Process for Producing Foamed Slag

Abstract

A process and material for producing foamed slag by which the foaming of a slag with a high chromium oxide content can be achieved. An electric arc furnace is charged with a mixture of metal oxides and carbon and, below the slag at the metal-slag interface, the metal oxide is reduced by carbon and limestone and becomes thermally discordant. The occurring gases cause the slag to foam due to the formation of bubbles.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention is directed to a process for producing foamed slag.

2. Related Art

In steel production in an electric arc furnace, the foaming of slag is one of the most critical processes that affect efficiency of steel production and reduction of production costs.

This method is universally applied in the production of standard carbon steels.

However, the circumstances are different when foaming is applied to steels with a high chromium content because problems are posed by the significant absorption of chromium oxide by the slag. This is a result of the physiochemical properties of slags having a high chromium oxide content. These properties prohibit foaming by conventional methods, for example, by injecting powdered carbon in carrier materials with oxygen into the metal bath or the slag.

While there are known methods for foaming slags with high chromium oxide contents, not all of these methods are satisfactory.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, it is an object of one embodiment of the invention to provide a process and material by which foaming can be achieved in a slag with a high chromium oxide content.

One embodiment of the invention is that the material contains iron oxide carriers, carbon carriers, ferrochrome with a high carbon content and/or scrap or nickel oxide (excepting ferritic steel) as an admixture, as well as limestone and possibly, in addition, fluorite, binders such as molasses and/or cement, and additional gas suppliers for the foaming process. This material should take the form of briquettes or pellets of different sizes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a process for producing foamed slag according to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foaming of slag in EAF metallurgy offers a range of advantages such as improved thermal efficiency of the furnace due to the low heat conductivity of the foam, reduced consumption of refractory material and electrodes, and stabilization of the electric arc and of the noise level.

The process generally comprises charging an electric furnace (S102). A metal oxide is reduced (S104). The reduced metal oxide forms bubbles that foams the slag (S106).

To achieve efficient foaming, a high level of gas generation must be brought about at the metal-slag interface.

The dominant factors in this connection are CO and CO₂ as foam-generating gases.

These gases are formed by the reduction of iron oxide and chromium oxide and by the thermal decomposition of limestone in the following way:

Fe₂O₃+3C=2Fe+3CO  (1)

FeO+C=Fe+CO  (2)

Cr₂O₃+3C=3CO+2Cr  (3)

CrO+C=Cr+CO  (4)

CaCO₃=CaO+CO₂  (5)

The degree of reduction of the iron oxide by carbon is very high in these reactions, while the reduction of chromium oxide by carbon is less efficient.

It should be noted that the slags in the production of stainless steel contain very little iron oxide but a large amount of chromium oxide so that the low efficiency of CO production in such slags is understandable. It may be possible to achieve a more efficient generation of gas by the deliberate addition of synthetics such as cinder and limestone.

The specific density of the additions plays an important part in foam development in comparison to that of the slag or metal. It assists in moving the gas-generating reaction to the slag-metal interface so that foaming is more efficient and can be better controlled. The density can be influenced by the suitable selection of very dense materials (metals) or ballast materials, as they are called, such as ferritic scrap and/or ferrochrome as well as less dense materials (oxides).

The principal component in foamers is iron oxide, Fe₂O₃, with the addition of carbon as reductant. In this case, the following reaction takes place:

Fe₂O₃+3C=2Fe+3CO,  (6)

wherein the foam mixture of Fe₂O₃ and graphite contains 18.37% graphite with the remainder 81.63% Fe₂O₃.

Ferrochrome (FeCr) with a high chromium content, ferritic scrap, and limestone CaCO₃ complete the composition.

For slags of austenitic steels, nickel oxide can also be added.

Owing to the high specific density, ferrochrome and ferritic scrap make the foam-forming addition heavier. Therefore, the specific density lies between the specific densities of the slag and the metal as follows:

ρ_slag<ρ_material<ρ_metal  (7)

Accordingly, the material is deliberately positioned at the slag-metal interface due to buoyancy. In so doing, it dissolves in the metal bath so that the bath weight increases.

CO₂ is generated by the limestone from thermal decomposition and reinforces the foaming, while calcium oxide dissolves in the slag and raises the viscosity and alkalinity of the slag. In addition, the viscosity of the slag can also be adjusted by the addition of fluorite (CaF₂).

The foamer according to one embodiment of the invention comprises basic constituents such as

• • iron oxides (Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄) in any form as cinder, dry converter dust or dry EAF/LF dust, wet converter dust (sludge), and ore;
  • coke, graphite, and carbon (C);
  • ballast material for all stainless steel types in the form of FeCr, and ferritic scrap; and
  • ballast material for stainless austenitic and duplex steel types in the form of FeCr, ferritic scrap, austenitic scrap, duplex scrap, and nickel oxides (NiO_x).

The additives include:

• • limestone (CaCO₃);
  • quicklime and fluorite (CaO and CaF₂); and
  • aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃).

The binders are:

• • molasses;
  • cement; or
  • other possible binders.

The composition of the foamer can be given in percent as follows:

Fe2O3, Fe3O4     10-70%
C                2-16%
ballast material 14-78%
CaCO3            0-10%
CaO, CaF2        0-10%
Al2O3            0-10%.

The specific density of the foamer can be determined based on the following assumptions, wherein by Fe₂O_3,m is meant a mixture of Fe₂O₃ and graphite:

• • The specific density of the Fe₂O_3,m is given by the following formula:

$\begin{array}{cc}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{Fe}}_2O_3m}={\rho }_{{\mathrm{Fe}}_2O_3}·\frac{{\%}_{{\mathrm{Fe}}_2O_3}}{100\%}+{\rho }_C·\frac{{\%}_C}{100\%}& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

• • and that of the foamer is given by:

$\begin{array}{cc}\rho ={\rho }_{{\mathrm{Fe}}_2O_3m}·\frac{{\%}_{{\mathrm{Fe}}_2O_3,m}}{100\%}+{\rho }_{\mathrm{ballast}}·\frac{{\%}_{\mathrm{ballast}}}{100\%}+{\rho }_{{\mathrm{CaCO}}_3}·\frac{{\%}_{{\mathrm{CaCO}}_3}}{100\%}+{\rho }_{\mathrm{binder}}\frac{{\%}_{\mathrm{binder}}}{100\%}& \left(9\right)\end{array}$

• • where ballast signifies FeCr or scrap and nickel oxide

%_Fe2O3,m+%_ballast+%_CaCO3+%_binder=100%  (10)

• • The CaCO₃ content can be replaced by CaF₂ content, where it can be assumed in particular that % CaCO₃=0 or CaF₂=0.

The specific density of the foamer is given in the following Table 1.

TABLE 1
Specific density of the pure, monolithic foamer components
used for determining the density of the material
Component	Fe	Cr	Fe2O3	C	CaCO3	CaF2	FeCr(*)
Spec. density,	7.86	7.2	5.3	2.25	2.27	3.18	4.09
[t/m3]
				ferritic
	Component	Molasses	Cement	scrap	NiOx
	Spec. density [t/m3]	0.99	2.9	6.51	6.67
	54% Cr—35% Fe—8% C—3% Si

The data indicated above for the specific density relates to monolithic material. On the other hand, the material used for foaming is applied in the form of briquettes, whose specific density is, of course, lower.

The briquettes are produced by compressing the material, and different densities are obtained depending on the composition by percent.

The specific density of slags produced in steel production is in the range of 2.5 g/cm³ to 3 g/cm³.

In practice, a compressed composition containing Fe₂O₃ and carbon in the indicated mixture has a density of 3.2 g/cm³, while calculation yields a density of 4.7 g/cm³ for the individual components. Experiments have shown the slag under consideration has a density of 2.9 g/cm³.

With a view to the desired foam-forming effects, the specific density of the foamer should range from 2.8 t/m³ to 6.0 t/m³.

When the physical dimensions of the additions (pellets or briquettes) are small, the gas is released quickly because the total reaction surface is greater when the dimensions are smaller.

It has already been mentioned that the foam-forming mixture is preferably added in the form of briquettes or pellets. The briquettes are produced in a specially shaped press. The dimensions of the briquettes are advantageously between 20 mm and 100 mm diagonally and 15 mm to 40 mm in height.

Prior to compressing, the pellets or briquettes can be produced in a drum with the addition of molasses or cement. Other binding techniques which ensure the desired properties with respect to hardness, breaking strength and compressive strength are also possible.

Thus, while there have shown and described and pointed out fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the devices illustrated, and in their operation, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements and/or method steps which perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention. Moreover, it should be recognized that structures and/or elements and/or method steps shown and/or described in connection with any disclosed form or embodiment of the invention may be incorporated in any other disclosed or described or suggested form or embodiment as a general matter of design choice. It is the intention, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the claims appended hereto.

Claims

1.-4. (canceled)

5. A process for producing a foamed slag on stainless steel melts in an electric arc furnace, comprising: charging the electric arc furnace with a mixture including metal oxides and carbon configured as one or more of a foamer, an additive, and a binder;reducing the metal oxide by the carbon below a slag at a metal-slag interface; andfoaming the slag due to a formation of bubbles by gases occurring due to the reducing,wherein the charge mixture is added in the form of molded articles and includes one or more components of the following groups: iron oxide (Fe2O3, Fe3O4) configured as one or more of cinder, dry converter dust, dry EAF/LF dust, wet converter dust (sludge);coke, graphite, carbon;ballast material for all stainless steel types in the form of FeCr, ferritic scrapballast material for stainless austenitic and duplex steel types in the form of at least one of FeCr, ferritic scrap, austenitic scrap, duplex scrap, and nickel oxides (NiOx);limestone (CaCO3);quicklime or fluorite (CaO or CaF2);ferrosilicon (FeSi);aluminum (Al);aluminum oxide (Al2O3); anda binder.

6. The process according to claim 5, wherein a composition of the charge mixture is:

7. The process according to claim 6, wherein a specific density of the molded articles is adjusted to 2.8 t/m3 to 6.0 t/m3 by selecting the one or more components forming the mixture and by a molding process when producing the molded articles.

8. The process according to claim 7, wherein when producing the molded articles, their diagonal extension is between 20 min and 100 mm and their height is between 15 mm to 40 mm.

9. The process according to claim 7, wherein the molded articles are configured as one of briquettes and pellets.

10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the one of the briquettes and the pellets have a diagonal extension between 20 mm and 100 mm and a height between 15 mm to 40 mm.

11. The process according to claim 5, wherein a specific density of the molded articles is adjusted to 2.8 t/m3 to 6.0 t/m3 by selecting the one or more components forming the mixture and by a molding process when producing the molded articles.

12. The process according to claim 11, wherein the molded articles are configured as one of briquettes and a pellets.

13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the one of the briquettes and the pellets have a diagonal extension between 20 mm and 100 mm and a height between 15 mm to 40 mm.

14. The process according to claim 5, wherein the binder is at least one of molasses, cement, and another binder.