Patent Application
20250154420
The present invention relates to a process for the production of mixtures usable as a jet fuel or jet fuel precursors starting from C2-C4 alcohols, such as ethanol and butanol, and its related plant.
In particular, the invention relates to a process for the production of a mixture comprising compounds having a number of carbon atoms compatible with the range of carbon atoms typical of the jet fuel, in particular comprising compounds having a number of carbon atoms greater than or equal to 6, said mixture being produced starting from C2-C4 alcohols, or mixtures thereof, wherein metallic copper on a zirconia-based support is used as a catalyst.
It is known that the production of alternative fuels from biomasses is a topic of enormous interest for both academic and industrial research. In particular, while the production of biodiesel starting from vegetable oils or animal fats has already been widely investigated in the literature and applied industrially, the production of mixtures, usable as a jet fuel, starting from ethanol (obtainable from biomasses by fermentation) constitutes a new and highly promising, as well as competitive, field of research.
Although the ASTM standard (Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels, Designation: D1655-22; https://www.astm.org/d1655-22.html) does not define a specific composition for jet fuels, the properties required for a jet fuel are obtained from mixtures containing hydrocarbons with a certain cut. In particular, in the literature it is shown that the wide-cut jet fuel (jet fuel with a wide distillation range) is characterised by a distribution of a number of carbon atoms between about 5 and 15 carbon atoms (https://www.chevron.com/-/media/chevron/operations/documents/aviation-tech-review.pdf).
U.S. Pat. No. 10,221,119B2 relates to the conversion of ethanol to C5+ ketones in a single catalyst bed. In the process of the above-mentioned patent a mixed metal oxide catalyst, comprising ZrO2—ZnO with 0.05% by weight of Pd as a promoter, or a CuO—MgO—Al2O3 catalyst is used.
The same authors of the above-mentioned patent have subsequently also published a scientific work in the international journal Angewandte Chemie (S. Subramaniam, M. F. Guo, T. Bathena, M. Gray, X. Zhang, A. Martinez, L. Kovarik, K. A. Goulas and K. K. Ramasamy, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2020, 59, 14550-14557). This article includes the selective synthesis of aliphatic ketones, in particular the linear ones, with chain lengths between C5 and C11 starting from ethanol. These ketones are considered key intermediates for the synthesis of lubricants and alternative fuels starting from renewables (including jet fuels). In particular, the catalyst used consists of a small percentage of Pd (even only 0.1%) supported on a solid mixture of ZnO and ZrO2. Catalytic tests were performed using a fixed bed tubular reactor in down-flow mode, condensing the heavy products in a cold trap and analysing the light/incondensable ones via an online GC. Most of the tests were carried out at temperatures between 30° and 400° C., pressures between 14.7 and 300 psi (in practice between 10 and 20 bar) and with a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) equal to 0.15 h−1. Using the Pd—ZnO—ZrO2 catalyst with 0.1% by weight of Pd, ketone yields higher than 70% have been achieved, obtaining a stable catalyst for more than 2000 working hours. The key points emphasised by the authors for the success of such procedure are two: from the mechanistic point of view the fact of being able to obtain acetone as a reaction intermediate which leads to the formation of pentanone (C5 ketone) by means of an aldol condensation reaction with acetaldehyde; furthermore, the in situ formation of an alloy between Zn and Pd is essential to create the active sites on the catalyst, capable of giving selectivity in ketones, as well as high activity and stability to the catalytic system. ZnO and ZrO2 are classic catalysts for the Lebedev reaction, i.e. the conversion of ethanol to butadiene, through the mechanism of aldol condensation. This, together with the mechanism proposed by the same authors, suggests that the proposed process promotes the traditional aldol condensation with the formation of ketones, in particular pentanone, obtained after the aldol condensation between acetone and acetaldehyde (mechanism illustrated by the same authors).
Alternative strategies for converting ethanol into mixtures applicable to the fuel field are the following:
Therefore, more generally, the known processes aimed at obtaining higher molecular weight compounds from ethanol mainly follow three strategies:
In light of the above, there is a clear need to provide new processes for producing alternative bio-fuels starting from ethanol (or bioethanol) or other alcohols able to optimise the conversion of the starting alcohol and for obtaining high molecular weight molecules (>C5).
The solution according to the present invention fits in this context, which proposes to provide an alternative process for the valorisation of C2-C4 alcohols through the production of a complex mixture of products usable, directly or after hydrogenation of the aldehydes and unsaturated compounds, as a jet fuel. As stated above, the mixture according to the invention comprises compounds having a number of carbon atoms compatible with the range of carbon atoms typical of the jet fuel. In particular, the mixture according to the invention preferably comprises compounds having a number of carbon atoms higher than or equal to 6, which can belong to one or more classes of compounds including for example ketones, esters, alcohols, aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds. According to the present invention, preferably, the selectivity of the ≥C6 fraction of said mixture is at least 10%, more preferably reaching values of at least 20% during the first 6 hours of reaction, even more preferably between 20% and 40%, such as between 25% and 40%.
The ≥C6 compounds contained in the mixture according to the present invention can be employed as jet fuel or they can be used as direct jet fuel precursors if subjected to suitable treatments, such as hydrogenation and/or dehydration.
In particular, according to the present invention, a polyfunctional catalyst has been identified which is able to catalyse different reactions in the same reactor.
More specifically, the catalyst according to the present invention, for example Cu/t-ZrO2 with 5% by weight of Cu, is able to effectively catalyse the dehydrogenation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes (in particular, ethanol to acetaldehyde and butanol to butyraldehyde), promoting the dehydrogenative coupling (DHC) reaction and forming the corresponding esters (for example ethyl acetate and butyl butyrate, but also asymmetric esters such as butyl acetate or others). The catalyst employed in the process according to the invention is also able to effectively promote the ketonisation reaction of these esters, making it possible to obtain symmetrical and asymmetrical ketones, in particular in the range between C3 and C11. The excess of acetaldehyde produced using the process according to the invention also makes it possible to favour aldol condensations leading to the formation of medium-long chain (C6-C14) branched alcohols and ketones. The formation of acetone and acetaldehyde according to the process of the invention also makes it possible the formation of cyclic compounds, in particular alkylated cyclohexanones and cyclohexanols and aromatic (phenolic) compounds, whose presence is accepted in jet fuel blends up to a maximum of 25% and can modulate/modify the properties of the jet fuel itself.
The process according to the present invention is conceptually significantly different from all the alternative alcohol upgrading strategies used for obtaining jet fuels, which are shown in the scientific and patent literature.
In particular, unlike the known processes, the process according to the invention is a “one-pot” process, i.e. it operates on a single catalyst, in a single reaction condition, for the upgrading of C2-C4 alcohols, such as ethanol or butanol, to jet fuel blends. Despite the existence of processes which can produce mixtures of products characterised by the prevalence of a family of compounds (aromatics and olefins in the Vertimass process, ketones in the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,221,119B2 and in S. Subramaniam, et al, 2020), the process according to the invention is able to catalyse a series of cascade reactions which lead to the obtainment of a mixture containing all the aforementioned components and other classes of compounds in amounts which can be modulated on the basis of the composition of the catalyst itself and of the operating conditions.
Therefore, the process according to the present invention advantageously provides the exploitation of a series of cascade reactions in order to maximise the alcohol conversion and the obtainment of high molecular weight molecules (≥C6). To do this, a catalyst was used (for example Cu/ZrO2 with 5% by weight of Cu), known for being able to effectively catalyse the dehydrogenative coupling reaction of alcohols with the corresponding esters especially in the liquid phase and under reaction conditions different from those provided by the process of the present invention. In particular, the reaction, under the conditions normally used in literature, is selective for the formation of esters. According to the present invention, instead, the catalyst is used in such conditions as to favour the ketonisation reaction of the esters obtained in order to obtain the corresponding ketones having a number of carbon atoms equal to the sum of the carbon atoms of the starting esters minus one. Through this cascade mechanism, the aldehydes obtained as intermediates can also react via aldol condensation leading to the formation of longer chain (even branched) alcohols or ketones. These, together with cyclic compounds such as cyclohexanones, cyclohexanols and phenols (formed by the reactions of aldol condensations taking place on acetone, the shortest of the ketones) can advantageously make it possible to directly obtain a mixture comprising compounds having a number of carbon atoms compatible with that presented by the compounds contained in the jet fuel (after separation of the lighter component and the unreacted acetaldehyde).
The use of a relatively simple and cheap catalytic system according to the present invention, such as for example Cu/ZrO2 with 5% by weight of Cu, makes it possible to favour a series of cascade reactions, in this way shifting the equilibrium of the various reactions toward the formation of products with ever greater molecular weight. The obtained mixture, thanks to its particular composition, can be employed as a jet fuel or direct jet fuel precursor, for example by means of possible preliminary operations such as the removal by distillation of the lighter compounds (in particular the unconverted acetaldehyde) and a mild hydrogenation process in order to stabilise the mixture by converting the aldehydes and unsaturations into the corresponding alcohols and saturated chains.
Furthermore, according to the present invention the use of ZrO2 having a different crystalline structure or the insertion, in the structure of ZrO2, of elements increasing its basic character, such as for example lanthanum, advantageously increase the catalyst's performance. In particular, the use of lanthanum as a support not only helps to promote ketonisation (as known) but contributes to modify the equilibrium of all the other reactions leading to a very low production of aromatics, improving the stability of the material and limiting the deactivation.
Regarding the Cu/ZrO2 catalyst according to the invention, although copper was already known to be an active metal in the dehydrogenation of alcohols and zirconia and lanthanum were already known to catalyse the ketonisation reaction of acids or esters, under reaction conditions similar to those of the process of the invention, the process according to the invention operates under conditions such that the catalyst is surprisingly able to promote all the aforementioned “one pot” reactions in an extremely efficient manner, i.e. operating on a single catalyst, in a single reaction condition, showing an effect which is synergistic (not simply additive) and not easily predictable.
It is therefore a specific object of the present invention a process for the production of a mixture comprising compounds having a number of carbon atoms ≥6, usable as a jet fuel or jet fuel precursor starting from one or more alcohols having from 2 (C2) to 4 (C4) carbon atoms, wherein said one or more alcohols are introduced into a continuously operated fixed bed catalyst reactor, in an amount from 1 to 100 mol %, in the vapour phase, and at a temperature ranging from 200° C. to 450° C., preferably 300° C.;
The process according to the present invention can be carried out at a pressure ranging from atmospheric pressure to 10 bar, preferably from atmospheric pressure to 5 bar, more preferably from atmospheric pressure to 2 bar, even more preferably at atmospheric pressure.
According to the present invention, said one or more alcohols can be selected from ethanol, propanol, in particular 1-propanol or 2-propanol, butanol such as for example 1-butanol and 2-butanol, and mixtures thereof, preferably ethanol.
According to the present invention, said one or more alcohols, for example ethanol, can be introduced into said reactor in an amount from 1 to 40 mol %, preferably from 5 to 40 mol %, more preferably from 1 to 25 mol %, for example from 5 to 25 mol %, even more preferably in an amount of 10 mol %.
According to the present invention, the temperature can range from 250° C. to 340° C. and is preferably around 300° C.
According to the present invention, said metallic copper can be in a percentage by weight from 0.5% to 25%, preferably from 1% to 10%, more preferably in a percentage by weight of 5%.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, said one or more alcohols, such as for example ethanol, can be introduced into said reactor, diluted in an inert gas flow. In particular, according to the present invention, said inert gas flow may consist of helium, nitrogen, argon and/or another inert gaseous component, such as for example water vapour or carbon dioxide.
According to the process of the present invention, said zirconia can be tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) or monoclinic zirconia (m-ZrO2).
According to an embodiment of the present invention, said catalyst comprising metallic copper on a zirconia-based support does not comprise zinc (Zn).
According to an embodiment of the process according to the present invention, said zirconia-based support can comprise a lanthanide included in the structure of said zirconia, such as for example lanthanum (La—Zr—O) or yttrium. In particular, the Zr:lanthanide atomic ratio can range from 50:1 to 1:1, preferably from 20:1 to 2:1, more preferably 5:1.
Since the basic sites are fundamental for ketonisation, aldol condensation and stability of the catalyst, the use of a monoclinic ZrO2 having a different crystalline structure or the insertion, in the ZrO2 structure, of elements increasing its basic character such as for example lanthanum, increase the catalyst's performance. In particular, the use of lanthanum as a support not only helps to promote ketonisation (as known) but contributes to modify the equilibrium of all the other reactions leading to a very low production of aromatics, improving the stability of the material and limiting the deactivation. Furthermore, by modifying the support it is possible to decrease the selectivity in acetaldehyde and aromatic compounds.
According to the present invention, said catalyst can be selected from a catalyst comprising metallic copper on a tetragonal zirconia-based (Cu/t-ZrO2) support wherein the metallic copper is present in an amount of 5% by weight of the total weight of the catalyst; a catalyst comprising metallic copper on a tetragonal zirconia-based (Cu/t-ZrO2) support wherein the metallic copper is present in an amount of 1% by weight of the total weight of the catalyst; a catalyst comprising metallic copper on a tetragonal zirconia-based (Cu/t-ZrO2) support wherein the metallic copper is present in an amount of 10% by weight of the total weight of the catalyst; a catalyst comprising metallic copper on a monoclinic zirconia-based (Cu/m-ZrO2) support wherein the metallic copper is present in an amount of 5% by weight of the total weight of the catalyst; a catalyst comprising metallic copper on a zirconia-based support comprising lanthanum included in the structure of said zirconia (Cu/La—Zr—O) wherein the metallic copper is present in an amount of 5% by weight of the total weight of the catalyst.
According to the process of the present invention, said one or more alcohols, such as for example ethanol, can be placed in contact with said catalyst for a period of time τ, wherein τ(s)=catalyst volume (mL)/total volumetric flow (mL/s), ranging from 0.5 to 5 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 3 seconds, more preferably 1.85 to 2.53 seconds, still more preferably 2 seconds.
According to an embodiment of the process according to the invention, hydrogen can be fed, preferably at atmospheric pressure, together with said one or more alcohols or, when said one or more alcohols are introduced into the reactor in an inert gas flow, together with said inert gas flow. Therefore, hydrogen can be used in place of the inert gas carrier or in mixtures with it.
According to the present invention, the inert gas (for example nitrogen or helium):H2 ratio can vary from 1:10 to 10:1, for example it can be 1:1.
The hydrogen co-feeding seems to perform a modulating function in the dehydrogenation reaction of alcohols to acetaldehyde, a key intermediate in the reactions of the process of the invention, whose excessive concentration on the surface of the catalyst, however, could favour the formation of heavy residues promoting catalyst deactivation. The result obtained in example 12 below shows the ability of the catalyst according to the invention to activate hydrogen at atmospheric pressure by shifting and modulating the dehydrogenation equilibrium. These effects lead to a greater stability of the catalyst (thus suggesting a lower formation of carbonaceous material capable of blocking its active sites), and a lower presence of unsaturated compounds. This hypothesis is supported, for example, by the absence of crotonaldehyde among the main products (example 12), whose absence can explain the lower selectivity in aromatic compounds which derive in part from the condensation of crotonaldehyde itself with acetone (
By inserting a hydrogen co-feeding, the deactivation phenomenon clearly improves, with a constant selectivity of interest in the C6+ fraction for 13 h of reaction. At the same time, there is almost no production of aromatics.
According to the present invention, said catalyst can be in the form of a powder. In particular, said powder can be aggregated into pellets, for example into pellets of size from 20 to 40 mesh.
According to the process of the invention, said mixture can include esters, in particular linear and branched esters, alcohols, in particular branched and linear alcohols, ketones, in particular branched, linear and cyclic ketones, aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as for example alkanes and olefins, and aromatic compounds, in particular phenolic compounds.
Furthermore, the process according to the present invention can further comprise a hydrogenation step of the aldehydes and unsaturated compounds and, optionally, a dehydration step.
A further object of the present invention is a plant for the production of a mixture comprising compounds having a number of carbon atoms ≥6, usable as jet fuel or as a jet fuel precursor, starting from one or more alcohols having from 2 to 4 atoms of carbon, such as for example ethanol, butanol or mixtures thereof, according to the process as defined above, said plant comprising
According to the present invention, said fixed bed catalytic reactor can be a fixed bed tubular reactor in down-flow mode.
Considering the complexity of the mixture of obtainable products, for the control and analysis of the composition of the obtained mixture, a trap at the outlet of the plant, preferably at 25° C. so as to favour the condensation of all the heavy products (>C4), and an online gas chromatograph equipped with two thermal conductivity detectors (TCD), placed in series with the trap to analyse the incondensables and the lighter compounds, can be provided.
The present invention will now be described, for illustrative but not limiting purposes, according to a preferred embodiment thereof, with particular reference to the examples and figures of the attached drawings, wherein:
With particular reference to the scheme shown in
The process according to the present invention exploits the ability of the Cu/ZrO2-based catalyst to develop large quantities of acetaldehyde and to simultaneously promote the dehydrogenative coupling reaction of alcohols to give esters. These, thanks to the high reactivity of zirconia for the ketonisation reaction, are effectively converted to (symmetrical and not symmetrical) ketones.
In particular, the mixture obtained according to the process of the invention consists of (linear and branched) esters, (branched and linear) alcohols, (branched, linear and cyclic) ketones, aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes and olefins) and aromatic compounds (especially phenolic compounds).
By way of example, a mixture obtained, according to the process of the invention, from one of the preliminary tests has proved to be promising for applications such as Jet fuel A and A1. In this regard, some information obtained by comparing the properties of the mixture obtained according to the process of the invention with the specific ASTM D1655 mixture are shown below:
Naphthalene: 0.93% against a maximum of 3% for A and A-1;
As mentioned above, the process according to the invention operates under conditions such that the catalyst is surprisingly capable of promoting all the “one-pot” reactions in an extremely efficient manner, showing a synergistic and not easily predictable effect. In order to show the improving and inventive effect of the method according to the present invention, the ethanol decomposition tests, carried out on the various supports used in examples 1-14 in the absence of copper, are hereby proposed as reference examples. In particular, in the reference examples it is shown the catalytic activity of the individual supports in the ethanol upgrading reaction under the same reaction conditions used for the copper-containing catalysts shown in the following examples. By observing the results obtained in the reference example (shown in
By comparing the results obtained in the reference example with the results obtained in examples 1-14, it is possible to notice how the addition of copper as active metal on these catalytically active supports produces both an unpredictable increase in the conversion of ethanol and a radical change of the distribution of the obtainable products, making it possible to obtain complex mixtures usable as jet fuel.
Reference 01: Catalytic Test Results Under Conditions: t-ZrO2, 300° C., τ=2 s
The tetragonal ZrO2 support (t-ZrO2) was synthesised by precipitation at controlled temperature and pH starting from an aqueous solution of ZrO(NO3)2. In particular, the solution of the metal precursor (0.3 mol/l) was dripped, under vigorous stirring, into an ammonia aqueous solution (5 mol/l at 25° C.) promoting the precipitation of a white solid (hydroxide derivative of the precursor). Subsequently, the solution containing the solid was subjected to a digestion process lasting 24 h at 100° C., maintaining the pH between 9 and 11 by progressively and continuously adding a concentrated ammonia aqueous solution (28% w/w). The sample was then filtered, dried and calcined at 500° C. for 12 h at a ramp rate of 5° C./min. This procedure allows the synthesis of a ZrO2 characterised by a tetragonal crystalline phase.
The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 2, modifying the overall volumetric flow and the amount of loaded catalyst so as to obtain tau=2 s. The results are shown in
Reference 02: Catalytic Test Results Under Conditions: m-ZrO2, 300° C., τ=2 s
The ZrO2 support was obtained by hydrothermal synthesis in an autoclave at 140° C. for 20 h at autogenous pressure starting from an aqueous solution of ZrO(NO3)2 and urea. The product is washed several times with ethanol, then it is dried and calcined at 450° C. for 3 h, at a ramp rate of 5° C./min. In this way zirconia in the monoclinic crystalline phase is obtained. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 2, modifying the overall volumetric flow and the amount of loaded catalyst so as to obtain tau=2 s. The results are shown in
The La—Zr—O support was synthesised by precipitation in a basic environment at 25° C. starting from an aqueous solution of ZrO(NO3)2*2H2O and La(NO3)3*6H2O such that the atomic ratio La:Zr in the final material was 0.19 and the total cation concentration was 0.3 mol/l. The suspension was subjected to a digestion of 72 h at 100° C. and at controlled pH 10-12 by continuously adding a concentrated ammonia aqueous solution (28% w/w). The sample was then filtered, dried and calcined at 450° C. for 12 h at a ramp rate of 5° C./min. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 2, modifying the overall volumetric flow and the amount of loaded catalyst so as to obtain tau=2 s. The results are shown in
The tetragonal ZrO2 support (t-ZrO2) was synthesised by precipitation at controlled temperature and pH starting from an aqueous solution of ZrO(NO3)2. In particular, the solution of the metal precursor (0.3 mol/l) was dripped, under vigorous stirring, into an aqueous solution of ammonia (5 mol/l at 25° C.) promoting the precipitation of a white solid (hydroxide derivative of the precursor). Subsequently, the solution containing the solid was subjected to a digestion process lasting 24 h at 100° C., maintaining the pH between 9 and 11 by progressively and continuously adding a concentrated ammonia aqueous solution (28% w/w). The sample was then filtered, dried and calcined at 500° C. for 12 h at a ramp rate of 5° C./min. This procedure allows the synthesis of a ZrO2 characterised by a tetragonal crystalline phase. The Cu was deposited on the support using the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method, by dissolving the amount of precursor (Cu(NO3)2) necessary to obtain a copper load of 5% by weight of the final catalyst in a volume of distilled water equal to the volume of the pores of the support. This solution is added drop by drop and evenly distributed on the support until it reaches the slurry point (filling of the pores). After which the sample is dried in a furnace and calcined at 500° C. for 5 h at a ramp rate of 2° C./min.
The powder thus obtained is subjected to a pelletising process so as to obtain particles of a defined size (20-40 mesh).
A suitable amount of material is loaded into the plant operating continuously in the vapour phase as described in example 2 and subjected to a reduction process in a hydrogen flow at 350° C. for 3 hours so as to obtain the desired catalyst.
The catalytic tests were carried out in a tubular quartz reactor, operating continuously, in the vapour phase and at atmospheric pressure. In particular, the catalyst, obtained as described in example 1, is loaded into the reactor in the form of pellets (20-40 mesh), so as to be inserted into the isothermal area of the reactor supported by a suitable porous quartz septum. The reactor operates in “down-flow” mode. The organic reagent, ethanol (EtOH), is fed as a liquid through a high precision infusion pump (KPS 100 Syringe Pump) into a vaporisation section consisting of a stainless-steel line maintained at a temperature of 135° C. in order to favour an instantaneous vaporisation of the reagent and an adequate mixing with the inert current (He) entering the plant. The vaporisation zone is in fact connected to the quartz reactor (length 600 mm, internal diameter 11 mm) in such a way as to guarantee the tightness of the whole system. The reactor, containing the catalyst, is placed inside a tube furnace. The volume of loaded catalyst, the flows of the syringe for feeding EtOH and the flow of He, controlled by a dedicated Mass Flow meter, are suitably selected so as to have a contact time (τ=Catalyst volume/total volumetric flow) on the catalyst equal to 1 second at the chosen reaction temperature (300° C.) with a percentage of ethanol being fed equal to 10 mol % (90 mol % He).
Even the lines of the plant downstream the reactor are insulated and, through the use of electric resistances controlled by thermocouples, heated at a temperature of 250° C. The mixture leaving the reactor is passed through suitable traps maintained at 25° C. so as to favour the condensation of only the heavier products. The light products and the non-condensables are analysed using an online Agilent 6890A GC equipped with two different chromatographic columns and two TCD detectors (carrier: He). In particular: a PLOT-Q column (30 m×0.32 mm×20 μm) for the analysis of compounds such as CO2, ethylene and butadiene; a DB-1701 column (30 m×0.53 mm×1 μm) for the analysis of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones and other non-condensed products into the trap.
The traps are changed approximately every hour and the condensed products contained inside are recovered, diluted in methanol and added with octane as an internal standard for the analyses. The solutions thus obtained are analysed by gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Agilent 6890N coupled with mass spectrometer Agilent Technologies 5973 Inert) equipped with an HP-5 ms capillary column (30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm). The details of the analysis method are as follows: injected volume 0.5 μL, injector T: 280° C., split ratio: 50:1, carrier: He 1 ml/min, temperature ramp: isotherm at 40° C. for 7 minutes then ramp rate at 5° C./min up to 100° C. and ramp rate at 10° C./min up to 250° C., temperature then maintained for 2 minutes.
Conversions (X), yields (Y), selectivity(S) and carbon balance were calculated as follows:
In particular, the 40 most abundant and recurring chemical compounds in the mixtures exiting the reactor were selected and calibrated (by means of calibration straight lines with suitable commercial standards, where available, or with suitable isomers) in order to quantify their yields with a suitable response factor. Unless otherwise specified in the figures, the calibrated compounds and the remaining obtained products were grouped into three groups:
The response factor of these compounds was estimated on the basis of the known response factors for the most similar molecules exiting in the same range of retention times and by averaging the number of carbon atoms of the molecules in the same range. The yields of these compounds were then calculated as follows:
The results of the catalytic test are shown in
It can be observed how the conversion of ethanol undergoes a more sudden drop as a function of the reaction time in the flow and the selectivity in the >C6 fraction generally remains lower than in
The catalyst used, Cu/t-ZrO2 with 5% by weight of Cu, was synthesised as in example 1. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 2, modifying the overall volumetric flow and the amount of loaded catalyst so as to obtain tau=2 s. The results are shown in
Under the above optimised conditions, the use of the Cu/t-ZrO2 catalyst with 5% by weight of Cu (5% by weight of metallic copper supported on tetragonal zirconia) made it possible to obtain ethanol conversions equal to 90% during the first two hours, with the product distribution shown in the following tables, which summarise the results shown in
In particular, Table 1 shows the mixture composition exiting the plant after two hours of reaction, comparing it with that averaged over the first six hours of reaction.
The “≥C6 fraction” is further divided into the following classes of compounds (Table 2). The composition is expressed as a molar fraction in percentage of the total ≥C6 fraction (Teb>120° C.) obtained by removing the <C6 fraction with Teb<120° C. The ≥C6 others fraction consists mainly of higher alcohols and aldehydes, together with other minority compounds.
The catalyst employed, Cu/t-ZrO2 with 5% by weight of Cu, was synthesised as in example 1. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 2, modifying the overall volumetric flow and the amount of loaded catalyst so as to obtain tau=3 s. The results are shown in
The catalyst employed, Cu/ZrO2 with 1% by weight of Cu, was synthesised as in example 1, modifying the amount of copper precursor used in the IWI in order to obtain a total copper load of 1% by weight of the final material. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 3 (tau=2 s). The results are shown in
The catalyst employed, Cu/ZrO2 with 10% by weight of Cu, was synthesised as in example 1, modifying the amount of copper precursor used in the IWI in order to obtain a total copper load of 10 wt % of the final material. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 3 (tau=2 s). The results are shown in
The catalyst employed, CuO/t-ZrO2 with 5% by weight of Cu, was synthesised as in example 1, with the exclusion of the last reduction step which was not carried out. Therefore, a suitable amount of material is loaded into the plant operating continuously in the vapour phase as described in example 2 and used directly, keeping the active phase in the form of cupric oxide. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 3 (tau=2 s). The ethanol conversion averaged over the first 6 h of reaction is 62% and the distribution of the products is shown in Table 3
The ZrO2 support was obtained by hydrothermal synthesis in an autoclave at 140° C. for 20 h at autogenous pressure starting from an aqueous solution of ZrO(NO3)2 and urea. The product is washed several times with ethanol, then it is dried and calcined at 450° C. for 3 hours, at a ramp rate of 5° C./min. In this way it is obtained zirconia in the monoclinic crystalline phase. The Cu was deposited on the support with the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method, by dissolving the amount of precursor (Cu(NO3)2) necessary to obtain a copper load of 5% by weight of the final catalyst in a volume of water equal to the volume of the pores of the support. This solution is added drop by drop and evenly distributed on the support until it reaches the slurry point (filling of the pores). After which the sample is dried in a furnace and calcined at 450° C. for 5 hours, at a ramp rate of 2° C./min.
The powder thus obtained is subjected to a pelletising process so as to obtain particles of a defined size (20-40 mesh). A suitable amount of material is loaded into the plant operating continuously in the vapour phase as described in example 2 and subjected to a reduction process in a hydrogen flow at 350° C. for 3 hours so as to obtain the desired catalyst.
The catalyst employed, Cu/m-ZrO2 with 5% by weight of Cu, was synthesised as in example 8. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 3 (tau=2 s) and the results are shown in
Under the same reaction conditions shown above, the use of the Cu/m-ZrO2 catalyst with 5% by weight of Cu (5% by weight of metallic copper supported on monoclinic zirconia) makes it possible to obtain a different distribution of products and a greater stability of the catalyst. During the first 6 hours of reaction the conversion stands at 96% with the following selectivity in the products.
Tables 4 and 5 summarise the results shown in
The “≥C6 fraction” is further divided into the following classes of compounds (Table 5). The composition is expressed as a molar fraction in percentage of the total ≥C6 fraction (Teb>120° C.) obtained by removing the <C6 fraction with Teb<120° C. The ≥C6 others fraction consists mainly of higher alcohols and aldehydes, together with other minority compounds.
The La—Zr—O support was synthesised by precipitation in a basic environment at 25° C. starting from an aqueous solution of ZrO(NO3)2*2H2O and La(NO3)3*6H2O such that the atomic ratio La:Zr in the final material was 0.19 and the total cation concentration was 0.3 mol/l. The suspension was subjected to a digestion of 72 h at 100° C. and at controlled pH 10-12 by continuously adding a concentrated ammonia aqueous solution (28% w/w). The sample was then filtered, dried and calcined at 450° C. for 12 h at a ramp rate of 5° C./min. The Cu was deposited on the support using the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method, by dissolving the amount of precursor (Cu(NO3)2) necessary to obtain a copper load of 5 wt % on the final catalyst in a water volume equal to the pore volume of the support. This solution is added drop by drop and evenly distributed on the support until it reaches the slurry point (filling of the pores). After which the sample is dried in a furnace and calcined at 450° C. for 5 h, at a ramp rate of 2° C./min.
The powder thus obtained is subjected to a pelletising process so as to obtain particles of a defined size (20-40 mesh). A suitable amount of material is loaded into the plant operating continuously in the vapour phase as described in example 2 and subjected to a reduction process in a hydrogen flow at 350° C. for 3 hours so as to obtain the desired catalyst.
The catalyst was synthesised as in example 9. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 3 (tau=2 s) and the results are shown in
The catalyst employed, Cu/t-ZrO2 with 5% by weight of Cu, was synthesised as in example 1. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 3 (tau=2 s), but the carrier gas was modified from 100% He (as per example 3) to a mixture of He and H2 in a 1:1 ratio. The molar percent of EtOH was maintained at 10 mol % of the total fed moles. The results of the catalytic test are shown in
The catalyst employed, Cu/t-ZrO2 with 5% by weight of Cu, was synthesised as in example 1. The catalytic test was carried out as shown in example 3, modifying the reactant alcohol, i.e. feeding 1-butanol instead of ethanol. The results are shown in
The present invention has been described for illustrative, but non-limiting purposes, according to its preferred embodiments, but it is to be understood that variations and/or modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without thereby departing from its scope of protection, as defined by the attached claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102022000003209 | Feb 2022 | IT | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IT2023/050054 | 2/21/2023 | WO |
