Patent Application
20150361267
The present invention concerns a process for the synthesis of both precursor complexes and dye sensitizers for titanium dioxide sensitization based on ruthenium polypyridine complexes.
More particularly, the invention concerns synthetic methodologies, using microwave irradiation under high pressure in aqueous environment, of precursor complexes and sensitizers based on ruthenium polypyridine complexes functionalized with carboxylic groups.
Such dyes are used as sensitizers for titanium dioxide, a wide band-gap semiconductor used in photoelectrochemical cells, that is solar cells, also named, according to English terminology, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, or DSSC (O'Reagan, B.; Graetzel, M. Nature 1991. 353. 737-739 [A low cost high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films]).
DSSCs are photoregenerative solar cells consisting of photoanode wherein a titanium dioxide semiconductor layer is present coated on a conductive glass substrate, sensitized by at least one chromophore compound; a counter-electrode; and an electrolyte therebetween.
As it is well known, main requirements a dye molecule must display so that it can be considered a good spectral semiconductor sensitizer can be reassumed according to the following points:
Many organic and inorganic compounds have been evaluated as semiconductor sensitizers, like for example chlorophyll derivatives, porphyrins, phthalocyanins, platinum fluorescent complexes, dyes, carboxylic functional anthracene derivatives, polymer films, titanium dioxide coupled lower band-gap semiconductors, etc. Also vegetal extracts have been used like natural sensitizers for solar cells (Garcia, C. G.; Pole, A. S; Murakami Iha, N. Y. J photochem. Photobiol. A 2003.160.87 [Natural dyes applied to TiO2 sensitization in photochemical cells]). The fundamental point emerging from these studies remains, however, that the best conversion efficiency of solar energy in electric power is obtained with ruthenium (II) polypyridine complexes wherein carboxylic ligands, used as titanium dioxide sensitizers are present. These molecular species result in intense visible absorption bands attributed to metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions.
For the series of complexes with general formula cis-[Ru(H2dcbpy)2(X)2] (X being selected from Cl−, Br−, I−, NCS− and CN−), MLCT absorption band and maximum emission have been found to be shifted to values of higher wavelength according to the decrease of field strength of ligand X, with decrease of fundamental state redox potential, E½ Ru (III)/(II), according to expected order CN>NCS>halides. In general terms, these complexes are nanocrystal TiO2 efficient sensitizers, allowing the charge injection into conduction band thereof through irradiation with visible light (400-800 nm). In particular, the performances of complex (1) with NCS ligands (called N3) proved to be excellent (Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Kay, To; Rodicio, R.; Humphry-Baker, R.; Muller, And; Liska, P.; Vlachopoulos, M.; Graetzel, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993. 115. 6382 [The preparation and the photoelectrochemical characterization of a new family of highly efficient dyes is reported]) resulting in an overall conversion efficiency of the order of 10%.
Successively, a large number of dyes have been synthesized without reaching N3 sensitizer efficiency, up to 2000 years, when in Grätzel directed laboratory dye (2), named N719. displaying an efficiency of 10.85% under simulated solar irradiation (AM 1.5) was found (Nazeeruddin, K.; Zakeeruddin, S. M.; Humphry-Baker, R., Jirousek, M.; Liska, P.; Vlachopoulos. N; Shklover, V.; Fisher, C. H.; Grätzel, M. Inorg. Chem., 38. 26. 6298-6305. 1999).
The sensitizer plays a key role in determining the cell efficiency value. For DSSC applications in outdoor atmospheres, specifically for wide area applications, many factors display to be significant: technical performances and structure, echo compatibility, costs, dyeing, design and long term stability.
However, according to thermal traditional synthesis of N3 and N719 dyes, disclosed chemical processes and purification procedures result in very expensive dyes. The use of toxic solvents like dimethylformamide (DMF) makes large scale synthesis not available from the point of view of environmental impact.
An example of synthesis procedure of these compounds is disclosed in European Patent Applications No. EP1798222 and No. EP2116534. referring to synthesis of (H2dcbpy)2RuCl2 complex comprising the reaction of H2dcbpy with RuCl3.3H2O in N,N-dimethylformamide, under microwave irradiation and atmospheric pressure.
In the light of above, it is apparent the need to produce such sensitizing dyes according to alternative more economic methodologies, using echo-compatible solvents and reduced reaction times.
In this context it is disclosed the solution according to the present invention, aiming to provide for a synthesis procedure of titanium dioxide sensitizers based on ruthenium polypyridine complexes and their precursors, using water based solvents and pressurized microwave reactor, to be improved.
The process which is the object of the present invention allows various molecular species using not toxic solvents to be produced, high product yields to be obtained and very short reaction times to be used when compared to conventional thermal syntheses.
The object of the present invention is therefore to propose a synthetic process for precursor complexes and titanium dioxide sensitizers allowing the drawbacks according to known technology to be overcome and the above reported technical results to be obtained.
A further object of the invention is that said synthesis process can be embodied at substantially reduced costs, both as to production and operation costs.
Not last object of the invention is to propose a synthetic process for precursor complexes and titanium dioxide sensitizers substantially simple, safe and reliable.
It is therefore a first specific object of the present invention a process for the synthesis of both precursor complexes and dye sensitizers for titanium dioxide based on functionalised ruthenium polypyridine complexes comprising microwave irradiation, frequency being comprised between 300 MHz and 300 GHz, under high pressure system, pressure value being comprised between 690 and 5500 kPa in aqueous media.
In particular both precursor complexes and dye sensitizers for titanium dioxide were based on ruthenium polypyridine complexes of general formula RuLL′X2, RuLX3 or Ru LL′L″, where L, L′, L″ is a bidentate or tridentate organic ligand which can be chosen among H2dcbpy 4,4′-dicarboxy-2-2′-bipyridyl, 5.5′ H2dcbpy 5,5′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridyl, 4,4′,4″-tricarboxy-2,2′,6′,2″-terpyridyl, 4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridyl, 4,4′-bis-3.4-dioctyloxystyryl-2,2′-bipyridyl, 6-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridyl, 6-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,2′-bipyridyl; where the X are independently a monoanionic ligand, for example selected from NCS−, CN−, Cl−, and Br−. Ruthenium precursors include RuCl3.3(H2O), [RuCl6]2−, and [Ru(DMSO)6(Y)2], wherein Y is a monoanion, for example selected from PF6, ClO4, Cl, and Br dissolved in an amount of 60-70 mL per gram of metal precursor of a solution comprising from 20 to 100% by weight of water and from 0 to 80% of HCl (37%).
Further according to the invention, said microwave irradiation (magnetron frequency 2.45 GHz) is carried out at a temperature comprised between 80 and 250° C., at a power comprised between 400 and 1600 W for a time comprised between 10 and 60 minutes.
Further again according to the present invention, following said microwave irradiation, the synthesis products are cooled to room temperature, separated by filtration, washed with water or HCl solution and dried.
The precursor complexes of titanium dioxide sensitizers obtainable according to the process as above defined are a second specific object of the present invention.
A synthesis process of titanium dioxide sensitizing dyeing complexes based on ruthenium polypyridine complexes comprising microwave irradiation, (magnetron frequency 2.45 GHz), under high pressure system, pressure value being comprised between 690 and 5500 kPa and under an aqueous system, of precursor complexes and sensitizers obtainable by means of the process as above defined in mixture with a NCS− or CN− salt (from 10 to 50 equivalents) or with a chelating chromophore ligand based on polypyridine, polytriazole, polytetrazole and acetylacetonate derivatives (from 1 to 4 equivalents) is a third specific object of the present invention.
Preferably according to the invention, said microwave irradiation is carried out at a temperature comprised between 80 and 250° C., at a power comprised between 400 and 1600 W for a time comprised between 10 and 60 minutes, and following said microwave irradiation the synthesis products are cooled to ambient temperature, separated by precipitation, washed and dried.
Titanium dioxide dye sensitizers obtainable according to the process as defined in above two paragraphs represent a fourth specific object of the present invention.
The use of titanium dioxide dye sensitizers obtainable according to the process as above defined in electrophotochemical cells represents a fifth specific object of the present invention.
Therefore, when compared to the conventional thermal syntheses, it is apparent the effectiveness of the synthesis process of precursor complexes and titanium dioxide sensitizers of the present invention, allowing various molecular species using not toxic solvents and very short reaction times to be produced, high product yields to be obtained.]
The invention will be described by an illustrative, but not limitative way with particular reference to some illustrative examples and enclosed figures, wherein:
Particularly, in the following examples, according to an exemplary and not restrictive scope, precursor compounds of type cis-dichlorobis((4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-pyridyl)ruthenium (II), Ru(II)(H2DCBPy)2(Cl)2 and cis-dichlorobis((5,5′-dicarboxy-2,2′-pyridyl)ruthenium (II) Ru(II)(5,5′H2DCBPy)2(Cl)2 and dyeing sensitizers generated therefrom are considered:
The fact that, using microwave radiation, it is often possible the reaction times to be significantly reduced as well as product yield to be increased, is already known (Whittaker, G., Chemical Applications of Microwave Heating, 1997). About this matter, since 1986, more than 2000 papers in the organic synthesis field have been already published, particularly after the pioneering experimental works of Gedye and Majetich (Gedye, R. N., W. Rank and K. C. Westaway, Can. J. Chem., 69. 706. 1991) (Hicks, R. and. Majetich, G J. Microwave Power Electromagn. Eng., 30. 27. 1995) which demonstrated that microwaves could be successfully and reproducibly used to accelerate chemical reactions.
Indeed, initially, this technology did not receive much attention because of the poor process control and reliability. Successively the number of papers relating to Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) exponentially increased and it is expected that the technological development will allow the production of microwave reactors suitable to be used on industrial scale, replacing traditionally heated reactors.
Another significant aspect, with reference to thermal traditional synthesis of the complexes type: Ru(LL)(X)2 (X is selected from Cl, NCS, CN; and L is H2DCBPy), is that said complexes are generally isolated by adding an acid to various Ru(LL)(X)24− (X is selected from Cl, NCS, CN and L is DCBPy) anionic species, so as to obtain precipitation thereof at iso-electric point. This procedure involves a remarkable product loss due to the solubility of various molecular species under these conditions.
According to the present invention procedures involving the use of water based solvents and reaction carried out under high pressure in microwave reactor (MARS-MD), operating at 2450 MHz and 1600 W maximum power are described. Under these conditions, both cis-dichlorobis((4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-pyridyl)ruthenium (II) precursor and cis-dithiocyanatebis((4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-pyridyl)ruthenium (II) (N3) dye are directly obtained in solid form at their iso-electric point with high yields.
It is further to be pointed out that (Kohle; O.; Ruile, S.; Graetzel, M. Inorg. Chem. 1996. 35. 4779-4787), according to thermal traditional synthesis of N3 complex, starting from cis-[Ru(H2DCBPy)2Cl2] and thiocyanate anion, can be formed not desired isomers, that is complexes wherein thiocyanate anion is coordinated by sulfur atom (S/S type or in a mixed way, i.e. by both sulfur and nitrogen atoms (N/S type). These isomers then must be separated through expensive chromatographic procedures, using size exclusion chromatography on Sephadex LH20 column. The use of high boiling point solvents as DMF allowed the reduction but not the elimination of these isomers.
The synthesis under high pressure water as described in this invention on the contrary resulted in the formation of a single N/N co-ordinated isomer as is shown by FT-IR (
In the below reported description further reference is made to [cis-Ru(H2DCBPy)2(dnbpy)]2+ (dnbpy means 4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-pyridyl) complex, also obtained with high yield and high purity using the same synthetic process. With reference to said complex, microwave assisted synthesis under high pressure in water is clearly advantageous compared to thermal traditional synthesis. In addition to reduced reaction times with respect to thermal traditional synthesis (8 h against 2 h), the used precursor is the RuCl3 species which is much less expensive than [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 complex, necessary for conventional thermal synthesis. Finally, the synthetic product displays to be purer and with better electrophotochemical performances as shown in
The examples below describe the synthetic procedures which is the object of the present invention.
In a reaction flask (HP500), RuCl3 3H2O (100 mg; 0.38 mmol), H2DCBPy (170 mg; 0.70 mmol), 3 ml of HCl (37%) and 3 ml of water are charged. The reactor temperature has been increased to 180° C. under a pressure of approximately 1400 kPa while the reactor power has been set at 800 W (magnetron frequency 2.45 GHz). These conditions are maintained for 30 min reaction time. After cooling to room temp., obtained red-orange obtained crystals are separated through filtration on porous glass filter (G4) and washed with 0.2M HCl solution. after oven drying 207 mg (yield=90%) have been obtained. UV-vis spectra in basic aqueous solution and 1H NMR spectra in D2O and NaOD of Ru (II) (H2DCBPy)2Cl2 complex are reported in
According to disclosure of European Patent Applications No. EP1798222 and No. EP2116534. the synthesis of Ru (II) (H2DCBPy)2Cl2 has been carried out under nitrogen atmosphere, a 500 ml three neck flask is charged with commercially available RuCl3 3H2O (2.53 g, 9.68 mmol), H2dcbpy (4.50 g, 18.4 mmol) and 300 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture is heated under reflux under irradiation with 2.45 GHz microwave for 45 minutes. After cooling, the mixture is filtered and evaporated to dryness under vacuum. Obtained residue is washed with acetone/diethyl ether (1:4), after 300 ml of 2M hydrochloric acid are added and the mixture is sonicated under stirring for 20 minutes and then without ultrasounds for two hours. After the stirring, the insoluble material collected by filtration is washed with 2M hydrochloric acid, acetone/diethyl ether (1:4) and diethyl ether.
The synthetic process as reported in example 1 displays remarkable advantages compared to comparative example 2 although the microwave reaction times are comparable (30 min for example 1 and 45 min for example 2), the procedure described in example 1 involves the use of water and HCl solution as solvents instead of dimethylformamide (carcinogenic and expensive) and the desired product is obtained with 90% yield and collected using a quick work up involving simple cooling to room temp., the separation of semi-crystalline red-orange precipitate by filtration on porous glass filter and a washing with 0.2 HCl solution. The work up of comparative example 2 involves, after the cooling, DMF vacuum evaporation, successive acetone and diethyl ether washing, addition of 2M hydrochloric acid aqueous solution and stirring under ultrasounds for 20 minutes and further 20 minutes without ultrasounds, filtration and washings of the product with 2M hydrochloric acid, acetone/diethyl ether (1:4) and then diethyl ether with a 85% yield.
To high pressure HP500 reaction vessel containing 800 mg of RuCl3 3H2O and 1.360 g of 5,5′H2DCBPy, are added 25 ml of H2O and 25 ml of 37% HCl. The reactor temperature has been increased at 180° C. under a pressure of approximately 1400 kPa while the reactor power has been set at 800 W (magnetron frequency 2.45 GHz). These conditions are maintained for a reaction time of 45 min under continuous stirring. After slow cooling to room temp., the obtained precipitate has been filtered on porous filter and washed with H2O until to colourless washings. Obtained product has been oven dried (yield 78%).
In a reaction vessel (HP500) 200 mg (0.30 mmol) of cis-dichlorobis((4,4′-dicarboxy-2-2′-pyridyl)ruthenium (II), obtained in example 1 and 900 mg of NaNCS dissolved in 8 ml of water have been stirred. The reactor temperature has been increased at 130° C. under a pressure of approximately 1400 kPa while the reactor power has been set at 800 W (magnetron frequency 2.45 GHz). These conditions are maintained for a reaction time of 30 min. After cooling to room temp., the black precipitate obtained is separated by filtration on porous glass filter (G4), washed with water and dried obtaining 200 mg (85% yield). UV-Vis, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra of the product are shown in
Using FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra it has been observed that the reaction carried out under high pressure water using microwave heating resulted in the production of single N/N coordinated cis[Ru(H2DCBPy)2 (NCS)2], isomer. In fact, analyzing FT-IR spectra in 2000-2200 cm−1 range range, where absorption bands of the two thiocyanate groups occur, a single 2127 cm−1 band is observed, as result of the presence of only N coordinated complex form. The presence of N/S coordinated isomer would result in absorption band doubling according to literature data (Kohle, O.; Ruile, S.; Graetzel, M. Inorg. Chem. 1996. 35. 4779-4787) and shown in
A further confirmation of the presence of cis[Ru(H2DCBPy)2 (NCS)2], N/N coordinated complex as a single compound, obtained by the reaction as claimed by the present patent, results from 1H NMR spectra. According to previously mentioned study (
wherein (a) is S/S isomer, (b) is N/S isomer and (c) is N/N isomer, the chemical shift of number 6 named proton has been monitored.
During the reaction progress the appearance of various signals resulting from isomer formation as reported in the above reported reaction scheme has been observed. After 16 hours at 75° C. (reference g in
In 1H NMR spectra of
Thus synthesised N3 complex successively is converted in partially deprotonated form, named N719 according to literature procedures as below reported, for applications in photoelectrochemical field.
100 mg (0.13 mmol) of Ru (II) (H2DCBPy)2(NCS)2 (N3) are dissolved in 40 ml of water by dropwise addition of 40% tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) aqueous solution up to pH=7 as a stable value.
N719 complex has been precipitated by addition of 0.1 M nitric acid to above described solution up to pH 3.8. The precipitated is separated by filtration on porous glass filter (G4) and washed with nitric acid aqueous solution at pH=3.8. 85-90% yield.
The complex has been fully characterized both from spectroscopic and photoelectrochemical.
Particularly,
Photovoltaic parameters corresponding to
1.4 g (2.12moles) of Ru(5,5′H2DCBPy)2Cl2 obtained according to the process under high pressure water from example 3 and 10 g of NaNCS are charged in a high pressure microwave reaction HP500 reactor and 50 ml of H2O are then added. The reactor temperature has been increased at 130° C. and the reactor power has been set at 800 W (magnetron frequency 2.45 GHz). These conditions are maintained for a reaction time of 45 min under continuous stirring. After slow cooling to room temp., the obtained precipitated has been filtered on porous filter and washed with H2O and pH=3.8 HClO4 aqueous solution until colourless washings. The obtained product has been oven dried (85% yield).
Particularly,
Photovoltaic parameters corresponding to
100 mg (0.15 mmol) of cis-dichlorobis((4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-pyridyl)ruthenium (II), obtained using high pressure synthesis as reported in example 1 and 61.8 mg (0.15 mmol) of dnbpy suspended in 12 ml of water are added to a reaction vessel (HP500). The reactor temperature of the reactor has been increased at 180° C. under a pressure of approximately 1400 kPa while the power of the reactor has been set at 800 W (magnetron frequency 2.45 GHz). These conditions are maintained for a reaction time of 120 minutes. After cooling to room temp. obtained precipitated is separated by filtration through porous glass filter (G4), dissolved in basic water, filtered and precipitated by addition of HPF6 aqueous solution at about pH 2. 150 mg (77% yield) of solid crystalline a red crystalline solid have been obtained. The obtained product, without further purification, is characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy (
Particularly,
0.3 g (0.49 mmol) of [Ru(p-cymene)2Cl2]2 are added to 60 ml of DMF under nitrogen inert atmosphere at atmospheric pressure, to this solution 0.4 g (0.98 mmol) of 4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-pyridyl(dnbpy) are added and the resultant mixture is heated at 60° C. for 2 h. Successively 0.24 g (0.98 mmol) of 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-pyridyl (H2dcbpy) are added and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux (160° C.) for 4 h. 0.24 g (0.98 mmol) of Hdcbpy2 and 0.157 g (3.9 mmol) of NaOH are dissolved in 3 ml of water and then added to reaction mixture then refluxed over further 2 h.
The reaction mixture is hot filtered and the solvent is removed under vacuum evaporation. Obtained solid is dissolved in basic NaOH solution and the product precipitated at pH=2 by addition of aqueous HPF6 solution. The dissolution and precipitation procedures are repeated two times, the precipitate is washed with aqueous HPF6 solution and finally with ethyl ether. Yield 60%.
The resulting product, without further purifications, is characterized by cyclic voltammetry (
Particularly,
The synthesis carried out according to methodology described in example 7 using a microwave reactor (magnetron frequency 2.45 GHz) in water based solvent under pressure resulted in better results than thermal traditional synthesis as described in example 8. In addition to reduced reaction times and better photoelectrochemical performances, as shown in
In conclusion, the use of a microwave source (magnetron frequency 2.45 GHz), in combination with the aqueous synthesis in pressurized environment (not carcinogenic and very cheap) resulted in the synthesis of cis-dichlorobis((4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-pyridyl)ruthenium (II) Ru(II)(H2DCBPy)2(Cl)2 precursor and cis-dithiocyanate ((4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-pyridyl)ruthenium (II), Ru(II)(H2DCBPy)2(NCS)2 (N3) and [cis-Ru(H2DCBPy)2(dnbpy)]2+(dnbpy=4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-pyridyl) dyes with high yields,very short reaction times and shortened and simplified isolation procedures (reaction work up) compared to both thermal and microwave assisted syntheses in dimethylformamide carried out at atmospheric pressure.
The same synthetic methodology has been also successfully used for the synthesis of analogous complexes wherein 5,5′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridyl- is used instead of 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridyl.
The described synthetic procedures appear to be completely general and applicable to large classes of Ru (II) metal-organic complexes and are moreover at low environmental impact as a toxic solvents like dimethylformamide, employed for traditional thermal syntheses, are replaced by water based ones. The synthesized compounds are isolated through simple procedures like filtration and are spectroscopically pure without the use of expensive chromatographic purification methods. The DSSC cell performances of dyes synthesized with microwave methodology under high pressure water based solvent according to the present invention proved to be comparable or better than corresponding dyes obtained by classic thermal synthesis.
The present invention has been described by an illustrative but not limitative way according to preferred embodiments thereof but it is to be understood that variations and/or modifications could be carried out by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope thereof, as defined according to the enclosed claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| RM2010A000630 | Dec 2010 | IT | national |
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/908,305 filed on Jun. 3, 2013, which is a continuation of PCT International Application PCT/IT2011/000397, filed Dec. 2, 2011. The entire disclosures of each of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/IT2011/000397 | Dec 2011 | US |
| Child | 13908305 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13908305 | Jun 2013 | US |
| Child | 14701019 | US |
