Patent Application
20110178288
The present invention relates to a process for preparing maltodextrins. The invention also relates to certain maltodextrins.
Maltodextrins are generally known in the art. Maltodextrins may be produced by the hydrolysis of starch with either acids or enzymes. Exemplary patents are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,849,194; 3,853,706; 4,284,722; 4,447,532 and 5,612,202. Maltodextrins are characterized by DE value, expressing the level of starch conversion. DE is an abbreviation for Dextrose Equivalent, a common expression in the art for describing the total reducing sugars content of a material, expressed as percent dextrose, dry basis. Several objectives in the preparation of commercial maltodextrins are to attain stability, clarity and non-crystallizing characteristics. Maltodextrins are useful for a variety of food applications due to their bland taste, low sweetness and low hygroscopicity. For example, they are useful as bulking agents, carriers, flavor enhancers, moisture-holding agents, dispersing agents, film-forming agents, encapsulating agents and the like.
Various maltodextrins are available commercially. There is a continuing need, however, for processes for producing maltodextrins that are easier and simpler to carry out, and for maltodextrins that possess good clarity and/or low turbidity over a period of time.
The present disclosure relates to a process for preparing maltodextrins and certain maltodextrins. This process comprises mixing starch with water to form a starch slurry of less than about 50% dry substance (hereinafter “ds”). In another embodiment, the starch slurry has about 24% ds to about 40% ds, or in yet another embodiment about 32% ds to about 36% ds. The starch may be derived from any starch source, such as cereal starches and root starches. Typical of these starches are dent corn, waxy corn, potato, wheat, rice, sago, tapioca, sorghum, sweet potato, or mixtures thereof. The starch slurry may be supplemented with an aqueous calcium-containing solution such as calcium chloride solution to provide 50-100 ppm free calcium in the starch slurry. The starch slurry may be heated below the gelatinization temperature of the starch in the starch slurry preparation tank. The starch slurry is contacted with a sufficient amount of a Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase to convert or hydrolyze the starch. Suitable Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylases include GEN-ZYME G995, manufactured and sold by Genencor International, Palo Alto, Calif., and TERMAMYL 120L Type S, manufactured and sold by Novozymes A/S, Denmark. For example, the Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase may be used in an amount ranging from about 0.01% to about 0.09% by weight of the starch on dry basis.
The pH of the enzyme-containing starch slurry is selected to provide a suitable activity of Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase. Generally, the pH ranges from about 5.0 to about 7.0, or from about 5.7 to about 6.3 in another embodiment, or from about 5.9 to about 6.1 in yet another embodiment. The pH as described herein is maintained throughout the entire process, except in the saccharification step where the pH is reduced to inactivate the enzyme after the desired DE has been obtained. The enzyme-containing starch slurry is heated to a temperature of about 80° C. to about 115° C. in one embodiment, in another embodiment from about 102° C. to about 115° C., or from about 107° C. to about 110° C. in another embodiment, for about 6 to about 15 minutes to form a first liquefact.
The first liquefact is optionally cooled. In one embodiment, cooling is achieved by flash cooling wherein, the pressure is released quickly to atmospheric level and the temperature is dropped rapidly to a temperature from about 93° C. to about 100° C. By “quickly” is meant the pressure is released within about 1 to about 5 seconds and by “rapidly” is meant the temperature is dropped within about 1 to about 5 seconds. The resultant product has a DE of about 0.5 to about 5.0, or of about 1.0 to about 3.0 DE in another embodiment. The temperature of the first liquefact is then adjusted to from about 120° C. to about 165° C. in one embodiment, in another embodiment from about 130° C. to about 165° C., or from about 150° C. to about 165° C. in another embodiment, or from about 158° C. to about 165° C. in yet another embodiment, and maintained at this temperature for about 30 seconds to about 10 minutes. In another embodiment, the residence time is from about 1 minute to about 6 minutes, or from about 3 minutes to about 5 minutes in yet another embodiment.
Subsequently, the temperature of the first liquefact is reduced to a temperature from about 101° C. to about 115° C., or from about 108° C. to about 110° C. in another embodiment, for up to about 15 minutes, preferably about 2 to about 15 minutes. In another embodiment, the residence time is from about 3 minutes to about 8 minutes, or from about 3 minutes to about 5 minutes in yet another embodiment. This temperature reduction is performed in a pressure vessel. To the first liquefact is added a second dose of Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase either prior to introducing the first liquefact into a pressure vessel or directly into the pressure vessel. The amount of the second dose of Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase is sufficient to produce a maltodextrin product having a DE of from about 5 to less than about 20. For example, the amount of the second dose of Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase may be used in an amount ranging from about 0.01% to about 0.09% by weight of the starch on dry basis. The resultant liquefact after contact with the second dose of Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase is hereinafter referred to as “second liquefact”.
The second liquefact is cooled to a temperature from about 93° C. to about 100° C., which is maintained for about 2 minutes to about 15 minutes. In one embodiment, the cooling is achieved by flash cooling. In another embodiment, the residence time is from about 3 minutes to about 10 minutes, or from about 3 minutes to about 4 minutes in yet another embodiment. The temperature of the second liquefact is then maintained at about 93° C. to about 100° C., or in another embodiment to about 93° C. to about 98° C., in a saccharification tank, holding pipe or the equivalent, for a period of time until a maltodextrin product having a D.E. of about 5 to less than about 20 is produced. Thereafter, the pH is adjusted to about 3.4 to about 3.7 to inactivate the hydrolytic action of the Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase.
The processing conditions may vary within certain limits dictated by the stability and activity characteristics of the enzyme and the gelatinization properties of the starch. For example, the quantity of Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase required for obtaining a maltodextrin with the desired DE will depend upon the activity of the Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, the temperature, the DE after the first liquefaction, the pH of the first and second liquefacts, and the desired final DE.
The resulting maltodextrin product is in liquid form. The liquid maltodextrin product may be concentrated to yield a syrup having any desired solids content such as, for example, greater than 50% ds. Moreover, the liquid maltodextrin product may be spray dried if desired to a powder.
The liquid maltodextrin of the present process is refined by conventional refining methods. For example, the refining methods include filtration through diatomaceous earth on a fixed or rotary vacuum filter, centrifugation, flocculation, flotation and the like, and treatment with vegetable carbon and ion exchange resins. Furthermore, the final refined liquid maltodextrin product optionally can be spray dried to a powder.
The present invention also relates to certain novel liquid maltodextrins. The novel liquid maltodextrins may be produced by the process described herein.
The novel liquid maltodextrins are characterized by having a DE value ranging from about 9 to about 15, and in another embodiment a value of about 10 to about 13, and in yet a further embodiment, a value of from about 9 to about 10.5. Further, the novel liquid maltodextrins are characterized by having a value for percent light transmittance at 390 nm, of at least 30%, at a ds of about 62% to about 67%, after a period of at least 28 days. In another embodiment, the liquid maltodextrins have a value for percent light transmittance of at least about 40%, and in yet a further embodiment, have a percent light transmittance of at least about 79%.
The maltodextrins of the present disclosure, whether in the form of syrups or dry powder, are generally characterized by blandness of taste and low sweetness. When used in food products, the maltodextrins generally have a minimal effect upon flavor while providing bulk, stability, favorable mouthfeel characteristics and increased nutritive value.
These characteristics make the products of the present disclosure generally suitable for applications as carriers for coloring agents, flavors, essences and synthetic sweeteners; spray drying adjuncts for coffee extracts and tea extracts, bulking, boding and dispersing agents in synthetic creams or coffee whiteners; ingredients promoting a moisture retention in bread, pastry and meats; components of dry soup mixes, bakery mixes, frosting mixes, spice mixes and blends, beverage powders, condiments, gravy mixes, sauce mixes and frozen dairy foods; and in fat mimetics. In addition, they are generally useful in the formulation of tabletting compounds which can be used in food products or pharmaceutical products, anti-caking agents, whipped products, protective coatings, agglomeration aids, low or reduced-in-calorie foods and beverages, and low or reduced-in-fat foods and beverages.
In carrying out the examples, the following procedures were used to test the refined liquid maltodextrins prepared in accordance with this disclosure.
DE is measured according to the Lane-Eynon method, which is commonly used in the industry to measure dextrose equivalent (Official Methods of Analysis (1990), Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th Edition, Method 923.09, “Invert Sugar in Sugars and Syrups, Lane-Eynon General Volumetric Method, Final Action,” p. 1016).
Clarity of the refined liquid maltodextrin products is determined by measuring the amount of light passing through a test sample as compared to that passing through a blank of distilled water. The test samples were examined spectrophotometrically by measuring the percent light transmittance at 600 nm through 4 cm cells, each containing portions of the test samples, which were concentrated to 65% ds. A Shimadzu UV1650 spectrophotometer (available from Shimadzu Deutschland GmB H, Duisburg, Germany) was used to measure the clarity of the test samples. The test samples stored at 5° C. were measured over a period of time to determine whether the clarity was stable.
Clarity of the refined liquid maltodextrin products is determined by measuring the amount of light passing through a test sample as compared to that passing through a blank of distilled water. The test samples were examined spectrophotometrically by measuring the percent light transmittance at 390 nm through 4 cm cells, each containing portions of the test samples, which were concentrated to about 62 to about 67% ds. A Spectronic. Model Genesys 5 spectrophotometer was used to measure the clarity of the test samples. The test samples stored at 130° F. were measured over a period of time to determine whether the clarity was stable.
Turbidity of the test samples at 30% ds and 65% ds, is measured in comparison with turbidity standards using a HACH Laboratory Turbidimeter Type 2100N (available from Hach Company, Loveland, Colo.) and expressed in NTU, turbidity units. The procedure used to measure turbidity is the procedure described in the instruction manual provided by the Hach Company. The lower the turbidity, the higher the clarity. The test samples stored at 5° C., 20° C., 25° C. and 60° C. were measured over a period of time to determine whether the turbidity was stable.
The molecular weight distribution of the refined liquid maltodex trin products is measured by the degree of polymerization (DP). DP is the average number of anhydroglucose units in the rnaltodextrin molecule. The molecular weight distribution is assayed by gel permeation chromatography of an aqueous solution of the maltodextrin (about 10% ds). The sample is chromatographed on a Waters Chromatograph equipped with two columns in series (Shodex S-803 and Shodex S-801 from Showa Denko, Japan), at 70° C., eluted with HPLC grade water at a flow of 1 ml/min. Detection is done by, a differential refractometer. Polymer reference products (low polydispersivity pullulans from Showa Denko, Japan) are used to relate elution time to the molecular weight of the different fraction of the assayed product.
Mn was calculated using the following equation:
Where Ni is the number of moles having a molecular weight of Mi
Mw was calculated using the following equation:
Dent corn starch was mixed with water to produce a 32% to 34% ds starch slurry and the pH of the starch slurry was adjusted to 5.7 to 6.3 with 10% soda ash. To this starch slurry were added 50 to 70 ppm Ca++ (calcium chloride) and GEN-ZYME G995 Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase at 0.02% ds starch. The enzyme-containing starch slurry was pumped at a flow rate of about 150 liters/hour to a series of holding tubes where steam (at feed pressure of 10-11 bars) was injected and a back-pressure of 0.6-0-0.8 bar was applied to raise the temperature to about 108° C. The enzyme-containing starch slurry was held at this temperature for about 9 minutes to form a first liquefact and then flash cooled to atmospheric pressure to thereby reduce the temperature to about 98° C. At this point, the DE of the first liquefact was from about 1 to about 3. The first liquefact was pumped to another holding tube where steam (feed pressure of 10-11 bars) was injected and a back-pressure of 6.0-6.5 bars was applied to raise the temperature to about 160° C. The first liquefact was held at this temperature for about 3 minutes. A second dose of GEN-ZYME G995 Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase at 0.02% ds starch was added to the first liquefact prior to being pumped into an 8-liter pressure vessel where the first liquefact had been held for about 3 minutes at a temperature of about 107° C. by applying a back pressure of 0.39-0.40 bar. A second liquefact was thereby formed. The second liquefact was then flash cooled to atmospheric pressure to thereby reduce the temperature to about 95° C. The second liquefact was collected in a saccharification tank and allowed to convert for a period of about 5.0 hours to yield a liquid maltodextrin product with a DE of about 13.9. Throughout the process, the flow rate was maintained at about 150 liter/hour and the pH was maintained from about 5.7 to about 6.3. Thereafter, a sufficient amount of 32% hydrochloric acid was added to lower the pH to about 3.5 to inactivate any residual enzyme.
The liquid maltodextrin product of Example 1 was then refined by the following conventional refining method. The product was filtered at 80° C. to remove insoluble materials, such as fat and protein, using a NIVOBA® rotary vacuum filter (available from Nivoba B.V., Groningen, Netherlands) with a CELLITE 555 filter (available from Celite Corporation, Santa Barbara, Calif.). The temperature was lowered to 65° C. and the product was decolorized using 500 ml Lurgi's Epilon MC-h 1240 granular carbon. Minerals were removed by using ion exchange resins (DOW 88 Mono cation exchange resin (80 ml); DOW 66 Mono anion exchange resin (100 ml); and Mitsubishi Relite RAD/F polishing resin (50 ml)). The liquid maltodextrin was concentrated to 30% ds and 65% ds. The analysis of the refined liquid maltodextrin product is given in Tables 1 and 2.
The resulting refined liquid maltodextrin products at 30% ds are very stable at 5° C., 25° C., and 60° C. Generally, the clarity of such products is stable for up to 13 or more days.
From the above data, it is apparent that the clarity of the refined liquid maltodextrin product stored at 5° C. at 65% ds for up to about 48 hours is good as indicated by the high light transmittance values of 100% light transmittance at 24 hours and 94.8% light transmittance at 48 hours as compared to the control of 100% light transmittance at 0 hours. The turbidity of the refined liquid maltodextrin product stored at 5° C., 25° C. and 60° C., at 30% ds is about equivalent to the control at 0 hours for up to 13 days of storage, which is indicative of a stable product. Similar results are shown for turbidity at 65% ds for a period of up to about 24 hours.
Dent corn starch was mixed with water to produce a 32% to 34% ds starch slurry and the pH was adjusted to 5.7 to 6.3 with 10% soda ash. To this starch slurry were added 50 to 70 ppm Ca++ (calcium chloride) and TERMAMYL 120L Type S Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase at 0.035% ds starch. The enzyme-containing starch slurry was pumped at a flow rate of about 150 liter/hour to a series of holding tubes where steam (at feed pressure of 7-8 bars) was injected and a back pressure of 0.6-0.8 bar was applied to raise the temperature to about 108° C. The enzyme-containing starch slurry was held at this temperature for about 9 minutes to form a first liquefact and then flash cooled to atmospheric pressure to thereby reduce the temperature to about 98° C. At this point, the DE of the first liquefact was from about 1 to about 3. The first liquefact was pumped to another holding tube where steam (feed pressure of 10-11 bars) was injected and a back pressure of 6.0-6.5 bars was applied to raise the temperature to about 160° C. The first liquefact was held at this temperature for about 3 minutes. A second dose of TERMAMYL 120L Type S Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase at 0.01% ds starch was added to the first liquefact prior to being pumped into an 8-liter pressure vessel where the first liquefact had been held for about 3 minutes at a temperature of about 107° C. by applying a back pressure of 0.39-0.40 bar. A second liquefact was thereby formed. The second liquefact was then flash cooled to atmospheric pressure to thereby reduce the temperature to about 95° C. The second liquefact was collected in a saccharification tank and allowed to convert further for a period of about 8 hours to yield a liquid maltodextrin product with a DE of about 13.1. Thereafter, a sufficient amount of 32% hydrochloric acid was added to lower the pH to about 3.5 to inactivate any residual enzyme. Throughout the process, the flow rate was maintained at about 150 liter/hour and the pH was maintained from about 5.7 to about 6.3, except at the end of the saccharification where the pH was reduced to 3.5 to inactivate the enzyme.
The liquid maltodextrin product of Example 3 was then refined and concentrated as described in Example 2. The analysis of the refined liquid maltodextrin product is given in Tables 3 and 4.
The 13.1 DE refined liquid maltodextrin product prepared with TERMAMYL 120L Type S Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase showed very low turbidity up to 62 hours of storage at 20° C., which is indicative of a clear and stable product.
The process of Example 3 was followed, except a 18.6 DE liquid maltodextrin was prepared using TERMANYL 120L Type S alpha-amylase at 0.035% ds as the first dose and 0.01% ds of the same alpha-amylase as the second dose. The total time for saccharification was about 24 hours and a maltodextrin product with a DE of about 18.6 was obtained. The maltodextrin product was refined in the same way as described in Example 2 and concentrated to 30% ds. The analysis of the refined liquid maltodextrin product is given in Tables 5 and 6.
The 18.6 DE refined liquid maltodextrin product prepared with TERMAMYL 120L Type S Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase showed low turbidity up to 71 hours of storage at 20° C., which is indicative of a clear and stable product.
In this example, there was produced a liquid maltodextrin having a DE value of about 12.2. The product was produced in accordance with the conditions described in Example 1, except for the following modifications
The resultant liquid maltodextrin was characterized by having a DE of about 12.2. The liquid maltodextrin was then refined in accordance with the process of Example 2, except for the following modifications:
The resulting refined liquid maltodextrin was concentrated to about 64.2% and stored at 65° C. An evaluation for clarity revealed a percent light transmittance at 600 nm of about 87.6% after 52 days.
In this example, there was produced a liquid maltodextrin having a DE value of about 10.4. The product was produced in accordance with the conditions described in Example 1, except for the following modifications:
The resulting refined liquid maltodextrin having a DE of about 10.4 was concentrated to about 62.7%. A determination for clarity revealed a percent light transmittance at 390 nm of about 79.2% after 28 days.
In this example there was produced a liquid maltodextrin having a DE value of about 10.8. The product was produced in accordance with the conditions described in Example 1, except for the following modifications
The resultant liquid maltodextrin having a DE of about 10.8 was then refined in accordance with the process of Example 2, except for the following modifications:
The resulting refined liquid maltodextrin having a DE of about 10.8 was concentrated to about 64.5%. A determination for clarity revealed a percent light transmittance at 390 nm of about 54.3% after 29 days.
In this example there was produced a liquid maltodextrin having a DE of about 11.2. The product was produced in accordance with the conditions described in Example 1, except for the following modifications:
The resultant liquid maltodextrin having a DE of about 11.2 was then refined in accordance with the process of Example 2, except for the following modifications:
The resultant refined liquid maltodextrin having a DE of about 11.2 was concentrated to about 66.5%. A determination for clarity revealed a percent light transmittance at 390 nm of about 41.4% after 28 days.
The invention has been described with reference to various specific and illustrative embodiments and techniques. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60621484 | Oct 2004 | US | |
| 60707915 | Aug 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11577666 | Oct 2007 | US |
| Child | 13076059 | US |
