Patent Application
20140364628
The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a benzodithiophene compound.
More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a benzodithiophene compound which comprises reacting at least one monohalogenated dithiophene compound with at least one internal alkyne.
Said benzodithiophene compound, after suitable functionalization and polymerization, can be advantageously used in the construction of photovoltaic devices such as, for example, photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic modules, solar cells, solar modules, on both rigid and flexible supports. Furthermore said benzodithiophene compound can be advantageously used as spectrum converter in luminescent solar concentrators (LSC). Said benzodithiophene compound can also be advantageously used as precursor of monomeric units in the preparation of semiconductor polymers.
Photovoltaic devices are capable of converting the energy of a light radiation into electric energy. At present, most photovoltaic devices which can be used for practical applications exploit the physico-chemical properties of photoactive materials of the inorganic type, in particular high-purity crystalline silicon. As a result of the high production costs of silicon, scientific research, however, has been orienting its efforts towards the development of alternative organic materials having a conjugated, oligomeric or polymeric structure, in order to obtain organic photovoltaic devices such as, for example, organic photovoltaic cells. Unlike high-purity crystalline silicon, in fact, these materials of an organic nature are characterized by a relative synthesis facility, a low production cost, a reduced weight of the relative photovoltaic devices, and also allow the recycling of said materials of the organic type at the end of the life cycle of the organic photovoltaic device in which they are used.
The advantages indicated above make the use of these materials of the organic type energetically and economically interesting in spite of possible lower efficiencies (η) of the organic photovoltaic devices thus obtained with respect to inorganic photovoltaic devices.
The functioning of organic photovoltaic devices such as, for example, organic photovoltaic cells, is based on the combined use of an electron-acceptor compound and of an electron-donor compound. In the state of the art, the most widely used electron-acceptor compounds in organic photovoltaic devices are fullerene derivatives, in particular PC61BM (6,6-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) or PC71BM (6,6-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester), which have reached the greatest efficiencies when mixed with electron-donor compounds selected from π-conjugated polymers such as, for example, polythiophenes (η>5%), polycarbazoles (η>6%), derivatives of poly(thienothiophene)-benzodithiophene (PTB) (η>8%).
The basic conversion process of light into electric current in an organic photovoltaic cell takes place through the following steps:
The photo-absorption process with the formation of the exciton and subsequent yielding of the electron to the electron-acceptor compound leads to the excitation of an electron from the HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) to the LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) of the electron-donor compound, and subsequently, the passage from this to the LUMO of the electron-acceptor compound.
As the efficiency of an organic photovoltaic cell depends on the number of free electrons that are generated by dissociation of the excitons which, in their turn, can be directly correlated with the number of photons absorbed, one of the structural characteristics of electron-donor compounds which mostly influences said efficiency is the difference in energy existing between the HOMO and LUMO orbitals of the electron-donor compound, or the so-called band-gap. In particular, the maximum wave-length value at which the electron-donor compound is capable of collecting and effectively converting photons into electric energy, i.e. the so-called “photon harvesting” or “light-harvesting” process, depends on this difference. In order to obtain acceptable electric currents, the band-gap, i.e. the difference in energy between HOMO and LUMO of the donor compound, must not be excessively high to allow the absorption of the highest number of photons, but at the same time not excessively low as it could reduce the voltage at the electrodes of the device.
In the simplest way of operating, organic photovoltaic cells are produced by introducing a thin layer (about 100 nanometres) of a mixture of the electron-acceptor compound and of the electron-donor compound (architecture known as “bulk heterojunction”), between two electrodes, normally consisting of indium-tin oxide (ITO) (anode) and aluminium (Al) (cathode). In order to produce a layer of this type, a solution of the two compounds is generally prepared and a photoactive film is subsequently created on the anode [indium-tin oxide (ITO] starting from this solution, resorting to suitable deposition techniques such as, for example, “spin-coating”, “spray-coating” “ink-jet printing”, and the like. Finally, the counter-electrode [i.e. the aluminium cathode (Al)] is deposited on the dried film. Optionally, other additional layers capable of exerting specific functions of an electric, optical or mechanical nature, can be introduced between the electrodes and the photoactive film.
In order to facilitate the electron gaps (or holes) in reaching the anode [indium-tin oxide (ITO)] and at the same time in blocking the transporting of electrons, thus allowing an improved collection of the charges on the part of the electrode and inhibiting recombination phenomena, before creating the photoactive film, starting from the mixture of acceptor compound and of donor compound as described above, a film is deposited, starting from an aqueous suspension of PEDOT:PSS [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate], resorting to suitable deposition techniques such as, for example, “spin-coating”, “spray-coating” “ink-jet printing”, and the like.
The electron-donor compound which is most commonly used in the construction of organic photovoltaic cells is regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). This polymer has optimal electronic and optical characteristics (good HOMO and LUMO orbital values, good molar adsorption coefficient), a good solubility in the solvents used in the construction of photovoltaic cells and a reasonable mobility of the electronic holes.
Other examples of polymers which can be advantageously used as electron-donor compounds are: the polymer PCDTBT {poly[N-9″-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole]}, the polymer PCPDTBT {poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b; 3,4-b′]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]}.
Electron-donor compounds containing benzodithiophene units having a structure similar to poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are also known, wherein the thiophene units, however, are planarized by means of benzene rings. This characteristic not only reduces the oxidation potential of said electron-donor compounds but also improves their stability to air and guarantees their rapid packing and, consequently, a high molecular order, during the formation of the photoactive film: this leads to excellent charge transporting properties [electrons or electronic gaps (holes)]. The use of electron-donor compounds containing benzodithiophene units therefore enables the production of photovoltaic devices having improved performances.
Electron-donor compounds containing benzodithiophene units are described, for example, by Huo L. et al. in the article: “Synthesis of a polythieno[3,4-b]thiophene derivative with a low-lying HOMO level and its application in polymer solar cells”, “Chemical Communication” (2011), Vol. 47, pages 8850-8852. This article describes the preparation of a polythieno[3,4-b]thiophene derivative by copolymerization between a planar benzodithiophene having a low HOMO value with a thieno[3,4-b]thiophene unit.
It is known that benzodithiophene and/or its isomers [e.g., benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene or (BDT) and benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene or (BDP)], are compounds of great interest whose synthesis has been the object of a lot of research.
Benzodithiophene and/or its isomers can generally be prepared by means of three different processes.
A first process comprises an annulation reaction known as McMurry reaction, of a diketone-2,2′-dithiophene. This annulation reaction is generally carried out in the presence of catalysts containing titanium and zinc, at a temperature ranging from 60° C. to 80° C., in the presence of solvents such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, for a time ranging from 8 hours to 12 hours. The yields of benzodithiophene and/or of its isomers generally range from 30% to 90%.
Further details relating to said first process can be found, for example, in the article of Yoshida S. et al.: “Novel Electron Acceptors Bearing a Heteroquinonoid System. 4. Syntheses, Properties, and Charge-Transfer Complexes of 2,7-Bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,7-dihydro-benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene, 2,7-Bis(dicyano-methylene)-2,7-dihydrobenzo-[1,2-b:4,3-b′]-dithiophene, and 2,6-Bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydrobenzo-[1,2-b:4,5-b′]-dithiophene”, “Journal of Organic Chemistry” (1994), Vol. 59, No. 11, pages 3077-3081. In said article, it is disclosed the preparation of a dicyanoalkylene-benzodithiophene starting from benzodithiophene isomers such as, for example, benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]-dithiophene, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]-dithiophene. Said benzodithiophene isomers can be obtained by the reaction of 2,2′-dithiophene-3,3′-dicarboxaldeyde with titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and zinc (Zn) metal, in the presence of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran.
Further details relating to this first process can also be found in the article of Rajca S. et al.: “Functionalized Thiophene-Based [7]Helicene: Chirooptical Properties versus Electron Delocalization”, “Journal of Organic Chemistry” (2009), Vol. 74, No. 19, pages 7504-7513. In said article, it is disclosed the preparation of an enantiomerically pure functionalized [7]helicene, deriving from a di(benzodithiophene) functionalized with four heptyl groups. The preparation of a benzodithiophene is also described, by the reaction of a 3,4-dibromothiophene with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to give a dilithiate derivative which is subsequently reacted with N-methoxy-N-methyloctanamide to give the corresponding diketone. Said diketone is subsequently reacted with titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and zinc (Zn) metal obtaining benzodithiophene.
The second process provides an annulation reaction between a diiodio-dithiophene and an excess of internal alkyne. This reaction is generally carried out in the presence of catalysts containing palladium, at a temperature ranging from 120° C. to 140° C., in the presence of solvents such as, for example, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), toluene, o-xylene, for a time ranging from 4 hours to 48 hours. The yields generally range from 50% to 90%.
Further details relating to this second process can be found, for example, in the article of Watanabe H. et al.: “Synthesis of Alkylated Benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophenes by Annulative Coupling and Their Direct Arylation under Palladium Catalysis”, “Chemistry Letters” (2007), Vol. 36, No. 11, pages 1336-1337. In said article, it is disclosed the preparation of a dialkyl derivative of benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene by the reaction of 3,3′-diiodo-2,2′-dithiophene with 4-octine, in the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and palladium(II) acetate Pd(OAc)2 and N-methyl-dicyclohexylamine as catalyst.
The third process provides an annulation reaction between a dibromo-dithiophene and a vic-bis-(pinacolatoboryl) alkene or a vic-bis(pinacolatoboryl)-phenanthrene. This reaction is generally carried out in the presence of catalysts containing palladium, at a temperature ranging from 60° C. to 80° C., in the presence of solvents such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, for a time ranging from 24 hours to 48 hours. The yields generally range from 50% to 90%.
Further details relating to this third process can be found, for example, in the article of Shimizu M. et al.: “Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation of vic-Bis(pinacolatoboryl)alkenes and -phenanthrenes with 2,2′-dibromobiaryls: Facile Synthesis of Functionalized Phenanthrenes and Dibenzo[g,p]-chrysenes”, “Angewandte Chemie International Edition” (2008), Vol. 47, pages 8096-8099. This article describes the preparation of a dialkyl-benzodithiophene by the reaction of a dibromo-dithiophene with a vic-bis(pinacolatoboryl)alkene in tetrahydrofuran (THF), in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) [Pd(PPh3)4] as catalyst.
Although the above processes allow benzodithiophene and/or its isomers to be obtained with good yields, generally higher than or equal to 50%, they can, however, have various disadvantages. In particular:
Processes for the preparation of polycyclic aromatic compounds through annulation reactions of aryl halides with internal alkynes, in the presence of palladium compounds as catalysts, are also known in the art.
Larock R. C. et al., for example, in the article: “Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by the Pd-Catalyzed Annulation of Alkynes”, “Journal of Organic Chemistry” (1997), Vol. 62, No. 22, pages 7536-7537, describe an annulation reaction with internal alkynes according to the following Scheme 1:
wherein an aryl halide having formula (Ia) such as, for example, 2-iodo-biphenyl, is reacted with an internal alkyne having formula (Ib) such as, for example, diphenylacetylene, in the presence of a catalyst containing palladium such as, for example, palladium(II)acetate ([Pd(OAc)2]), a solvent such as, for example, dimethylformamide (DMF), and a base such as, for example, sodium acetate (NaOAc), obtaining a disubstituted phenanthrene having formula (Ic).
Huang H. et al., in the article “Palladium-catalyzed three-component domino reaction for the preparation of benzo[b]thiophene and related compounds”, “Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry” (2011), Vol. 9, pages 5036-5038, describe a three-component domino annulation reaction, according to the following Scheme 2:
wherein a bromothiophene having formula (Id) such as, for example, 3-bromothiophene, is reacted with an internal alkyne having formula (Ie) such as, for example, diphenylacetylene, in the presence of a catalyst containing palladium such as, for example, palladium(II)acetate ([Pd(OAc)2]), a phosphine such as, for example, tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy3), a solvent such as, for example, dimethylformamide (DMF), and a base such as, for example, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), obtaining a tetra-aryl-benzoalkyl-thiophene having formula (If).
Gericke K. M. et al., in the article: “The versatile role of norbornene in C—H functionalization processes: concise synthesis of tertracyclic fused pyrroles via a threefold domino reaction”, “Tetrahedron” (2008), Vol. 64, pg. 6002-6014, describe an annulation reaction according to the following Scheme 3:
wherein an aryl iodide such as, for example, 1,2-iodophenyl-1-H-pyrrole having formula (Ig), is reacted with an internal bromo-alkylarylalkyne having formula (Ih) such as, for example, (5-bromo-1-pentenyl)benzene, in the presence of a catalyst containing palladium such as, for example, palladium(II)chloride (PdCl2) associated with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as ligand, in the presence of a solvent such as, for example, acetonitrile (CH3CN), and a base such as, for example, caesium carbonate (Cs2CO3), obtaining a 7-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[de]pyrrole[1,2-a]-quinoline having formula (II).
No process is described in literature, however, which uses the annulation reaction for the synthesis of benzodithiophene derivatives starting from a monohalogenated dithiophene compound.
The Applicant has therefore considered the problem of finding a process for the preparation of a benzodithiophene compound capable of overcoming the drawbacks indicated above. In particular, the Applicant has considered the problem of finding a process for the preparation of a benzodithiophene compound by means of an annulation reaction starting from a monohalogenated dithiophene compound.
The Applicant has now found that the preparation of a benzodithiophene compound can be advantageously carried out by means of a process which comprises reacting at least one monohalogenated dithiophene compound with at least one internal alkyne.
There are numerous advantages obtained by operating according to the above process such as, for example:
An object of the present invention therefore relates to a process for the preparation of a benzodithiophene compound having general formula:
wherein:
wherein X represents a halogen atom selected from chlorine, bromine, iodine, preferably bromine, A, B, C, D, E and F have the same meanings described above; with at least one internal alkyne having general formula (III):
wherein R1 and R2 have the same meanings defined above.
For the purposes of the present description and of the following claims, the definitions of the numerical intervals always include the extremes, unless otherwise specified.
The term “C1-C20 alkyl group” means a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Specific examples of a C1-C20 alkyl group are: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, ethyl-hexyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl.
The term “cycloalkyl group” means a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Said cycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by one or more groups, equal to or different from each other, selected from: halogen atoms, such as, for example, fluorine, chlorine, preferably fluorine; hydroxyl groups; C1-C20 alkyl groups; C1-C20 alkoxyl groups; cyano groups; amino groups; nitro groups. Specific examples of a cycloalkyl group are: cyclopropyl, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, ciclobutyl, ciclopentyl, ciclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, methoxycyclohexyl, fluorocyclohexyl, phenylcyclohexyl.
The term “aryl group” means an aromatic carbocyclic group. Said aromatic carbocyclic group can be optionally substituted with one or more groups, equal to or different from each other, selected from: halogen atoms such as, for example, fluorine, chlorine, preferably fluorine; hydroxyl groups; C1-C20 alkyl groups; C1-C20 alkoxyl groups, cyano groups; amino groups; nitro groups. Specific examples of an aryl group are: phenyl, methylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, hydroxyphenyl, phenyloxyphenyl, fluorophenyl, pentafluorophenyl, chlorophenyl, nitrophenyl, dimethylamminophenyl, naphthyl, phenylnaphthyl, phenanthrene, anthracene.
The term “C1-C20 alkoxyl group” means a linear or branched alkoxyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Specific examples of a C1-C20 alkoxyl group are: methoxyl, ethoxyl, n-propoxyl, iso-propoxyl, n-butoxyl, iso-butoxyl, t-butoxyl, pentoxyl, hexyloxyl, heptyloxyl, octyloxyl, nonyloxyl, decyloxyl, dodecyloxyl.
The term “heteroaryl group” means an aromatic heterocyclic group, penta- or hexa-atomic, also benzocondensed or heterobicyclic, containing from 1 to heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, silicon, selenium, phosphorus. Said heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted by one or more groups, equal to or different from each other, selected from: halogen atoms such as, for example, fluorine, chlorine, preferably fluorine; hydroxyl groups; C1-C20 alkyl groups; C1-C20 alkoxyl groups; cyano groups; amino groups; nitro groups. Specific examples of a heteroaryl group are: pyridine, methylpyridine, methoxypyridine, phenylpyridine, fluoropyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, triazine, tetrazine, quinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, furan, thiophene, hexylthiophene, pyrrole, oxazole, triazole, isooxazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzooxazole, benzothiazole, benzooxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzopyrazole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, triazolepyridine, triazolepyrimidine, coumarin.
The above process can be carried out according to the following Scheme 4:
wherein X, A, B, C, D, E, F, R1 and R2, have the same meanings described above.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said monohalogenated dithiophene compound having general formula (II) and said internal alkyne having general formula (III) can be used in molar ratios ranging from 1:2 to 1:10, preferably ranging from 1:2 to 1:5.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said process relates to the preparation of 4,5-dipropylbenzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene corresponding to a benzodithiophene compound having general formula (I) wherein C and D represent a sulfur atom, A, B, E and F represent a group C—R3 wherein R3 represents a hydrogen atom, and R1 and R2 represent an n-propyl group, said process comprising reacting 3-bromo-2,2′-dithiophene corresponding to a monohalogenated dithiophene compound having general formula (II) wherein X represents a bromine atom, C and D represent a sulfur atom and A, B, E and F represent a group C—R3 wherein R3 represents a hydrogen atom, with 4-octyne corresponding to an internal alkyne having general formula (III) wherein R1 and R2 represent an n-propyl group.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, said process relates to the preparation of 4,5-dipropylbenzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]dithiophene corresponding to a benzodithiophene compound having general formula (I) wherein A and F represent a sulfur atom, B, C, D and E represent a group C—R3 wherein R3 represents a hydrogen atom, and R1 and R2 represent an n-propyl group, said process comprising reacting 3-bromo-2,2′-dithiophene corresponding to a monohalogenated dithiophene compound having general formula (II) wherein X represents a bromine atom, A and F represent a sulfur atom and B, C, D and E represent a group C—R3 wherein R3 represents a hydrogen atom, with 4-octyne corresponding to an internal alkyne having general formula (III) wherein R1 and R2 represent an n-propyl group.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said process can be carried out in the presence of at least one weak organic base.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said weak organic base can be selected, for example, from: carboxylates of alkaline (e.g., sodium, potassium, caesium) or alkaline-earth (e.g., magnesium, calcium) metals such as, for example, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, caesium acetate, magnesium acetate, calcium acetate, potassium propionate, sodium propionate, caesium propionate, magnesium propionate, calcium propionate, or mixtures thereof; carbonates of alkaline (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, caesium) or alkaline-earth (e.g., magnesium, calcium) metals such as, for example, lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, caesium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, or mixtures thereof; bicarbonates of alkaline (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, caesium) or alkaline-earth (e.g., magnesium, calcium) metals such as, for example, lithium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, caesium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, or mixtures thereof; or mixtures thereof. Said weak organic base is preferably selected from potassium acetate, potassium carbonate.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said monohalogenated dithiophene compound having general formula (II) and said weak organic base can be used in molar ratios ranging from 1:2.2 to 1:20, preferably ranging from 1:2.5 to 1:4.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said process can be carried out in the presence of at least one catalyst containing palladium.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said catalyst containing palladium can be selected from: compounds of palladium in oxidation state (0) or (II) such as, for example, palladium(II)chloride [PdCl2], palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2], bis(dibenzylidene)palladium(0) [Pd2(dba)3 wherein dba=C6H5CH═CHCOCH═CHC6H5], bis(acetonitrile)-palladium(II) chloride [Pd(CH3CN)2Cl2], bis(tri-phenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2], bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) acetate [Pd(PPh3)2(OAc)2], tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) [Pd(PPh3)4], or mixtures thereof. Said catalyst containing palladium is preferably selected from palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2], bis(tri-phenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2].
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said monohalogenated dithiophene compound having general formula (II) and said catalyst containing palladium can be used in molar ratios ranging from 100:0.1 to 100:8, preferably ranging from 100:0.4 to 100:6.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said monohalogenated dithiophene compound having general formula (II) can be used in a molar concentration ranging from 0.05 mmoles to 2 mmoles, preferably ranging from 0.1 mmoles to 1.5 mmoles.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said process can be carried out in the presence of at least one dipolar aprotic organic solvent.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said dipolar aprotic organic solvent can be selected from N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), or mixtures thereof. Said dipolar aprotic organic solvent is preferably selected from N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF).
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said process can be carried out in the presence of at least one quaternary ammonium salt such as, for example, a tetraalkylammonium bromide, preferably tetrabutylammonium bromide.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said monohalogenated dithiophene compound having general formula (II) and said quaternary ammonium salt can be used in molar ratios ranging from 1:0.5 to 1:5, preferably ranging from 1:0.8 to 1:2.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, said process can be carried out in the presence of at least one lithium salt such as, for example, lithium bromide, lithium chloride, preferably lithium bromide.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said monohalogenated dithiophene compound having general formula (II) and said lithium salt can be used in molar ratios ranging from 1:0.5 to 1:5, preferably ranging from 1:0.8 to 1:4.
It should be observed that for the purposes of the process object of the present invention, if palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] is used as catalyst, it is preferable to use tetra-alkylammonium bromide whereas, if bis(tri-phenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2] is used as catalyst, it is preferable to use a lithium salt.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said process can be carried out at a temperature ranging from 80° C. to 170° C., preferably ranging from 100° C. to 150° C.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said process can be carried out for a time ranging from 30 minutes to 72 hours, preferably ranging from 3 hours to 48 hours.
The monohalogenated dithiophene compound having general formula (II) can be obtained according to processes known in the art, such as, for example, by halogenation of the corresponding dithiophene compounds, or through coupling reactions catalyzed by copper compounds. Greater details relating to these processes can be found, for example, in the article of Xie L.-H. et al.: “An Effective Strategy to Tune Supramolecular Interaction via a Spiro-Bridged Spacer in Oligothiophene-S,S-dioxides and Their Anomalous Photoluminescent Behavior”, “Organic Letters” (2007), Vol. 9, No. 9, pages 1619-1622; or in the article of Ogawa C. et al.: “A Simple and Efficient Route to N-Functionalized Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrroles: Fused-Ring Building Blocks for New Conjugated Polymeric Systems”, “Journal of Organic Chemistry” (2003), Vol. 68 (7), pages 2921-2928.
The internal alkyne having general formula (III) can be prepared according to processes known in the art, for example, by nucleophilic substitution of an alkyl acetylide on an alkyl halide as described, for example, in the article of Kirkham J. E. D. et al.: “Asymmetric synthesis of cytotoxic sponge metabolites R-strongylodiols A and B”, “Tetrahedron Letters” (2004), Vol. 45, No. 29, pages 5645-5648; or can be available on the market.
Some illustrative and non-limiting examples are provided for a better understanding of the present invention and for its practical embodiment.
The following products were charged in order into a pyrex glass reactor equipped with a screw stopper: 573 mg of potassium carbonate (4.15 mmoles), 445 mg of tetrabutylammonium bromide (1.38 mmoles), 15 mg of palladium(II)acetate [Pd(OAc)2] (0.069 mmoles), 341 mg of 3-bromo-2,2′-dithiophene (1.4 mmoles) dissolved in 5 ml of N,N-dimethylacetamide and finally 455 mg of 4-octyne (4.14 mmoles). After closing the reactor, it was placed in an oil bath preheated to 130° C., for 16 hours. After cooling to room temperature (25° C.), a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride (50 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and the whole mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The organic phase obtained was washed to neutrality with water (3×25 ml) and subsequently anhydrified on sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue obtained was purified by elution on a silica gel chromatographic column (eluent: heptane), obtaining 308 mg of 4,5-dipropylbenzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene as a white solid (yield 80%).
The following products were charged in order into a pyrex glass reactor equipped with a screw stopper: 206 mg of potassium carbonate (1.5 mmoles), 43 mg of lithium bromide (0.5 mmoles), 17 mg of bis(tri-phenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2] (0.0248 mmoles), 123 mg of 2-bromo-3,3′-dithiophene (0.5 mmoles) dissolved in 4 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide and finally 165 mg of 4-octyne (1.5 mmoles). After closing the reactor, it was placed in an oil bath preheated to 130° C., for 48 hours. After cooling to room temperature (25° C.), a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride (50 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and the whole mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The organic phase obtained was washed to neutrality with water (3×25 ml) and subsequently anhydrified on sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue obtained was purified by means of elution on a silica gel chromatographic column (eluent: heptane), obtaining 110 mg of 4,5-dipropylbenzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]dithiophene as a white solid (yield 80%).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| MI2011A002303 | Dec 2011 | IT | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2012/076063 | 12/19/2012 | WO | 00 | 6/4/2014 |
