Process for the preparation of an improved supported catalyst, containing nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, useful for the oxidative conversion of methane, natural gas and biogas to syngas

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an improved supported catalyst, containing nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, prepared by the deposition of oxides of these transition metals on a sintered low surface area porous catalyst carrier (i.e. support) precoated with BeO, MgO, CaO or their mixture, useful for the oxidative conversion of methane, natural gas (which comprises of mainly methane with smaller amounts of ethane, propane, butane, CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 and traces of C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons and water) and biogas (which comprises of mainly methane and CO.sub.2) to syngas (i.e. CO and H.sub.2) involving partial oxidation with oxygen or oxidative steam and/or CO.sub.2 reforming with oxygen of methane or light hydrocarbons (i.e. hydrocarbons containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms). This invention particularly relates to a process for the preparation of an improved supported catalyst, containing nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, useful for the oxidative conversion of methane, natural gas and biogas to syngas involving partial oxidation with oxygen or oxidative steam and/or CO.sub.2 reforming with oxygen of methane or light hydrocarbons, which comprises of the deposition of oxides of nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, on a sintered low surface area porous catalyst carrier (i.e. support) precoated with BeO, MgO, CaO or their mixture. The catalyst prepared by this invention can be used for the production of CO and H.sub.2 or syngas from methane, natural gas and biogas.
The process of the present invention could be used by catalyst manufacturers and producers of carbon monoxide, hydrogen or synthesis gas as well as their users, for examples those produce methanol and methanol based products, Fischer--Tropsch synthesis products such as liquid hydrocarbons, olefins, alcohols and aldehydes, ammonia and ammonia based fertilizers and chemicals, oxosynthesis products town gas, and reduction gas for production of sponge iron, etc.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
In the prior art, it is well known that syngas (i.e. CO and H.sub.2) can be produced from methane (or natural gas) by following the different catalytic processes.
Steam reforming of methane: this is a highly endothermic process and involves following reactions:
Main reaction
CH.sub.4 +H.sub.2 O.fwdarw.CO+3H.sub.2 ( 1)
Side reaction
CO+H.sub.2 O.fwdarw.CO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 ( 2)
CO.sub.2 reforming of methane: this is also a highly endothermic process and involves following reactions:
Main reaction
CH.sub.4 +CO.sub.2 .fwdarw.2CO+2H.sub.2 ( 3)
Side reaction
CO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 .fwdarw.CO+H.sub.2 O (4)
Partial oxidation (i.e. oxidative conversion) of methane: this is an exothermic process and involves following reactions:
Main reaction
CH.sub.4 +0.5 O.sub.2 .fwdarw.CO+2H.sub.2 ( 5)
Side reactions
CH.sub.4 +2O.sub.2 .fwdarw.CO.sub.2 +2H.sub.2 O (6)
CO+H.sub.2 O.fwdarw.CO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 ( 7)
The use of nickel containing catalysts, particularly nickel (with or without other elements) supported on alumina or other refractory materials, in the above catalytic processes for conversion of methane (or natural gas) to syngas is also well known in the prior art (Ref. Kirk and Othmer, Encyclopedia of chemical Technology, 3rd Edn., 1990, Vol. 12 p. 951; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th Edn., 1989, Vol. A12, p. 186 and 202; U.S. Pat. No. 2,942,958 (1960); U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,550 (1989); U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,131 (1989), EP 0 084 273 A2 (1983); EP 0 303 438 A3 (1989); Dissanayake et. al., Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 132, p. 117 (1991)).
In U.S. Pat. No. 2,942,958 (1960), use of a catalyst comprising nickel oxide supported on refractory material such as zirconia or other refractory metal oxide support has been disclosed for the conversion of a normally gaseous hydrocarbon in presence of oxygen and steam to syngas at reaction temperature between 1800.degree. F. (i.e. 982.degree. C.) and 2200.degree. F. (i.e. 1204.degree. C.).
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,550 (1989), Goatsch et al. have disclosed use of Ni/.alpha.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 (0.5-2.5 wt. % Ni supported on .alpha.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) catalyst of particle size 30-150.mu. in a fluid bed process for converting methane, by its reaction with oxygen and steam to syngas at reaction temperature of at least 1700.degree. F. (i.e. 927.degree. C.). The Ni/.alpha.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 was prepared by impregnating nickel nitrate on alpha-alumina, drying and calcining to convert the nickel salt to nickel oxide and finally reducing in H.sub.2 to get the supported nickel catalyst. The use of Ni/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 catalyst in conversion of light hydrocarbons e.g. methane by its reaction temperature of at least at 1750.degree. F. (i.e. 954.degree. C.) in fluidized bed reactor has also been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,131 (1989).
European patent EP 0 303 438 A3, describes use of a catalyst comprising of Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ru, Pd, Ni, Cr, Co, Ce, La, and mixture thereof supported on monolithic structure containing alumina, zirconia, mullite, etc., for production of syngas from natural gas by its reaction with steam and oxygen at a temperature in the range from 760.degree. C. to 1090.degree. C.
In European patent EP 0 084 273 A2, use of iron, cobalt or nickel, preferably nickel, supported on silica as a catalyst in the production of CO and H.sub.2 (or syngas) from C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 olefins and C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 paraffins by their reaction with carbon dioxide has been disclosed. The silica supported nickel catalyst was prepared by impregnating nickel nitrate on hydrothermally treated silica, drying at 110.degree. C., calcining in air at 150.degree. C. for 1.5 H and further at 650.degree. C. for 0.5 h and cooling the reduced catalyst in N.sub.2 atmosphere.
Recently, Dissanayake et al. (Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 132, P. 117 (1991)) have observed that unreduced alumina supported nickel catalyst contains NiAl.sub.2 O.sub.4 and shows measurable catalytic activity in oxidative conversion of methane to syngas only above 750.degree. C. after the reduction of NiAl.sub.2 O.sub.4 to metallic nickel dispersed on the alumina support.
It is well known that nickel catalysts are deactivated due to coke deposition and also by poisoning with sulfur containing compounds in the reforming of methane or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydrocarbons.
The main disadvantages of the supported nickel catalysts described in the prior art for their use in the conversion of methane and light hydrocarbons to syngas are as follows.
1) The catalysts are prepared by depositing nickel oxide, with or without other catalytically active metal oxides, directly on refractory supports viz. alumina, silica and zirconia, and calcined at high temperatures. Hence, during the calcination, the deposited metal oxide undergoes solid-solid reaction with Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2 and ZrO.sub.2 resulting in the formation of catalytically inactive binary metal oxide phases such as nickel aluminate, nickel silicate and zirconium nickelate, respectively. These binary metal oxide phases are very difficult to reduce and catalytically inactive. Even after the reduction of the catalyst to metallic Nl, these inactive binary metal oxide phases reappear during the long operation process and also during catalyst regeneration involving the burning of the coke on the catalyst. Therefore, the catalysts have poor stability, low activity and selectivity and also show low efficiency (i.e. productivity for CO and H.sub.2 in the methane- or light hydrocarbons-to-syngas conversion processes.
2) The catalysts operate at high temperatures, at least at 1700.degree. F. (i.e. 927.degree. C.), in the oxidative conversion of methane or natural gas-to-syngas.
3) In most of the cases, the catalysts are reduced by hydrogen before using them in the methane or light hydrocarbons-to-syngas conversion processes.
4) The catalysts when used in unreduced form show activity in the oxidative conversion of methane to syngas at high temperatures; the reaction is initiated only above 750.degree. C.
Hence, there is a need to develop improved nickel containing supported catalyst eliminating the above limitations and disadvantages of the supported nickel containing catalysts used in the prior art for the conversion of methane or natural gas to syngas. This invention was, therefore, made with the following objects.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
1) The main object of this invention is, accordingly, to provide an improved nickel containing supported catalyst, which shows improved performance (i.e. very high activity and selectivity) and efficiency (i.e. very high productivity for syngas), and which is useful in the different catalytic processes for the oxidative conversion of methane, natural gas or biogas to syngas by the oxidative conversion or partial oxidation with O.sub.2 reforming.
2) Other important object of this invention is to provide an improved nickel containing supported catalyst which operates at low temperatures with high activity, selectivity and productivity in the oxidative conversion of methane to syngas.
3) Other object of this invention is to provide an improved nickel containing supported catalyst which can be used in its unreduced form (i.e. without reduction by H.sub.2) also for the above-mentioned processes.
4) Yet another object of this invention is to provide an improved supported nickel containing catalyst which when used in its unreduced form shows the initiation of reaction at low temperatures, below 700.degree. C., in the oxidative conversion of methane or natural gas to syngas.
5) One more object of this invention is to provide an improved nickel containing supported catalyst which shows high resistance towards deactivation due to coke deposition and poisoning with sulfur compounds and, also shows resistance towards the formation of inactive bimetallic oxide phases during its long operation in the process and during the regeneration of coked catalyst.
This invention provides an improved supported catalyst, containing oxides of nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, deposited on a precoated support, represented by the formula:
A.sub.a Co.sub.b NiO.sub.c (x)/MU.sub.d (y)/S,
wherein, A is a noble metal element selected from Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Lr, Us, or a mixture thereof; Co is cobalt; Ni is nickel; O is oxygen; M is an alkaline earth element selected from Be, Mg, Ca or a mixture thereof; a is an A/Nl mole ratio in the range of 0 to about 0.1; b is Co/Ni mole ratio in the range of about 0.01 to about 2.0; c is the number of oxygen atoms needed to fulfill the valence requirement of A.sub.a Co.sub.b Ni; d is the number of oxygen atoms required to fulfil the valence requirement of M; S is a catalyst support selected from sintered low surface area porous refractory inert solids comprising of alumina, silica, silica-alumina, silicon carbide, zirconia, hafnia or a mixture thereof; y is a weight percent loading of MU.sub.d precoated on the support in the range of about 0.3 wt. % to about 30 wt. % and x is the wt. %. loading of A.sub.a Co.sub.b NiO.sub.c deposited on the precoated support in the range of about 0.3 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, and prepared by precoating support with MO.sub.d, and then depositing A.sub.a CO.sub.b NiO.sub.c on the precoated support, useful for the oxidative conversion of methane, natural gas and biogas to syngas (i.e. CO and H.sub.2) by different processes involving partial oxidation with oxygen or oxidative steam and/or CO.sub.2 reforming with oxygen of methane or light hydrocarbons to syngas.
The main features of this invention is that the precoating of catalyst support with BeO, MgO, CaO or their mixture drastically improves the performance (i.e. activity, selectivity and productivity) of a supported catalyst, containing nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, in the oxidative conversion of methane, natural gas and biogas to syngas. The supported catalyst prepared by depositing oxides of nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, on a sintered low surface area porous support precoated with the above alkaline earth oxides shows much higher activity, selectivity and productivity in the conversion of methane, natural gas and biogas to syngas than that shown by the catalyst prepared by depositing oxides of nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, alkaline earth oxides, directly on the support (i.e. without any precoating).
Another important feature of this invention is that the reaction start temperature (i.e. the temperature at which reaction is initiated or started when feed is passed over the catalyst and its temperature is increased gradually) in oxidative conversion of methane to syngas for the catalyst prepared using the precoated support, is much lower than that observed for a catalyst prepared using the support without any precoating.
Another important feature of this invention is that the improved catalyst prepared by the process of this invention can be used in its unreduced form (i.e. without pre-reduction by H.sub.2) in the different processes for the oxidative conversion of methane or light hydrocarbons to syngas.
One more important feature of this invention is that the improved catalyst of this invention operates at much lower temperatures and at much higher space velocities and also shows high resistance to the formation of catalytically inactive binary metal oxide phases and the deactivation due to coke deposition in the methane- or light hydrocarbons-to-syngas conversion processes.
Accordingly, this invention provides a process for the preparation of an improved supported catalyst, containing oxides of nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, deposited on a precoated support, represented by the formula:
A.sub.a Co.sub.b NiO.sub.c (x)/MO.sub.d (y)/S,
wherein, A is a noble metal element selected from Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ir, Os, or a mixture thereof; Co is cobalt; Ni is nickel; O is oxygen; M is an alkaline earth element selected from Be, Mg, Ca or a mixture thereof; a is an A/Ni mole ratio in the range of 0 to about 0.1; b is a Co/Ni mole ratio in the range of about 0.01 to about 2.0; c is the number of oxygen atoms needed to fulfill the valence requirement of A.sub.a Co.sub.c Ni; d is the number of oxygen atoms required to fulfill the valence requirement of M, S is a catalyst support selected from sintered low surface area porous refractory inert solids comprising of alumina, silica, silica-alumina, silicon carbide, zirconia, hafnia or a mixture thereof; y is the weight percent loading of the alkaline earth oxides, MO.sub.d, precoated on the support in the range of about 0.3 wt. % to about 30 wt. %; and x is the wt. % loading of the group VIII transition metal oxides, A Co Nio, deposited on the precoated support in the range of about 0.3 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, useful for the oxidative conversion of methane, natural gas and biogas to syngas by different processes involving partial oxidation with oxygen or oxidative steam and/or CO.sub.2 reforming with oxygen of methane or light hydrocarbons to syngas which comprises:
(i) precoating of the surface of the support by the deposition of MO.sub.d by impregnating or coating the support with a compound represented by the general formula: M2.sub.h, wherein: M is alkaline earth element selected from Be, Mg, Ca or a mixture thereof; Z is an anion selected from nitrate, acetate, formate, oxalate, hydroxide, carbonate and oxide anions; and h is number of Z required to fulfill the valence requirement of M in the compound, which on decomposition converts into oxide form, in quantity sufficient to obtain a loading of MO.sub.d on support in the range of about 0.3 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, by known methods followed by drying the wet mass by heating it in air or under vacuum first slowly at about 50.degree. C. for about 6 h and then at about 120.degree. C. for about 2 h, and then decomposing the dried mass by heating it in air or inert gas or under vacuum at a temperature in the range of about 400.degree. C. to about 600.degree. C. for a period in the range of about 0.5 h to about 5 h and finally calcining it at a temperature in the range of about 600.degree. C. to about 1500.degree. C. in air or inert gas or under vacuum for a period in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 h to obtain the support precoated with MO.sub.d ; and
(ii) deposition of A.sub.a Co.sub.b NiO.sub.c on the surface of precoated support by impregnating or coating it with the compounds of nickel, cobalt and noble metals, represented by the general formulae: NiY.sub.g, CoY.sub.f and AX.sub.g, respectively, wherein: Ni is nickel; Co is cobalt; A is noble metal element selected from Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ir, Os, or their mixture; Y is an anion selected from nitrate, acetate, formate, oxalate, oxide, carbonate and hydroxide anion; X is an anion selected from nitrate, acetate, chloride and (H.sub.2 CI.sub.6).sup.4- anions; g and f are the number of Y needed to fulfill the valence requirement of Ni and Co, respectively, in their compounds; and E is the number of X needed to fulfill the valence requirement of A in its compound, which on decomposition convert into their oxide form, with A/Ni and Co/Ni mole ratios in the range of 0 to about 0.1 and about 0.01 to about 2.0, respectively, and in quantities sufficient to obtain a loading of A.sub.a Co.sub.b NiO.sub.c on the precoated support in the range of about 0.3 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, by the known methods followed by drying slowly the wet catalyst mass by heating it in air or under vacuum at about 50.degree. C. for about 6 h and further at about 120.degree. C. for about 2 h, and then decomposing the dried catalyst mass by heating it in air or inert gas or under vacuum first at a temperature in the range of about 400.degree. C. to about 600.degree. C. for a period in the range of about 0.5 h to about 5 h and finally calcining it in air, inert gas or under vacuum at a temperature in the range of about 600.degree. C. to about 1000.degree. C. for a period in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 h.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The support used in the preparation of an improved catalyst of this invention is in the form of granules (or aggregates). The particle-size may range from about 1 mm to about 10 mm or in the form of spheres, cylindrical pellets, rings, saddles or star of diameter or size in the range of about 3 mm to about 15 mm and has surface area, pore volume and porosity in the range from about 0.002 m.sup.2.g.sup.-1 to about 5.0 m.sup.2.g..sup.-1, about 0.05 cm.sup.3.g.sup.-1 and about 0.5 cm.sup.3.g.sup.-1 and about 10% to about 70%, respectively.
The preferred noble metal, A, in the catalyst is Ru or Rh and the preferred A/Ni mole ratio, a, in the catalyst is in the range of 0 to about 0.05. The preferred Co/Ni mole ratio, b, in the catalyst is in the range of about 0.05 to about 1.0. The preferred loading of A.sub.a CO.sub.b NiO.sub.c on the precoated support, x, is in the range of about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. The preferred element, M, in the catalyst is Mg, Ca or a mixture thereof. The preferred loading of MO.sub.d on support, y, is in the range from about 3 wt. % to about 15 wt. %. The preferred anion, Z, in the compound MZ.sub.h is nitrate anion. The preferred anion, x, in the compound AX.sub.a is chloride anion. The preferred anion, Y, in the compound CoY.sub.f and NiY.sub.g, is nitrate anion. The preferred known method used for the precoating of support with the alkaline earth compounds and also for the deposition of the compounds of nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metal, is based on the impregnation of soluble compounds from their solution on the surface of porous solids. The preferred calcination temperature of the precoated support in step (i) is in the range of about 800.degree. C. to about 1200.degree. C. The preferred gas atmosphere for the calcination of the precoated support or the supported catalyst is air.
Because of the use of sintered low surface area inert porous support in the catalyst preparation, the chemical interactions of the catalyst components with the support are greatly reduced and also the supported catalyst has a high thermal stability, mechanical strength and attrition resistance. The surface area, porosity and texture of the support are influenced only to a small extent during the calcination and operation of the supported catalyst at high temperatures.
The precoating of the support with the alkaline earth oxides in step (i) of the catalyst preparation is very important. Because of the precoating, a layer of the alkaline earth oxide exists between the support and the catalytically active group VIII transitional metal oxides (i.e. oxides of Ni, Co and noble metals), and therefore, direct contact and consequent chemical interactions, which lead to the formation of catalytically inactive and/or difficult to reduce binary oxide phases by solid-solid reactions between the catalytically active components and the reactive components of support during the calcination and/or long operation of the supported catalyst, between the support and the group VIII transition metal oxides, are avoided or greatly reduced. Another important role of the precoating is to provide more surface for the dispersion of the catalytically active components and also to provide resistance against sintering to the catalytically active components, particularly in their reduced form, during prolonged use of the catalyst.
Because of the incorporation of cobalt in the catalyst, a synergetic effect, causing enhancement in the catalytic activity and also providing resistance to the catalyst against coke deposition, is produced due to the presence of nickel and cobalt together in the catalyst.
Noble metals are catalytically active in the conversion of methane or light hydrocarbons to syngas. Also, because of the addition of noble metal to the catalyst, the reduction of metal oxides containing nickel and cobalt in the catalyst is effected at lower temperatures and hence the reaction start temperature in the methane to syngas conversion over the catalyst in its unreduced form is decreased. It is well known that noble metal oxides are easy to reduce and there is a spillover of atomic hydrogen, which is very reactive in the reduction of metal oxides, on the reduced noble metals. Because of this, the catalyst reduction is effected at lower temperatures and consequently the oxidative methane or light hydrocarbons-to-syngas conversion reaction over unreduced catalyst can be started at lower temperatures.
The slow drying of wet mass in both the catalyst preparation steps is important because when the wet mass is dried first slowly at about 50.degree. C. and then at higher temperature at about 120.degree. C., the distribution of the supported components is uniform throughout the catalyst.
The product obtained from the process of this invention is an improved supported catalyst comprising of nickel and cobalt oxides, with or without noble metal oxide, deposited on a sintered low surface area porous inert support precoated with the oxides of Be, Mg, Ca or a mixture thereof, useful for the oxidative conversion of methane, natural gas and biogas to syngas (i.e. CO and H.sub.2) by the different processes involving partial oxidation with oxygen, steam reforming, CO.sub.2 reforming, simultaneous steam and CO.sub.2 reforming, simultaneous steam reforming and partial oxidation with oxygen, simultaneous CO.sub.2 reforming and partial oxidation with oxygen or simultaneous steam reforming, CO.sub.2 reforming and partial oxidation with oxygen of methane or light hydrocarbons to syngas.
This invention provides an improved supported catalyst, containing nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, which shows very high catalytic activity with very high selectivity for CO and H.sub.2 and also with very high productivity for CO and H.sub.2 in the conversion of methane, natural gas and biogas to syngas by the above different processes at temperatures at or below 850.degree. C. and at very high space velocities much above 10,000 cm.sup.3.g.sup.-1 catalyst h.sup.-1 for a long period without deactivation, can be prepared by the process of this invention.
Using the improved supported catalyst, prepared by the process of this invention, for the partial oxidation of methane or light hydrocarbons to syngas in presence or absence of steam and/or CO.sub.2 or for the steam and/or CO.sub.2 reforming of methane or light hydrocarbons to syngas in presence or absence of oxygen, methane, natural gas and biogas can be converted at or below 850.degree. C. to CO and H.sub.2 with conversion above 90%, selectivity for CO above 90%, productivity for CO in the range of 0.2 to 20 mol.g.sup.-1 catalyst h.sup.-1 and with H.sub.2 /CO ratio in the range from about 1 to about 5.
The present invention is described with respect to the following examples. These are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as being limitative of the invention.
Definition of terms used in the examples
Total conversion of reactant (%)=mol % of the reactant converted to all the products. Conversion of a reactant to a particular product=mol % of the reactant converted to the particular product. Selectivity for a particular product (%)=100.times.�Conversion of reactant to the product (%)! �Total conversion of reactant (%)!. Productivity for a particular product (mol.g.sup.-1.h.sup.-1)=moles of the product formed in the process per-gram of catalyst per hour. Gas hourly space velocity, GHSV=Volume of gaseous reactant mixture, measured at STP, passed over a unit weight of catalyst per hour.
All the ratios of reactants or products are mole ratios.
In the conversion of natural gas to syngas, the conversion of natural gas is expressed in terms of conversion of carbon atoms present in the natural gas.
Reaction start temperature is defined as the temperature at which methane-to-syngas conversion reaction is started or initiated on the catalyst, when a feed containing reactants are passed over the catalyst and its temperature is increased gradually at a heating rate of about 10.degree. C. min.sup.-1 from room temperature.

EXAMPLES 1 TO 16
In these examples, preparation of improved supported catalyst with different noble metal/Ni and Co/Ni ratios, loadings of group VIII transition metal oxides on precoated support, and alkaline earth oxides precoated on different supports with different loadings, by the process ofthis invention is illustrated.
The catalyst is prepared in two steps by the following general procedure.
Step I: Precoating of support with alkaline earth oxide
Precursor of alkaline earth oxide, e.g. compound of alkaline earth, which on decomposition is converted into oxide form, is deposited on catalyst support either by impregnating it with water soluble precursor compound from its aqueous solution or by coating the support with insoluble precursor compound from its fine slurry. The impregnation of soluble precursor compound on the support is done by incipient wetness method (IWM) in which a concentrated solution of the precursor compound just enough in volume to fill all the pores of the support is added to the support or by wet impregnation technique (WIT) in which a concentrated solution of the precursor compound in the excess of volume required for filling all the pores of the support is added to the support and the excess of solution is removed. The coating of insoluble precursor compoundis done by making a slurry of the finely ground compound in water and mixing it with the support. After the impregnation or the coating, the wetsupport is dried in air or under vacuum first slowly at 50.degree. C. for 6h and then at 120.degree. C. for 2 h. The dried mass is then decomposed by heating it in air, or in N.sub.2 or under vacuum at a temperature in the range of 400.degree. C. to 600.degree. C. for a period in the range of 0.5h to 5 h. The decomposed mass is then finally calcined in air or in N.sub.2or under vacuum at a temperature in the range of 800.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C. for a period in the range of 0.1 h to 10 h. In case the observed loading of alkaline earth or rare earth oxide on the support is found to be less than the desired one, the above procedure is repeated so that the desired loading can be obtained.
Step II: Deposition of group VIII transition metal oxides on the precoated support
Precursor compounds of Ni, Co and noble metal with desired Co/Ni and noble metal/Ni mole ratios are deposited on the precoated support, obtained in the first step, by impregnating the precoated support with water soluble precursor compounds from their mixed aqueous solution or by coating the precoated support with water insoluble precursor compounds from their mixed fine slurry, by the methods similar to that described in Step I. After the impregnation or the coating, the wet supported catalyst mass is dried and decomposed by the procedures, similar to that described in Step I. The decomposed supported catalyst mass is then finally calcined in air or in N.sub.2 or under vacuum at a temperature in the range of 600.degree.C. to 1000.degree. C. for a period in the range of 0.1 h to 10 h, to get the improved catalyst of this invention.
The details of the preparation of improved supported catalyst in Examples 1to 16, not covered in the above procedure, such as the precursor compounds of alkaline earth and group VIII transition metals, method of deposition (e.g. impregnation or coating) and preparation conditions, are given in Table 1 and 2 set forth at the end of this disclosure. The properties of supports used in the preparation of improved supported catalyst in Examples 1 to 16 are given in Table 3 set forth at the end of this disclosure.
EXAMPLE 17
This example illustrates that the improved supported catalyst of this invention prepared in Examples 1 to 16 can be used in its unreduced form (i.e. as prepared), shows very high conversion with very high selectivity and productivity for CO and H.sub.2, operates at low temperatures and alsohas low reaction start or reaction initiation temperatures, in the partial oxidation of methane with O.sub.2 to syngas.
The catalytic reaction over the catalyst is carried out in a continuous flow tubular fixed bed reactor packed with the catalyst by passing over ita feed comprising of reactants at different reaction conditions. The reactor temperature was measured by a Cromel-Alumel thermocouple located in the catalyst bed. The reactor effluent gases were cooled at about 0.degree. C. to condense the water from them, using a coiled condenser immersed in an ice water slurry, and then analyzed for CO, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 and unconverted reactants by an on-line gas chromatograph. The change in the volumetric flow rate of gases due to the reaction was determined by measuring the flow rate of the feed and the product gases, after removal of water, using soap bubble flow meter.
The performance of the catalysts prepared in Examples 1-16, in their unreduced form, for the partial oxidation of methane with O.sub.2 to syngas was evaluated at the following reaction conditions.
______________________________________Feed composition: 64.3 mol % CH.sub.4 and 35.7 mol % O.sub.2Gas hourly space velocity (GHSV): 5,00,000 cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1Pressure: 1.1 atm.Reaction temperature: 500.degree. C. and 700.degree. C.______________________________________
The results obtained at the two reaction temperatures are presented in Table 4 set forth at the end of this disclosure.
EXAMPLE 18
This example illustrates the use of improved supported catalyst prepared inExamples 1, 4 and 12, after reduction by H.sub.2, for the partial oxidationof methane with O.sub.2 to syngas. The reaction is carried out using the same reactor and by the same procedure described in Example 17 except for the fact that before carrying out the reaction the catalyst is reduced in situ by passing a mixture of 50 mol % H.sub.2 and 50 mol % N.sub.2 at a space velocity of about 20,000 cm.sup.3.g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1 at 500.degree. C. for 1 h.
The performance of the catalyst prepared in Examples 1, 4 and 12, in its reduced form, for the partial oxidation of methane with O.sub.2 to syngas was evaluated at the following reaction conditions:
______________________________________Feed composition: 64.3 mol % CH.sub.4 and 35.7 mol % O.sub.2Gas hourly space velocity (GHSV): 5,00,000 cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1Pressure: 1.1 atm.Reaction temperature 500.degree. C. and 700.degree. C.______________________________________
The results obtained at the two reaction temperatures are presented in Table 5 set forth at the end of this disclosure.
EXAMPLE 19
This example illustrates that when the oxides of Ni and Co with or without noble metal are deposited directly on the supports used in the preparationof improved supported catalyst in Examples 1-16, i.e. without precoating the supports with the alkaline earth oxides, the supported catalysts in their both unreduced and reduced forms show very poor performance in the partial oxidation of methane with free O.sub.2 to CO and H.sub.2 i.e. syngas.
The performance of the supported catalysts prepared using support without precoating with the alkaline earth oxides, in their unreduced form and also in their reduced form, for the partial oxidation of methane with O.sub.2 to syngas was measured in the reactor and by the procedures described in Examples 17 and 18 at the following process conditions.
______________________________________Feed composition: 64.3 mol % CH.sub.4 and 35.7 mol % O.sub.2Gas hourly space velocity (GHSV): 5,00,000 or 1,00,000 cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1Pressure: 1.1 atm.Reaction temperature: 500.degree. C. and 900.degree. C.______________________________________
The results obtained at the two reaction temperatures are presented in Table 6 set forth at the end of this disclosure. The catalysts in Table 6 were prepared by depositing oxides of Ni and Co, with or without noble metal, directly on the supports by the incipient wetness method, followed by drying, decomposing and calcining at the conditions similar to that used in Example 1. The reduction of the catalysts was done by the same procedure described in Example 18.
EXAMPLE 20
This example illustrates the use of Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (12.2%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA 5202 catalyst prepared in Example 1 for the steam reforming of methane to CO and H.sub.2 in the absence of O.sub.2 in the feed.
The steam reforming reaction is carried out in the reactor and by the procedure described in Example 17, except that the feed comprises of only CH.sub.4 and steam. The results at different reaction conditions are presented in Table 7 carried at the end of this disclosure.
EXAMPLE 21
This example illustrates the use of Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)/MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564 catalyst prepared in Example 8 for the CO.sub.2 reforming of methane.
The CO.sub.2 reforming reaction is carried out in the reactor by the procedure described in Example 17, except that the feed comprises only CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2. The results at different reaction conditions are presented in Table 8 carried at the end of this disclosure.
EXAMPLE 22
This example illustrates the use of Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564 catalyst prepared in Example 6, for the simultaneous steam reforming and CO.sub.2 reforming of methane to CO and H.sub.2, in the absence of O.sub.2 in the feed.
The simultaneous steam reforming and CO.sub.2 reforming reactions are carried out in the reactor and by the procedure described in Example 17, except that the feed comprises of CH.sub.4, CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O. The results at different reaction conditions are presented in Table 9 set forth at the end of this disclosure.
EXAMPLE 23
This example illustrates the use of C.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (12.2%)MgO(5.6%)/SA 5205 catalyst prepared in Example 1, for the simultaneous partial oxidation of methane with O.sub.2 and steam reformingof methane to CO and H.sub.2.
The simultaneous partial oxidation and steam reforming reactions are carried out in the reactor and by the procedure described in Example 17, except that the feed comprises of CH.sub.4, O.sub.2 and H.sub.2. The results at different reaction conditions are presented in Table 10 set forth at the end of this disclosure.
EXAMPLE 24
This example illustrates the use of Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)/MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564 catalyst prepared in Example 6, for the simultaneous partial oxidation with O.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 reforming of methane to CO and H.sub.2.
The simultaneous partial oxidation and CO.sub.2 reforming reactions are carried out in the reactor and by the procedure described in Example 17, except that the feed comprises of CH.sub.4, O.sub.2 and CO.sub.2. The results at different reaction conditions are presented in Table 11 carriedat the end of this disclosure.
EXAMPLE 25
This example illustrates the use of Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%/MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564 catalyst prepared in Example 6, for the simultaneous partial oxidation with O.sub.2, steam reforming and CO.sub.2 reforming of methane to CO and--H.sub.2.
The simultaneous partial oxidation, steam reforming and CO.sub.2 reforming reactions are carried out in the reactor and by the procedure described inExample 17, except that the feed comprises of CH.sub.4, O.sub.2, CO.sub.2 and steam. The results at different reaction conditions are presented in Table 12 set forth at the end of this disclosure.
EXAMPLE 26
This example illustrates the use of CO.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)/MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564 catalyst prepared in Example 6, for the conversion of natural gas to syngas by its partial oxidation with O.sub.2,steam reforming and CO.sub.2 reforming processes and also by these processes occurring simultaneously over the catalyst.
These natural gas to syngas conversion reactions are carried out in the reactor and by the procedure described in Example 17, except that the feedcomprises natural gas (NG), O.sub.2, CO.sub.2 and steam at different O.sub.2 /NG,H.sub.2 O/NG and CO.sub.2 /NG ratios. The results obtained at different process conditions are presented in Table 13 set forth at the end of this disclosure.
The main advantages or major improvements achieved by this invention over the earlier preparations of supported catalyst containing nickel, useful for the oxidative conversion of methane or light hydrocarbons to syngas are as follows:
(1) The improved supported catalyst of this invention is prepared by depositing oxides of nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, on asintered low surface area porous inert support, surface of which is precoated with an oxide of Be, Mg, Ca or a mixture thereof so that a protective layer of the alkaline earth oxide is formed between the oxides of nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metal, and the support and hence direct chemical interactions between the oxides of the group VIII transition metals and the reactive components of support, which leads to the formation of catalytically inactive binary oxide phases, which are very difficult to reduce, by solid-solid reactions on support surface, areavoided and thereby the catalyst shows much higher activity, selectivity and productivity, operates at lower temperatures and higher space velocities, does not deactivate due to the formation of catalytically inactive binary metal oxide phases in its operation in a long run. The catalyst can also be used in its unreduced form and the reaction on the unreduced catalyst is initiated or started at much lower temperatures, in the oxidative methane or light hydrocarbons-to-syngas conversion processes.
(ii) In the improved supported catalyst of this invention, nickel and cobalt are present together producing synergetic effect thereby increasingresistance to coke deposition on the catalyst and also enhancing its catalytic activity and selectivity in the oxidative methane or light hydrocarbons-to-syngas conversion processes, the addition of cobalt to thecatalyst also reduces the reaction start temperature for the catalyst in its unreduced form.
(iii) The reaction start temperature of the improved supported catalyst in its unreduced form is further decreased by the presence of noble metal in the catalyst at low concentrations.
(iv) Because of the use of sintered low surface area porous inert support comprising of refractory material in the catalyst preparation process of this invention, the improved supported catalyst is thermally very stable and also has high mechanical strength and attrition resistance.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Details of the preparation of improved supported catalysts in Examples1-8 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example__________________________________________________________________________ 8Support used SA 5205 SA 5552 SA 5218 SC 5232 SS 5231 SZ 5564 SA 5552 SA 5205Precoating of the supportPrecursor compound used Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 CA(NO.sub.3).sub.2Method of deposition IWM IWM IWM WIT IWM IWM IWM IWMDecomposition temp. (.degree.C.) 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 550.degree. C. 510.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 490.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C.Decomposition atmosphere Air Air Air N.sub.2 Air Air Air AirDecomposition period (h) 4h 4h 5h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4hCalcination temp. (.degree.C.) 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 930.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 950.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C.Calcination atmosphere Air Air Air N.sub.2 Air Air Air AirCalcination period (h) 4h 4h 5h 3h 4h 4h 4h 4hLoading (wt. %) 5.6% 7.0% 5.0% 8.5% 8.0% 5.7% 7.0% 9.4%Deposition of group VIII transition metal oxides on precoated supportPrecursor compound of Ni Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2Precursor compound of Co Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2Precursor compound of noble metal -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Co/Ni mole ratio 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.05 1.0 0.02Noble metal/Ni mole ratio 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Method of deposition IWM IWM IWM IWM IWM IWM IWM IWMDecomposition temp. (.degree.C.) 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 450.degree. C. 450.degree. C. 480.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 400.degree. C.Decomposition atmosphere Air Air Air N.sub.2 N.sub.2 Air Air AirDecomposition period (h) 4h 4h 5h 2h 3h 3h 4h 4hCalcination temp. (.degree.C.) 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 930.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 950.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 1000.degree. C.Calcination atmosphere Air Air Air Air N.sub.2 Air Air AirCalcination period (h) 4h 4h 4h 3h 2h 3h 4h 0.5hLoading (wt. %) 12.2% 19.6% 13.5% 15.8% 10.3% 9.5% 20.7% 16.3%Improved supported A B C D E F G Hcatalyst produced__________________________________________________________________________IWM = incipient wetness methodWIT = Wet impregnation techniqueA = Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (12.2%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA 5205;B = Co.sub.0.01 NiO.sub.1.01 (19.6%)/MgO(7.0%)/SA 5552;C = Co.sub.0.06 NiO.sub.1.06 (13.5%)/MgO(5.0%)/SA 5218;D = Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (15.8%)/MgO(8.5%)/SC 5232;E = Co.sub.0.07 NiO.sub.1.07 (10.3%)/MgO(8.0%)/SS 5231;F = Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)/MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564;G = CoNiO.sub.2 (20.7%)/MgO(7.0%)/SA 5552;H = Co.sub.0.02 NiO.sub.1.02 (16.3%)/CaO(9.4%)/SA 5205.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Details of the preparation of improved supported catalysts in Examples9-16 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16__________________________________________________________________________Support used SA 5205 SA 5205 SA 5205 SA 5205 SA 5205 SA 5205 SA 5205 SA 5205Precoating of the supportPrecursor compound used Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ca-acetate Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg-acetate Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Mg(OH)Method of deposition WIT IWM IWM IWM WIT WIT IWM CoatinDecomposition temp. (.degree.C.) 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 600.degree. C.Decomposition atmosphere Air Air Air Air Air Air Air AirDecomposition period (h) 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4hCalcination temp. (.degree.C.) 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 1200.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 1000.degree. C.Calcination atmosphere Air Vacuum Air Air Air Air Air AirCalcination period (h) 4h 3h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 10hLoading (wt. %) 15.3% 10.6% 5.6% 5.6% 5.0% 2.1% 5.0% 4.0%Deposition of group VIII transition metal oxides on precoated supportPrecursor compound of Ni Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Ni(OH)Precursor compound of Co Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2 Co(OH)Precursor compound of noble metal -- -- RuCl.sub.3 H.sub.2 PtCl.sub.6 -- -- -- --Co/Ni mole ratio 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Noble metal/Ni mole ratio 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Method of deposition IWM IWM IWM IWM IWM WIT IWM CoatinDecomposition temp. (.degree.C.) 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C. 500.degree. C.Decomposition atmosphere Air Air Air Air Air Air Air AirDecomposition period (h) 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 2h 3hCalcination temp. (.degree.C.) 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 900.degree. C. 1000.degree. C. 600.degree. C. 900.degree. C.Calcination atmosphere Air Vacuum Air Air Air N.sub.2 Air AirCalcination period (h) 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 4h 10hLoading (wt. %) 17.4% 13.1% 13.2% 14.7% 1.6% 15.5% 10.5% 11.0%Improved supported I J K L M N O Pcatalyst produced__________________________________________________________________________IWM = incipient wetness methodWIT = Wet impregnation techniqueI = Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (17.4%)/CaO(15.3%)/SA 5205J = Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (13.1%)/CaO(10.6%)/SA 5205;K = Ru.sub.0.05 Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.13 (13.2%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA 5205;L = Pt.sub.0.05 Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.15 (14.7%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA 5205;M = Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (1.6%)/MgO(5.0%)/SA 5205;N = Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (15.5%)/MgO(2.1%)/SA 5205;O = Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (10.5%)/MgO(5.0%)/SA 5205;P = Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (11.0%)/MgO(4.0%)/SA 5205.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Properties of the different sintered low surface area porous supportsused in the preparation of improved supported catalysts inExamples 1-16; these supports are obtained from Norton Co., USA. Surface Pore area volume PorositySupport Shape Composition (m.sup.2 .multidot. gm.sup.-1) (cm.sup.3 .multidot. g.sup.-1) (%)__________________________________________________________________________SA 5205 spherical Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 (86.1%), SiO.sub.2 (11.8%), K.sub.2 O(0.6%) <0.05 0.35 54 CaO(0.4%), MgO(0.4%), Na.sub.2 O(0.4%), Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 (0.2%), ZrO.sub.2 + HfO.sub.2 (<0.05%)SA 5218 spherical Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 (86.1%), SiO.sub.2 (12.0%), CaO(0.6%) <0.05 0.25 40 MgO(0.4%), K.sub.2 O(0.4%), TiO.sub.2 (0.2%), Na.sub.2 O(0.2%), Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 (0.1%), ZrO.sub.2 (<0.05%)SA 5552 rings Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 (93.1%), SiO.sub.2 (5.6%), Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 (0.3%) <1.00 0.39 59 MgO(0.3%), TiO.sub.2 (0.1%), CaO(0.1%), Na.sub.2 O(0.1%), K.sub.2 O(0.1%), HfO.sub.2 + ZrO.sub.2 (<0.05%)SC 5532 rings SiC(65.8%), SiO.sub.2 (28.5%), Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 (4.7%), <0.1 0.30 45 Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 (0.3%), CaO(0.2%), MgO(0.1%), Na.sub.2 O(0.1%), K.sub.2 O(0.1%), ZrO.sub.2 + HfO.sub.2 (<0.05%), TiO.sub.2 (<0.01%), leachable iron = 17 pmmSC 5232 sphericaldo ---------- <0.3 0.26 43SS 5231 spherical SiO.sub.2 (95.0%), Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 (4.1%), Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 (0.3%), <0.4 0.25 35 TiO.sub.2 (0.2%), CaO(0.1%), MgO(0.1%), Na.sub.2 O(0.1%), K.sub.2 O(0.1%), ZrO.sub.2 + HfO.sub.2 (<0.05%)SZ 5564 rings ZrO.sub.2 + HfO.sub.2 (94.1%), CaO(3.5%), SiO.sub.2 (1.6%), <0.5 0.15 45 Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 (0.4%), Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 (0.2%), TiO.sub.2 (0.2%), MgO(<0.02%), Na.sub.2 O(<0.02%), K.sub.2 O(<0.02%)__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________Results of the partial oxidation of methane with O.sub.2 to CO andH.sub.2 over theimproved supported catalyst prepared in Examples 1-16, in its unreducedform. Reaction start Reaction CH.sub.4 Productivity H.sub.2 /CO temp. temp. conversion Selectivity (%) of CO productCatalyst (.degree.C.) (.degree.C.) (%) CO CO.sub.2 H.sub.2 (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) ratio__________________________________________________________________________Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (12.2%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA 5205 630 700 95.3 95.6 4.4 98.0 13.07 2.06 500 81.0 89.7 10.3 88.4 10.49 1.97Co.sub.0.01 NiO.sub.1.01 (19.6%)/MgO(7.0%)/SA 5552 600 700 78.8 97.8 2.2 96.8 11.13 1.98 500 62.7 86.9 13.1 90.3 7.88 2.08Co.sub.0.06 NiO.sub.1.06 (13.5%)/MgO(5.0%)/SA 5218 620 700 92.0 94.4 5.6 92.6 12.54 1.96 500 83.6 88.1 11.9 90.6 10.64 2.06Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (15.8%)/MgO(8.5%)/SC 5232 620 700 84.6 95.3 4.7 92.6 11.64 1.94 500 72.1 86.3 13.7 88.6 8.94 2.05Co.sub.0.07 NiO.sub.1.07 (10.3%)/MgO(8.0%)/SS 5231 750 700 88.2 94.0 6.0 92.8 11.97 1.97 500 81.6 88.4 11.6 88.3 10.42 2.00Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564 630 700 90.8 96.3 3.7 95.9 12.63 1.99 500 86.6 91.4 8.6 93.4 11.43 2.04CoNiO.sub.2 (20.7%)/MgO(7.0%)/SA 5552 630 700 90.8 94.4 5.6 94.4 12.38 2.00 500 78.0 87.5 12.5 90.1 9.86 2.06Co.sub.0.02 NiO.sub.1.02 (16.3%)/CaO(9.4%)/SA 5205 675 700 73.4 87.2 12.8 85.8 9.24 1.97 500 59.1 78.2 21.8 67.5 6.67 1.73Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (17.4%)/CaO(15.3%)SA 5205 510 700 80.6 90.2 9.8 88.1 10.50 1.95 500 75.2 86.1 13.9 89.1 9.35 2.07Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (13.1%)/CaO(10.6%)/SA 5205 540 700 81.7 93.3 6.7 91.9 11.01 1.97 500 69.9 85.8 14.2 86.5 8.66 2.02Ru.sub.0.05 Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.13 (13.2%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA5206 645 700 92.2 93.4 6.6 95.4 12.44 2.04 500 77.6 86.9 13.1 90.2 9.34 2.08Pt.sub.0.05 Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.15 (14.7%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA5205 590 700 83.6 94.4 5.6 91.7 11.40 1.94 500 72.2 87.6 12.4 85.9 9.13 1.96Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (1.6%)/MgO(5.0%)/SA 5505 760 700 75.7 89.6 10.4 84.0 9.74 1.95 500 65.2 82.2 17.8 80.1 7.70 1.95Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (15.5%)/MgO(2.1%)/SA 5205 670 700 80.8 91.6 8.4 90.8 10.63 1.98 500 67.0 83.0 7.0 84.6 7.99 2.04Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (10.5%)/MgO(5.0%)/SA 5205 500 600 85.0 92.0 8.0 94.6 11.24 2.06 500 80.4 88.8 11.2 90.9 10.26 2.05Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (11.0%)/MgO(4.0%)/SA 5205 630 700 81.9 90.3 9.7 90.5 10.61 2.00 500 71.2 84.2 15.8 83.9 8.60 2.00__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________Results of the partial oxidation of methane with O.sub.2 to CO andH.sub.2 over theimproved supported catalyst prepared in Examples 1,4 and 12, in itsreduced form. Reaction start Reaction CH.sub.4 Productivity H.sub.2 /CO temp. temp. conversion Selectivity (%) of CO productCatalyst (.degree.C.) (.degree.C.) (%) CO CO.sub.2 H.sub.2 (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) ratio__________________________________________________________________________Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (12.2%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA 5205 610 700 93.4 93.5 6.5 91.2 12.61 1.95 500 82.8 89.3 10.7 87.4 10.68 1.96Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (15.8%)/MgO(8.5%)/SC 5232 590 700 90.5 95.2 4.8 95.3 12.44 2.00 500 79.3 88.9 11.1 89.1 10.18 2.00Pt.sub.0.05 Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.15 (14.7%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA5205 550 700 86.3 94.8 5.2 94.2 11.82 1.99 500 80.3 88.8 11.2 90.4 10.30 2.04__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________Results of the partial oxidation of methane with O.sub.2 to CO andH.sub.2 over thesupported catalysts prepared using support without precoating withalkalineearth oxide, in their unreduced and reduced forms. Reduction start Reaction CH.sub.4 Productivity H.sub.2 /CO GHSV temp. temp. conversion Selectivity (%) of CO productCatalyst (cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) (.degree.C.) (.degree.C.) (%) CO CO.sub.2 H.sub.2 (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) ratio__________________________________________________________________________A. Unreduced catalystsCo.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (13.3%)/SA 5205 5,00,000 780 800 3.0 11.1 88.9 -- 0.05 -- 700 No reaction observedCo.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (21.0%)/SA 5552 5,00,000 850 900 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- 700 No reaction observedCo.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (11.4%)/SC 5532 5,00,000 850 900 1.3 -- -- -- -- -- 700 No reaction observedCo.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (14.4%)/SS 5231 5,00,000 750 800 5.9 39.1 60.9 43.4 0.33 2.23 700 4.5 37.6 62.4 31.3 0.24 1.66Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (11.2%)/SZ 5564 5,00,000 760 800 55.8 87.5 12.5 64.3 7.01 1.50 700 51.3 85.3 14.7 61.4 6.29 1.44Pt.sub.0.03 Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.11 (14.5%)/SA 5205 5,00,000 600 800 24.2 23.9 76.1 13.9 0.83 1.16 700 21.6 20.4 79.6 34.3 0.63 3.36B. Reduced catalysts �catalysts reduced before reaction by H.sub.2 at500.degree. C. for 1h.!Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (21.0%)/SA 5552 1,00,000 690 700 50.1 64.7 35.3 60.7 4.66 1.88 600 2.4 5.0 95.0 30.2 0.02 12.10 500 No reaction observedCo.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (11.4%)/SC 5532 5,00,000 600 700 48.1 70.6 29.4 72.2 4.88 2.05 600 31.2 61.3 38.7 65.3 2.73 2.13 500 No reaction observed__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________Results of steam reforming of methane to CO and H.sub.2 overCo.sub.0.5 NiO.sub.1.05 (12.2%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA 5205 catalyst preparedin Example 1, in the absence of O.sub.2 in feed.Reaction CH.sub.4 H.sub.2 /CO Productivitytemp. GHSV Steam/CH.sub.4 conversion Selectivity (%) product of CO(.degree.C.) (cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) ratio (%) CO CO.sub.2 ratio (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1)__________________________________________________________________________800 12,400 3.9 100 59.1 40.9 5.6 0.07850 12,400 3.9 100 60.1 39.9 5.2 0.07900 12,400 3.9 100 63.7 36.3 5.1 0.07850 9,300 2.0 100 91.0 9.0 3.7 0.13900 9,300 2.0 100 92.5 7.5 3.8 0.13850 10,300 1.5 99.1 95.1 4.9 3.4 0.17900 10,300 1.5 100.0 95.5 4.5 3.5 0.18800 12,400 1.0 94.0 98.1 1.9 3.1 0.26850 12,400 1.0 94.7 100.0 0.0 3.0 0.26900 12,400 1.0 96.9 100.0 0.0 3.0 0.27__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 8__________________________________________________________________________Results of CO.sub.2 reforming of methane to CO and H.sub.2 overCo.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)/Mgo(5.7%)/SZ 5564 catalyst preparedin Example 6, in the absence of O.sub.2 in feed.Reaction Conversion to H.sub.2 /CO Productivitytemp. GHSV CH.sub.4 /CO.sub.2 CO (%) of product of CO(.degree.C.) (cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) ratio CH.sub.4 CO.sub.2 ratio (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1)__________________________________________________________________________800 13,800 1.02 94.2 100 1.00 0.60850 14,100 1.01 96.5 100 1.00 0.62850 11,400 0.68 100.0 77.4 0.86 0.44__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 9__________________________________________________________________________Results of the simultaneous steam and CO.sub.2 reforming of methaneto CO and H.sub.2 over CO.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)/MgO(5.7%)/Sz 5564catalyst prepared in Example 6, in the absence of O.sub.2 in feed.Reaction Conversion to H.sub.2 /CO Productivitytemp. GHSV CH.sub.4 /CO.sub.2 CH.sub.4 /H.sub.2 O CO (%) of product of CO(.degree.C.) (cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) ratio ratio CH.sub.4 H.sub.2 O CO.sub.2 ratio (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1)__________________________________________________________________________850 13,600 2.00 2.30 94.5 100 100 1.59 0.46850 17,800 1.01 2.43 100 46.8 85.0 1.18 0.62850 16,000 0.67 0.89 100 11.8 72.0 1.02 0.44__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 10__________________________________________________________________________Results of the simultaneous partial oxidation with O.sub.2and steam reforming of methane to CO and H.sub.2 overCo.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (12.2%)/MgO(5.6%)/SA 5205 catalyst preparedin Example 1.Reaction CH.sub.4 CO H.sub.2 /CO Productivitytemp. GHSV Feed ratios conversion selectivity product of CO(.degree.C.) (cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) O.sub.2 /CH.sub.4 H.sub.2 O/CH.sub.4 (%) (%) ratio (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1)__________________________________________________________________________800 12,100 0.26 0.67 98.0 95.7 2.60 0.26700 12,000 0.26 0.68 91.2 86.8 2.84 0.22800 12,700 0.35 0.66 99.2 90.0 2.69 0.25800 13,800 0.52 0.66 99.5 80.6 2.73 0.23800 10,900 0.26 0.49 92.9 96.5 2.58 0.25800 12,000 0.26 0.67 96.7 92.8 2.77 0.25800 11,500 0.17 0.67 94.0 96.4 2.69 0.25800 13,600 0.17 1.00 98.5 88.2 3.06 0.24800 13,050 0.09 1.00 97.8 90.9 3.03 0.25800 12,750 0.04 1.00 96.5 93.1 3.07 0.25900 13,700 0.18 1.00 100 89.1 2.92 0.25__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 11__________________________________________________________________________Results of the simultaneous partial oxidation withO.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 reforming of methane to CO and H.sub.2 overCo.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)/MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564 catalystprepared in Example 6.Reaction H.sub.2 /CO Productivitytemp. GHSV Feed ratios Conversion (%) product of CO(.degree.C.) (cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) CH.sub.4 /O.sub.2 CH.sub.4 /CO.sub.2 CH.sub.4 CO.sub.2 O.sub.2 ratio (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1)__________________________________________________________________________800 12,500 4.0 2.0 90.4 93.7 100 1.31 0.44800 11,700 3.0 3.0 96.4 90.2 100 1.50 0.40800 11,500 2.4 4.0 97.2 80.3 100 1.61 0.36__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 12__________________________________________________________________________Results of the simultaneous partial oxidation with O.sub.2,steam reforming and CO.sub.2 reforming of methane to CO andH.sub.2 over Co.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)/MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564 catalystprepared in Example 6.Reaction H.sub.2 /CO Productivitytemp. GHSV Feed ratios Conversion (%) product of CO(.degree.C.) (cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) CH.sub.4 /O.sub.2 CH.sub.4 /CO.sub.2 CH.sub.4 /H.sub.2 O CH.sub.4 CO.sub.2 H.sub.2 O O.sub.2 ratio (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1)__________________________________________________________________________800 12,350 3.0 4.0 4.8 99.2 77.6 48.7 100 1.68 0.37800 13,400 4.0 4.0 2.25 99.3 84.4 82.0 100 1.95 0.37845 13,400 4.0 4.0 2.25 100 77.8 68.0 100 1.93 0.37850 12,250 2.4 6.1 4.8 99.6 72.7 52.1 100 1.89 0.34800 12,250 2.4 6.1 4.8 99.0 57.7 65.7 100 1.92 0.33__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 13__________________________________________________________________________Results of the conversion of natural gas (NG) to syngas overCo.sub.0.05 NiO.sub.1.05 (9.5%)/MgO(5.7%)/SZ 5564 catalyst prepared inExample 6, at different O.sub.2 /NG, CO.sub.2 /NG and H.sub.2 O/NG ratiosin feed. Conversion ofReaction C in feed to H.sub.2 /CO Productivitytemp. GHSV Feed ratios CO product of CO(.degree.C.) (cm.sup.3 g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1) O.sub.2 /NG CO.sub.2 /NG H.sub.2 O/NG (%) ratio (mol g.sup.-1 h.sup.-1)__________________________________________________________________________800 21,100 0.52 0.00 0.00 80.3 1.95 0.55800 26,100 0.45 0.33 0.00 90.9 1.51 0.87800 24,500 0.45 0.00 0.29 90.7 2.26 0.64800 29,500 0.41 0.33 0.28 89.0 1.74 0.84800 31,600 0.24 0.49 0.42 91.4 1.69 0.97800 29,700 0.00 0.98 0.00 85.8 1.00 1.21850 30,900 0.00 0.98 0.00 91.5 1.00 1.34800 12,200 0.00 0.00 1.10 95.8 3.20 0.25__________________________________________________________________________Natural gas composition (mol %):CH.sub.4 : 88.9%, C.sub.2 H.sub.6 : 6.3%, C.sub.3 H.sub.8 : 2.3%, C.sub.4 H.sub.10 : 0.9%, CO.sub.2 : 1.1%, N.sub.2 : 0.5%.

Number	Name	Date
4082696	Robinson	Apr 1978
4626521	Murib	Dec 1986
4701434	Koll	Oct 1987
4992408	Jackson	Feb 1991

Process for the preparation of an improved supported catalyst, containing nickel and cobalt, with or without noble metals, useful for the oxidative conversion of methane, natural gas and biogas to syngas

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Continuation in Parts (1)