organic solvent of 98% ethanol to obtain a first solid phase and in a first liquid phase.
The first solid phase was separated from the first liquid phase with a separator. The first solid phase was washed with a second organic solvent comprising water and ethanol. The first liquid phase was processed in a vacuum distillery system for regaining the ethanol. The second washing was conducted for one hour at a temperature of 60° C. to obtain a second solid phase and a second liquid phase. The second solid phase was separated from the second liquid phase in a solid-liquid separator. The second solid phase was dried in a vacuum dryer at a temperature between 60° C. and 80° C. The animal feed 40 has a surprisingly improved composition compared to the corn gluten meal, as illustrated in the table 1 below.
As can be seen on the table, the content of Deoxynivalenol in the animal feed of Example 1 is reduced to 49.94% and the content Zearalenone is reduced to 72.42%. This shows that the process of the invention enables to reduce the content of mycotoxin in the animal feed.
Dry matter was abbreviated to DM. Table 2 shows that the animal feed obtained by the process of the invention comprises a higher content of carbohydrates and a lower content of fats in addition the protein content is lowered by comparison to CGM.
A protein source containing prolamin of corn gluten meal was provided for Example 2. The corn gluten meal was washed counter currently in three subsequent step with a first organic solvent, a second organic solvent and a third organic solvent made of water and ethanol at three different concentrations. The three successive washing steps were conducted for one hour at a temperature of 60° C. to obtain the second solid phase and the second liquid phase. The second solid phase was separated from the second liquid phase in a solid-liquid separator. The second solid phase was dried in step in a vacuum dryer at a temperature between 60° C. and 80° C. The obtained animal feed has a surprisingly improved composition compared to the corn gluten meal, as illustrated in the table 3 below.
As can be seen on Table 3, the animal feed of Example 2 comprises higher content of carbohydrates and a comparable content of fatty acids while the content of proteins is slightly lowered by comparison to corn gluten meal.
Lysine is used as the reference amino acid in the comparative table above and all other amino acids are expressed as a ratio to lysine because lysine is the first limiting amino acid in most diets.
Met+Cys stands for methionine and cysteine, Phe+Tyr stands for phenylalanine and tyrosine, Trypt for Tryptophan, Gly or Ser for glycine or serine Table 4 shows the amino acid requirement of different animals compared to the amino acid composition of the animal feed 40. For all animals listed, requirements are met in terms of Met+Cys, Threonine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phe+Tyr, as well as Histidine, Arginine and Proline.
Table 5 shows that the process of the present invention enables to obtain an improved animal feed that is closer to the requirements of lysine of pigs and chicks.
As can be seen on Table 6 above, the content of hydrophobic amino acids, i.e., the proline, in the animal feed of Example 1 and Example 2. is reduced by comparison to the content in the prolamin source of CGM. It can therefore be concluded that the prolamins are moved during the process claimed as prolamins comprise a high amount of hydrophobic amino acids, as known in the prior art Xing, J.; Li, Z.; Zhang, W.; Wang, P. The Composition, Structure, and Functionalities of Prolamins from Highland Barley. Molecules 2023, 28, 5334.
In the following Table 7, a summary of the pepsin undigestible protein, in other words the pepsin non-digestible protein fraction, of different animal feed of the present invention are provided below. The protein source, i.e., the raw material, is protein source comprising a prolamin containing biomass, not always originating from the same crop (raw material 1, 2 & 3).
CGF stands for corn gluten feed, BSG for brewer spent grain.
Exemplary listings of the content of amino acids in the protein source and in the animal feed. Categorization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids is according to the respective side-chain of the amino acid (according to “Biochemie, Müller-Esterl”).
DDGS stands for Dried distillers grains with solubles.
The glutamic acid, proline and lysine contents rely on the actual amino acid composition of the respective prolamin removed. Therefore, removing the prolamin fraction from CGM leads to the following table:
In a case of a change of the prolamin-containing biomass, i.e., the protein source containing prolamin, to e.g. brewer spent grain, the respective prolamin (hordein) has different amino acid composition. Same conclusion applies for e.g., the wheat prolamin (gliadin). Thus, based on the applied raw material, i.e., protein source containing prolamin, the amino acid composition changes. Also based on the prolamin that is contained in the biomass, the percentage of e.g., glutamic acid removal will be different. Overall, prolamins are defined to be rich in glutamic acid and proline. Thus, as the prolamins are removed from the first solid residue, i.e., first solid phase, and solubilized in the second liquid phase, a lower concentration of glutamic acid and proline in the second solid phase, i.e., the animal feed, is observed.
Furthermore, prolamins are poor in lysine, thus when removing the lysine-poor fraction of proteins, called prolamins, from the first solid phase, a higher amount of lysine in the second solid phase is observed. The lysine-poor fraction (prolamins, by definition soluble in aqueous alcohols, such as the second liquid phase) is removed, thus the lysine-rich fraction is staying in the second solid phase, i.e. the animal feed.
Lysine is the most critical essential amino acid, especially in animal feed.
The conclusion in terms of mycotoxin removal is more general, as the concentration of mycotoxins in the animal feed does not relate to the protein source containing prolamin. The concentration of mycotoxins is dependent on the initial concentration of mycotoxins. The lower the concentration, the lower the removed amount. As some analyses for the CGM and the respective animal feed resulting after the production process were conducted, at least two mycotoxins at a time are reduced as shown in the table below, row one. The mycotoxin reduction is displayed in the following table:
The mycotoxin removal is independent from the raw material used. Nevertheless, the levels of mycotoxins can deviate depending on the raw material used.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents. The entirety of each of the aforementioned documents is incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 504450 | Jun 2023 | LU | national |
