PROCESS FOR THE ISOLATION OF NOVEL GLYCOSIDES FROM PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS

Abstract

The present invention discloses a C-glycosides composition from Pterocarpus marsupium comprising 5%-10% w/w Pterocarposide and Sabioside and a method for isolating the same. The composition further comprises of 30-60% w/w tannins. The invention also discloses a method of activating AMPK and inhibiting glucose production in mammalian cells using the aforementioned composition.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

The invention in general relates to active molecules from Pterocarpus marsupium. Specifically, the present invention relates to a process for the isolation of novel C-glycosides from Pterocarpus marsupium and their therapeutic effects thereof. More specifically, the invention discloses a composition comprising C-glycosides—pterocarposide and sabioside, and tannins from Pterocarpus marsupium.

Description of Prior Art

Pterocarpus marsupium is a deciduous tree that is native to the parts of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. It contains many flavonoids, glycosides, catechins, stilbenoids and tannins that exhibit therapeutic properties. Pterocarpus marsupium is reported to have a positive effect in the management of diarrhea, toothache, fever, urinary tract and skin infections. (S. S. Handa et al., Pterocarposide, an isolaurone C-glycoside from Pterocarpus marsupium, Tetrahedron Letters 41 (2000) 1579-1581). The C-glycosides isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium are reported to possess anti-hyperglycemic activity. However, most of the C-glycosides from the plant remain to be identified to completely tap its therapeutic potential.

Adenosine Mono Phosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been known for many years as a central metabolic regulator to inhibit energy-consuming pathways as well as to activate the compensating energy-producing programs. The AMPK (enzyme is activated when there are changes in the cellular energy status such as muscle contraction and hypoxia. AMPK can be pharmacologically activated by the compound 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) and the anti-diabetic agent Metformin. AMPK plays an important role in the stimulation of muscle glucose uptake by these physiological and pharmacological stimuli. Activation of AMPK during myocardial ischemia both increases glucose uptake and glycolysis while also increasing fatty acid oxidation during reperfusion.

The following articles disclose the role of activation of AMPK.

• 1. Ha J, Guan K L, Kim J, AMPK and autophagy in glucose/glycogen metabolism, Mol Aspects Med. 2015 December; 46:46-62
• 2. N. Musi and L. J. Goodyear, AMP-activated protein kinase and muscle glucose uptake, Acta Physiol Scand 2003, 178, 337-345.
• 3. Sambandam N, Lopaschuk GD, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) control of fatty acid and glucose metabolism in the ischemic heart, Prog Lipid Res. 2003 May; 42(3):238-56

AMPK is now a therapeutic target for managing metabolic disorders likes diabetes, obesity etc. Inhibiting gluconeogenesis is also important for reducing the production of ketone bodies in people with diabetes, which can otherwise prove detrimental (Blackshear et al., The effects of inhibition of gluconeogenesis on ketogenesis in starved and diabetic rats, Biochemical Journal 1975, 148 (3): 353-362).

Previous studies have been successful in identifying the flavonoids and glycosides from Pterocarpus marsupium (Bezuidenhoudt et al., Flavonoid Analogues from Pterocarpus Species Phytochemistry. Vol. 26. No 2. Pp. 531-535. 1987), but were unable to isolate some of the C-glycosides in their pure form to elucidate their biological activity. The present invention discloses a process for identifying novel C-glycosides from Pterocarpus marsupium and their therapeutic effect.

The principle object of the invention is to disclose a process for the isolation of C-glycosides—Pterocarposide (CAS no. 264876-26-8) and Sabioside (CAS no. 108351-24-2) from Pterocarpus marsupium.

It is another objective of the invention to disclose a composition comprising C-glycosides Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium and its therapeutic potential in activating AMPK and inhibiting gluconeogenesis.

It is another objective of the invention to disclose a composition comprising C-glycosides Pterocarposide and Sabioside and tannins isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium.

The present invention solves the above mentioned objectives and provides related advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention discloses a process for the isolation of C-glycosides Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) from Pterocarpus marsupium.

In a related embodiment, the invention discloses a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2).

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a method of activating AMPK in mammalian cells, comprising step of bringing into contact mammalian cells with a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2), to bring about the effect of AMPK activation.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a method of inhibiting gluconeogenesis in mammalian cells, said method comprising steps of bringing into contact mammalian cells with a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2), to bring about the effect of reduction in glucose production.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a composition comprising 5%-10% w/w C-glycosides of Pterocarpus marsupium containing Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) and 30%-60% w/w tannins.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying images, which illustrate, by way of example, the principle of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a western blot image showing the activation of AMPK in H4IIE cells by the Pterocarposide composition.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation showing the increase in the expression of pAMPK in HepG2 cells by the Pterocarposide composition.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation showing the decrease in glucose production in H4IIE cells by the Pterocarposide composition.

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the HPLC analysis showing the presence of standard pterocarposide.

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the HPLC analysis showing the presence of standard sabioside.

FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of the HPLC analysis showing the presence of pterocarposide in Pterocarpus marsupium extract.

FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of the HPLC analysis showing the presence of sabioside in Pterocarpus marsupium extract.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MOST PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In a most preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a process for isolating C-glycosides from Pterocarpus marsupium, said process comprising steps of:

• a) Charging Pterocarpus marsupium wood powder into an extractor
• b) Extracting with a solvent to obtain an oleoresin
• c) Dissolving the oleoresin of step b) in water and extracting with a solvent to obtain a aqueous layer and solvent layer
• d) Further washing the solvent layer of step c) with water to further obtain an aqueous and solvent fractions
• e) Mixing the aqueous fractions of step c) and step d) and spray drying to obtain an aqueous extract
• f) Fractionating the aqueous fraction of step e) with a solvent to obtain an aqueous fraction and solvent fraction
• g) Passing the solvent fraction of step f) through a solvent gradient column by using Silica gel 60-120 mesh to obtain enriched fraction 1 and fraction 2
• h) Passing the enriched fraction 1 from step g) through isocratic RP-18 Silica column followed by LH-20 column (Sephadex®) and crystallizing with a solvent at −5° C. to 0° C. to obtain a compound which is identified as Pterocarposide, represented by STR #1
• i) Passing the enriched fraction 2 from step g) through isocratic RP-18 Silica column followed by LH-20 column (Sephadex®) column and crystallizing with a solvent at room temperature to obtain a compound which is identified as Sabioside, represented by STR #2.

In a related embodiment, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to methanol, ethanol, butanol, ethylacetate, chloroform, toluene, acetone and hexane.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2), said composition prepared using a process containing steps of:

• a) Charging Pterocarpus marsupium wood powder into an extractor
• b) Extracting with a solvent to obtain an oleoresin
• c) Dissolving the oleoresin of step b) in water and extracting with a solvent to obtain a aqueous layer and solvent layer
• d) Further washing the solvent layer of step c) with water to further obtain an aqueous and solvent fractions
• e) Mixing the aqueous fractions of step c) and step d) and spray drying to obtain an aqueous extract
• f) Fractionating the aqueous fraction of step e) with a solvent to obtain an aqueous fraction and solvent fraction
• g) Passing the solvent fraction of step f) through a solvent gradient column by using Silica gel 60-120 mesh to obtain enriched fraction 1 and fraction 2
• h) Passing the enriched fraction 1 from step g) through isocratic RP-18 Silica column followed by LH-20 column (Sephadex®) and crystallizing with a solvent at −5° C. to 0° C. to obtain a compound which is identified as Pterocarposide, represented by STR #1
• i) Passing the enriched fraction 2 from step g) through isocratic RP-18 Silica column followed by LH-20 column (Sephadex®) column and crystallizing with a solvent at room temperature to obtain a compound which is identified as Sabioside, represented by STR #2.
• j) Charging Pterocarpus marsupium aqueous extract of step e) into an extractor
• k) Adding demineralized water to the extract and stirring for 3-4 hours at 65° C.-70° C. and leaving the solution idle for 8-10 hours for the insolubles to settle
• l) Filtering the solution of step k) to remove the insolubles and obtain a clear filtrate
• m) Checking the insolubles of step 1) for the presence of Pterocarposide (STR #1) or Sabioside (STR #2), discarding if present in negligible amounts
• n) Collecting the filtrate of step 1) and extracting with a solvent twice to obtain a aqueous layer and solvent layer
• o) Concentrating the solvent layer of step n) to recover the solvent
• p) Extracting the aqueous layer of step n) with a solvent, thrice and combining the solvent fractions
• q) Concentrating the solvent fractions and dissolving in water to standardize a solution containing 30% total dissolved solids
• r) Spray drying the solution of step q) to obtain a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside, represented by STR #1 and STR #2 respectively.

In a related embodiment, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to methanol, ethanol, butanol, ethylacetate, chloroform, toluene, acetone and hexane.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2).

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a method of activating AMPK in mammalian cells, comprising step of bringing into contact mammalian cells with a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2), to bring about the effect of AMPK activation. In a related embodiment, the mammalian cells are human cells.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2), for use in activating AMPK in mammalian cells.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a method of inhibiting gluconeogenesis in mammalian cells, said method comprising steps of bringing into contact mammalian cells with a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2), to bring about the effect of reduction in glucose production. In a related embodiment, the mammalian cells are human cells.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a composition comprising not less than 5% w/w Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2), for use in inhibiting gluconeogenesis in mammalian cells.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a composition comprising 5%-10% w/w C-glycosides of Pterocarpus marsupium containing Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2). In related embodiment, the composition further comprises 30%-60% w/w tannins. In a related embodiment the composition is prepared using a process containing steps of:

• a) Charging Pterocarpus marsupium aqueous extract into an extractor;
• b) Adding demineralized water to the extract and stirring for 3-4 hours at 65° C.-70° C. and leaving the solution idle for 8-10 hours for the insolubles to settle;
• c) Filtering the solution of step b) to remove the insolubles and obtain a clear filtrate;
• d) Checking the insolubles of step c) for the presence of Pterocarposide (STR #1) or Sabioside (STR #2), discarding if present in negligible amounts;
• e) Collecting the filtrate of step c) and extracting with a solvent twice to obtain an aqueous layer and solvent layer;
• f) Concentrating the solvent layer of step e) to recover the solvent;
• g) Extracting the aqueous layer of step e) with a solvent, thrice and combining the solvent fractions;
• h) Concentrating the solvent fractions and dissolving in water to standardize a solution containing 30% total dissolved solids;
• i) Spray drying the solution of step h) to obtain a composition containing not less than 5% w/w of Pterocarposide and Sabioside, represented by STR #1 and STR #2 respectively. The composition further contains 30-60% w/w tannins.

In a related embodiment, the solvent of steps e), f) and g) is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, butanol, ethylacetate, chloroform, toluene, acetone and hexane.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a method of activating AMPK in mammalian cells, comprising step of bringing into contact mammalian cells with a composition comprising 5%-10% w/w C-glycosides of Pterocarpus marsupium containing Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2), to bring about the effect of AMPK activation. In a related embodiment, the mammalian cells are human cells.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a composition comprising 5%-10% w/w C-glycosides of Pterocarpus marsupium containing Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2), for use in activating AMPK in mammalian cells.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a method of inhibiting gluconeogenesis in mammalian cells, said method comprising steps of bringing into contact mammalian cells with a composition comprising 5%-10% w/w C-glycosides of Pterocarpus marsupium containing Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2), to bring about the effect of reduction in glucose production.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a composition comprising 5%-10% w/w C-glycosides of Pterocarpus marsupium containing Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2), for use in inhibiting gluconeogenesis in mammalian cells. In a related embodiment, the mammalian cells are human cells.

In a related embodiment, the composition is formulated with pharmaceutically/nutraceutically acceptable excipients, adjuvants, diluents or carriers and administered in the form of tablets, capsules, syrups, gummies, powders, suspensions, emulsions, chewables, candies or eatables.

The following sections of this specification consist of illustrative examples of the most preferred embodiments of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: C-Glycoside Composition and the Process for Preparing the Same

The C-glycosides from Pterocarpus marsupium are isolated and identified by the following steps:

• a) Charging Pterocarpus marsupium wood powder into an extractor
• b) Extracting with methanol to obtain an oleoresin
• c) Dissolving the oleoresin of step b) in water and extracting with toluene to obtain a aqueous layer and toluene layer
• d) Further washing the toluene layer of step c) with water to further obtain an aqueous and toluene fractions
• e) Mixing the aqueous fractions of step c) and step d) and spray drying to obtain an aqueous extract
• f) Fractionating the aqueous fraction of step e) with ethyl acetate to obtain an aqueous fraction and ethyl acetate fraction
• g) Passing the ethyl acetate fraction of step f) through a solvent gradient column by using Silica gel 60-120 mesh to obtain enriched fraction 1 and fraction 2
• h) Passing the enriched fraction 1 from step g) through isocratic RP-18 Silica column followed by LH-20 column (Sephadex®) and crystallizing with methanol at −5° C. to 0° C. to obtain a compound which is identified as Pterocarposide, represented by STR #1
• i) Passing the enriched fraction 2 from step g) through isocratic RP-18 Silica column followed by LH-20 column (Sephadex®) column and crystallizing with acetone at room temperature to obtain a compound which is identified as Sabioside, represented by STR #2.

The stereochemistry of the isolated Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) are provided herein below:

Pterocarposide

• CAS no. 264876-26-8
• Molecular formula: C₂₁H₂₀O₉
• Chemical name: (3E)-7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-6-hydroxy-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]-2(3H)-Benzofuranone

Sabioside

• CAS no. 108351-24-2
• Molecular formula: C₂₁H₂₀O₁₀
• Chemical name: 8-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one

Further, a water soluble composition comprising not less than 5% w/w P. marsupim extract was prepared and was standardized to contain not less than 0.5% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and not less than 0.5% w/w Sabioside (STR #2). The steps for preparing the composition are below:

• a) Charging Pterocarpus marsupium aqueous extract into an extractor
• b) Adding demineralized water to the extract and stirring for 3-4 hours at 65° C.-70° C. and leaving the solution idle for 8-10 hours for the insolubles to settle
• c) Filtering the solution of step b) to remove the insolubles and obtain a clear filtrate
• d) Checking the insolubles of step c) for the presence of Pterocarposide (STR #1) or Sabioside (STR #2), discarding if present in negligible amounts
• e) Collecting the filtrate of step c) and extracting with a solvent twice to obtain a aqueous layer and solvent layer
• f) Concentrating the solvent layer of step e) to recover the solvent
• g) Extracting the aqueous layer of step e) with butanol, thrice and combining the butanol fractions
• h) Concentrating the butanol fractions and dissolving in water to standardize a solution containing 30% total dissolved solids
• i) Spray drying the solution of step h) to obtain a composition containing not less than 5% w/w of Pterocarposide and Sabioside, represented by STR #1 and STR #2 respectively.

Example 2: Activation of AMPK

Several experiments were conducted in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells and HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Confluent plates of H4IIE or HepG2 cells were treated with composition comprising Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) (Pterocarposide composition) or the positive control, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), at the following doses.

Pterocarposide composition doses: 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μM

AICAR (positive control): 2 mM

Cells were lysed, and proteins were separated on 4-20% SDS-PAGE gel, and transferred to nitrocellulose. Activation of AMPK was detected by Western blotting with pAMPK (Thr172) and pACC (Ser79). AMPK and GAPDH were used as controls.

Results: The composition comprising Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) dose-dependently increased phosphorylation status of AMPK (Thr172), with maximal phosphorylation observed between 0.1-0.5 μM concentrations (FIG. 1). The composition also dose-dependently increased phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). This is the first demonstration that the composition comprising Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) activates AMPK. Increased ACC phosphorylation would indicate that the composition can inhibit fatty acid synthesis and potentially activate fatty acid oxidation. Similar findings were also observed in HepG2 cells (FIG. 2)

Example 3: Inhibition of Glucose Production

Confluent plates of H4IIE were treated with 0.1 μM or 0.5 μM of composition comprising Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) to examine its effects on dexamethasone-induced glucose production. H4IIE cells were treated with 500 nM dexamethasone and 0.1 mM 8-CTP-cAMP (Dex/cAMP}, various concentrations of Pterocarposide composition or 5 nM insulin in glucose production buffer (glucose-free DMEM medium, pH 7.4, containing 20 mM sodium lactate and 2 mM sodium pyruvate, without phenol red) for 5 hours.

Cells were washed with Dulbecco's PBS, and then incubated for 3 hours in glucose production buffer with the same concentrations of Dex/cAMP, insulin and Pterocarposide composition. Glucose production was assayed by measuring glucose concentration in the medium as described by Wang et al (2000) with modifications, using the glucose (HK) assay kit (Sigma Chemicals).

Results: Pterocarposide composition treatment (0.1 and 0.5 μM) inhibited dexamethasone-induced glucose production in H4IIE cells, to a similar extent as that of insulin (100 nM). Results are shown as mg of glucose produced±SEM (FIG. 3). Corrections for cell number were made on the basis of the protein concentration, assayed using Bio-Rad's Bradford protein assay reagent (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). (Wang, J. C., Stafford, J. M., Scott, D. K., Sutherland, C., Granner, D. K. (2000). The molecular physiology of hepatic nuclear factor 3 in the regulation of gluconeogenesis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275: 14717-14721)

Example 4: Composition Comprising 5%-10% w/w C-Glycosides and Tannins from Pterocarpus marsupium

After identification of the C-glycosides, a water soluble composition comprising 5%-10% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) and 30%-60% tannins were prepared by the following steps:

• a) Charging Pterocarpus marsupium aqueous extract into an extractor
• b) Adding demineralized water to the extract and stirring for 3-4 hours at 65° C.-70° C. and leaving the solution idle for 8-10 hours for the insolubles to settle
• c) Filtering the solution of step b) to remove the insolubles and obtain a clear filtrate
• d) Checking the insolubles of step c) for the presence of Pterocarposide (STR #1) or Sabioside (STR #2), discarding if present in negligible amounts
• e) Collecting the filtrate of step c) and extracting with chloroform twice to obtain a aqueous layer and chloroform layer
• f) Concentrating the chloroform layer of step e) to recover chloroform
• g) Extracting the aqueous layer of step e) with butanol, thrice and combining the butanol fractions
• h) Concentrating the butanol fractions and dissolving in water to standardize a solution containing 30% total dissolved solids
• i) Spray drying the solution of step h) to obtain a composition containing not less than 5% w/w of Pterocarposide and Sabioside, represented by STR #1 and STR #2 respectively.

The pterocarposide and sabioside were quantified using HPLC and tannins were quantified using titrimetric methods.

Pterocarposide was quantified using HPLC as per the below procedure

Reagents Required:

• • Methanol (HPLC Grade or equivalent)
  • Water (Double distilled)

Mobile Phase:

• • A: Water (100%)
  • B: Methanol (100%)

Gradient Programming:

Time (minutes) B Conc. (%)
0.01           10
5.0            10
15.0           80
20.0           100
25.0           100
30.0           10
35.0           Stop

Diluent: Methanol

Chromatographic Conditions:

• Column: C18 packing (Merck or Luna) Column, 4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μ or equivalent
• Mobile phase: As mentioned above
• Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min
• Detector: UV/PDA (386 nm)
• Injection volume: 20 μL

The Pterocarposide standard was prepared by transferring about 25 mg of the standard, accurately weighed, to a 100 mL volumetric flask. About 30 mL of Methanol was mixed and allowed to dissolve and sonicated for about 5 minutes. The mixture was diluted to volume with Methanol.

The samples were prepared by transferring a quantity equivalent to 25 mg of the standard accurately weighed, to a 100 mL volumetric flask. Further Added about 30 mL of Methanol to dissolve and sonicated for about 5 minutes. The mixture was diluted to volume with Methanol.

Procedure:

Started HPLC as per the chromatographic conditions and equilibrated the column with mobile phase and injected 20 μL of Methanol as blank. Then, injected 20 μL of standard preparation in five replicates followed by injecting 20 μL of sample preparation in duplicate. 20 μL of standard preparation was then injected as bracketing standard. The responses of major peak due to analyte was recorded

System Suitability:

• • The relative standard deviation (% RSD) for peak area and peak retention time for five injections of standard preparation should not be more than 2% & 1% respectively
  • The theoretical plate count of the analyte peak in the standard preparation should not be less than 2000 and the tailing factor should be less than 2.0 Calculation:

$\frac{\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Area}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{sample}\times \mathrm{Standard}\mathrm{concentration}\mathrm{in}\mathrm{mg}\text{/}\mathrm{mL}\times \\ \mathrm{Potency}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{standard}\end{array}}{\mathrm{Area}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{standard}\times \mathrm{sample}\mathrm{concentration}\mathrm{in}\mathrm{mg}\text{/}\mathrm{mL}}$

Sabioside was quantified using HPLC as per the below procedure

Reagents Required:

• • Water (Double distilled)
  • Glacial Acetic acid (GAA) (AR Grade or equivalent)
  • Acetonitrile (HPLC Grade or equivalent)
  • Methanol (HPLC Grade or equivalent)

Mobile Phase:

A: Prepare 0.05% GAA by dissolving 0.5 mL of GAA in 1000 mL Water

B: 100% Acetonitrile

Filter and degass.

Chromatographic Conditions:

• Column: C18/ODS column, 4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μ
  • or equivalent
• Mobile phase: As mentioned above
• Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min
• Detector: UV/PDA (350 nm)
• Injection volume: 20 μL

Gradient Programming:

Time (min) B conc (%)
0.01       05
10.00      15
20.00      30
25.00      05
35.00      05
37.00      Stop

Diluent: Methanol

The standard was prepared by weighing accurately about 25 mg of working/reference standard of Sabioside and transferring into a 100 mL volumetric flask. Added 20 mL of diluent and shake and sonicate to dissolve and diluted to volume with diluent.

The sample was prepared by weighing the sample equivalent to 25 mg of standard of Sabioside and transferring into a 100 mL volumetric flask. Added 20 mL of diluent and shake and sonicate to dissolve and diluted to volume with diluent.

Procedure:

Started HPLC as per the chromatographic conditions and equilibrated the column with mobile phase and injected 20 μL of Methanol as blank. Then, injected 20 μL of standard preparation in five replicates followed by injecting 20 μL of sample preparation in duplicate. 20 μL of standard preparation was then injected as bracketing standard. The responses of major peak due to analyte was recorded

System Suitability:

The relative standard deviation (% RSD) for peak area and peak retention time for five injections of standard preparation should not be more than 2% & 1% respectively

The theoretical plate count of the analyte peak in the standard preparation should not be less than 2000 and the tailing factor should be less than 2.0

Calculation:

$\frac{\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Area}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{sample}\times \mathrm{Standard}\mathrm{concentration}\mathrm{in}\mathrm{mg}\text{/}\mathrm{mL}\times \\ \mathrm{Potency}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{standard}\end{array}}{\mathrm{Area}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{standard}\times \mathrm{sample}\mathrm{concentration}\mathrm{in}\mathrm{mg}\text{/}\mathrm{mL}}$

The results are indicated in FIGS. 4-7. FIG. 4 indicate the HPLC graph of the standard Pterocarposide and FIG. 5 indicate the graph of Sabioside. The presence of Pterocarposide and Sabioside in the Pterocarpus marsupium sample is represented in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 respectively.

The following table indicate the amount of Pterocarposide and Sabioside in different batches of the Pterocarpus marsupium extract:

TABLE 1
Concentration of C-glycosides in different batches of Pterocarpus
marsupium
Batch	Pterocarposide	Sabioside	Total
Batch 1	5.36	2.15	7.51
Batch 2	5.72	2.30	8.02
Batch 3	4.89	2.26	7.15
Batch 4	4.10	3.88	7.98
Batch 5	4.75	2.04	6.79

The tannins present in the Pterocarpus marsupium extract was quantified by the below titrimetric method

Reagents Required:

• • Water (Double distilled)
  • Ferric Ammonium sulphate solution (8% w/v in water) (AR Grade or equivalent)
  • Indigo Sulphonic acid solution
  • 0.1 N Potassium permanganate solution
  • Concentrated Sulphuric acid (AR Grade or equivalent)

Procedure:

Weighed accurately about 2 g of the extract and added 50 mL boiling water and heated on a Water bath for 30 minutes with frequent stirring. Allowed the solution to settle and carefully transferred to a 500 ml volumetric flask through a piece of cotton wool, taking care that particles of the material are not carried on to the cotton. Repeated the extraction for 5 times (5×50 ml of boiling water). To confirm if all tannins have been extracted, added 3-4 drops of Ferric Ammonium sulphate solution (8% w/v in water) to 5 ml of the 6 extract. The absence of blue colour indicate that tannins have been extracted. If blue colour develops, extracted again with 2×50 mL of boiling water and checked for the presence of tannins with ferric ammonium sulphate. The extracts are then cooled and made up the volume with water. 25 mL of sample was transferred into a 250 mL conical flask and added 25 mL of *indigo sulphonic acid solution. Titrated with constant stirring, against 0.1 N potassium permanganate solution. The end point is appearance of golden yellow colour. Each ml of 0.1 N KMnO₄ solution is equivalent to 0.004157 g of tannin compound calculated as tannic acid. A blank test was also run by titrating 25 mL of Indigo sulphonic acid in 250 mL of Water.

Preparation of Indigo Sulphonic Acid Solution:

• • Dissolved 1 g of indigo carnmin in 25 mL of concentrated Sulphuric acid, and another 25 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid and transferred it into a 1000 mL volumetric flask containing 500 mL distilled Water.
  • Diluted this solution to 1000 mL [Very carefully dilute because it is a exothermic reaction].

Calculation:

$\frac{\begin{array}{c}\left(\mathrm{Sample}\mathrm{titre}\mathrm{value}-\mathrm{Blank}\mathrm{value}\right)\times \\ \mathrm{Normality}\mathrm{of}0.1N{\mathrm{KMnO}}_4\times 0.004157\times 500\times 100\end{array}}{\mathrm{Wt}.\mathrm{of}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{sample}\times 25\times 0.1}$

The results indicated that the sample contained 30-60% of tannins.

The composition comprising 5%-10% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) and 30%-60% tannins also activated AMPK and inhibited glucose production as indicated by Examples 2 and 3.

Example 4: Compositions/Formulations Containing Pterocarpus marsupium Extract

The composition comprising 5%-10% w/w Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2) and 30%-60% tannins is commercially available as pTerosol® from Sabinsa Corporation, USA

Tables 1-7, provide illustrative examples of formulations containing Bacillus coagulans

TABLE 1
Tablet
Active Ingredients
Pterocarposide and Sabioside composition
Plant fibre
Excipients
Microcrystalline cellulose, Colloidal silicon dioxide, Magnesium stearate

TABLE 2
Tablet
Active Ingredients
Pterocarposide and Sabioside composition
Plant fibre
Simethicone
Excipients
Microcrystalline cellulose, Colloidal silicon dioxide, Magnesium stearate

TABLE 3
Capsule
Active Ingredients
Pterocarposide and Sabioside composition
Plant fibre
Excipients
Microcrystalline cellulose

TABLE 4
Capsule
Active Ingredients
Pterocarposide and Sabioside composition
Plant fibre
Simethicone
Excipients
Microcrystalline cellulose

While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it is to be clearly understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited thereto. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be interpreted only in conjunction with the appended claims.

Claims

1. A composition comprising 5%-10% w/w C-glycosides of Pterocarpus marsupium containing Pterocarposide (STR #1) and Sabioside (STR #2), wherein the composition is formulated as tablets, capsules, syrups, gummies, powders, suspensions, emulsions, chewables, candies or dry powder.

2. The composition as in claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises 30%-60% w/w tannins.

3. The composition as in claim 1, wherein the said composition is prepared using a process containing steps of: a. Charging Pterocarpus marsupium aqueous extract into an extractor;b. Adding demineralized water to the extract and stirring for 3-4 hours at 65° C.-70° C. and leaving the solution idle for 8-10 hours for the insolubles to settle;c. Filtering the solution of step b) to remove the insolubles and obtain a clear filtrate;d. Checking the insolubles of step c) for the presence of Pterocarposide (STR #1) or Sabioside (STR #2), discarding if present in negligible amounts;e. Collecting the filtrate of step c) and extracting with a solvent twice to obtain an aqueous layer and solvent layer;f. Concentrating the solvent layer of step e) to recover the solvent;g. Extracting the aqueous layer of step e) with a solvent, thrice and combining the solvent fractions;h. Concentrating the solvent fractions and dissolving in water to standardize a solution containing 30% total dissolved solids;i. Spray drying the solution of step h) to obtain a composition containing not less than 5% w/w of Pterocarposide and Sabioside, represented by STR #1 and STR #2 respectively.

4. The composition as in claim 1, wherein the solvent of steps e), f) and g) is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, butanol, ethylacetate, chloroform, toluene, acetone and hexane.

5. The composition comprising 5%-10% w/w C-glycosides of Pterocarpus marsupium containing Pterocarposide and Sabioside as in claim 1, for use in activating AMPK in mammalian cells.

6. The composition comprising 5%-10% w/w C-glycosides of Pterocarpus marsupium containing Pterocarposide and Sabioside as in claim 1, for use in inhibiting gluconeogenesis in mammalian cells.