Process for the epoxidation of an organic compound with oxygen or an oxygen-delivering compounds using catalysts containing metal-organic frame-work materials

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for the reaction of at least one organic compound with one oxygen-delivering substance, for example a hydroperoxide, in the presence of at least one catalyst containing a metal-organic framework material comprising pores and a metal ion and an at least bidentate organic compound, said bidentate organic compound being coordinately bound to the metal ion. Further, the present invention is directed to the products being obtainable by the process according to the invention.

Description

The present invention relates to a process for the epoxidation of at least one organic compound with oxygen or an oxygen-delivering compound, in the presence of at least one catalyst containing a metal-organic framework material comprising pores and a metal ion and an at least bidentate organic compound, said bidentate organic compound being coordinately bound to the metal ion. Further, the present invention is directed to the products being obtainable by the process according to the invention.

Reactions of organic compounds with oxidizing agents as hydroperoxides are well known in the prior art, for example from DE 100 55 652.3 and further patent applications of the present applicant, such as DE 100 32 885.7, DE 100 32 884.9 or DE 100 15 246.5.

The state of the art for catalysts used in epoxidation reactions is given by materials containing zeolites, in particular catalysts which comprise a titanium-, vanadium-, chromium-, niobium- or zirconium-containing zeolite as a porous oxidic material. Such catalysts are described, for example, in WO 00/07965.

In a promising novel and alternative strategy to create micro- and/or mesoporous catalytically active materials, metal ions and molecular organic building blocks are used to form so-called metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The metal-organic framework materials as such are described, for example, in. U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,508, EP-A-0 709 253, M. O'Keeffe et al., J. Sol. State Chem ., 152 (2000) p. 3-20, H. Li et al., Nature 402 (1999) p. 276 seq., M. Eddaoudi et al., Topics in Catalysis 9 (1999) p. 105-111,B. Chen et al., Science 291 (2001) p. 1021-23. Among the advantages of these novel materials, in particular for applications in catalysis, are the following:

(i) larger pore sizes can be realized than for the zeolites used presently

(ii) the internal surface area is larger than for porous materials used presently

(iii) pore size and/or channel structure can be tailored over a large range

(iv) the organic framework components forming the internal surface can be functionalized easily.

However, these novel porous materials have only been described as such. The use of these catalytically active materials in reactions of technical importance, in particular for epoxidation reactions, has not been disclosed yet.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a catalyst for the reaction of organic compounds with oxygen and/or oxygen-delivering compounds, wherein the catalyst for said reaction contains a novel material, in addition to, or instead of, catalytic materials according to the prior art, particularly in addition to, or instead of, zeolites.

This object is solved by providing a process for the epoxidation of at least one organic compound with oxygen and/or at least one oxygen-delivering compound in the presence of a catalyst, wherein said catalyst contains a metal-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound, which is coordinately bound to said metal ion.

As epoxidation agents, oxygen and oxygen-delivering compounds can be used. This includes but is not limited to ozone, water, oxidizing enzymes, reactive oxides, such as permanganates, chromic oxide, nitric oxide and the like. If oxygen is used, the gas may be mixed with other reactive gases and/or inert gases. Preferred are hydroperoxides known from the prior art which are suitable for the reaction of the organic compound. Mixtures of at least two of the aforementioned epoxidation agents are included as well. The generic formula of a hydroperoxide can be given as R—O—O—H. In principle, any organic or inorganic entity known to the expert in the field may be used as the group “R”. Examples of such hydroperoxides are tertbutyl hydroperoxide, ethylbenzene hydroperoxide, and cumenehydroperoxide. In the present invention, preference is given to using hydrogen peroxide as hydrol peroxide. The present invention therefore also provides a process as described above, in which the hydroperoxide used is hydrogen peroxide. Preference is given to using an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. The hydrogen peroxide, or any hydroperoxide for that matter, can be either prepared outside the reaction or by starting from hydrogen and oxygen, or other suitable components, in situ within the reaction.

With respect to epoxidation reactions, DE 100 55 652.3, DE 100 32 885.7, DE 100 32 884.9, DE 100 15 246.5, DE 199 36 547.4, DE 199 26 725.1, DE 198 47 629.9, DE 198 35 907.1, DE 197 23 950.1 are fully encompassed within the content of the present application with respect to their respective content.

Other known processes for epoxidation reactions are not excluded from the present application, and are, for example, described in Weissermel, Arpe “Industrielle Organische Chemie”, publisher VCH, Weinheim, 4 th Ed., pages 288 to 318 and in U. Onken, Anton Behr, “Chemische Prozesskunde”, Vol. 3, Thieme, 1996, pages 303 to 305 as well as Weissernel, Arpe “Industrial Organic Chemistry”, 5 th Ed., Wiley, 1998, pages 159 to 181.

Among the reactions which are possible in the process of the present invention, the following are mentioned by way of example and without limiting the general scope of the present invention:

the epoxidation of olefins, e.g. the preparation of propylene oxide from propylene and H 2 O 2 or from propylene and mixtures which provide H 2 O 2 in situ;

hydroxylations such as the hydroxylation of monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic aromatics to give monosubstituted, disubstituted or higher-substituted hydroxyaromatics, for example the reaction of phenol and H 2 O 2 , or of phenol and mixtures which provide H 2 O 2 in situ, to form hydroquinone;

oxime formation from ketones in the presence of H 2 O 2 , or mixtures which provide H 2 O 2 in situ, and ammonia (ammonoximation), for example the preparation of cyclohexanone oxime from cyclohexanone;

the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation.

In the process of the present invention, organic compounds which have at least one C—C double bond are epoxidized.

Examples of such organic compounds having at least one C—C double bond are the following alkenes: ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, butadiene, pentene, piperylene, hexenes, hexadienes, heptenes, octenes, diisobutene, trimethylpentene, nonenes, dodecene, tridecene, tetradecene to eicosene, tripropene and tetrapropene, polybutadienes, polyisobutenes, isoprenes, terpenes, geraniol, linalool, linalyl acetate, methylenecyclopropane, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, norbornene, cycloheptene, vinylcyclohexane, vinyloxiran, vinylcyclohexene, styrene, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, vinylnorbornene, indene, tetrahydroindene, methylstyrene, dicyclopentadiene, dinvinylbenzene, cyclododecene, cyclododecatriene, stilbene, diphenylbutadiene, vitamin A, beta-carotene, vinylidene fluoride, allyl halides, crotyl chloride, methallyl chloride, dichlorobutene, allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, butenols, butenediols, cyclopentenediols, pentenols, octadienols, tridecenols, unsaturated steroids, ethoxyethene, isoeugenol, anethole, unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, vinylacetic acid, unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, naturally occurring fats and oils.

The process of the present invention is preferably carried out using alkenes having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Particular preference is given to reacting ethene, propylene and butene.

As has been mentioned above, metal-organic framework materials as such are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,508, EP-A-0 709 253, M. O'Keeffe et al., J Sol. State Chem ., 152 (2000) p. 3-20, H. Li et al., Nature 402 (1999) p. 276 seq., M. Eddaoudi et al., Topics in Catalysis 9 (1999) p. 105-111, B. Chen et al., Science 291 (2001) p. 1021-23. An inexpensive way for the preparation of said materials is the subject of DE 10111230.0. The content of these publications, to which reference is made herein, is fully incorporated in the content of the present application.

The catalyst used in the present invention contains at least one of the metal-organic framework material, for example one of the materials described below.

The metal-organic framework materials, as used in the present invention, comprise pores, particularly micro- and/or mesopores. Micropores are defined as being pores having a diameter of 2 nm or below and mesopores as being pores having a diameter in the range of above 2 nm to 50 nm, respectively, according to the definition given in Pure Applied Chem . 45, p. 71 seq., particularly on p. 79 (1976). The presence of the micro- and/or mesopores can be monitored by sorption measurements for determining the capacity of the metal-organic framework materials to take up nitrogen at 77 K according to DIN 66131 and/or DIN 66134.

For example, a type-I-form of the isothermal curve indicates the presence of micropores [see, for example, paragraph 4 of M. Eddaoudi et al., Topics in Catalysis 9 (1999)]. In a preferred embodiment, the specific surface area, as calculated according to the Langmuir model (DIN 66131, 66134) preferably is above 5 m 2 /g, further preferred above 10 m 2 /g, more preferably above 50 m 2 /g, particularly preferred above 500 m 2 /g and may increase into the region of to above 3000 m 2 /g.

As to the metal component within the framework material that is to be used according to the present invention, particularly to be mentioned are the metal ions of the main group elements and of the subgroup elements of the periodic system of the elements, namely of the groups Ia, Ia, IIIa, IVa to VIIIa and Ib to VIb. Among those metal components, particular reference is made to Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, and Bi, more preferably to Zn, Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh and Co. As to the metal ions of these elements, particular reference is made to: Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Sc 3+ , Y 3+ , Ti 4+ , Zr 4+ , Hf 4+ , V 4+ , V 3+ , V 2+ , Nb 3+ , Ta 3+ , Cr 3+ , Mo 3+ , W 3+ , Mn 3+ , Mn 2+ , Re 3+ , Re 2+ , Fe 3+ , Fe 2+ , Ru 3+ , Ru 2+ , Os 3+ , Os 2+ , Co 3+ , Co 2+ , Rh 2+ , Rh + , Ir 2+ , Ir + , Ni 2+ , Ni + , Pd 2+ , Pd + , Pt 2+ , Pt + , Cu 2+ , Cu + , Ag + , Au + , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Al 3+ , Ga 3+ , In 3+ , Tl 3+ , Si 4+ , Si 2+ , Ge 4+ , Ge 2+ , Sn 4+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 4+ , Pb 2+ , As 5+ , As 3+ , As + , Sb 5+ , Sb 3+ , Sb + , Bi 5+ , Bi 3+ and Bi + .

With regard to the preferred metal ions and further details regarding the same, particular reference is made to: EP-A 0 790 253, particularly to p. 10, 1. 8-30, section “The Metal Ions”, which section is incorporated herein by reference.

In addition to the metal salts disclosed in EP-A 0 790 253 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,508, other metallic compounds can be used, such as sulfates, phosphates and other complex counter-ion metal salts of the main- and subgroup metals of the periodic system of the elements. Metal oxides, mixed oxides and mixtures of metal oxides and/or mixed oxides with or without a defined stoichiometry are preferred. All of the above mentioned metal compounds can be soluble or insoluble and they may be used as starting material either in form of a powder or as a shaped body or as any combination thereof.

As to the at least bidentate organic compound, which is capable to coordinate with the metal ion, in principle all compounds can be used which are suitable for this purpose and which fulfill the above requirements of being at least bidentate. Said organic compound must have at least two centers, which are capable to coordinate with the metal ions of a metal salt, particularly with the metals of the aforementioned groups. With regard to the at least bidentate organic compound, specific mention is to be made of compounds having

i) an alkyl group substructure, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms,

ii) an aryl group substructure, having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings,

iii) an alkyl or aryl amine substructure, consisting of alkyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or aryl groups having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings,

said substructures having bound thereto at least one at least bidentate functional group “X”, which is covalently bound to the substructure of said compound, and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of

CO 2 H, CS 2 H, NO 2 , SO 3 H, Si(OH) 3 , Ge(OH) 3 , Sn(OH) 3 , Si(SH) 4 , Ge(SH) 4 , Sn(SH) 3 , PO 3 H, AsO 3 H, AsO 4 H, P(SH) 3 , As(SH) 3 , CH(RSH) 2 , C(RSH) 3 , CH(RNH 2 ) 2 , C(RNH 2 ) 3 , CH(ROH) 2 , C(ROH) 3 , CH(RCN) 2 , C(RCN) 3 , wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an aryl group consisting of 1 to 2 phenyl rings, and CH(SH) 2 , C(SH) 3 , CH(NH 2 ) 2 , C(NH 2 ) 2 , CH(OH) 2 , C(OH) 3 , CH(CN) 2 and C(CN) 3 .

Particularly to be mentioned are substituted or unsubstituted, mono- or polynuclear aromatic di-, tri- and tetracarboxylic acids and substituted or unsubstituted, aromatic, at least one hetero atom comprising aromatic di-, tri- and tetracarboxylic acids, which have one or more nuclei.

A preferred ligand is 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate (BCT). Further preferred ligands are ADC (acetylene dicarboxylate), NDC (naphtalen dicarboxylate), BDC (benzene dicarboxylate), ATC (adamantane tetracarboxylate), BTC (benzene tri-carboxylate), BTB (benzene tribenzoate), MTB (methane tetrabenzoate) and ATB (adamantane tribenzoate).

Besides the at least bidentate organic compound, the framework material as used in accordance with the present invention may also comprise one or more mono-dentate ligand(s), which is/are preferably selected from the following mono-dentate substances and/or derivatives thereof:

a. alkyl amines and their corresponding alkyl ammonium salts, containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (and their corresponding ammonium salts);

b. aryl amines and their corresponding aryl ammonium salts having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings;

c. alkyl phosphonium salts, containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

d. aryl phosphonium salts, having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings;

e. alkyl organic acids and the corresponding alkyl organic anions (and salts) containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

f. aryl organic acids and their corresponding aryl organic anions and salts, having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings;

g. aliphatic alcohols, containing linear, branched, or cyclic aliphatic groups, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

h. aryl alcohols having from 1 to 5 phenyl rings;

i. inorganic anions from the group consisting of: sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, phosphite, chloride, chlorate, bromide, bromate, iodide, iodate, carbonate, bicarbonate, and the corresponding acids and salts of the aforementioned inorganic anions,

j. ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, ethylene, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, naphthalene, thiophene, pyridine, acetone, 1-2-dichloroethane, methylenechloride, tetrahydrofuran, ethanolamine, triethylamine and trifluoromethylsulfonic acid.

Further details regarding the at least bidentate organic compounds and the mono-dentate substances, from which the ligands of the framework material as used in the present application are derived, can be taken from EP-A 0 790 253, whose respective content is incorporated into the present application by reference.

Within the present application, framework materials of the kind described herein, which comprise Zn 2+ as a metal ion and ligands derived from terephthalic acid as the bidentate compound, are particularly preferred. Said framework materials are known as MOF-5 in the literature.

Further metal ions and at least bidentate organic compounds and mono-dentate substances, which are respectively useful for the preparation of the framework materials used in the present invention as well as processes for their preparation are particularly disclosed in EP-A 0 790 253, U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,508 and DE 10111230.0.

As solvents, which are particularly useful for the preparation of MOF-5, in addition to the solvents disclosed in the above-referenced literature, dimethyl formamide, diethyl formamide and N-methylpyrollidone, alone, in combination with each other or in combination with other solvents may be used. Within the preparation of the framework materials, particularly within the preparation of MOF-5, the solvents and mother liquors are recycled after crystallization in order to save costs and materials.

The pore sizes of the metal-organic framework can be adjusted by selecting suitable organic ligands and/or bidendate compounds (=linkers). Generally, the larger the linker, the larger the pore size. Any pore size that is still supported by a the metal-organic framework in the absence of a host and at temperatures of at least 200° C. is conceivable. Pore sizes ranging from 0,2 nm to 30 nm are preferred, with pore sizes ranging from 0,3 nm to 3 nm being particularly preferred.

In the following, examples of metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) are given to illustrate the general concept given above. These specific examples, however, are not meant to limit the generality and scope of the present application.

By way of example, a list of metal-organic framework materials already synthesized and characterized is given below. This also includes novel isoreticular metal organic framework materials (IR-MOFs), which may be used in the context of the present application. Such materials having the same framework topology while displaying different pore sizes and crystal densities are described, for example in M. Eddouadi et al., Science 295 (2002) 469, whose respective content is incorporated into the present application by reference

The solvents used are of particular importance for the synthesis of these materials and are therefore mentioned in the table. The values for the cell parameters (angles α, β and γ as well as the spacings a, b and c, given in Angstrom) have been obtained by x-ray diffraction and represent the space group given in the table as well.

	Ingredients
	molar ratios								Space
MOF-n	M + L	Solvents	α	β	γ	a	b	c	Group
MOF-0	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	ethanol	90	90	120	16.711	16.711	14.189	P6(3)/Mcm
	H 3 (BTC)
MOF-2	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	102.8	90	6.718	15.49	12.43	P2(1)/n
	(0.246 mmol)	toluene
	H 2 (BDC)
	(0.241 mmol)
MOF-3	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	99.72	111.11	108.4	9.726	9.911	10.45	P-1
	(1.89 mmol)	MeOH
	H 2 (BDC)
	(1.93 mmol)
MOF-4	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	ethanol	90	90	90	14.728	14.728	14.728	P2(1)3
	(1.00 mmol)
	H 3 (BTC)
	(0.5 mmol)
MOF-5	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	25.669	25.669	25.669	Fm-3m
	(2.22 mmol)	chloro-
	H 2 (BDC)	benzene
	(2.17 mmol)
MOF-38	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	20.657	20.657	17.84	14 cm
	(0.27 mmol)	chloro-
	H 3 (BTC)	benzene
	(0.15 mmol)
MOF-31	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	ethanol	90	90	90	10.821	10.821	10.821	Pn(-3)m
Zn(ADC) 2	0.4 mmol
	H 2 (ADC)
	0.8 mmol
MOF-12	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	ethanol	90	90	90	15.745	16.907	18.167	Pbca
Zn 2 (ATC)	0.3 mmol
	H 4 (ATC)
	0.15 mmol
MOF-20	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	92.13	90	8.13	16.444	12.807	P2(1)/c
ZnNDC	0.37 mmol	chloro-
	H 2 NDC	benzene
	0.36 mmol
MOF-37	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DEF	72.38	83.16	84.33	9.952	11.576	15.556	P-1
	0.2 mmol	chloro-
	H 2 NDC	benzene
	0.2 mmol
MOF-8	Tb(NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O	DMSO	90	115.7	90	19.83	9.822	19.183	C2/c
Tb 2 (ADC)	0.10 mmol	MeOH
	H 2 ADC
	0.20 mmol
MOF-9	Tb(NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O	DMSO	90	102.09	90	27.056	16.795	28.139	C2/c
Tb 2 (ADC)	0.08 mmol
	H 2 ADB
	0.12 mmol
MOF-6	Tb(NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O	DMF	90	91.28	90	17.599	19.996	10.545	P21/c
	0.30 mmol	MeOH
	H 2 (BDC)
	0.30 mmol
MOF-7	Tb(NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O	H 2 O	102.3	91.12	101.5	6.142	10.069	10.096	P-1
	0.15 mmol
	H 2 (BDC)
	0.15 mmol
MOF-69A	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DEF	90	111.6	90	23.12	20.92	12	C2/c
	0.083 mmol	H 2 O 2
	4,4‘BPDC	MeNH 2
	0.041 mmol
MOF-69B	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DEF	90	95.3	90	20.17	18.55	12.16	C2/c
	0.083 mmol	H 2 O 2
	2,6-NCD	MeNH 2
	0.041 mmol
MOF-11	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	H 2 O	90	93.86	90	12.987	11.22	11.336	C2/c
Cu 2 (ATC)	0.47 mmol
	H 2 ATC
	0.22 mmol
MOF-11			90	90	90	8.4671	8.4671	14.44	P42/mmc
Cu 2 (ATC)
dehydr.
MOF-14	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	H 2 O	90	90	90	26.946	26.946	26.946	Im-3
Cu 3 (BTB)	0.28 mmol	DMF
	H 3 BTB	EtOH
	0.052 mmol
MOF-32	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	H 2 O	90	90	90	13.468	13.468	13.468	P(-4)3m
Cd(ATC)	0.24 mmol	NaOH
	H 4 ATC
	0.10 mmol
MOF-33	ZnCl 2	H 2 O	90	90	90	19.561	15.255	23.404	Imma
Zn 2 (ATB)	0.15 mmol	DMF
	H 4 ATB	EtOH
	0.02 mmol
MOF-34	Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	H 2 O	90	90	90	10.066	11.163	19.201	P2 1 2 1 2 1
Ni(ATC)	0.24 mmol	NaOH
	H 4 ATC
	0.10 mmol
MOF-36	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	H 2 O	90	90	90	15.745	16.907	18.167	Pbca
Zn 2 (MTB)	0.20 mmol	DMF
	H 4 MTB
	0.04 mmol
MOF-39	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O	H 2 O	90	90	90	17.158	21.591	25.308	Pnma
Zn 3 O(HBTB)	0.27 mmol	DMF
	H 3 BTB	EtOH
	0.07 mmol
NO305	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	90	90	120	8.2692	8.2692	63.566	R-3c
	5.03 mmol
	formic acid
	86.90 mmol
NO306A	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	9.9364	18.374	18.374	Pbcn
	5.03 mmol
	formic acid
	86.90 mmol
NO29	Mn(Ac) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	120	90	90	14.16	33.521	33.521	P-1
MOF-0 like	0.46 mmol
	H 3 BTC
	0.69 mmol
BPR48	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	DMSO	90	90	90	14.5	17.04	18.02	Pbca
A2	0.012 mmol	toluene
	H 2 BDC
	0.012 mmol
BPR69	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O	DMSO	90	98.76	90	14.16	15.72	17.66	Cc
B1	0.0212 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.0428 mmol
BPR92	Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	NMP	106.3	107.63	107.2	7.5308	10.942	11.025	P1
A2	0.018 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.018 mmol
BPR95	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O	NMP	90	112.8	90	14.460	11.085	15.529	P2(1)/n
C5	0.012 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.36 mmol
CuC 6 H 4 O 6	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	105.29	90	15.259	14.816	14.13	P2(1)/c
	0.370 mmol	chloro-
	H 2 BDC(OH) 2	benzene
	0.37 mmol
M(BTC)	Co(SO 4 )H 2 O	DMF	Same as MOF-0
MOF-0 like	0.055 mmol
	H 3 BTC
	0.037 mmol
Tb(C 6 H 4 O 6)	Tb(NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O	DMF	104.6	107.9	97.147	10.491	10.981	12.541	P-1
	0.370 mmol	chloro-
	H 2 (C 6 H 4 O 6 )	benzene
	0.56 mmol
Zn(C 2 O 4 )	ZnCl 2	DMF	9.0	120	90	9.4168	9.4168	8.464	P(-3)/m
	0.370 mmol	chloro-
	oxalic acid	benzene
	0.37 mmol
Co(CHO)	Co(NO 3 ) 2 .5H 2 O	DMF	90	91.32	90	11.328	10.049	14.854	P2(1)/n
	0.043 mmol
	formic acid
	1.60 mmol
Cd(CHO)	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	90	120	90	8.5168	8.5168	22.674	R-3c
	0.185 mmol
	formic acid
	0.15 mmol
Cu(C 3 H 2 O 4 )	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	8.366	8.366	11.919	P43
	0.043 mmol
	malonic acid
	0.192 mmol
Zn 6 (NDC) 5	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	95.902	90	19.504	16.482	14.64	C2/m
MOF-48	0.097 mmol	chloro-
	14 NDC	benzene
	0.069 mmol	H 2 O 2
MOF-47	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	DMF	90	92.55	90	11.303	16.029	17.535	P2(1)/c
	0.185 mmol	chloro-
	H 2 (BDC[CH 3 ] 4 )	benzene
	0.185 mmol	H 2 O 2
MO25	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	112.0	90	23.880	16.834	18.389	P2(1)/c
	0.084 mmol
	BPhDC
	0.085 mmol
Cu-Thio	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DEF	90	113.6	90	15.4747	14.514	14.032	P2(1)/c
	0.084 mmol
	thiophene
	dicarboxylic
	0.085 mmol
ClBDC1	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	105.6	90	14.911	15.622	18.413	C2/c
	0.084 mmol
	H 2 (BDCCl 2 )
	0.085 mmol
MOF-101	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	21.607	20.607	20.073	Fm3m
	0.084 mmol
	BrBDC
	0.085 mmol
Zn 3 (BTC) 2	ZnCl 2	DMF	90	90	90	26.572	26.572	26.572	Fm-3m
	0.033 mmol	EtOH
	H 3 BTC	base
	0.033 mmol	added
MOF-j	Co(CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 .4H 2 O	H 2 O	90	112.0	90	17.482	12.963	6.559	C2
	(1.65 mmol)
	H 3 (BZC)
	(0.95 mmol)
MOF-n	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	ethanol	90	90	120	16.711	16.711	14.189	P6(3)/mcm
	H 3 (BTC)
PbBDC	Pb(NO 3 ) 2	DMF	90	102.7	90	8.3639	17.991	9.9617	P2(1)/n
	(0.181 mmol)	ethanol
	H 2 (BDC)
	(0.181 mmol)
Znhex	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	90	120	37.1165	37.117	30.019	P3(1)c
	(0.171 mmol)	p-xylene
	H 3 BTB	ethanol
	(0.114 mmol)
AS16	FeBr 2	DMF	90	90.13	90	7.2595	8.7894	19.484	P2(1)c
	0.927 mmol	anhydr.
	H 2 (BDC)
	0.927 mmol
AS27-2	FeBr 2	DMF	90	90	90	26.735	26.735	26.735	Fm3m
	0.927 mmol	anhydr.
	H 3 (BDC)
	0.464 mmol
AS32	FeCl 3	DMF	90	90	120	12.535	12.535	18.479	P6(2)c
	1.23 mmol	anhydr.
	H 2 (BDC)	ethanol
	1.23 mmol
AS54-3	FeBr 2	DMF	90	109.98	90	12.019	15.286	14.399	C2
	0.927	anhydr.
	BPDC	n-propanol
	0.927 mmol
AS61-4	FeBr 2	pyridine	90	90	120	13.017	13.017	14.896	P6(2)c
	0.927 mmol	anhydr.
	m-BDC
	0.927 mmol
AS68-7	FeBr 2	DMF	90	90	90	18.3407	10.036	18.039	Pca2 1
	0.927 mmol	anhydr.
	m-BDC	Pyridine
	1.204 mmol
Zn(ADC)	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	99.85	90	16.764	9.349	9.635	C2/c
	0.37 mmol	chloro-
	H 2 (ADC)	benzene
	0.36 mmol
MOF-12	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	ethanol	90	90	90	15.745	16.907	18.167	Pbca
Zn 2 (ATC)	0.30 mmol
	H 4 (ATC)
	0.15 mmol
MOF-20	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	92.13	90	8.13	16.444	12.807	P2(1)/c
ZnNDC	0.37 mmol	chloro-
	H 2 NDC	benzene
	0.36 mmol
MOF-37	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DEF	72.38	83.16	84.33	9.952	11.576	15.556	P-1
	0.20 mmol	chloro-
	H 2 NDC	benzene
	0.20 mmol
Zn(NDC)	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMSO	68.08	75.33	88.31	8.631	10.207	13.114	P-1
(DMSO)	H 2 NDC
Zn(NDC)	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O		90	99.2	90	19.289	17.628	15.052	C2/c
	H 2 NDC
Zn(HPDC)	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	107.9	105.06	94.4	8.326	12.085	13.767	P-1
	0.23 mmol	H 2 O
	H 2 (HPDC)
	0.05 mmol
Co(HPDC)	Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	97.69	90	29.677	9.63	7.981	C2/c
	0.21 mmol	H 2 O/
	H 2 (HPDC)	ethanol
	0.06 mmol
Zn 3 (PDC)2.5	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF/	79.34	80.8	85.83	8.564	14.046	26.428	P-1
	0.17 mmol	CIBz
	H 2 (HPDC)	H 2 O/
	0.05 mmol	TEA
Cd 2 (TPDC)2	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	methanol/	70.59	72.75	87.14	10.102	14.412	14.964	P-1
	0.06 mmol	CHP
	H 2 (HPDC)	H 2 O
	0.06 mmol
Tb(PDC)1.5	Tb(NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O	DMF	109.8	103.61	100.14	9.829	12.11	14.628	P-1
	0.21 mmol	H 2 O/
	H 2 (PDC)	ethanol
	0.034 mmol
ZnDBP	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	MeOH	90	93.67	90	9.254	10.762	27.93	P2/n
	0.05 mmol
	dibenzylphosphate
	0.10 mmol
Zn 3 (BPDC)	ZnBr 2	DMF	90	102.76	90	11.49	14.79	19.18	P21/n
	0.021 mmol
	4,4‘BPDC
	0.005 mmol
CdBDC	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	90	95.85	90	11.2	11.11	16.71	P21/n
	0.100 mmol	Na 2 SiO 3
	H 2 (BDC)	(aq)
	0.401 mmol
Cd-mBDC	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	90	101.1	90	13.69	18.25	14.91	C2/c
	0.009 mmol	MeNH 2
	H 2 (mBDC)
	0.018 mmol
Zn 4 OBNDC	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	22.35	26.05	59.56	Fmmm
	0.041 mmol	MeNH 2
	BNDC	H 2 O 2
Eu(TCA)	Eu(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	23.325	23.325	23.325	Pm-3n
	0.14 mmol	chloro-
	TCA	benzene
	0.026 mmol
Tb(TCA)	Tb(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	23.272	23.272	23.372	Pm-3n
	0.069 mmol	chloro-
	TCA	benzene
	0.026 mmol
Formate	Ce(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O	H 2 O	90	90	120	10.668	10.667	4.107	R-3m
	0.138 mmol	ethanol
	Formic acid
	0.43 mmol
	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	90	90	120	8.2692	8.2692	63.566	R-3c
	5.03 mmol
	Formic acid
	86.90 mmol
	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	9.9364	18.374	18.374	Pbcn
	5.03 mmol
	Formic acid
	86.90 mmol
	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	8.335	8.335	13.34	P-31c
	5.03 mmol
	Formic acid
	86.90 mmol
NO330	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	form-	90	90	90	8.7749	11.655	8.3297	Pnna
	0.50 mmol	amide
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO332	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	DIP	90	90	90	10.0313	18.808	18.355	Pbcn
	0.50 mmol
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO333	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	DBF	90	90	90	45.2754	23.861	12.441	Cmcm
	0.50 mmol
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO335	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	CHF	90	91.372	90	11.5964	10.187	14.945	P21/n
	0.50 mmol
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO336	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	MFA	90	90	90	11.7945	48.843	8.4136	Pbcm
	0.50 mmol
	Formic acid
	8.69 mmol
NO13	Mn(Ac) 2 .4H 2 O	ethanol	90	90	90	18.66	11.762	9.418	Pbcn
	0.46 mmol
	Bezoic acid
	0.92 mmol
	Bipyridine
	0.46 mmol
NO29	Mn(Ac) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	120	90	90	14.16	33.521	33.521	P-1
MOF-0 like	0.46 mmol
	H 3 BTC
	0.69 mmol
Mn(hifac) 2	Mn(Ac) 2 .4H 2 O	ether	90	95.32	90	9.572	17.162	14.041	C2/c
(O 2 CC 6 H 5 )	0.46 mmol
	Hfac
	0.92 mmol
	Bipyridine
	0.46 mmol
BPR43G2	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	91.37	90	17.96	6.38	7.19	C2/c
	0.0288 mmol	CH 3 CN
	H 2 BDC
	0.0072 mmol
BPR48A2	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	DMSO	90	90	90	14.5	17.04	18.02	Pbca
	0.012 mmol	toluene
	H 2 BDC
	0.012 mmol
BPR49B1	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	DMSO	90	91.172	90	33.181	9.824	17.884	C2/c
	0.024 mmol	methanol
	H 2 BDC
	0.048 mmol
BPR56E1	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	DMSO	90	90.096	90	14.5873	14.153	17.183	P2(1)/n
	0.012 mmol	n-propanol
	H 2 BDC
	0.024 mmol
BPR68D10	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	DMSO	90	95.316	90	10.0627	10.17	16.413	P2(1)/c
	0.0016 mmol	benzene
	H 3 BTC
	0.0064 mmol
BPR69B1	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O	DMSO	90	98.76	90	14.16	15.72	17.66	Cc
	0.0212 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.0428 mmol
BPR73E4	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O	DMSO	90	92.324	90	8.7231	7.0568	18.438	P2(1)/n
	0.006 mmol	toluene
	H 2 BDC
	0.003 mmol
BPR76D5	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	DMSO	90	104.17	90	14.4191	6.2599	7.0611	Pc
	0.0009 mmol
	H 2 BzPDC
	0.0036 mmol
BPR80B5	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	90	115.11	90	28.049	9.184	17.837	C2/c
	0.018 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.036 mmol
BPR80H5	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O	DMF	90	119.06	90	11.4746	6.2151	17.268	P2/c
	0.027 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.027 mmol
BPR82C6	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	9.7721	21.142	27.77	Fdd2
	0.0068 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.202 mmol
BPR86C3	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	18.3449	10.031	17.983	Pca2(1)
	0.0025 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.075 mmol
BPR86H6	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	80.98	89.69	83.412	9.8752	10.263	15.362	P-1
	0.010 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.010 mmol
	Co(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	NMP	106.3	107.63	107.2	7.5308	10.942	11.025	P1
BPR95A2	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O	NMP	90	102.9	90	7.4502	13.767	12.713	P2(1)/c
	0.012 mmol
	H 2 BDC
	0.012 mmol
CuC 6 F 4 O 4	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	98.834	90	10.9675	24.43	22.553	P2(1)/n
	0.370 mmol	chloro-
	H 2 BDC(OH) 2	benzene
	0.37 mmol
Fe Formic	FeCl 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	90	91.543	90	11.495	9.963	14.48	P2(1)/n
	0.370 mmol
	Formic acid
	0.37 mmol
Mg Formic	Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	91.359	90	11.383	9.932	14.656	P2(1)/n
	0.370 mmol
	Formic acid
	0.37 mmol
MgC 6 H 4 O 6	Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O	DMF	90	96.624	90	17.245	9.943	9.273	C2/c
	0.370 mmol
	H 2 BDC(OH) 2
	0.37 mmol
ZnC 2 H 4 BDC	ZnCl 2	DMF	90	94.714	90	7.3386	16.834	12.52	P2(1)/n
MOF-38	0.44 mmol
	CBBDC
	0.261 mmol
MOF-49	ZnCl 2	DMF	90	93.459	90	13.509	11.984	27.039	P2/c
	0.44 mmol	CH3CN
	m-BDC
	0.261 mmol
MOF-26	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .5H 2 O	DMF	90	95.607	90	20.8797	16.017	26.176	P2(i)/n
	0.084 mmol
	DCPE
	0.085 mmol
MOF-112	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	107.49	90	29.3241	21.297	18.069	C2/c
	0.084 mmol	ethanol
	o-Br-m-BDC
	0.085 mmol
MOF-109	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	111.98	90	23.8801	16.834	18.389	P2(1)/c
	0.084 mmol
	KDB
	0.085 mmol
MOF-111	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	102.16	90	10.6767	18.781	21.052	C2/c
	0.084 mmol	ethanol
	o-BrBDC
	0.085 mmol
MOF-110	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	90	120	20.0652	20.065	20.747	R-3/m
	0.084 mmol
	thiophene dicarboxylic
	0.085 mmol
MOF-107	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DEF	104.8	97.075	95.206	11.032	18.067	18.452	P-1
	0.084 mmol
	thiophene dicarboxylic
	0.085 mmol
MOF-108	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DBF/	90	113.63	90	15.4747	14.514	14.032	C2/c
	0.084 mmol	methanol
	thiophene dicarboxylic
	0.085 mmol
MOF-102	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DMF	91.63	106.24	112.01	9.3845	10.794	10.831	P-1
	0.084 mmol
	H 2 (BDCCl 2 )
	0.085 mmol
Clbdc1	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .2.5H 2 O	DEF	90	105.56	90	14.911	15.622	18.413	P-1
	0.084 mmol
	H 2 (BDCCl 2 )
	0.085 mmol
Cu(NMOP)	Cu(NO 3 ) 2 2.5H 2 O	DMF	90	102.37	90	14.9238	18.727	15.529	P2(1)/m
	0.084 mmol
	NBDC
	0.085 mmol
Tb(BTC)	Tb(NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O	DMF	90	106.02	90	18.6986	11.368	19.721
	0.033 mmol
	H 3 BTC
	0.033 mmol
Zn 3 (BTC) 2	ZnCl 2	DMF	90	90	90	26.572	26.572	26.572	Fm-3m
Honk	0.033 mmol	ethanol
	H 3 BTC
	0.033 mmol
Zn 4 O(NDC)	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	41.5594	18.818	17.574	aba
	0.066 mmol	ethanol
	14NDC
	0.066 mmol
CdTDC	Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DMF	90	90	90	12.173	10.485	7.33	Pmma
	0.014 mmol	H 2 O
	thiophene
	0.040 mmol
	DABCO
	0.020 mmol
IRMOF-2	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	25.772	25.772	25.772	Fm-3m
	0.160 mmol
	o-Br-BDC
	0.60 mmol
IRMOF-3	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	25.747	25.747	25.747	Fm-3m
	0.20 mmol	ethanol
	H 2 N—BDC
	0.60 mmol
IRMOF-4	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	25.849	25.849	25.849	Fm-3m
	0.11 mmol
	[C 3 H 7 O] 2 —BDC
	0.48 mmol
IRMOF-5	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	12.882	12.882	12.882	Pm-3m
	0.13 mmol
	[C 5 H 11 O] 2 —BDC
	0.50 mmol
IRMOF-6	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	25.842	25.842	25.842	Fm-3m
	0.20 mmol
	[C 2 H 4 ]—BDC
	0.60 mmol
IRMOF-7	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	12.914	12.914	12.914	Pm-3m
	0.07 mmol
	1,4NDC
	0.20 mmol
IRMOF-8	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	30.092	30.092	30.092	Fm-3m
	0.55 mmol
	2,6NDC
	0.42 mmol
IRMOF-9	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	17.147	23.322	25.255	Pnnm
	0.05 mmol
	BPDC
	0.42 mmol
IRMOF-10	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	34.281	34.281	34.281	Fm-3m
	0.02 mmol
	BPDC
	0.012 mmol
IRMOF-11	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	24.822	24.822	56.734	R-3m
	0.05 mmol
	HPDC
	0.20 mmol
IRMOF-12	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	34.281	34.281	34.281	Fm-3m
	0.017 mmol
	HPDC
	0.12 mmol
IRMOF-13	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	24.822	24.822	56.734	R-3m
	0.048 mmol
	PDC
	0.31 mmol
IRMOF-14	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	34.381	34.381	34.381	Fm-3m
	0.17 mmol
	PDC
	0.12 mmol
IRMOF-15	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	21.459	21.459	21.459	Im-3m
	0.063 mmol
	TPDC
	0.025 mmol
IRMOF-16	Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O	DEF	90	90	90	21.49	21.49	21.49	Pm-3m
	0.0126 mmol	NMP
	TPDC
	0.05 mmol

ADC Acetylene dicarboxylic acid
NDC Naphtalene dicarboxylic acid
BDC Benzene dicarboxylic acid
ATC Adamantane tetracarboxylic acid
BTC Benzene tricarboxylic acid
BTB Benzene tribenzoate
MTB Methane tetrabenzoate
ATB Adamantane tetrabenzoate
ADB Adamantane dibenzoate

Examples for the synthesis of these materials as such can, for example, be found in: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) pages 8241ff or in Acc. Chem. Res. 31 (1998) pages 474ff, which are fully encompassed within the content of the present application with respect to their respective content.

The separation of the framework materials, particularly of MOF-5, from the mother liquor of the crystallization may be achieved by procedures known in the art such as solid-liquid separations, centrifugation, extraction, filtration, membrane filtration, cross-flow filtration, flocculation using flocculation adjuvants (non-ionic, cationic and anionic adjuvants) or by the addition of pH shifting additives such as salts, acids or bases, by flotation, as well as by evaporation of the mother liquor at elevated temperature and/or in vacuo and concentrating of the solid. The material obtained in this step is typically a fine powder and cannot be used for most practical applications, e.g. in catalysis, where shaped bodies are required.

The invention is now further described by way of the following examples, which are, however, not meant to limit the scope of the present application.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of a Catalyst According to the Invention

The following materials were used to prepare one catalyst according to the invention, containing MOF-5 as the porous material and Ag as an active metal:

	Starting	Molar
	Material	Amount	Calculated	Experimental
	AgNO 3	25.9	mmol	4.3	g	4.4	g
	DEF	904.6	mmol	91.5	g	91.5	g
	MOF-5			4.2	g	4.2	g
	acetontrile			33.0	g	33.0	g

The AgNO 3 (Merck) is dissolved in DEF (diethylformamide) and acetonitrile in a beaker. This clear solution is then added to an autoclave (250 ml volume) which already contains the MOF-5.

The crystallization occurred at 60° C. and within twenty hours. Subsequently, the solution was cooled and the solvent was decanted from the black crystals. Said crystals were washed in chloroforme until the chloroforme almost showed no color anymore. The catalyst was dried in vacuo until no more change in weigth occured. The yield is 4.7 g with a silver content of 15.3% by weight.

Example 2

Using the Catalyst from Example 1 for the catalysis of epoxidation reactions

In a gas phase flow apparatus (tubular reactor with 9 mm inner diameter, 150 mm reactor length), 500 mg of the catalyst prepared according to Example 1 are filled as a micro fixed bed. A mixture of oxygen, helium and propylene in the volume ratio of 66:24:10 is streamed over the catalyst at a temperature of 220° C. The effluent stream is analyzed by means of gas chromatography.

After a running time of 10 hours, the turnover with respect to propylene is 4.3% with the selectivity with respect to propylene oxide being 8.2%. After 15 hours, a turnover of 3.3% at a selectivity of 10.3% is obtained.

Claims

1. A process for the epoxidation of organic compounds, comprising reacting at least one organic compound with at least one epoxidizing agent in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst comprises a porous metal-organic framework material comprising at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is coordinately bound to said metal ion.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein said epoxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of a hydroperoxide, O2, ozone, nitric oxides, and reactive oxides.

3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the hydroperoxide is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, ethylbenzene peroxide, and cumenehydroperoxide.

4. The process according to claim 1, wherein said organic compound has at least one C—C double bond.

5. The process according to claim 4, wherein said organic compound with at least one C—C double bond is an alkene having 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ion is selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Sc3+, Y3+, Ti4+, Zr4+, Hf4+, V4+, V3+, V2+, Nb3+, Ta3+, Cr3+, Mo3+, W3+, Mn3+, Mn2+, Re3+, Re2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Ru3+, Ru2+, Os3+, Os2+, Co3+, Co2+, Rh2+, Rh+, Ir2+, Ir+, Ni2+, Ni+, Pd2+, Pd+, Pt2+, Pt+, Cu2+, Cu+, Ag+, Au+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, Tl3+, Si4+, Si2+, Ge4+, Ge2+, Sn4+, Sn2+, Pb4+, Pb2+, As5+, As3+, As+, Sb5+, Sb3+, Sb+, Bi5+, Bi3+, Bi+.

7. The process according to claim 5, wherein said alkene is selected from the group consisting of ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, butadiene, pentene, and hexenes.

8. The process according to claim 1, wherein said organic compound is selected from the group consisting of ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, butadiene, pentene, piperylene, hexenes, hexadienes, heptenes, octenes, diisobutene, trimethylpentene, nonenes, dodecene, tridecene, tetradecene, eicosene, tripropene, tetrapropene, polybutadienes, polyisobutenes, isoprenes, terpenes, geraniol, linalool, linalyl acetate, methylenecyclopropane, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, norbornene, cycloheptene, vinylcyclohexane, vinyloxiran, vinylcyclohexene, styrene, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, vinylnorbornene, indene, tetrahydroindene, methylstyrene, dicyclopentadiene, dinvinylbenzene, cyclododecene, cyclododecatriene, stilbene, diphenylbutadiene, vitamin A, beta-carotene, vinylidene fluoride, allylhalides, crotyl chloride, methallyl chloride, dichlorobutene, allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, butenols, butenediols, cyclopentenediols, pentenols, octadienols, tridecenols, unsaturated steroids, ethoxyethene, isoeugenol, anethole, unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, vinylacetic acid, unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, naturally occurring fats and oils.

9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal-organic framework material is microporous.

10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal-organic framework material is mesoporous.

11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the bidentate organic compound has a functional group selected from the group consisting of CO2H, CS2H, NO2, SO3H, Si(OH)3, Ge(OH)3, Sn(OH)3, Si(SH)4, Ge(SH)4, Sn(SH)3, PO3H, AsO3H, AsO4H, P(SH)3, As(SH)3, CH(RSH)2, C(RSH)3, CH(RNH)2, C(RNH2)3, CH(ROH)2, C(ROH)3, CH(RCN)2, C(RCN)3, wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an aryl group consisting of 1 to 2 phenyl rings, and CH(SH)2, C(SH)3, CH(NH2)2, C(NH2)2, CH(OH)2, C(OH)3, CH(CN)2 and C(CN)3.

12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the bidentate organic compound is selected from the group consisting of 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate, acetylene dicarboxylate, naphtalen dicarboxylate, benzene dicarboxylate, adamantane tetracarboxylate, benzene tricarboxylate, benzene tribenzoate, methane tetrabenzoate, and adamantane tribenzoate.

13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal-organic framework material further comprises at least one monodentate ligand.

14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the monodentate ligand is selected from the group consisting of alkyl amines and ammonium salts therof; aryl amines and ammonium salts therof; alkyl phosphonium salts; aryl phosphonium salts; alkyl organic acids and salts thereof; aryl organic acids and salts thereof; aliphatic alcohols; aryl alcohols; inorganic sufates, nitrates, nitrites, sulfites, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, diphosphates, triphosphates, phosphites, chlorides, chlorates, bromides, bromates, iodides, iodates, carbonates, bicarbonates, and salts or acids thereof; ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, ethylene, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, naphthalene, thiophene, pyridine, acetone, 1,2-dichloroethane, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, ethanolamine, thriethylamine, and trifluoromethylsulfonic acid.

15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ion is Zn+ and the bidentate organic compound is terphthalic acid.

16. The process according to claim 1, wherein the pores of the metal-organic framework have a size in the range of from 0.2 to 30 nm.

17. The process according to claim 16, wherein the pores of the metal-organic framework have a size in the range of from 0.3 to 3 nm.

18. The process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst further comprises an active metal.