Process for separating acetaldehyde from ethanol-containing mixtures

Abstract

Purifying and/or recovery of ethanol from a crude ethanol product obtained from the hydrogenation of acetic acid. Separation and purification processes of crude ethanol mixture are employed to allow recovery of ethanol and remove impurities. In particular, light ends are separated in an acetaldehyde removal column operating at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure to recover acetaldehyde that may be returned to the reactor and reduce acetaldehyde concentrations in an ethyl acetate stream.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/332,699, filed on May 7, 2010, and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/852,269, filed Aug. 6, 2010, the entire contents and disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to processes for producing and/or purifying ethanol and, in particular, to processes for separating acetaldehyde and derivatives thereof from the ethanol.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ethanol for industrial use is conventionally produced from petrochemical feed stocks, such as oil, natural gas, or coal, from feed stock intermediates, such as syngas, or from starchy materials or cellulose materials, such as corn or sugar cane. Conventional methods for producing ethanol from petrochemical feed stocks, as well as from cellulose materials, include the acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene, methanol homologation, direct alcohol synthesis, and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Instability in petrochemical feed stock prices contributes to fluctuations in the cost of conventionally produced ethanol, making the need for alternative sources of ethanol production all the greater when feed stock prices rise. Starchy materials, as well as cellulose material, are converted to ethanol by fermentation. However, fermentation is typically used for consumer production of ethanol for fuels or consumption. In addition, fermentation of starchy or cellulose materials competes with food sources and places restraints on the amount of ethanol that can be produced for industrial use.

Ethanol production via the reduction of alkanoic acids and/or other carbonyl group-containing compounds has been widely studied, and a variety of combinations of catalysts, supports, and operating conditions have been mentioned in the literature. During the reduction of alkanoic acid, e.g., acetic acid, other compounds are formed with ethanol or are formed in side reactions. These impurities limit the production and recovery of ethanol from such reaction mixtures. For example, during hydrogenation, esters are produced that together with ethanol and/or water form azeotropes, which are difficult to separate. In addition, when conversion is incomplete, unreacted acid remains in the crude ethanol product, which must be removed to recover ethanol.

EP02060553 describes a process for converting hydrocarbons to ethanol involving converting the hydrocarbons to ethanoic acid and hydrogenating the ethanoic acid to ethanol. The stream from the hydrogenation reactor is separated to obtain an ethanol stream and a stream of acetic acid and ethyl acetate, which is recycled to the hydrogenation reactor.

The need remains for improving the recovery of ethanol from a crude product obtained by reducing alkanoic acids, such as acetic acid, and/or other carbonyl group-containing compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first embodiment, the present invention is directed to a process for purifying a crude ethanol product, comprising hydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form a crude ethanol product; separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product into a light ends stream and an ethanol product stream; and separating at least a portion of the light ends stream in a distillation column to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate and substantially free of acetaldehyde and derivatives thereof.

In a second embodiment, the present invention is directed to a process for purifying a crude ethanol product, comprising hydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form a crude ethanol product; separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product into a light ends stream and an ethanol product stream; and separating at least a portion of the light ends stream in a distillation column to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate, wherein the distillation column operates at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention is described in detail below with reference to the appended drawings, wherein like numerals designate similar parts.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a hydrogenation system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a hydrogenation system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a plot of the effect of acetaldehyde removal column pressure on acetaldehyde separation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to processes for recovering ethanol produced by a hydrogenation process comprising hydrogenating acetic acid in the presence of a catalyst. In particular, the present invention relates to recovering and/or purifying ethanol from a crude ethanol product preferably produced in a hydrogenation process. The process includes a step of separating acetaldehyde from the crude ethanol mixture and returning separated acetaldehyde to the reaction process, preferably to the acetic acid feed, to the vaporizer, or to the hydrogenation reactor. The returned acetaldehyde may be reacted under hydrogenation conditions to make additional ethanol. Embodiments of the present invention beneficially may be used in applications for recovering and/or purifying ethanol on an industrial scale.

In one embodiment, acetaldehyde is separated from a stream comprising ethyl acetate that is derived from the crude ethanol product. This may allow a major portion of the ethyl acetate to be removed from the process without building up ethyl acetate throughout the separation process. It has now been discovered, however, that detectable amounts of acetaldehyde are separated with the ethyl acetate, even though acetaldehyde has a much lower boiling point than ethyl acetate. Without being bound by theory, acetaldehyde may form various derivatives that have higher boiling points than “free” acetaldehyde. These acetaldehyde derivatives may include, for example, acetals, hydrates, and hemi-acetals. Some hemi-acetal and hydrate derivatives of acetaldehyde are unstable compounds, and thus, are not readily detectable and rapidly equilibrate between “free” acetaldehyde and their derivative form. Furthermore, the low stability of these compounds can lead to the formation of azeotropes, which inhibit the ability to separate these components from process streams. When acetaldehyde is separated from the ethyl acetate derived stream, the higher boiling point acetaldehyde derivatives may be separated with the ethyl acetate. After the ethyl acetate is separated, the acetaldehyde derivatives may decompose to acetaldehyde. For most applications of ethyl acetate, it is desirable to have little to no acetaldehyde, and thus additional processing is required to remove acetaldehyde. In addition, acetaldehyde derivatives in the ethyl acetate stream are removed from the system and thus decreases the overall production of ethanol.

Embodiments of the present invention preferably inhibit or prevent the acetaldehyde derivatives from separating with the ethyl acetate by operating the separation column at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that operating the column at higher pressure favors conversion of acetaldehyde derivatives to acetaldehyde. Generally, the column may be operated at a pressure that favors conversion of acetaldehyde derivatives to acetaldehyde. Preferably, the pressure of the column is from 120 KPa to 5,000 KPa, e.g., from 200 KPa to 4,500 KPa, or from 400 KPa to 3,000 KPa.

FIG. 1 is a schematic system 100 for ethanol production and recovery by acetic acid hydrogenation. Hydrogen 101 and acetic acid 102 are fed to reactor 103 to produce a crude product 104. Crude product 104 is fed to a separation section 105 to yield an ethanol product stream 106 and a light ends stream 107 comprising acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate. Light ends stream 107 is fed to a distillation column 108, e.g., acetaldehyde removal column, to yield a distillate stream 109 comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream 110 comprising ethyl acetate. Acetaldehyde in distillate stream 109 may be returned to the reactor 103. Separation section 105 may also remove unreacted acetic acid 111 when the conversion is not complete and/or non-condensable gases 112.

Separation section 105 concentrates the acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate from the reactor into light ends stream 107. Light ends stream 107 may comprise, for example, from 10 to 90 wt. % ethyl acetate, e.g., from 25 to 90 wt. % or 50 to 90 wt. %, and from 1 to 25 wt. % acetaldehyde, e.g., from 1 to 15 wt. % or 1 to 8 wt. %. Light ends stream may also comprises ethanol and water, generally in amounts less than 30 wt. %.

Distillation column 108 preferably operates at the pressures stated above, 120 KPa to 5,000 KPa. The temperature of distillate stream 109 preferably is from 60° C. to 110° C., e.g., from 70° C. to 100° C. or from 75° C. to 95° C. The temperature of residue stream 110 preferably is from 70° C. to 115° C., e.g., from 80° C. to 110° C. or from 85° C. to 110° C.

Acetaldehyde is primarily withdrawn from distillation column 108 in distillate stream 109. The acetaldehyde concentration in the distillate stream may vary, so long as a majority or substantially all of the acetaldehyde fed to distillation column 108 is withdrawn in distillate stream 109. The residue stream 110, in contrast, should contain small amounts of acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde derivatives. In one embodiment, the acetaldehyde concentration, including acetaldehyde derivatives, in residue stream 110 is less than 1 wt. %, e.g., less than 0.5 wt. %, or less than 0.1 wt. %. The acetal concentration in residue stream 110, if any, may be less than 3 wt. %, e.g., less than 2 wt. %, or less than 1 wt. %. Preferably, the amount of acetaldehyde and/or acetal in the residue stream 110 is below detectable amounts. Thus, the process of the present invention advantageously forms a stream containing substantially all of the acetaldehyde that may be recycled to increase ethanol production. The process recovers the acetaldehyde while also providing a purge stream of ethyl acetate that contains low amounts of acetaldehyde or no acetaldehyde so that the purge stream is suitable for other uses.

The process of the present invention may be used with any ethanol production that uses acetic acid hydrogenation. The materials, catalysts, reaction conditions, and separation processes are described further below.

In some embodiments, some or all of the raw materials for the above-described acetic acid hydrogenation process may be derived partially or entirely from syngas. For example, the acetic acid may be formed from methanol and carbon monoxide, both of which may be derived from syngas. For example, the methanol may be formed by steam reforming syngas, and the carbon monoxide may be separated from syngas. Similarly, hydrogen that is used in the step of hydrogenating the acetic acid to form the crude ethanol product may be separated from syngas. The syngas, in turn, may be derived from variety of carbon sources. The carbon source, for example, may be selected from the group consisting of natural gas, oil, petroleum, coal, biomass, and combinations thereof.

The raw materials, acetic acid and hydrogen, used in connection with the process of this invention may be derived from any suitable source including natural gas, petroleum, coal, biomass, and so forth. As examples, acetic acid may be produced via methanol carbonylation, acetaldehyde oxidation, ethylene oxidation, oxidative fermentation, and anaerobic fermentation. As petroleum and natural gas prices fluctuate, becoming either more or less expensive, methods for producing acetic acid and intermediates such as methanol and carbon monoxide from alternate carbon sources have drawn increasing interest. In particular, when petroleum is relatively expensive compared to natural gas, it may become advantageous to produce acetic acid from synthesis gas (“syn gas”) that is derived from any available carbon source. U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,352, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, for example, teaches a method of retrofitting a methanol plant for the manufacture of acetic acid. By retrofitting a methanol plant, the large capital costs associated with CO generation for a new acetic acid plant are significantly reduced or largely eliminated. All or part of the syn gas is diverted from the methanol synthesis loop and supplied to a separator unit to recover CO and hydrogen, which are then used to produce acetic acid. In a similar manner, hydrogen for the hydrogenation step may be supplied from syn gas.

Methanol carbonylation processes suitable for production of acetic acid are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,208,624, 7,115,772, 7,005,541, 6,657,078, 6,627,770, 6,143,930, 5,599,976, 5,144,068, 5,026,908, 5,001,259, and 4,994,608, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Optionally, the production of ethanol may be integrated with such methanol carbonylation processes.

U.S. Pat. No. RE 35,377 also incorporated herein by reference, provides a method for the production of methanol by conversion of carbonaceous materials such as oil, coal, natural gas and biomass materials. The process includes hydrogasification of solid and/or liquid carbonaceous materials to obtain a process gas which is steam pyrolized with additional natural gas to form synthesis gas. The syn gas is converted to methanol which may be carbonylated to acetic acid. The method likewise produces hydrogen which may be used in connection with this invention as noted above. U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,111, which discloses a process for converting waste biomass through gasification into synthesis gas, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,754, which discloses a method for the production of a hydrogen-containing gas composition, such as a synthesis gas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirities.

The acetic acid fed to the hydrogenation reaction may also comprise other carboxylic acids and anhydrides, as well as acetaldehyde and acetone. Preferably, a suitable acetic acid feed stream comprises one or more of the compounds selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and mixtures thereof. These other compounds may also be hydrogenated in the processes of the present invention. In some embodiments, the presence of carboxylic acids, such as propanoic acid or its anhydride, may be beneficial in producing propanol. Water may also be present in the acetic acid feed.

Alternatively, acetic acid in vapor form may be taken directly as crude product from the flash vessel of a methanol carbonylation unit of the class described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,078, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. The crude vapor product, for example, may be fed directly to the ethanol synthesis reaction zones of the present invention without the need for condensing the acetic acid and light ends or removing water, saving overall processing costs.

The acetic acid may be vaporized at the reaction temperature, following which the vaporized acetic acid can be fed along with hydrogen in an undiluted state or diluted with a relatively inert carrier gas, such as nitrogen, argon, helium, carbon dioxide and the like. For reactions run in the vapor phase, the temperature should be controlled in the system such that it does not fall below the dew point of acetic acid. In one embodiment, the acetic acid may be vaporized at the boiling point of acetic acid at the particular pressure, and then the vaporized acetic acid may be further heated to the reactor inlet temperature. In another embodiment, the acetic acid is transferred to the vapor state by passing hydrogen, recycle gas, another suitable gas, or mixtures thereof through the acetic acid at a temperature below the boiling point of acetic acid, thereby humidifying the carrier gas with acetic acid vapors, followed by heating the mixed vapors up to the reactor inlet temperature. Preferably, the acetic acid is transferred to the vapor state by passing hydrogen and/or recycle gas through the acetic acid at a temperature at or below 125° C., followed by heating of the combined gaseous stream to the reactor inlet temperature.

Some embodiments of the process of hydrogenating acetic acid to form ethanol according to one embodiment of the invention may include a variety of configurations using a fixed bed reactor or a fluidized bed reactor. In many embodiments of the present invention, an “adiabatic” reactor can be used; that is, there is little or no need for internal plumbing through the reaction zone to add or remove heat. In other embodiments, a radial flow reactor or reactors may be employed, or a series of reactors may be employed with or without heat exchange, quenching, or introduction of additional feed material. Alternatively, a shell and tube reactor provided with a heat transfer medium may be used. In many cases, the reaction zone may be housed in a single vessel or in a series of vessels with heat exchangers therebetween.

In preferred embodiments, the catalyst is employed in a fixed bed reactor, e.g., in the shape of a pipe or tube, where the reactants, typically in the vapor form, are passed over or through the catalyst. Other reactors, such as fluid or ebullient bed reactors, can be employed. In some instances, the hydrogenation catalysts may be used in conjunction with an inert material to regulate the pressure drop of the reactant stream through the catalyst bed and the contact time of the reactant compounds with the catalyst particles.

The hydrogenation reaction may be carried out in either the liquid phase or vapor phase. Preferably, the reaction is carried out in the vapor phase under the following conditions. The reaction temperature may range from 125° C. to 350° C., e.g., from 200° C. to 325° C., from 225° C. to 300° C., or from 250° C. to 300° C. The pressure may range from 10 KPa to 3000 KPa (about 1.5 to 435 psi), e.g., from 50 KPa to 2300 KPa, or from 100 KPa to 1500 KPa. The reactants may be fed to the reactor at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of greater than 500 hr⁻¹, e.g., greater than 1000 hr⁻¹, greater than 2500 hr⁻¹ or even greater than 5000 hr⁻¹. In terms of ranges the GHSV may range from 50 hr⁻¹ to 50,000 hr⁻¹, e.g., from 500 hr⁻¹ to 30,000 hr⁻¹, from 1000 hr⁻¹ to 10,000 hr⁻¹, or from 1000 hr⁻¹ to 6500 hr⁻¹.

The hydrogenation optionally is carried out at a pressure just sufficient to overcome the pressure drop across the catalytic bed at the GHSV selected, although there is no bar to the use of higher pressures, it being understood that considerable pressure drop through the reactor bed may be experienced at high space velocities, e.g., 5000 hr⁻¹ or 6,500 hr⁻¹.

Although the reaction consumes two moles of hydrogen per mole of acetic acid to produce one mole of ethanol, the actual molar ratio of hydrogen to acetic acid in the feed stream may vary from about 100:1 to 1:100, e.g., from 50:1 to 1:50, from 20:1 to 1:2, or from 12:1 to 1:1. Most preferably, the molar ratio of hydrogen to acetic acid is greater than 2:1, e.g., greater than 4:1 or greater than 8:1.

Contact or residence time can also vary widely, depending upon such variables as amount of acetic acid, catalyst, reactor, temperature and pressure. Typical contact times range from a fraction of a second to more than several hours when a catalyst system other than a fixed bed is used, with preferred contact times, at least for vapor phase reactions, of from 0.1 to 100 seconds, e.g., from 0.3 to 80 seconds or from 0.4 to 30 seconds.

The hydrogenation of acetic acid to form ethanol is preferably conducted in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. Suitable hydrogenation catalysts include catalysts comprising a first metal and optionally one or more of a second metal, a third metal or any number of additional metals, optionally on a catalyst support. The first and optional second and third metals may be selected from Group IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIIB, VIIB, VIII transition metals, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or a metal selected from any of Groups IIIA, IVA, VA, and VIA. Preferred metal combinations for some exemplary catalyst compositions include platinum/tin, platinum/ruthenium, platinum/rhenium, palladium/ruthenium, palladium/rhenium, cobalt/palladium, cobalt/platinum, cobalt/chromium, cobalt/ruthenium, silver/palladium, copper/palladium, nickel/palladium, gold/palladium, ruthenium/rhenium, and ruthenium/iron. Exemplary catalysts are further described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,608,744 and 7,863,489 and U.S. Pub. No. 2010/0197485, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the catalyst comprises a first metal selected from the group consisting of copper, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, titanium, zinc, chromium, rhenium, molybdenum, and tungsten. Preferably, the first metal is selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, cobalt, nickel, and ruthenium. More preferably, the first metal is selected from platinum and palladium. In embodiments of the invention where the first metal comprises platinum, it is preferred that the catalyst comprises platinum in an amount less than 5 wt. %, e.g., less than 3 wt. % or less than 1 wt. %, due to the high commercial demand for platinum.

As indicated above, in some embodiments, the catalyst further comprises a second metal, which typically would function as a promoter. If present, the second metal preferably is selected from the group consisting of copper, molybdenum, tin, chromium, iron, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, palladium, platinum, lanthanum, cerium, manganese, ruthenium, rhenium, gold, and nickel. More preferably, the second metal is selected from the group consisting of copper, tin, cobalt, rhenium, and nickel. Most preferably, the second metal is selected from tin and rhenium.

In certain embodiments where the catalyst includes two or more metals, e.g., a first metal and a second metal, the first metal is present in the catalyst in an amount from 0.1 to 10 wt. %, e.g., from 0.1 to 5 wt. %, or from 0.1 to 3 wt. %. The second metal preferably is present in an amount from 0.1 and 20 wt. %, e.g., from 0.1 to 10 wt. %, or from 0.1 to 5 wt. %. For catalysts comprising two or more metals, the two or more metals may be alloyed with one another, or may comprise a non-alloyed metal solution or mixture.

The preferred metal ratios may vary depending on the metals used in the catalyst. In some exemplary embodiments, the mole ratio of the first metal to the second metal is from 10:1 to 1:10, e.g., from 4:1 to 1:4, from 2:1 to 1:2, from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5 or from 1.1:1 to 1:1.1.

The catalyst may also comprise a third metal selected from any of the metals listed above in connection with the first or second metal, so long as the third metal is different from both the first and second metals. In preferred embodiments, the third metal is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, palladium, ruthenium, copper, zinc, platinum, tin, and rhenium. More preferably, the third metal is selected from cobalt, palladium, and ruthenium. When present, the total weight of the third metal is preferably from 0.05 to 4 wt. %, e.g., from 0.1 to 3 wt. %, or from 0.1 to 2 wt. %.

In addition to one or more metals, in some embodiments of the present invention, the catalysts further comprise a support or a modified support. As used herein, the term “modified support” refers to a support that includes a support material and a support modifier, which adjusts the acidity of the support material.

The total weight of the support or modified support, based on the total weight of the catalyst, preferably is from 75 to 99.9 wt. %, e.g., from 78 to 97 wt. %, or from 80 to 95 wt. %. In preferred embodiments that utilize a modified support, the support modifier is present in an amount from 0.1 to 50 wt. %, e.g., from 0.2 to 25 wt. %, from 0.5 to 15 wt. %, or from 1 to 8 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst. The metals of the catalysts may be dispersed throughout the support, layered throughout the support, coated on the outer surface of the support (i.e., egg shell), or decorated on the surface of the support.

As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, support materials are selected such that the catalyst system is suitably active, selective and robust under the process conditions employed for the formation of ethanol.

Suitable support materials may include, for example, stable metal oxide-based supports or ceramic-based supports. Preferred supports include silicaceous supports, such as silica, silica/alumina, a Group IIA silicate such as calcium metasilicate, pyrogenic silica, high purity silica, and mixtures thereof. Other supports may include, but are not limited to, iron oxide, alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesium oxide, carbon, graphite, high surface area graphitized carbon, activated carbons, and mixtures thereof.

As indicated, the catalyst support may be modified with a support modifier. In some embodiments, the support modifier may be an acidic modifier that increases the acidity of the catalyst. Suitable acidic support modifiers may be selected from the group consisting of: oxides of Group IVB metals, oxides of Group VB metals, oxides of Group VIB metals, oxides of Group VIIB metals, oxides of Group VIIIB metals, aluminum oxides, and mixtures thereof. Acidic support modifiers include those selected from the group consisting of TiO₂, ZrO₂, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, Al₂O₃, B₂O₃, P₂O₅, and Sb₂O₃. Preferred acidic support modifiers include those selected from the group consisting of TiO₂, ZrO₂, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, and Al₂O₃. The acidic modifier may also include WO₃, MoO₃, Fe₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, V₂O₅, MnO₂, CuO, CO₂O₃, Bi₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the support modifier may be a basic modifier that has a low volatility or no volatility. Such basic modifiers, for example, may be selected from the group consisting of: (i) alkaline earth oxides, (ii) alkali metal oxides, (iii) alkaline earth metal metasilicates, (iv) alkali metal metasilicates, (v) Group IIB metal oxides, (vi) Group IIB metal metasilicates, (vii) Group IIIB metal oxides, (viii) Group IIIB metal metasilicates, and mixtures thereof. In addition to oxides and metasilicates, other types of modifiers including nitrates, nitrites, acetates, and lactates may be used. The basic support modifier may be selected from the group consisting of oxides and metasilicates of any of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, scandium, yttrium, and zinc, as well as mixtures of any of the foregoing. More preferably, the basic support modifier is a calcium silicate, and even more preferably calcium metasilicate (CaSiO₃). If the basic support modifier comprises calcium metasilicate, it is preferred that at least a portion of the calcium metasilicate is in crystalline form.

A preferred silica support material is SS61138 High Surface Area (HSA) Silica Catalyst Carrier from Saint Gobain NorPro. The Saint-Gobain NorPro SS61138 silica exhibits the following properties: contains approximately 95 wt. % high surface area silica; surface area of about 250 m²/g; median pore diameter of about 12 nm; average pore volume of about 1.0 cm³/g as measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry; and packing density of about 0.352 g/cm³ (22 lb/ft³).

A preferred silica/alumina support material is KA-160 silica spheres from Süd-Chemie having a nominal diameter of about 5 mm, a density of about 0.562 g/ml, an absorptivity of about 0.583 g H₂O/g support, a surface area of about 160 to 175 m²/g, and a pore volume of about 0.68 ml/g.

The catalyst compositions suitable for use with the present invention preferably are formed through metal impregnation of the modified support, although other processes such as chemical vapor deposition may also be employed. Such impregnation techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,608,744 and 7,863,489 and U.S. Pub. No. 2010/0197485 referred to above, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In particular, the hydrogenation of acetic acid may achieve favorable conversion of acetic acid and favorable selectivity and productivity to ethanol. For purposes of the present invention, the term “conversion” refers to the amount of acetic acid in the feed that is converted to a compound other than acetic acid. Conversion is expressed as a mole percentage based on acetic acid in the feed. The conversion may be at least 10%, e.g., at least 20%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70% or at least 80%. Although catalysts that have high conversions are desirable, such as at least 80% or at least 90%, in some embodiments, a low conversion may be acceptable at high selectivity for ethanol. It is, of course, well understood that in many cases, it is possible to compensate for conversion by appropriate recycle streams or use of larger reactors, but it is more difficult to compensate for poor selectivity.

Selectivity is expressed as a mole percent based on converted acetic acid. It should be understood that each compound converted from acetic acid has an independent selectivity and that selectivity is independent from conversion. For example, if 60 mole % of the converted acetic acid is converted to ethanol, we refer to the ethanol selectivity as 60%. Preferably, the catalyst selectivity to ethoxylates is at least 60%, e.g., at least 70%, or at least 80%. As used herein, the term “ethoxylates” refers specifically to the compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate. Preferably, the selectivity to ethanol is at least 80%, e.g., at least 85% or at least 88%. Preferred embodiments of the hydrogenation process also have low selectivity to undesirable products, such as methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide. The selectivity to these undesirable products preferably is less than 4%, e.g., less than 2% or less than 1%. More preferably, these undesirable products are present in undetectable amounts. Formation of alkanes may be low, and ideally less than 2%, less than 1%, or less than 0.5% of the acetic acid passed over the catalyst is converted to alkanes, which have little value other than as fuel.

The term “productivity,” as used herein, refers to the grams of a specified product, e.g., ethanol, formed during the hydrogenation based on the kilograms of catalyst used per hour. A productivity of at least 200 grams of ethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour, e.g., at least 400 grams of ethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour, or at least 600 grams of ethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour, is preferred. In terms of ranges, the productivity preferably is from 200 to 3,000 grams of ethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour, e.g., from 400 to 2,500 per kilogram catalyst per hour or from 600 to 2,000 per kilogram catalyst per hour.

Operating under the conditions of the present invention may have an ethanol production on the order of at least 0.1 tons of ethanol per hour, at least 5 tons of ethanol per house, or preferably at least 5 tons of ethanol per hour. Large scale industrial production of ethanol, depending on the scale, generally should be at least 15 tons of ethanol per hour, preferably at least 30 tons of ethanol per hour. In terms of ranges for large scale industrial production of ethanol, the process of the present invention may produce 15 to 160 tons of ethanol per hour, preferably 30 to 80 tons of ethanol per hour. Ethanol production from fermentation, due the economies of scale, typically does not permit large scale ethanol production in one facility that may be achievable by embodiments of the present invention.

In various embodiments of the present invention, the crude ethanol product produced by the hydrogenation process, before any subsequent processing, such as purification and separation, will typically comprise unreacted acetic acid, ethanol and water. As used herein, the term “crude ethanol product” refers to any composition comprising from 5 to 70 wt. % ethanol and from 5 to 35 wt. % water. In some exemplary embodiments, the crude ethanol product comprises ethanol in an amount from 5 wt. % to 70 wt. %, e.g., from 10 wt. % to 60 wt. %, or from 15 wt. % to 50 wt. %, based on the total weight of the crude ethanol product. Preferably, the crude ethanol product contains at least 10 wt. % ethanol, at least 15 wt. % ethanol or at least 20 wt. % ethanol. The crude ethanol product typically will further comprise unreacted acetic acid, depending on conversion, for example, in an amount of less than 90 wt. %, e.g., less than 80 wt. % or less than 70 wt. %. In terms of ranges, the unreacted acetic acid optionally is present in the crude ethanol product in an amount from 0 to 90 wt. %, e.g., from 5 to 80 wt. %, from 15 to 70 wt. %, from 20 to 70 wt. % or from 25 to 65 wt. %. As water is formed in the reaction process, water will generally be present in the crude ethanol product, for example, in amounts ranging from 5 to 35 wt. %, e.g., from 10 to 30 wt. % or from 10 to 26 wt. %.

Ethyl acetate may also be produced during the hydrogenation of acetic acid or through side reactions and may be present, for example, in amounts ranging from 0 to 20 wt. %, e.g., from 0 to 15 wt. %, from 1 to 12 wt. % or from 3 to 10 wt. %. Acetaldehyde may also be produced through side reactions and may be present, for example, in amounts ranging from 0 to 10 wt. %, e.g., from 0 to 3 wt. %, from 0.1 to 3 wt. % or from 0.2 to 2 wt. %. Other components, such as, for example, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, and carbon dioxide, if detectable, collectively may be present in amounts less than 10 wt. %, e.g., less than 6 wt. % or less than 4 wt. %. In terms of ranges, other components may be present in an amount from 0.1 to 10 wt. %, e.g., from 0.1 to 6 wt. %, or from 0.1 to 4 wt. %. Exemplary component ranges for the crude ethanol product are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1
CRUDE ETHANOL PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS
	Conc.	Conc.	Conc.	Conc.
Component	(wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
Ethanol	5 to 70	10 to 60	15 to 50	25 to 50
Acetic Acid	0 to 90	5 to 80	15 to 70	20 to 70
Water	5 to 35	5 to 30	10 to 30	10 to 26
Ethyl Acetate	0 to 20	0 to 15	1 to 12	3 to 10
Acetaldehyde	0 to 10	0 to 3	0.1 to 3	0.2 to 2
Others	0.1 to 10	0.1 to 6	0.1 to 4	—

The crude ethanol product may be treated as shown by an exemplary hydrogenation system 200 in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows a hydrogenation system 200 suitable for the hydrogenation of acetic acid and separating ethanol from the crude ethanol mixture according to one embodiment of the invention. System 200 comprises reaction zone 201 and distillation zone 202. Reaction zone 201 comprises reactor 203, hydrogen feed line 204 and acetic acid feed line 205. Distillation zone 202 comprises flasher 206, first column 207, second column 208, third column 209, and fourth column 223. Hydrogen and acetic acid are fed to a vaporizer 210 via lines 204 and 205, respectively, to create a vapor feed stream in line 211 that is directed to reactor 203. In one embodiment, lines 204 and 205 may be combined and jointly fed to the vaporizer 210, e.g., in one stream containing both hydrogen and acetic acid. The temperature of the vapor feed stream in line 211 is preferably from 100° C. to 350° C., e.g., from 120° C. to 310° C. or from 150° C. to 300° C. Any feed that is not vaporized is removed from vaporizer 210, as shown in FIG. 2, and may be recycled thereto. In addition, although FIG. 2 shows line 211 being directed to the top of reactor 203, line 211 may be directed to the side, upper portion, or bottom of reactor 203. Further modifications and additional components to reaction zone 201 are described below.

Reactor 203 contains the catalyst that is used in the hydrogenation of the carboxylic acid, preferably acetic acid. In one embodiment, one or more guard beds (not shown) may be used to protect the catalyst from poisons or undesirable impurities contained in the feed or return/recycle streams. Such guard beds may be employed in the vapor or liquid streams. Suitable guard bed materials are known in the art and include, for example, carbon, silica, alumina, ceramic, or resins. In certain embodiments of the invention, the guard bed media is functionalized to trap particular species such as sulfur or halogens. During the hydrogenation process, a crude ethanol product is withdrawn, preferably continuously, from reactor 203 via line 212.

The crude ethanol product may be condensed and fed to flasher 206, which, in turn, provides a vapor stream and a liquid stream. The flasher 206 may operate at a temperature of from 50° C. to 500° C., e.g., from 70° C. to 400° C. or from 100° C. to 350° C. The pressure of flasher 206 may be from 50 KPa to 2000 KPa, e.g., from 75 KPa to 1500 KPa or from 100 to 1000 KPa. In another embodiment, the temperature and pressure of the flasher is similar to the temperature and pressure of the reactor 203.

The vapor stream exiting the flasher 206 may comprise hydrogen and hydrocarbons, which may be purged and/or returned to reaction zone 201 via line 213. As shown in FIG. 2, the returned portion of the vapor stream passes through compressor 214 and is combined with the hydrogen feed and co-fed to vaporizer 210.

The liquid from flasher 206 is withdrawn and pumped as a feed composition via line 215 to the side of first column 207, also referred to as the acid separation column. The contents of line 215 typically will be substantially similar to the product obtained directly from the reactor, and may, in fact, also be characterized as a crude ethanol product. However, the feed composition in line 215 preferably has substantially no hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane or ethane, which are removed by flasher 206. Exemplary components of liquid in line 215 are provided in Table 2. It should be understood that liquid line 215 may contain other components, not listed, such as components in the feed.

TABLE 2
FEED COMPOSITION
	Conc.	Conc.	Conc.
	(wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
Ethanol	5 to 70	10 to 60	15 to 50
Acetic Acid	<90	5 to 80	15 to 70
Water	5 to 35	5 to 30	10 to 30
Ethyl Acetate	<20	0.001 to 15	1 to 12
Acetaldehyde	<10	0.001 to 3	0.1 to 3
Acetal	<5	0.001 to 2	0.005 to 1
Acetone	<5	0.0005 to 0.05	0.001 to 0.03
Other Esters	<5	<0.005	<0.001
Other Ethers	<5	<0.005	<0.001
Other Alcohols	<5	<0.005	<0.001

The amounts indicated as less than (<) in the tables throughout present application are preferably not present and if present may be present in trace amounts or in amounts greater than 0.0001 wt. %.

The “other esters” in Table 3 may include, but are not limited to, ethyl propionate, methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate or mixtures thereof. The “other ethers” in Table 3 may include, but are not limited to, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, isobutyl ethyl ether or mixtures thereof. The “other alcohols” in Table 3 may include, but are not limited to, methanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the feed composition, e.g., line 215, may comprise propanol, e.g., isopropanol and/or n-propanol, in an amount from 0.001 to 0.1 wt. %, from 0.001 to 0.05 wt. % or from 0.001 to 0.03 wt. %. In should be understood that these other components may be carried through in any of the distillate or residue streams described herein and will not be further described herein, unless indicated otherwise.

Optionally, the crude ethanol product may pass through one or more membranes to separate hydrogen and/or other non-condensable gases. In other optional embodiments, the crude ethanol product may be fed directly to the acid separation column as a vapor feed and the non-condensable gases may be recovered from the overhead of the column.

When the content of acetic acid in line 215 is less than 5 wt. %, the acid separation column 207 may be skipped and line 215 may be introduced directly to second column 208, also referred to herein as a “light ends column”.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, line 215 is introduced in the lower part of first column 207, e.g., lower half or lower third. Depending on the acetic acid conversion and operation of column 207, unreacted acetic acid, water, and other heavy components, if present, are removed from the composition in line 215 and are withdrawn, preferably continuously, as residue. In some embodiments, especially with higher conversions of acetic acid of at least 80%, or at least 90%, it may be beneficially to remove a majority of water in line 215 along with substantially all the acetic acid in residue stream 216. Residue stream 216 may be recycled to reaction zone 201. In addition, a portion of the water in residue stream 216 may be separated and purged with the acid rich portion being returned to reaction zone 201. In other embodiments, the residue stream 216 may be a dilute acid stream that may be treated in a weak acid recovery system or sent to a reactive distillation column to convert the acid to esters.

First column 207 also forms an overhead distillate, which is withdrawn in line 217, and which may be condensed and refluxed, for example, at a ratio of from 10:1 to 1:10, e.g., from 3:1 to 1:3 or from 1:2 to 2:1.

The columns shown in FIGS. 1-2 may comprise any distillation column capable of performing the desired separation and/or purification. Each column preferably comprises a tray column having from 1 to 150 trays, e.g., from 10 to 100 trays, from 20 to 95 trays or from 30 to 75 trays. The trays may be sieve trays, fixed valve trays, movable valve trays, or any other suitable design known in the art. In other embodiments, a packed column may be used. For packed columns, structured packing or random packing may be employed. The trays or packing may be arranged in one continuous column or they may be arranged in two or more columns such that the vapor from the first section enters the second section while the liquid from the second section enters the first section, etc.

The associated condensers and liquid separation vessels that may be employed with each of the distillation columns may be of any conventional design and are simplified in the figures. Heat may be supplied to the base of each column or to a circulating bottom stream through a heat exchanger or reboiler. Other types of reboilers, such as internal reboilers, may also be used. The heat that is provided to the reboilers may be derived from any heat generated during the process that is integrated with the reboilers or from an external source such as another heat generating chemical process or a boiler. Although one reactor and one flasher are shown in the figures, additional reactors, flashers, condensers, heating elements, and other components may be used in various embodiments of the present invention. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, various condensers, pumps, compressors, reboilers, drums, valves, connectors, separation vessels, etc., normally employed in carrying out chemical processes may also be combined and employed in the processes of the present invention.

The temperatures and pressures employed in the columns may vary. As a practical matter, pressures from 10 KPa to 3000 KPa will generally be employed in these zones although in some embodiments subatmospheric pressures or superatmospheric pressures may be employed. Temperatures within the various zones will normally range between the boiling points of the composition removed as the distillate and the composition removed as the residue. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the temperature at a given location in an operating distillation column is dependent on the composition of the material at that location and the pressure of column. In addition, feed rates may vary depending on the size of the production process and, if described, may be generically referred to in terms of feed weight ratios.

When column 207 is operated under standard atmospheric pressure, the temperature of the residue exiting in line 216 from column 207 preferably is from 95° C. to 120° C., e.g., from 105° C. to 117° C. or from 110° C. to 115° C. The temperature of the distillate exiting in line 217 from column 207 preferably is from 70° C. to 110° C., e.g., from 75° C. to 95° C. or from 80° C. to 90° C. In other embodiments, the pressure of first column 207 may range from 0.1 KPa to 510 KPa, e.g., from 1 KPa to 475 KPa or from 1 KPa to 375 KPa. In one exemplary embodiment a distillate and residue compositions for first column 207 are provided in Table 3 below. Note that these compositions may change depending on acetic acid conversion, the operation of the column and whether a majority of the water is removed in the residue. It should also be understood that the distillate and residue may also contain other components, not listed, such as components in the feed. For convenience, the distillate and residue of the first column may also be referred to as the “first distillate” or “first residue.” The distillates or residues of the other columns may also be referred to with similar numeric modifiers (second, third, etc.) in order to distinguish them from one another, but such modifiers should not be construed as requiring any particular separation order.

TABLE 3
FIRST COLUMN
	Conc.	Conc.	Conc.
	(wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
Distillate
Ethanol	20 to 75	30 to 70	40 to 65
Water	10 to 40	15 to 35	20 to 35
Acetic Acid	<2	0.001 to 0.5	0.01 to 0.2
Ethyl Acetate	<60	5.0 to 40	10 to 30
Acetaldehyde	<10	0.001 to 5	0.01 to 4
Acetal	<0.1	<0.1	<0.05
Acetone	<0.05	0.001 to 0.03	0.01 to 0.025
Residue
Acetic Acid	60 to 100	70 to 95	85 to 92
Water	<30	1 to 20	1 to 15
Ethanol	<1	<0.9	<0.07

Some species, such as acetals, may decompose in column 207 to low or even no detectable amounts. In addition, there may be a non-catalyzed equilibrium reaction after the crude ethanol product 212 exits the reactor 203 in liquid feed 215. Depending on the concentration of acetic acid, the equilibrium may be driven towards formation of ethyl acetate. The equilibrium may be regulated using the residence time and/or temperature of liquid feed 215.

The distillate, e.g., overhead stream, of column 207 optionally is condensed and refluxed as shown in FIG. 2, preferably, at a reflux ratio of 1:5 to 10:1. The distillate in line 217 preferably comprises ethanol, ethyl acetate, and water, along with other impurities, which may be difficult to separate due to the formation of binary and tertiary azeotropes.

The first distillate in line 217 is introduced to the second column 208, also referred to as the “light ends column,” preferably in the middle part of column 208, e.g., middle half or middle third. Second column 208 may be a tray column or packed column. In one embodiment, second column 208 is a tray column having from 5 to 70 trays, e.g., from 15 to 50 trays or from 20 to 45 trays. As one example, when a 25 tray column is utilized in a column without water extraction, line 217 is introduced at tray 17. In one embodiment, the second column 208 may be an extractive distillation column. In such embodiments, an extraction agent, such as water, may be added to second column 208. If the extraction agent comprises water, it may be obtained from an external source or from an internal return/recycle line from one or more of the other columns.

In some embodiments, a portion of the water in first distillate 217 may be removed prior to second column 208, using one or more membranes, and/or adsorptions units.

Although the temperature and pressure of second column 208 may vary, when at atmospheric pressure the temperature of the second residue exiting in line 218 from second column 208 preferably is from 60° C. to 90° C., e.g., from 70° C. to 90° C. or from 80° C. to 90° C. The temperature of the second distillate exiting in line 220 from second column 208 preferably is from 50° C. to 90° C., e.g., from 60° C. to 80° C. or from 60° C. to 70° C. Second column 208 may operate at atmospheric pressure. In other embodiments, the pressure of second column 208 may range from 0.1 KPa to 510 KPa, e.g., from 1 KPa to 475 KPa or from 1 KPa to 375 KPa. Exemplary components for the distillate and residue compositions for second column 208 are provided in Table 4 below. It should be understood that the distillate and residue may also contain other components, not listed, such as components in the feed.

TABLE 4
SECOND COLUMN
	Conc.	Conc.	Conc.
	(wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
	Distillate
	Ethyl Acetate	10 to 90	25 to 90	50 to 90
	Acetaldehyde	1 to 25	1 to 15	1 to 8
	Water	1 to 25	1 to 20	4 to 16
	Ethanol	<30	0.001 to 15	0.01 to 5
	Acetal	<5	0.001 to 2	0.01 to 1
	Residue
	Water	5 to 70	30 to 60	30 to 50
	Ethanol	20 to 95	30 to 70	40 to 70
	Ethyl Acetate	<3	0.001 to 2	0.001 to 0.5
	Acetic Acid	<0.5	0.001 to 0.3	0.001 to 0.2

The weight ratio of ethanol in the second residue to ethanol in the second distillate preferably is at least 3:1, e.g., at least 6:1, at least 8:1, at least 10:1 or at least 15:1. The weight ratio of ethyl acetate in the second residue to ethyl acetate in the second distillate preferably is less than 0.4:1, e.g., less than 0.2:1 or less than 0.1:1. In embodiments that use an extractive column with water as an extraction agent as the second column 208, the weight ratio of ethyl acetate in the second residue to ethyl acetate in the second distillate approaches zero.

As shown, the second residue from the bottom of second column 208, which comprises ethanol and water, is fed via line 218 to third column 209, also referred to as the “product column”. More preferably, the second residue in line 218 is introduced in the lower part of third column 209, e.g., lower half or lower third. Third column 209 recovers ethanol, which preferably is substantially pure other than the azeotropic water content, as the distillate in line 219. The distillate of third column 209 preferably is refluxed as shown in FIG. 2, for example, at a reflux ratio of from 1:10 to 10:1, e.g., from 1:3 to 3:1 or from 1:2 to 2:1. The third residue in line 221, which preferably comprises primarily water, preferably is removed from the system 200 or may be partially returned to any portion of the system 200. Third column 209 is preferably a tray column as described above and preferably operates at atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the third distillate exiting in line 219 from third column 209 preferably is from 60° C. to 110° C., e.g., from 70° C. to 100° C. or from 75° C. to 95° C. The temperature of the third residue exiting from third column 209 preferably is from 70° C. to 115° C., e.g., from 80° C. to 110° C. or from 85° C. to 105° C., when the column is operated at atmospheric pressure. Exemplary components of the distillate and residue compositions for third column 209 are provided in Table 5 below. It should be understood that the distillate and residue may also contain other components, not listed, such as components in the feed.

TABLE 5
THIRD COLUMN
	Conc.	Conc.	Conc.
	(wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
	Distillate
	Ethanol	75 to 96	80 to 96	85 to 96
	Water	<12	1 to 9	3 to 8
	Acetic Acid	<1	0.001 to 0.1	0.005 to 0.01
	Ethyl Acetate	<5	0.001 to 4	0.01 to 3
	Residue
	Water	75 to 100	80 to 100	90 to 100
	Ethanol	<0.8	0.001 to 0.5	0.005 to 0.05
	Ethyl Acetate	<1	0.001 to 0.5	0.005 to 0.2
	Acetic Acid	<2	0.001 to 0.5	0.005 to 0.2

Any of the compounds that are carried through the distillation process from the feed or crude reaction product generally remain in the third distillate in amounts of less 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the third distillate composition, e.g., less than 0.05 wt. % or less than 0.02 wt. %. In one embodiment, one or more side streams may remove impurities from any of the columns 207, 208 and/or 209 in the system 200. Preferably at least one side stream is used to remove impurities from the third column 209. The impurities may be purged and/or retained within the system 200.

The third distillate in line 219 may be further purified to form an anhydrous ethanol product stream, i.e., “finished anhydrous ethanol,” using one or more additional separation systems, such as, for example, distillation columns (e.g., a finishing column) or molecular sieves.

Returning to second column 208, the second distillate preferably is refluxed as shown in FIG. 2, for example, at a reflux ratio of from 1:10 to 10:1, e.g., from 1:5 to 5:1 or from 1:3 to 3:1. The second distillate is fed via line 220 to fourth column 223, also referred to as the “acetaldehyde removal column”. In fourth column 223 the second distillate is separated into a fourth distillate, which comprises acetaldehyde, in line 224 and a fourth residue, which comprises ethyl acetate, in line 225. The fourth distillate preferably is refluxed at a reflux ratio of from 1:20 to 20:1, e.g., from 1:15 to 15:1 or from 1:10 to 10:1, and a portion of the fourth distillate is returned to the reaction zone 201 as shown by line 224. For example, the fourth distillate may be combined with the acetic acid feed, added to the vaporizer 210, or added directly to the reactor 203. As shown, the fourth distillate is co-fed with the acetic acid in feed line 205 to vaporizer 210. Without being bound by theory, since acetaldehyde may be hydrogenated to form ethanol, the recycling of a stream that contains acetaldehyde to the reaction zone increases the yield of ethanol and decreases byproduct and waste generation. In another embodiment (not shown in the figure), the acetaldehyde may be collected and utilized, with or without further purification, to make useful products including but not limited to n-butanol, 1,3-butanediol, and/or crotonaldehyde and derivatives.

The fourth residue of fourth column 223 may be purged via line 225. The fourth residue primarily comprises ethyl acetate and ethanol, which may be suitable for use as a solvent mixture or in the production of esters. In one preferred embodiment, the acetaldehyde is removed from the second distillate in fourth column 223 such that no detectable amount of acetaldehyde is present in the residue of column 223.

Fourth column 223 is preferably a tray column as described above and preferably operates above atmospheric pressure. As indicated above, in one embodiment, the pressure is from 120 KPa to 5,000 KPa, e.g., from 200 KPa to 4,500 KPa, or from 400 KPa to 3,000 KPa. In a preferred embodiment the fourth column 223 may operate at a pressure that is higher than the pressure of the other columns.

At atmospheric pressure, the temperature of the fourth distillate exiting in line 224 from fourth column 223 preferably is from 60° C. to 110° C., e.g., from 70° C. to 100° C. or from 75° C. to 95° C. When operating at pressures greater than atmospheric pressure, the temperature if the fourth distillate exiting in line 224 from the fourth column 223 preferably is at least 60° C., e.g., at least 70° C. or at least 75° C. At atmospheric pressure, the temperature of the residue exiting in line 225 from fourth column 223 preferably is from 70° C. to 115° C., e.g., from 80° C. to 110° C. or from 85° C. to 110° C. When operating at pressures greater than atmospheric pressure, the temperature of the residue exiting in line 225 from fourth column 225 preferably is at least 70° C., e.g., at least 80° C. or at least 85° C. Exemplary components of the distillate and residue compositions for fourth column 223 are provided in Table 6 below. It should be understood that the distillate and residue may also contain other components, not listed, such as components in the feed.

TABLE 6
FOURTH COLUMN
	Conc.	Conc.	Conc.
	(wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
Distillate
Acetaldehyde	2 to 80	2 to 50	5 to 40
Ethyl Acetate	<90	30 to 80	40 to 75
Ethanol	<30	0.001 to 25	0.01 to 20
Water	<25	0.001 to 20	0.01 to 15
Residue
Ethyl Acetate	40 to 100	50 to 100	60 to 100
Ethanol	<40	0.001 to 30	0 to 15
Water	<25	0.001 to 20	2 to 15
Acetaldehyde	<1	0.001 to 0.5	Not detectable
Acetal	<3	0.001 to 2	0.01 to 1

The final ethanol product produced by the process of the present invention may be taken from the third distillate 219. The ethanol product may be an industrial grade ethanol comprising from 75 to 96 wt. % ethanol, e.g., from 80 to 96 wt. % or from 85 to 96 wt. % ethanol, based on the total weight of the ethanol product. Exemplary finished ethanol compositional ranges are provided below in Table 7.

TABLE 7
FINISHED ETHANOL COMPOSITIONS
		Conc.	Conc.	Conc.
	Component	(wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
	Ethanol	75 to 96	80 to 96	85 to 96
	Water	<12	1 to 9	3 to 8
	Acetic Acid	<1	<0.1	<0.01
	Ethyl Acetate	<2	<0.5	<0.05
	Acetal	<0.05	<0.01	<0.005
	Acetone	<0.05	<0.01	<0.005
	Isopropanol	<0.5	<0.1	<0.05
	n-propanol	<0.5	<0.1	<0.05

The finished ethanol composition of the present invention preferably contains very low amounts, e.g., less than 0.5 wt. %, of other alcohols, such as methanol, butanol, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol and other C₄-C₂₀ alcohols. In one embodiment, the amount of isopropanol in the finished ethanol composition is from 80 to 1,000 wppm, e.g., from 95 to 1,000 wppm, from 100 to 700 wppm, or from 150 to 500 wppm. In one embodiment, the finished ethanol composition is substantially free of acetaldehyde, optionally comprising less than 8 wppm acetaldehyde, e.g., less than 5 wppm or less than 1 wppm.

In some embodiments, when further water separation is used, the ethanol product may be withdrawn as a stream from the water separation unit as discussed above. In such embodiments, the ethanol concentration of the ethanol product may be higher than indicated in Table 7, and preferably is greater than 97 wt. % ethanol, e.g., greater than 98 wt. % or greater than 99.5 wt. %. The ethanol product in this aspect preferably comprises less than 3 wt. % water, e.g., less than 2 wt. % or less than 0.5 wt. %.

The finished ethanol composition produced by the embodiments of the present invention may be used in a variety of applications including applications as fuels, solvents, chemical feedstocks, pharmaceutical products, cleansers, sanitizers, hydrogenation transport or consumption. In fuel applications, the finished ethanol composition may be blended with gasoline for motor vehicles such as automobiles, boats and small piston engine aircrafts. In non-fuel applications, the finished ethanol composition may be used as a solvent for toiletry and cosmetic preparations, detergents, disinfectants, coatings, inks, and pharmaceuticals. The finished ethanol composition may also be used as a processing solvent in manufacturing processes for medicinal products, food preparations, dyes, photochemicals and latex processing.

The finished ethanol composition may also be used as a chemical feedstock to make other chemicals such as vinegar, ethyl acrylate, ethyl acetate, ethylene, glycol ethers, ethylamines, aldehydes, and higher alcohols, especially butanol. In the production of ethyl acetate, the finished ethanol composition may be esterified with acetic acid. In another application, the finished ethanol composition may be dehydrated to produce ethylene. Any known dehydration catalyst can be employed to dehydrate ethanol, such as those described in copending U.S. Pub. Nos. 2010/0030002 and 2010/0030001, the entire contents and disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. A zeolite catalyst, for example, may be employed as the dehydration catalyst. Preferably, the zeolite has a pore diameter of at least about 0.6 nm, and preferred zeolites include dehydration catalysts selected from the group consisting of mordenites, ZSM-5, a zeolite X and a zeolite Y. Zeolite X is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,882,244 and zeolite Y in U.S. Pat. No. 3,130,007, the entireties of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In order that the invention disclosed herein may be more efficiently understood, an example is provided below. The following examples describe the various distillation processes of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

A crude ethanol product comprising ethanol, acetic acid, water, and ethyl acetate was produced by reacting a vaporized feed comprising 95.2 wt. % acetic acid and 4.6 wt. % water with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising 1.6 wt. % platinum and 1 wt. % tin supported on ⅛ inch calcium silicate modified silica extrudates at an average temperature of 291° C. and an outlet pressure of 2,063 KPa. Unreacted hydrogen was recycled back to the inlet of the reactor such that the total H₂/acetic acid molar ratio was 5.8 at GHSV of 3,893 hr⁻¹. Under these conditions, 42.8% of the acetic acid was converted, and the selectivity to ethanol was 87.1%, selectivity to ethyl acetate was 8.4%, and selectivity to acetaldehyde was 3.5%. The crude ethanol product was purified using a separation scheme having distillation columns as shown in FIG. 2 to produce an ethanol product stream and a light ends stream.

The light ends stream was fed to a 1-inch diameter Oldershaw column containing 25 trays and designed to operate at elevated pressures to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate. The column was operated at a pressure of 25 psig, and the differential pressure between the trays in the column was 2.2 KPa. The overhead stream was refluxed to the column at a ratio of 28:1. At least a portion of the overhead stream was returned to the reactor. The residue stream was withdrawn at a flow rate of 1.6 g/min. The compositions of the light ends feed, overhead, and residue streams are provided in Table 8.

TABLE 8
ACETALDEHYDE REMOVAL COLUMN
	Light Ends Feed	Overhead	Residue
Component	(Wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
Water	5.1	2.1	4.7
Acetaldehyde	8.3	61.5	Not Detectable
Acetic Acid	0.03	0.02	0.03
Ethanol	12.4	5.41	4.3
Ethyl Acetate	76.0	39.8	80.5
Acetal	0.006	0.001	0.017
Acetone	0.03	0.08	0.01

Example 2

A crude ethanol product comprising ethanol, acetic acid, water and ethyl acetate was produced by reacting a vaporized feed comprising 96.3 wt. % acetic acid and 4.3 wt. % water with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising 1.6 wt. % platinum and 1% tin supported on ⅛ inch calcium silicate modified silica extrudates at an average temperature of 290° C., an outlet pressure of 2,049 KPa. Unreacted hydrogen was recycled back to the inlet of the reactor such that the total H₂/acetic acid molar ratio was 10.2 at a GHSV of 1,997 hr⁻¹. Under these conditions, 74.5% of the acetic acid was converted, and the selectivity to ethanol was 87.9%, selectivity to ethyl acetate was 9.5%, and selectivity to acetaldehyde was 1.8%. The crude ethanol product was purified using a separation scheme having distillation columns as shown in FIG. 2.

The light ends stream was fed to a 1-inch diameter Oldershaw column containing 25 trays and designed to operate at elevated pressures to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate. The column was operated at a pressure of 25 psig, and the differential pressure between the trays in the column was 1.2 KPa. The overhead stream was refluxed to the column, and at least a portion of the overhead stream was returned to the reactor. The residue stream was withdrawn at a flow rate of 1.4 g/min. The compositions of the light ends feed, overhead, and residue streams are provided in Table 9.

TABLE 9
ACETALDEHYDE REMOVAL COLUMN
	Light Ends Feed	Overhead	Residue
Component	(Wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
Water	3.0	0.5	7.4
Acetaldehyde	10.3	>40.00	Not Detectable
Acetic Acid	0.03	0.05	0.04
Ethanol	13.3	1.9	16.4
Ethyl Acetate	75.7	8.3	79.9
Acetal	0.01	0.01	0.03
Acetone	0.03	0.02	0.03

Example 3

To examine the effects of operating pressure of the acetaldehyde removal column, a crude ethanol product was produced and separated into a light ends streams according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The tables below demonstrate that increasing the operating pressure of the acetaldehyde removal column results in a decrease in the amount of acetaldehyde from the light ends feed stream found in the residue stream. For the present Example, three experiments were conducted at variable operating pressures. The findings are summarized in the Tables below and FIG. 3.

Experiment A

A light ends stream was fed to an acetaldehyde removal column to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate. The acetaldehyde removal column was a 1 inch diameter Oldershaw column containing 25 trays and designed to operate at elevated pressures. The column was operated at a pressure of about 17.2 psig. The overhead was refluxed back to the column at a ratio of about 9 with a distillate-to-feed (D/F) ratio of about 0.1 (w/w). The column had a tray-21 temperature of 90° C. The separation experiment results are summarized in Table 10.

TABLE 10
ACETALDEHYDE REMOVAL COLUMN
(operating at 17.2 psig)
		Light Ends Feed	Overhead	Residue
	Component	(Wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
	Water	9.0	5.93	10.3
	Acetaldehyde	3.31	26.92	0.010*
	Acetic Acid	0.31	0.04	0.38
	Ethanol	22.62	9.11	24.04
	Ethyl Acetate	64.35	56.7	65.19
	Acetal	0.1033	0.0056	0.1
	Acetone	0.01	0.09	0.001
*The % of acetaldehyde fed to the column that was found in the residue stream was <0.5%

Experiment B

A light ends stream was fed to a distillation column to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate. The acetaldehyde removal column was a 2 inch diameter Oldershaw column containing 60 trays and designed to operate at atmospheric pressure. The overhead stream was refluxed back to the column at a ratio of about 7.08:1.0 and a distillate-to-feed (D/F) ratio of about 0.39 (w/w). The column had a tray-26 temperature of 77.3° C. The separation results are summarized in Table 11.

TABLE 11
ACETALDEHYDE REMOVAL COLUMN
(operating at atmospheric pressure)
		Light Ends Feed	Overhead	Residue
	Component	(Wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
	Water	3.44	1.44	4.73
	Acetaldehyde	1.39	3.34	0.055*
	Acetic Acid	0.00	0.00	0.01
	Ethanol	71.41	32.68	95.76
	Ethyl Acetate	24.48	62.96	0.19
	Acetal	1.66	1.86	1.54
*The % of acetaldehyde fed to the column that was found in the residue stream was about 4%

Experiment C

A light ends stream was fed to an acetaldehyde removal column to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate. The acetaldehyde removal column was a 2 inch diameter Oldershaw column containing 60 trays and designed to operate below atmospheric pressure. The column was operated at a pressure of about −9.7 psig. The overhead stream was refluxed back to the column at a ratio of about 0.75 and a distillate-to-feed (D/F) ratio of about 0.38 (w/w). The column had a tray-26 temperature of 53.2.3° C. The separation results are summarized in Table 12.

TABLE 12
ACETALDEHYDE REMOVAL COLUMN
(operating at atmospheric pressure)
		Light Ends Feed	Overhead	Residue
	Component	(Wt. %)	(wt. %)	(wt. %)
	Water	15.9667	4.69	24.25
	Acetaldehyde	1.3062	2.95	0.096
	Acetic Acid	0.0090	0.001	0.008
	Ethanol	64.4411	18.40	75.80
	Ethyl Acetate	18.3997	44.48	0.002
	Acetal	1.2303	3.09	0.13
*The % of acetaldehyde fed to the column that was found in the residue stream was about 7.3%

The percentage of acetaldehyde found in the residue compared to the light ends feed was plotted against operating pressure of the acetaldehyde removal column in FIG. 3. According to FIG. 3, an increase in the operating pressure of the acetaldehyde removal column resulted in a lower percentage of acetaldehyde in the residue stream as compared to the light ends feed.

While the invention has been described in detail, modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art. In view of the foregoing discussion, relevant knowledge in the art and references discussed above in connection with the Background and Detailed Description, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the invention and portions of various embodiments and various features recited below and/or in the appended claims may be combined or interchanged either in whole or in part. In the foregoing descriptions of the various embodiments, those embodiments which refer to another embodiment may be appropriately combined with other embodiments as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art.

Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention.

Claims

1. A process for purifying a crude ethanol product, comprising: hydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form a crude ethanol product;separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product into a light ends stream and an ethanol product stream; andseparating at least a portion of the light ends stream in a distillation column to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate, wherein the residue stream is substantially free of acetaldehyde and derivatives thereof.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the acetic acid is formed from methanol and carbon monoxide, wherein each of the methanol, the carbon monoxide, and hydrogen for the hydrogenating step is derived from syngas, and wherein the syngas is derived from a carbon source selected from the group consisting of natural gas, oil, petroleum, coal, biomass, and combinations thereof.

3. The process of claim 1, wherein the residue stream comprises from 0.001 wt. % to 0.5 wt. % acetaldehyde.

4. The process of claim 1, wherein the residue stream comprises less than 1 wt. % acetaldehyde and derivatives thereof.

5. The process of claim 1, wherein the residue stream comprises less than 3 wt. % acetals and derivatives thereof.

6. The process of claim 1, wherein the residue stream comprises from 40 to 100 wt. % ethyl acetate.

7. The process of claim 1, wherein the residue stream comprises less than 40 wt. % ethanol.

8. The process of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the overhead stream is directly or indirectly returned to the reactor.

9. The process of claim 1, wherein the overhead stream comprises from 2 to 80 wt. % acetaldehyde.

10. The process of claim 1, wherein the distillation column operates at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

11. The process of claim 1, wherein the distillation column operates at a pressure from 120 KPa to 5,000 KPa.

12. The process of claim 1, wherein the distillation column operates at a pressure from 400 KPa to 3,000 KPa.

13. The process of claim 1, wherein the overhead stream exiting the distillation column has a temperature of from 60° C. to 110° C.

14. The process of claim 1, wherein the residue stream exiting the distillation column has a temperature of from 70° C. to 115° C.

15. The process of claim 1, wherein the distillation column is operated at a pressure that favors conversion of acetaldehyde derivatives to acetaldehyde.

16. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a combination of metals selected from the group consisting of platinum/tin, platinum/ruthenium, platinum/rhenium, palladium/ruthenium, palladium/rhenium, cobalt/palladium, cobalt/platinum, cobalt/chromium, cobalt/ruthenium, silver/palladium, copper/palladium, nickel/palladium, gold/palladium, ruthenium/rhenium, and ruthenium/iron.

17. A process for purifying a crude ethanol product, comprising: hydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form a crude ethanol product;separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product into a light ends stream and an ethanol product stream; andseparating at least a portion of the light ends stream in a distillation column to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate,wherein the distillation column operates at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

18. The process of claim 17, wherein the distillation column operates at a pressure from 120 KPa to 5,000 KPa.

19. The process of claim 17, wherein the distillation column operates at a pressure from 400 KPa to 3,000 KPa.

20. The process of claim 17, wherein the overhead stream exiting the distillation column has a temperature of from 60° C. to 110° C.

21. The process of claim 17, wherein the residue stream exiting the distillation column has a temperature of from 70° C. to 115° C.

22. The process of claim 17, further comprising directing at least a portion of the overhead stream to the reactor.

23. The process of claim 17, wherein the acetaldehyde stream comprises from 2 to 80 wt. % acetaldehyde.

24. The process of claim 17, wherein the residue stream comprises from 40 to 100 wt. % ethyl acetate.

25. The process of claim 17, wherein the residue stream is substantially free of acetaldehyde and derivatives thereof.

26. The process of claim 17, wherein the residue stream comprises less than 1 wt. % acetaldehyde and derivatives thereof.

27. The process of claim 17, wherein the residue stream comprises less than 3 wt. % acetals and derivatives thereof.

28. The process of claim 17, wherein the distillation column is operated at a temperature and pressure that favors conversion of acetaldehyde derivatives to acetaldehyde.

29. A process for purifying a crude ethanol product, comprising: separating at least a portion of a crude ethanol product into a light ends stream and an ethanol product stream; andseparating at least a portion of the light ends stream in a distillation column to produce an overhead stream comprising acetaldehyde and a residue stream comprising ethyl acetate, wherein the residue stream is substantially free of acetaldehyde and derivatives thereof.