Patent Application
20250179107
The present invention relates to a process for the production and purification of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and the product obtained by such a process with low or no residue of glucose, or fructose, or sucrose, with FOS having a different proportion of oligomers (GF2, GF3, GF4, GF5 and GF6) and their isomers, to be used in animal and human nutrition due to their superior properties of modulating the intestinal microbiota and direct and indirect immunomodulation.
FOS or oligofructose are one of the most popular prebiotic oligosaccharides studied and used in human and animal nutrition, as they have a recognized bifidogenic effect. Since, after being fermented, preferably by bifidobacteria and lactobacilli present in the intestinal tract, short-chain fatty acids are produced, such as acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic acids. These compounds indirectly promote modulation in the intestinal microbiota, through acidification of the environment, favoring the growth of beneficial bacteria to the detriment of putrefactive bacteria that cause enteritis, such as those of the genera Salmonella, Eschirichia coli, Clostridium, Campylobacter and other pathogens.
In addition to decreasing intestinal pH, these organic acids are absorbed by enterocytes and used as a source of energy, increasing the production of mucin (protective mucosa of the intestinal epithelium), promoting the increase in intestinal villi and improving the absorption of nutrients, they strengthen the “tight junctions” promoting greater integrity of the intestinal epithelium, in addition to promoting metabolic regularization, controlling blood levels of glycemia, triglycerides and cholesterol.
Modulation of the microbiota, in addition to contributing to eubiosis and balancing a diversity of hormones produced in the intestine, today considered the second brain, promotes a secondary immunomodulatory effect, since beneficial microorganisms activate T cells, which produce cytokines that recruit cells to combat inflammatory diseases and pathogens, such as interleukins IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and others. They also act on the adaptive immune system by increasing the production of IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies by B cells.
More recent studies show the role of prebiotic oligosaccharides, such as long-chain FOS (IcFOS) and short-chain GOS (scGOS), acting directly on the immune system, which are recognized by the “tool like receptors” (TLR-4) and the production of interleukin 10, thus demonstrating their direct action, i.e., even though they are not fermented or consumed by probiotic bacteria, even in the earliest part of the intestine, they exert a significant influence on the innate immune system.
FOS can be found in many plants and foods such as chicory (Chichorium intybus), artichokes, Jerusalem artichokes, yacon, onions, bananas, tomatoes, garlic, asparagus, agave americana, honey and sugar cane. They are reserve carbohydrates and have osmoregulatory action in plants. Its formation is due to environmental conditions and stage of development, and low temperatures induce the accumulation of fructans in the leaves and roots.
They are also produced by many microorganisms, such as Aspergillus, Aureobasidium sp., Fusarium, Penicillium, Gliocladium virens, Sporutrichum thermophile, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Rhodothorula, Klyveromyces marxianus, Xanthoplylomyces dendrohous, Schwanniomyces occidentalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus e Zymomonas mobilis.
Both in plants and through microorganisms, its formation is due to hydrolytic enzymes (EC.3.2.1.26) and transferases (EC.2.4.1.9), such as fructofuranosidases and fructosyltransferases.
FOS differ according to the chain size and the bond between the fructose molecules, depending on their formation enzyme. According to IUPAC-IUB (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), oligosaccharides are defined as saccharides or carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units in their chain. Therefore, fructose oligomers can contain up to 10 fructose molecules in their composition. However, many authors prefer the definition that they are molecules that contain up to 10 degrees of polymerization. Above this value, they are called fructan polysaccharides or “fructans”, differing between levans and inulin, whose molecules can contain up to 60 fructose units in their chain.
Fructose chains can contain 1F and 6G and 6F type bonds. The first type has fructose units linked by osidic bonds of the β-2,1 type. The 6G are called neo-fructooligosaccharides (NeoFOS), they have osidic bonds of the β-2,6 type, between fructose and glucose units. As for type 6F, they have osidic bonds of the β-2,6 type between fructose units.
The best-known FOS synthesis process follows the mathematical model for the action of fructosyltransferase from Aureobasidium pullulans.
This mechanism is divided into three reactions:
In this model, excess glucose acts as an inhibitor of the fructosyltransferase enzyme, thus exerting the effect of negative feedback, i.e., once present in a certain quantity in the reaction medium, the reaction is then stopped. As a result, the FOS synthesis process, in the prior art, has a maximum yield of 60%, leaving sucrose remaining and reaching very high levels of residual glucose, representing up to 30% of the total components, which makes spray drying unfeasible.
Classic example of a standard FOS reaction using the fructosyltransfererase enzyme:
As a result, the excessive concentration of glucose in the medium can be noted, preventing the reaction from continuing to occur, and may even form larger oligomers, such as the mathematical example below:
The present invention proposes and proves the formation of GF5 and GF6, through the simultaneous elimination of glucose together with the synthesis of FOS.
To remove glucose in the final FOS syrup, the method most used in the prior art is the use of chromatographic columns. By size exclusion (ionic sieves), sugars with lower molecular weights, such as glucose, fructose and sucrose, are eliminated until reaching 100% purity of FOS in the purified syrup and 95% purity of FOS in the final product.
On the other hand, the present invention offers as an alternative thereto, the use of the biotransformation process, by using intact microorganisms, both with the aim of synthesizing FOS and with the aim of purifying it by removing glucose and other residual sugars from the reaction medium. For such, in addition to Aureobasidium sp. responsible for the synthesis of FOS, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was used that selectively consumes only glucose and fructose and does not consume sucrose and FOS, i.e., the oligomers with α,1-2 and β,2-1 linkages. As a consequence, the sucrose conversion yield increased to a minimum of 70%, with the presence of residual sucrose not being observed and in the syrup and in the final product the FOS concentration reached minimum values of 80 to 90% since the ethanol was completely evaporated in the spray dryer drying process.
The concentration greater than 3% of glucose in the FOS syrup does not allow the drying process using the spray drying technique to take place. This is due to the low degree of glass transition (t.g.) of low molecular weight sugars, such as glucose and fructose, which does not occur with sugars with a higher degree of polymerization, such as kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3) and fructofuranosylnystosis (GF4). The elimination of glucose by a microbiological process is low cost, when compared to the separation of glucose by chromatography, as is done by the current prior art.
Prior art document JPH 04293494 teaches the effective production of a fructose-containing oligosaccharide or glycoside useful in the field of medicine and food at a low cost by treating sucrose with group fructosyl transferase and invertase-deficient yeast in the presence of an acceptor. Sucrose is dissolved in water in the presence of an acceptor (e.g. lactose), reacted with beta-fructofuranosidase, a fructosyl group transferase produced by Arthrobacter sp. K-1 and simultaneously with invertase-deficient yeast at pH 6.5-7.0 at 35° C. for 20 hours, the invertase-deficient yeast is removed by filtration with diatomaceous earth, the filtrate is treated with active charcoal at 95° C. C for 1 hour, purified with an ion exchange resin, concentrated and spray dried to give a fructose-containing oligosaccharide comprising lactosylfructoside or a fructose-containing glycoside such as fructosyl stevioside.
However, the present invention differs in that it solved a problem and achieved an unusual result.
The present invention solves the problem of the person skilled in the art of achieving a better yield in the process of obtaining fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and mainly better purity due to the elimination of residues of glucose, or fructose, or sucrose, some by-products that make it very difficult and mainly make the purification conditions of the final product obtained more expensive. Furthermore, the invention optimizes the obtaining of the final product, in a sustainable manner, by eliminating alcohols, particularly ethanol from the final product, during the spray dryer drying stage.
The present invention, in addition to obtaining a final product with greater purity, employing a more sustainable process and employing more economical equipment and conditions than those employed by the person skilled in the art, also allows obtaining a final product with a greater quantity of long-chain oligomers, such as GF5 and GF6, important to reach the colonies of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the most distal part of the large intestine, which are not reached by the short-chain oligomers GF2, GF3 and GF4. This was possible because the two microorganisms (Aureobasidium and Saccharomyces) are able to live together and act together and simultaneously in the process.
A process for obtaining and purifying fructooligosaccharides (FOS) using yeast was developed, which aimed to present:
The figures are briefly commented below;
The present invention relates to a process for the production and purification of fructooligosaccharides using at least two microbes or yeasts, simultaneously or separately, with one of the microbes or yeasts not being able to produce extracellular invertase, in a medium containing sucrose, in order to convert sucrose into fructooligosaccharides (FOS), with total consumption of glucose from the medium and evaporation of alcohol or ethanol during drying of the final product, and final product obtained.
The present invention describes a new product containing short-chain fructooligosaccharides, GF2, GF3, GF4 (scFOS) and long, such as GF5 and GF6 (IcFOS) and their isomers, originating from an innovative purification process, whereby the sugars residues, such as glucose and fructose, are eliminated by Saccharomyces cerevisae yeasts, instead of traditional removal through chromatographic purification. Furthermore, the yield of the sucrose to FOS conversion process, which in prior art is on the order of 60%, was increased to 70%, since the synthesis and purification of FOS occurred at the same time, preventing the effect of negative feedback that excess glucose has on the performance of the fructosyltransferase enzyme.
The greater proportion of longer chain oligomers provides a greater bifidogenic effect to the FOS product according to the present invention, since the longer chain oligomers reach more distal proportions of the large intestine, thus being fermented in a larger area of the intestinal wall. Since, when there is a high concentration of short-chain oligomers, as occurs in prior art products, their fermentation tends to occur at the beginning of the large intestine, while little FOS reaches the distal part.
The present invention also drastically reduces the cost of producing FOS, since the glucose removal step through purification by chromatographic columns becomes unnecessary, which allows direct drying of the syrup by spray dryer and provides a product in powder form. The invention, object of the present invention, carries out the synthesis and purification through the microbial biotransformation of sucrose into FOS, through enzymes produced by Aureobasidium pullulans, and the selective consumption of glucose and fructose through the use of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisae that does not produce extracellular invertase, thus allowing a faster, more effective process and without investment costs in equipment such as the chromatographic column. This cost reduction makes it possible to use this ingredient in the animal nutrition market and in the food industry.
A process for the production and purification of fructooligosaccharides was developed by using a co-propagation of microbial inocula containing Aureobasidium sp. and a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that does not produce extracellular invertase, which was inoculated in a medium containing high concentrations of sucrose, ranging from 20 to 60% sucrose, for a minimum period of 12 hours, but up to 72 hours, sufficient to convert sucrose into FOS, with immediate consumption of glucose, simultaneously with its release into the medium, according to the reaction illustrated in
The increase in glucose concentration in the medium exerts a negative “feedback” effect on the action of the fructosyltransferase enzyme, which means that the FOS synthesis reaction is negatively influenced by the presence of glucose until its concentration comes to a complete standstill, the formation of FOS.
By inhibiting this negative effect of glucose on the action of the enzyme, the present invention makes it possible to increase the conversion of sucrose into FOS. Furthermore, it allows the degree of polymerization of the oligomers formed to be increased, as well as favoring the formation of isomers of the fructooligosaccharides formed. The increase in the reaction yield leads to a decrease in the residual sucrose content, and, mainly, eliminates the glucose residue in the product, making it a product with at least 80% purity. Most of the glucose is transformed into ethanol, which is eliminated by evaporation during drying in the spray drier.
One of the striking characteristics of the product of this invention was the obtaining of long-chain FOS, so that this product is not as long as a fiber, nor as common as the prior art product, thus differing in physiological effects caused in the body: greater bifidogenic effect, greater effect on immunity directly and indirectly.
The greater bifidogenic effect observed in FOS, the product of the present invention, when compared to prior art FOS, is due to the longer chain oligomers (GF5 and GF6) and the larger average size of the other short-chain oligomers (GF2, GF3 and GF4). Longer chain oligomers reach more distal portions of the large intestine, so that better distribution of oligomer proportions allows for more uniform fermentation by good bacteria throughout the entire large intestine. In prior art FOS, with a high concentration of short-chain oligomers (GF2 and GF3), fermentation is uneven, concentrating in the initial part of the large intestine. As a result, the prior art FOS is more likely to cause SIBO (small intestine bacterial overgrowth) events than the product according to the invention.
In
In
The present invention deals with a process for producing fructooligosaccharides and a product containing short-chain fructooligosaccharides, GF2, GF3, GF4, long-chain GF5 and/or GF6, their isomers and low concentrations of sucrose, as detailed in
The invention uses various sources of sucrose, which may be sugar from sugar cane, beetroot, sugar cane syrup and molasses, preferably VHP (very high polarization) sugar, which is the most concentrated source of sucrose and the lowest cost known. There is little reference to the direct use of VHP sugar in the transformation, whether biological or enzymatic, of sucrose into FOS. Several studies indicate that the higher the concentration of sucrose in the medium where the enzymatic synthesis of FOS occurs, the higher the rate of conversion of sucrose into FOS. The process, according to the invention, starts with a solution of VHP sugar diluted in water, in a ratio that can vary from 20% to 60% sugar. This solution was inoculated with a culture of Aureobasidium sp. and the genetically modified strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which does not produce extracellular invertase, in an inoculum amount of 10 to 20% (v/v) in the final medium, so that the biotransformation of sucrose into FOS occurs and simultaneous consumption of glucose.
In the present invention, a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast called PE-2 was used, a wild strain, isolated from a Brazilian industrial sugar and ethanol environment, which was subjected to a simple deletion of the gene related to invertase production, as described below.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast used in the purification step of this invention has low and/or no ability to metabolize e sucrose, as well as fructooligosaccharides, which are the products of interest. This inability leads to selective consumption of glucose and fructose in FOS syrup.
According to an embodiment of the invention, for the disruptive mutation of the SUC-2 gene, the genome editing strategy is used, by using the modified CRISPR/Cas 9 technique, where the 1109 bp of the gene was deleted, preventing the functional expression of the encoded protein. Editing is validated through PCR genotyping, growth on sucrose (it is null in the case of edited yeast) and Sanger sequencing.
The SUC2 gene is located on Chromosome IX of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome and contains 1599 base pairs. The SUC2 gene is located in the Saccharomyces cerevisae Pe-2 genome. With the genomic editing described above, it now has 490 base pairs (
Gene manipulation was applied to chromosome 9, where tools were used to further reduce this risk of off-target, which are cleavages at undesirable points in the genome by Cas 9.
According to the literature (Ryan O W, Skerker J M, Maurer M J et al. Selection of chromosomal DNA libraries using a multiplex CRISPR system. eLife 2014; 3: e03703; Jakociunas T, Bonde I, Herrgard M et al. Multiplex metabolic pathway engineering using CRISPR/Cas9 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2015; 28:213-22), in small genomes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae it is very unlikely that off-target effects will occur. gRNAs (guide RNAs) were designed for a unique sequence in the genome, which makes it impossible for the Cas9 enzyme to recognize any other PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) sequence in the experiment.
The expression product of the genomic region: with the deletion, there is no expression of the invertase encoded by SUC2, which was verified by the change in phenotype leading to the yeast not growing in medium YP+2% sucrose and normal growth in medium YP+2% glucose.
According to the present invention, it was possible to optimize the propagation of the inoculum in one single step, whereby the Aureobasidium sp strain, responsible for the synthesis of FOS, and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2 strain, which does not produce invertase, are propagated together, described above, in one single reactor.
The process can take place separately, however, by conducting it this way, the production process is optimized.
To this end, first prepare a volume of “9×” liters of aqueous medium containing 10 to 20% total reducing sugars (TRS), a volume of “1×” liters of Aureobasidium and after 24 hours of growth, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetically modified is inoculated, which is incubated for another 24 hours, with a temperature set between 32 and 35° C., with 120 rpm of agitation and at least 1 vvm of aeration.
After complete growth of both cultures, “10×” liters of inoculum culture are transferred to “90×” liters of culture medium containing 10 to 20% TRS (total reducing sugars), incubated at a controlled temperature between 32 at 35° C., with 120 rpm of agitation and at least 1 vvm of aeration, for 24 to 48 hours, until complete growth and a minimum population of 5.107 CFU/mL of each yeast (Aureobasidium sp and genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
After growth, as mentioned above, the inoculum is transferred to an aqueous medium of sucrose and/or molasses and/or sugar cane syrup containing 20 to 60% sucrose in the total medium, in a ratio of 10 to 20% of the volume of the aqueous medium.
FOS synthesis occurs in a minimum period of 12 hours. However, the removal of glucose through the consumption of Saccharomyces yeast occurs between 12 and 60 hours, a period that varies depending on the initial sucrose concentration of the medium. Therefore, this process occurs between 3° and 35° C., for a period of at least 12 hours, but can last up to 60 hours.
Through this invention, it was possible to increase product purity and yield by converting all or almost all of the sucrose content into FOS, since simultaneous consumption of glucose avoids the “negative feedback” effect of glucose on the activity of the fructosyltransferase enzyme, increasing the rate of conversion of sucrose into FOS.
The ethyl alcohol produced is 100% evaporated during spray drying so that the final product contains high purity.
Table 1 (kinetic of formation of fructooligosaccharides in an initial medium containing 44% sucrose on a wet basis and dry basis, respectively) and table 2 (composition of the prior art product and the present invention), below, demonstrate the selective consumption of glucose and fructose in the syrup and presents the high concentrations of FOS obtained in the simultaneous production and purification process (meaning of the abbreviations: scFOS, short-chain FOS; LcFOS: long-chain FOS):
In Table 1, one can clearly observe the consumption of glucose simultaneously with the formation of FOS, from 24 hours onwards. This allows a higher yield than the prior art process, which has a yield of 60% in the transformation of sucrose into FOS. The consumption of glucose generates ethanol and, at the same time, the reduction in dry matter, which initially was 45% and at the end of the 72-hour process decreased to 30%.
Through the formation of ethanol, it was possible to obtain high purity of the syrup in FOS. In the composition of the final product, 3 to 10% of supporting drying additives are added, such as silicon oxide or corn starch, so that, if the humidity of the powder in the composition is also taken into account, the purity of the final product decreases by 10% on average.
Table 2 compares the composition of pure FOS, according to the present invention, with prior art FOS, in the case produced by the company Ingredion indicated in table 3.
The high rate of conversion of sucrose to FOS, as occurred in the present invention, has the disadvantage of releasing large amounts of glucose into the solution in which the synthesis occurs. The presence of a high concentration of glucose, which can exceed 22%, would prevent the FOS syrup from drying using the spray drying technique. The solution found according to the invention was to transform glucose into ethyl alcohol, by using yeast without invertase activity.
The present invention drastically reduces the cost of producing fructooligosaccharides, since the glucose removal step through chromatographic purification becomes unnecessary, it allows direct drying of the FOS syrup (as the product is called before drying) by spray drying and enables its mass use in animal nutrition and the food industry, which are more sensitive to costs. To this end, the biochemical transformation of glucose is carried out by using yeast or a microbe, Saccharomyces cereviae, which does not produce extracellular invertase.
The presence of glucose in concentrations above 3% in the FOS syrup does not allow the direct drying process in the spray drier. This occurs due to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the compounds that differ from each other. Glucose and fructose have a low t.g. value, not allowing spray drying, which does not occur with sugars with a higher degree of polymerization, such as kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3) and fructofuranosylnystose (GF4). The production of FOS and the elimination of glucose by a microbiological process is characterized by being a low-cost process, when compared to the separation of glucose by chromatography, as is done by the current prior art.
In the case of the present invention, we chose to use Aureobasidium sp. for the biotransformation of sucrose, as the FOS it produces contains only shorter chain oligomers (GF2, GF3 and GF4, GF5 and/or GF6), which are those with the greatest bifidogenic effect.
Because the FOS of the present invention can be partially or totally purified, their concentration can vary from 70 to 95% purity.
The FOS obtained according to the invention contain short-chain oligomers (scFOS) such as GF2, GF3, GF4 and/or long-chain oligomers (IcFOS) such as GF5 and/or GF6, which are those with the greatest bifidogenic effect, while the former have a greater immunomodulation capacity, which is the great differentiator of the product in question. The larger the chain size, without reaching polymer size, the greater the bifidogenic effect of the product. This is due to the fact that the effectiveness of intermediate chains such as GF5 and GF6 is greater than GF2 and GF3 and much better than long chains of polymers such as inulin and levans, which can be used more as soluble fibers and contribute to the passage faster through intestinal transit and are less bifidogenic or modulators of the intestinal microbiota.
Likewise, smaller oligomers, such as GF2, GF3, have proven to have immunomodulatory activities, acting directly on cells of the immune system present in the intestinal epithelium, such as macrophages, T cells, B cells, among others.
The greater the bifidogenic effect, the greater the increase in the population of good bacteria, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, and, therefore, the greater the acidification it will cause in the intestinal tract and the more inhospitable it will become for Salmonella and E. Coli, thus increasing its efficiency as a growth promoter and population controller. In the formulations of the present invention, the GF2 ratio may vary from 10 to 45%, while that of GF3 may vary from 30 to 55%, that of GF4 may vary from 10 to 25%, that of GF5 may vary from 3 to 13% and that of GF6 may vary from 0 to 8%. Preferably, the ratio of FOS oligomers of the present invention may vary between 15 and 40% in GF2, between 35 and 50% in GF3, between 13 and 23% in GF4, between 3 and 10% in GF5 and between 0 and 6% in the GF6.
The biotransformation process used in the present invention has the advantage of controlling, through the synthesis time, the proportion of short-chain oligomers formed. In the invention, the shorter the synthesis time, the greater the proportion of GF2 in relation to GF3 and GF4 and GF5. Each species has its own microbiota that is different from the others. Thus, in the present invention the FOS composition that will be used for birds will be different from the FOS composition that will be used for monogastrics, fish, ruminants or humans. The proportion between short-chain oligomers should vary depending on the purpose of using the FOS.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the process for producing and purifying fructooligosaccharides employs at least two microbes or yeasts, simultaneously or separately, one of them being Aureobasidium sp, the other yeast not being capable of producing invertase extracellular, in a medium containing sucrose, in order to convert sucrose into fructooligosaccharides (FOS), with total consumption of glucose from the medium and evaporation of alcohol or ethanol during drying of the final product.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the process for producing and purifying fructooligosaccharides employs at least two microbes or yeasts, simultaneously or separately, one of them being the Aureobasidium sp and the other yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetically modified not capable of producing extracellular invertase, in medium containing sucrose, in order to convert sucrose into fructooligosaccharides (FOS), with total consumption of glucose from the medium and evaporation of alcohol or ethanol during drying of the final product.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the process for producing and purifying fructooligosaccharides, employs an aqueous medium comprising 20% to 60% by mass of sucrose where Aureobasidium sp and Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetically modified not capable of producing extracellular invertase, in inoculum concentration with a minimum population of 5.107 CFU/ml of each of the two yeasts, remaining at a temperature between 30° C. and 35° C., under agitation and aeration, until the glucose present in the medium is completely eliminated and the ethanol is eliminated by drying the final product.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the process for producing and purifying fructooligosaccharides, the inoculum containing the yeasts is prepared from an aqueous medium comprising 10% to 20% total reducing sugars (TRS) inoculated with Aureobasidium sp in a volumetric ratio (v/v) of the medium: Aureobasidium sp of 1:10 respectively and after its growth, it is inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetically modified in the same volumetric ratio of 1:10 inoculum: aqueous medium, remaining at a temperature between 32° C. and 35° C. under agitation and aeration, where, after complete growth of both cultures or yeasts, the inoculum is transferred to a new culture medium containing 10% to 20% TRS in a volumetric ratio (v/v) of 1:10 inoculum: medium respectively, remaining under agitation and aeration, at the same temperature, until complete growth and the minimum population is 5.107 CFU/ml of each yeast, with elimination of ethanol in drying the final product.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, first a volume of “9×” liters of aqueous medium containing 10 to 20% total reducing sugars (TRS) is prepared and a volume of “1×” liters of Aureobasidium where, after 24 hours of growth, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetically modified is inoculated, leaving it incubated for another 24 hours, with a temperature between 32 to 35° C., under agitation and aeration, at least. After complete growth of both cultures, the “10×” liters of inoculum culture are transferred to “90×” liters of culture medium containing 10 to 20% TRS (total reducing sugars), incubated at a controlled temperature between 32 to 35° C., under agitation and aeration, until complete growth and a minimum population of 5.107 CFU/mL of each yeast (Aureobasidium sp and genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae); then the inoculum is transferred to the aqueous medium of sucrose and/or molasses and/or sugar cane syrup containing 20 to 60% sucrose in the total medium, in the ratio of 10 to 20% of the volume of the aqueous medium, where the synthesis of FOS occurs in a minimum period of 12 hours, but the removal of glucose through the consumption of genetically modified Saccharomyces yeast occurs between 12 and 60 hours, a period that varies depending on the initial sucrose concentration of the medium, with temperatures varying between 30 to 35° C.
According to a more preferred form of carrying out the invention, first, a volume of “9×” liters of aqueous medium containing 10 to 20% total reducing sugars (TRS) is prepared and a volume of “1×” liters is inoculated of Aureobasidium, and after 24 hours of growth, the genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae is inoculated, which is incubated for another 24 hours, with a temperature set between 32 and 35° C., with 120 rpm of agitation and 1 vvm of aeration, in the minimum, after complete growth of both cultures, “10×” liters of inoculum culture are transferred to “90×” liters of culture medium containing 10 to 20% TRS (total reducing sugars), incubated at a controlled temperature between 32 to 35° C., with 120 rpm of agitation and at least 1 vvm of aeration, for 24 to 48 hours, until complete growth and a minimum population of 5.107 CFU/mL of each yeast (Aureobasidium sp and genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae); the inoculum is then transferred to an aqueous medium of sucrose and/or molasses and/or sugar cane syrup containing 20 to 60% sucrose in the total medium, in the ratio of 10 to 20% of the volume of the aqueous medium, with the synthesis of FOS occurring in a minimum period of 12 hours, but the removal of glucose through the consumption of genetically modified Saccharomyces yeast occurs between 12 and 60 hours, a period that varies depending on the initial sucrose concentration of the medium, with varying temperature between 30 to 35° C.
Purified fructooligosaccharides (FOS) lack glucose and ethanol in the final product.
Below is an example to better illustrate the scope of the invention, however, these examples should not be used for limiting purposes of the invention.
An Aureobasidium sp strain, responsible for the synthesis of FOS, and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2 strain that does not produce extracellular invertase were used in one single reactor. To do this, first, 200 L of aqueous medium containing 15% total reducing sugars (TRS) was prepared, 20 L of Aureobasidium was inoculated and after 24 hours of growth, genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2 was inoculated, which was incubated for another 24 hours, with a temperature set between 33° C., with 120 rpm of agitation and at least 1 vvm of aeration.
After complete growth of both cultures, the 200 L of inoculum were transferred to 2000 L of culture medium containing 15% TRS (total reducing sugars), and incubated at a controlled temperature of 33° C., with 120 rpm of shaking and with at least 1 vvm of aeration, for 36 hours, until complete growth and a minimum population of 5. 107 CFU/mL of each yeast (Aureobasidium sp and Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
After growth, the inoculum was transferred to the aqueous medium of sucrose sugar cane syrup containing 40% sucrose in the total medium, in the ratio of 15% of the inoculum volume.
The synthesis of FOS occurred in a minimum period of 12 hours. However, the removal of glucose through the consumption of Saccharomyces yeast occurred after 40 hours, a period that varied depending on the initial sucrose concentration of the medium, at a temperature of 33° C., for a period of 40 hours.
The ethyl alcohol produced was 100% evaporated during spray drying so that the final product now contains high purity.
The FOS produced presented only short-chain oligomers (GF2, GF3 and GF4, GF5 and/or GF6), which are those with the greatest bifidogenic effect, in the following proportions by mass of oligomers: 24% in GF2, 35% in GF3, between 32% in GF4, between 7% in GF5 and between 2% in GF6.
Application of FOS obtained in cats:
An experiment was carried out with cats consuming different types of prebiotics, including the FOS of the present invention (yFOS) and the prior art FOS, produced by Ingredrion (scFOS), designed in randomized blocks, with the period being the blocking factor. The experiment consisted of six treatments, repeated in three periods, with 12 cats in each period (two cats per treatment), totaling six repetitions per treatment (n=36 total).
The objective of this experiment was to demonstrate that the inclusion of the prebiotics FOS, GOS and inulin in the diet of cats would modify the concentrations of fecal fermentation products, resulting from greater intestinal fermentation of organic matter and, as a consequence, the results of apparent digestibility of the diet would be modified. Furthermore, the objective was to show that there are significant differences in performance between the FOS of the present invention (yFOS) and the FOS of the prior art, produced by the company Ingredion, (scFOS).
Six experimental diets were formulated, one being a Negative Control (NC) diet, without the addition of any prebiotic and another five containing, respectively, 0.8% FOS of the present invention, from the company Yessinergy (yFOS); 0.8% GOS (GOS); 0.8% inulin (INU); 0.8% FOS from prior art, produced by the company Ingredion (scFOS) and; 0.8% of a combination of yFOS and inulin (yFOS+INU). The inclusion of prebiotics was made to replace cellulose, as it is a fiber, however, not fermentable for cats. All diets were formulated based on the recommendations of FEDIAF (2018), the acronym of the European Federation of the Pet Food Industry.
At the end of the digestibility test, all cats were kept for an additional period, until completing 21 days of total period, for the daily collection of fresh feces, up to 15 minutes after defecation, to determine the pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), fecal ammonia nitrogen and fecal lactate.
To measure fecal pH, two grams of fresh feces (collected within 15 minutes after defecation) were diluted in 6 mL of milliQ water and the pH was evaluated by using a precision digital pH meter.
To determine the concentration of VFA (acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, 4-methyl-valeric, hexanoic and heptanoic) and fecal ammonia nitrogen, 5 grams of fresh feces were collected and quickly homogenized and mixed with 15 mL of 16% formic acid solution (1:3 w/v). This mixture remained refrigerated and was centrifuged three times at 4,500 G, for 15 minutes each, using the supernatant and discarding the sediment. To measure VFA, the samples were identified and stored in a freezer (−15° C.) and subsequently submitted for analysis at the Chemistry Laboratory, at the State University of Maringá. The determination of VFA in feces was determined by gas chromatography.
Ammonia nitrogen in feces was determined by adapting the Kjeldahl method. The extracts prepared for VFA measurement were used. The extracts were thawed at room temperature and 2 mL aliquots were transferred to a test tube, diluted in 13 mL of distilled water and subjected to distillation in a nitrogen distiller (Tecnal T-036/1 Piracicaba, Brazil). Distillation was carried out with 5 mL of potassium hydroxide KOH 2 mol/L and nitrogen received in an Erlenmeyer flask with 10 mL of solution (boric acid 0.97 N). Next, each sample was titrated with HCL (0.005 N).
The variables measured in each experiment were previously analyzed for normality and equality of variance. The apparent digestibility coefficients between treatments were compared by using the Tukey Test, at 5% probability. For fermentation products (ammonia, SCFA and BCFA), pH and fecal DM, considering that these present an interdependence between themselves, multivariate statistics were applied, through the analysis of canonical correlations, also considering this as significant, when the Analysis of Multivariate Variance (MANOVA) presented a probability value of less than 5% for the null hypothesis.
Below, Table 4, on fermentative parameters in feces (short-chain fatty acids (mmol/kg Fecal MS), where NC=negative control; yFOS=fructooligosaccharides according to the present invention; GOS=galactooligosaccharides; INU=inulin; scFOS =FOS produced by Ingredion; FOS+INU=FOSy (FOS according to the present invention) associated with INU:
As shown in Table 4, the formation of intestinal fermentation products such as lactate, propionate and acetate were more correlated with the inclusion of GOS in the diets and the others (butyrate, BCFA and ammonia) showed a greater correlation with the inclusion of yFOS (present invention), demonstrating that these two treatments provided greater intestinal fermentation than the others. Fecal pH was inversely related to fermentation products, as expected.
Although the higher ammonia content and greater softness of feces are not desirable in domestic cat feces, the objective of the experiment was to show the greater general bifidogenic effect of the FOS of the present invention, when compared to other prebiotics available on the market. In this aspect, the high values of total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) and, mainly, of total short-chain fatty acids (total SCFAs), show the superior performance of the product of the present invention. An even more important indicator that there was greater fermentation, throughout the large intestine, in the yFOS and yFOS+INU treatments, was their greater production of butyric acid. Currently, butyric acid is the most desired by nutritionists.
In Table 5 below, the blood parameters related to the phagocytosis of monocytes and granulocytes (per μL of blood) are presented, where NC=negative control; yFOS=fructooligosaccharides according to the present invention; GOS=galactooligosaccharides; INU=inulin; scFOS=FOS produced by Ingredion; FOS+INU =FOSy (FOS according to the present invention) associated with INU:
Table 5 shows that in treatment with yOS, there was the highest concentration of monocytes and phagocytic granulocytes, as well as a low concentration of total leukocytes, which is also highly desirable. This demonstrates the superiority of yFOS, the product of the present invention, in modulating the immune system of cats. It also indicates that yFOS increased the protagonism of the cellular immune system and reduced that of the humoral immune system, i.e., it had an anti-inflammatory effect.
Likewise, Table 6 contains the results regarding fecal IgA concentration, where NC=negative control; yFOS=fructooligosaccharides according to the present invention; GOS=galactooligosaccharides; INU=inulin; scFOS=FOS produced by Ingredion; FOS+INU=FOSy (FOS according to the present invention) associated with INU:
The results shown in Table 6 reaffirm the results shown in tables 4 and 5, demonstrating the superiority of treatment with yFOS, a product of the present invention, with regard to its superiority in terms of bifidogenic effect and modulation of the immune system, when compared to other treatments, including treatment with scFOS, which represents an important commercial brand of FOS in prior art. Reaffirming that yFOS increased the cellular immune system and reduced the humoral immune system, i.e., it had an anti-inflammatory effect.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2022 0047316 | Mar 2022 | BR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/BR2023/050086 | 3/13/2023 | WO |
