Patent Application
20070009464
This invention covers a novel method for the preparation of hydroxy polymer esters of amino, alkylamino and quaternary ammonium acids and their use in several fields of industry, including the use as additives in the manufacture of paper or paperboard. The esterification of the hydroxy polymer, preferably starch, is performed under semianhydrous conditions by heating homogenized mixtures of the hydroxy polymer and reagents.
Starch is a renewable and economical raw material and the third most used component by weight in paper industry. The main role of starch is to improve the strength of paper. Starch is also used as an adhesive in surface sizing and as a binder in coating formulations. The bonding of starch to cellulosic fiber is generally improved by addition of cationic substituents to the starch backbone. The positively charged cationic starch, containing amino or ammonium groups, has a strong affinity for negatively charged surfaces and particles i.e. cellulosic fibers and mineral pigments.
Cationic starches are also used in textile industry to improve the textile feel of the fabric. In waste water treatment, the use of cationic starches improves the retention of anionic impurities in the flocculation processes.
The use of low molecular weight cationic starches in cosmetics and the treatment of a keratin-containing substrate is disclosed in patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,140. Another cosmetic treatment composition comprising cationic starch betainate has been described in patent publication WO 02/07684, which also covers a cosmetic treatment method for keratinous matter and use for washing skin.
Several methods have been developed for the cationization of starch. The cationization is generally carried out by etherification of starch with 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride or 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride in an alkaline aqueous slurry or a dry process. The common cationization reagent can give undesirable reaction by-products.
The generally known methods of preparing carboxylic acid esters of starch involve the use of acid chlorides or anhydrides in organic solvents such as pyridine or 1,4-dioxane. Patent publication WO 00/15669 illustrates the esterification of starch using acid chloride of betaine in 1,4-dioxane and pyridine. Patent FR 2805270 concerns novel types of cationic polymers and polymeric matrices, degradable in the organism, and with controlled rate of degradation, useful as such or as vehicles for different compounds, in particular molecules with biological activity. FR 2805270 also describes a method for producing said polymers and matrices from maltodextrins and acid chlorides of betaines in pyridine and DMF.
The use of undesired and relatively expensive solvents and reagents generate both environmental load and high price for starch esters and may leave traces of harmful substances in final products. Therefore, the general esterification methods do not fulfill the requirements for the high-volume and low-cost starch esters, especially when the application of the starch ester may be involved in food products, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals.
A method for the preparation of phosphate esters of starch by heating dry mixtures of starch and inorganic salts of phosphoric acid is generally known. The common manufacturing procedures are exemplified by patents U.S. Pat. No. 2,884,412 and U.S. Pat. No. 2,865,762. These procedures involve impregnating starch granules with alkali metal phosphates or other phosphate reagents in aqueous slurries, drying of the starch granules without gelatinizating them to a moisture content of less than 20%, and then heating of the dry granules to reaction temperatures of about 120 to 175° C. A similar dry phosphorylation process is described in patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,002, where amphoteric starch additives for papermaking are produced by phosphorylation of cationic starch. The amphoteric starch phosphates provide advantageous paper properties and improved wet end performance.
An analogous method for the preparation of highly crosslinked and water insoluble starch esters of citric acid has been published in Starch/Stärke 48 (1996) 275-279. In the esterification procedure, dry mixtures of starch and sodium salts of citric acid are heated at 110-140° C. for 2-24 h. The thus prepared water-insoluble starch citrates were used as biodegradable ion-exchangers for metals.
In the patent publication DE 4208946, water insoluble starch acetates containing amino acid esters are prepared for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics. However, the procedure involves the use of acid anhydrides, and produces amino acid esters in N-acylated form. The N-acylation of amino acids is usually an undesired reaction and reduces the functionality of amino acid esters of starch in applications where the presence of free amino groups is required.
The production of anthranilic acid ester of starch and its use as a paper retention aid has been described in the patents NL 6717509, U.S. Pat. No. 3,499,886, U.S. Pat. No. 3,511,830, U.S. Pat. No. 3,513,156 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,620,913. The esterification of starch is performed using isatoic anhydride in an organic solvent or an aqueous slurry. Isatoic anhydride (i.e. N-carboxy anhydride of anthranilic acid) is generally prepared from anthranilic acid and phosgene. The hydrolysis product shows biological activity.
A retention aid for chemical pulp prepared by derivatization of dialdehyde starch with betaine hydrazide has been described in Tappi 44, 1962, 750. However, the thus formed hydrazones of starch are harmful and their preparation is complex and unfeasible.
Patent U.S. Pat. No. 2,170,272 describes the thinning of starch pastes for textile and paper sizing purposes by heating starch pastes in the presence of acid salts of amino acids, such as betaine hydrochloride. The thinning process is carried out for starch pastes containing over 90% of water at temperatures around 85° C. and therefore, no esterification of amino acids is involved. The purpose of amino acids in the patented process is to immobilize strong acids, which are responsible for the thinning (i.e. acid hydrolysis) of starch, so that dry blends of acid salts and starch can be safely stored prior to the thinning by cooking.
This invention covers a novel method for preparation of amino, alkyl amino and quaternary ammonium acid esters of starch and other hydroxy polymers. Said esters can replace conventional products in several applications. The invented process does not include undesired substances, and for example the starch esters prepared according to the invention are more biodegradable than the traditional cationic starch ethers.
In this invention, a hydroxy polymer, preferably starch, and a natural or synthetic, amino, alkylamino or quaternary ammonium acid are esterified in a dry process in the presence of an acidulating agent without additional solvents. The acidulating agent, preferably an inorganic or organic acid, is essential for the esterification of the zwitterionic amino acid, since quite neutral inner salts of ammonium and amino acids do not form significant amount of esters when heated solely with dry hydroxy polymers.
The amino, alkylamino or quaternary ammonium acid, onwards termed as the amino acid, is preferably selected from the group consisting of betaine, propiobetaine, butyrobetaine, crotonobetaine, valerobetaine, 2-betainyllactate, carnitine, acetylcarnitine, dehydrocarnitine, succinylmonocholine, glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, phenylalanine, cysteine, proline and mixtures thereof. Betaine, carnitine and alanine are preferred.
The acidulating agent is preferably an inorganic or organic acid selected from the group consisting of HCl, H2SO4, NaHSO4, H3PO4, HNO3, acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pivalic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, glyceric acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, methanesulphonic acid, p-toluenesulphonic acid and mixtures thereof. Preferred acidulating agents are HCl, H3PO4, lactic acid, glycolic acid and glyceric acid.
The acidulating agent forms salts with amino, alkylamino or ammonium groups of amino acid, and thereby liberates acidic groups from inner salts of amino acid for esterification.
The esterification of the acidulating agent may also occur, especially when a carboxylic acid is applied. Likewise, the use of certain inorganic acids (such as phosphoric and sulphuric acid) as acidulating agents produces inorganic esters among amino acid esters, thus rendering amphoteric character for the hydroxy polymer esters. The esterification of the acidulating agent together with the amino acid is usually beneficial. For instance the additional substitution of starch by lactic acid or acetic acid stabilizes starch solutions against retrogradation, and the hydrophobicity of the starch esters may be altered by using hydrophobic acids as acidulating agents. A hydroxy acid such as lactic acid as acidulating agent may graft polyester branches on starch.
A preferred hydroxy polymer for the process is unmodified starch, although modified starches can be used as well. However, for example modified or unmodified cellulose, chitosan, guar gum, xanthan, polyvinyl alcohol and mixtures thereof are also applicable.
In a preferred esterification method according to this invention, hydroxy polymer is mixed with the amino acid and the acidulating agent, for example by using small amounts of water to impregnate hydroxy polymer with acids. The homogenized moist mixture is dried at a mild temperature. In the case of granular starch, the drying temperature is preferably below the gelatinization temperature of starch. Prior to the esterification, the moisture content of the reaction mixture is preferably less than 25% and even more preferably less than 5% of water. The esterification reaction is performed by heating the dry and homogeneous mixture of starch, amino acid and acidulating agent at 80-230° C., preferably at 110-160° C., e.g. for 1-50 h, preferably 3-25 h. The reaction time may vary from seconds to several days and is dependent on the type of the reactor, the reaction temperature and pressure and the choice of reagents. The reaction efficiency (RE) of the amino acid esterification is typically 10-50%. Depending on the application, the unreacted acidulating agent and unreacted amino acids may remain in the final product or the starch ester may be purified, e.g. by suspending it in water and precipitating with ethanol, acetone or other appropriate solvent.
Variable degrees of substitution (DS) may be achieved for the amino acid esters. The invented process is the most suitable for the production of amino acid esters having a DS<0.1. In addition, the preparation of amino acid esters of starch having DS>0.1 is feasible, especially when lower molecular weight hydroxy polymer esters are desired.
The invented esterification process may cause simultaneous degradation of hydroxy polymers. For instance, starch is partially hydrolyzed in the heating process and some acidulating agents, such as HCl, catalyze transglycolysation of the starch chain. In certain applications, where low viscosity and high concentation solutions are required, an adequate level of hydrolysis is preferred. The molecular weight of the final hydroxy polymer ester is strongly dependent on the reaction temperature and time, along with the choice of reagents and the moisture content of the reaction mixture during the heating phase. When higher molecular weight starch esters are desired, a simultaneous crosslinking may be performed by addition of multivalent carboxylic acids, such as citric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid or EDTA, or other crosslinkers, such as glyoxal or epichlorohydrin, into the reaction mixtures. This affords the products with a wide range of molecular weight.
In order to achieve a sufficiently high solids content of starch in the paper manufacture, the conventional cationic starches are usually thinned (i.e. acid hydrolyzed or oxidized) prior to the cationization, which adds an additional step and expenses to the process. In the invented process, a simultaneous thinning of starch occurs during the esterification process. Consequently, a separate thinning process of starch is not needed, and unmodified starches may be used as an expedient raw material. This does not however exclude the use of thinned or otherwise modified starch.
The invented process comprises solely of risk-free and economical raw materials, and the products are fully biodegradable. The esterification process can be feasibly performed using various apparatuses, such as ovens, dryers, microwave reactors, kneaders, fluidisized beds, extruders, etc., which allow an easy and economical scale up of the ester production. The invented starch esters are suitable for paper manufacture, e.g. as the wet end additives and in the paper sizing applications. Due to biodegradability, physiologically acceptable properties, and the avoidance of undesired raw materials, the amino acid esters of starch are applicable especially as additives of food, paper or paperboad, in effluent treatment, cosmetics and pharmaceutics.
It will be appreciated that the essence of the present invention can be incorporated in the form of variety of embodiments, only a few of which are disclosed herein. It will be apparent for the skilled person that other embodiments exist and do not depart from the spirit of the invention. Thus the described embodiments should not be construed as restrictive. For example although starch is preferred material for the process, also some other hydroxy polymer, such as cellulose, chitosan, guar gum, xanthan or polyvinyl alcohol, could be used, and starch or other hydroxy polymer might also be modified, e.g. thinned.
Betaine hydrochloride (9.96 g; 0.3 mol. equiv.) was dissolved in 150 g of water and mixed with potato starch (35 g; 1.0 mol. equiv.). Water was evaporated, and the mixture was heated in vacuum oven at 140° C. for 16 h. The first intermediate product was homogenized in 150 ml of water, evaporated to dryness and heated in vacuum oven at 140° C. for 16 h. The second intermediate was again homogenized in 150 ml of water, evaporated to dryness and heated in vacuum oven at 140° C. for 24 h. The raw product was purified by dissolving it in water and precipitating with ethanol. The dried starch ester had the betainate DS of 0.16 (RE 53%), and the average molecular weight of 300000 g/mol.
Inner salt of betaine (12.66 g; 0.35 mol equiv.) and sulphuric acid (9.08 g; 0.30 mol equiv.) were dissolved in 100 ml of water. The solution was mixed with dry native potato starch (50.0 g; 1.0 mol equiv.). Water was evaporated below 45° C. The dry mixture was heated in an ageing oven at 130° C. for 161 h. The raw product was purified three times by slurrying it in water, and precipitating with ethanol. The dried starch ester had the betainate DS of 0.12 (RE 34%), and the average molecular weight of 60000 g/mol.
Inner salt of betaine (1012 g; 0.14 mol equiv.) and phosphoric acid (786 g; 0.13 mol equiv.) were dissolved in 4 l of water. The solution was mixed with dry native potato starch (10.0 kg; 1.0 mol equiv.) in the Lödige VT50 contact dryer. 4 l of water was added to the mixture and the moist slurry was dried at 100 mbar at 45° C. When the water content of 1% was reached, the mixture was heated under reduced pressure at 125° C. for 14 h. The raw product was purified twice by slurrying in 101 of water, precipitating with 15 l of ethanol and filtering. The dried pale yellow starch ester had the betainate DS of 0.03 (RE 21%) and the average molecular weight of 34000 glmol.
Inner salt of betaine (2.89 g; 0.20 mol equiv.) and acetic acid (2.97 g; 0.40 mol equiv.) were dissolved in 30 ml of water. The solution was mixed with dry native potato starch (20.0 g; 1.0 mol equiv.). Water was evaporated at 45° C. The mixture was heated in an ageing oven at 160° C. for 2 h. Acetic acid (20 ml) was added and the mixture was heated at 160° C. for another 2 h. The raw product was purified twice by slurrying it in 100 ml of water, precipitating with 200 ml of ethanol. The dried starch ester had the betainate DS of 0.01 (RE 5%/o) and the acetate DS of 0.10.
Inner salt of betaine (1085 g; 0.15 mol equiv.) and DL-lactic acid (1112 g; 0.20 mol equiv.) were dissolved in 4 l of water. The solution was mixed with dry native potato starch (10.0 kg; 1.0 mol equiv.) in the Lödige VT50 contact dryer. 3.5 l of water was added to the mixture, and the moist slurry was dried at 100 mbar at 45° C. When the water content of 5% was reached, the mixture was heated at 125° C. for 19 h. The raw product was purified twice by slurrying it in 10 l of water, precipitating with 15 l of ethanol and filtering. The dried starch ester had the betainate DS of 0.02 (RE 13%), the lactate DS of 0.08 (RE 40%).
(±)-Carnitine hydrochloride (24.40 g; 0.20 mol equiv.) was dissolved in 120 ml of water. The solution mixed to potato starch (100.0 g; 1.00 mol equiv.). Water was evaporated at 45° C. to the moisture content of 2%. The mixture was heated and occasionally agitated in an ageing oven at 140° C. for 4 h. The raw product was purified twice by slurrying it in 300 ml of water, precipitating with 600 ml of ethanol and filtering. The dried starch ester had the carnitate DS of 0.03 (RE 15%), and the average molecular weight of 18000 glmol.
Propiobetaine hydrobromide (1.67 g; 0.20 mol equiv.) was dissolved in 15 ml of water. The solution was mixed to potato starch (5.00 g; 1.00 mol equiv.). Water was evaporated at 45° C. The mixture was heated in an ageing oven at 140° C. for 21 h. The raw product was purified three times by slurrying it in 300 ml of water, precipitating with 600 ml of ethanol and filtering. The dried starch ester had the propiobetaine DS of 0.04 (RE 20%).
L-alanine (825 g; 0.18 mol equiv.) and phosphoric acid (903 g; 0.165 mol equiv.) was dissolved in 2 l of water. The solution was mixed with dry native potato starch (9.0 kg; 1.0 mol equiv.) in the Lödige VT50 contact dryer. 6.5 l of water was added to the mixture and the moist slurry was dried at 100 mbar at 45° C. When the water content of 3% was reached, the mixture was heated under reduced pressure at 125° C. for 1 h 15 min. The raw product was purified twice by slurrying it in 12 l of water, precipitating with 18 l of ethanol and filtering. The dried starch ester had the L-alaninate DS of 0.03 (RE 17%) and the average molecular weight of 90000 g/mol.
DL-alanine (825 g; 0.15 mol equiv.) and DL-lactic acid (1112 g; 0.20 mol equiv.) were dissolved in 4 l of water. The solution was mixed with dry native potato starch (10.0 kg; 1.0 mol eq.) in the Lödige VT50 contact dryer. 3.5 l of water was added to the mixture and the moist slurry was dried at 100 mbar at 45° C. When the water content of 5% was reached the mixture was heated at 125° C. for 4.5 h. The raw product was purified twice by slurrying it in 10 1 of water, precipitating with 15 l of ethanol and filtrating. The dried starch ester had the DL-alaninate DS of 0.02 (RE 13%) and the lactate DS of 0.04 (RE 20%).
Glycine (3.48 g; 0.15 mol equiv.) and lactic acid (5.56 g; 0.20 mol equiv.) was dissolved in 60 ml of water. The solution was mixed with dry native potato starch (50.0 g; 1.0 mol equiv.). Water was evaporated below 45° C. When the water content of 3% was reached, the mixture was heated in the Brabender kneader at 125° C. for 4 h. The raw product was purified twice by slurrying in 20 ml of water, precipitating with 30 ml of ethanol. The dried starch ester had the glycinate DS of 0.01 (RE 7%) and the lactate DS of 0.06 (RE 30%).
L-proline (2.49 g; 0.35 mol equiv.) and sulphuric acid (2.12 g; 0.35 mol equiv.) were dissolved in 25 ml of water. The solution was mixed with dry native potato starch (10.0 g; 1.0 mol equiv.). Water was evaporated below 45° C. When the water content of 3% was reached, the mixture was heated in an ageing oven at 110° C. for 3 h. The raw product was purified by slurrying in water, precipitating with ethanol. The dried starch ester had the L-prolinate DS of 0.08 (RE 23%) and the average molecular weight of 470000 g/mol.
Betaine (0.72 g; 0.2 mol equiv.) and DL-lactic acid (0.83 g; 0.3 mol equiv.) was dissolved in 60 ml of water. The solution was mixed with guar gum (5.0 g; 1.0 mol equiv.) and the mixture was dried in a rotavapor. When the water content of 25% was reached, the mixture was heated in an ageing oven at 160° C. for 18 h. The raw product was purified by slurrying in 20 ml of water, precipitating with 30 ml of ethanol. The dried guar gum ester had the betainate DS of 0.02 (RE 10%/o) and the lactate DS of 0.25 (RE 83%).
2-betainyllactate (1.64 g; 0.14 mol equiv.), pivalic acid (0.88 g; 0.14 mol equiv.) and DL-lactic acid (2.56 g; 0,46 mol equiv.) were dissolved in 20 ml of water. The solution was mixed with dry native potato starch (10.0 g; 1.0 mol eq.) Water was evaporated at 45° C. The mixture was heated in an ageing oven at 140° C. for 5.5 h. The raw poduct was purified twice by slurrying it in 25 ml of water, precipitating with 50 ml of acetone. The dried starch ester had the 2-betainyllactate DS of 0.08 (RE 50%) and the lactate DS of 0.20 (RE 43%). No pivalate esters were detectable.
Carnitine hydrochloride (0.78 g; 0.35 mol equiv.) was dissolved in 20 ml of water and neutralized with NaHCO3 (0.33 g; 0.35 mol equiv.) The solution was acidulated with DL-lactic acid (0.47 g; 0.47 mol equiv.) and mixed with hydroxypropyl cellulose (5.0 g; 1.0 mol equiv.; molecular hydroxypropyl substitution 4.9; MW 100 000). The mixture was dried in a rotavapor. When the water content of 5% was reached, the mixture was heated in an ageing oven at 140° C. for 5.5 h. The raw product had the carnitate DS of 0.06 (RE 16%) and the lactate DS of 0.27 (RE 57%/o).
The adsorption tendency of starch betainate on fiber material was examined by DDJ (Dynamic Drainage Jar). DDJ test was done according to Tappi standard T261 cm-90.
Starches in the Test:
All starches were cooked in microwave oven in concentration of 3% for 8 min. Starches were then diluted with deionised water into concentration of 1%. Starches were dosed into the furnish, agitated for 2 min and diluted with tap water into concistency of 0.6%. Each test sample was tested with DDJ-apparatus (100 rpm) and the filtrates were collected and analysed. Starch concentration, and cationic demand was determined from the filtrates.
The results of starch concentration in the filtrates and starch retention level show clearly that adsorption of starch betainate and starch alaninate into fibres is similar compared to adsorption of conventional cationic starch. Adsorption of oxidised starch (anionic) is clearly poorer. The adsorption tendency can been also seen in the cationic demand values. Starch betainate and conventional cationic starch does not impact very much on cationic demand value compared to impact of oxidised starch, which decreases the value remarkably.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030769 | May 2003 | FI | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FI04/00301 | 5/19/2004 | WO | 9/14/2006 |
