Process of making electrical steels

Abstract

Batch annealed, semi-processed and fully processed motor lamination steels are made by processes which subject a slab having a particular ultra low carbon composition (less than 0.01%) to steps which include hot rolling a slab into a strip and coiling the strip. This is followed by the sequential steps of preferably annealing the strip in coil form, cold rolling the strip and batch annealing the strip in coil form. The strip is flattened by a temper rolling or leveling process. The flattening step reduces the thickness of the strip by an amount ranging from greater than 0% to not greater than 1.0% to provide the strip with a permeability when stress relief annealed of at least 2500 Gauss/Oersted.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the production of electrical steels, and more specifically to cold rolled, batch annealed and temper rolled or levelled motor lamination steels having good processing and magnetic properties, including low core loss and high permeability.

Desired electrical properties of steels used for making motor laminations are low core loss and high permeability. Those steels which are stress relief annealed after punching also should have properties which minimize distortion, warpage and delamination during the annealing of the lamination stacks.

Continuously annealed, silicon steels are conventionally used for motors, transformers, generators and similar electrical products. Continuously annealed silicon steels can be processed by techniques well known in the art to obtain low core loss and high permeability. Since these steels are substantially free of strain, they can be used in the as-punched condition (in which the steel as sold is commonly referred to as fully processed) or if better magnetic properties are desired the steel can be finally annealed by the electrical apparatus manufacturer after punching of the laminations (in which case the steel as sold is commonly referred to as semi-processed) with little danger of delamination, warpage, or distortion. A disadvantage of this practice is that the electrical steel sheet manufacturer is required to have a continuous annealing facility.

In order to avoid a continuous annealing operation, practices have been developed to produce cold rolled motor lamination steel by standard cold rolled sheet processing including batch annealing followed by temper rolling. In order to obtain the desired magnetic properties of high permeability and low core loss, it has been considered necessary to temper roll the steel with a heavy reduction in thickness on the order of 7%. Electrical steels processed by batch annealing and heavy temper rolling followed by a final stress relief anneal after the punching operations develop acceptable core loss and permeability through a complete recrystallization process. Unfortunately, the heavy temper rolling necessary for development of magnetic properties often results in delamination, warpage and distortion of the intermediate product when it is annealed, to the degree that it is unsuitable for service.

Fully-processed electrical steels are used by customers in the as-punched/stamped condition without a subsequent annealing operation being required. Standard cold-rolled electrical steels are unsuitable for most fully-processed applications due to strain remaining in the material. Fully processed materials are produced utilizing continuous anneal lines since no additional strain is required to provide acceptable flatness. Batch annealed materials, however, do not have acceptable flatness and require some strain simply to provide a flat product, which generally degrades the magnetic properties beyond a usable range. This strain is usually provided by conventional temper rolling.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a batch annealed and temper rolled motor lamination steel having magnetic and mechanical properties similar to silicon electrical steels produced by continuous annealing without temper rolling.

A more particular object of the invention is to provide a batch annealed and temper rolled motor lamination steel which can be given a final stress relief anneal to achieve low core loss and high permeability without delamination, warpage or distortion of the intermediate product produced by the electrical product manufacturer.

Another object of the invention is to provide a batch annealed and temper rolled motor lamination steel which displays acceptable core loss and permeability without a final stress relief anneal operation.

The present invention applies to the production of batch annealed motor lamination steels which are semi-processed, i.e. steels which are given a final stress relief anneal after punching, and fully processed steels, i.e. steels which are used in the as-punched condition without a final stress relief anneal. In both instances, the process of the invention is characterized by a composition having an ultra low carbon content less than 0.01%, preferably less than 0.005%, and either leveling or light temper rolling with a reduction in thickness not greater than 1.0%, and, preferably, not greater than 0.5%.

A preferred embodiment of the process provided by the invention for making both semi-processed and fully processed electrical steel comprises the steps of:

hot rolling a slab into a strip having a composition consisting essentially of (% by weight):

C:  up to 0.01
Si: 0.20-1.35
Al: 0.10-0.45
Mn: 0.10-1.0
S:  up to 0.015
N:  up to 0.006
Sb: up to 0.07
Sn: up to 0.12, and
the balance being
substantially iron,

 followed by coiling, pickling, annealing the strip in coil form, cold rolling and batch annealing the strip in coil form, and then temper rolling the strip with a reduction in thickness ranging from greater than 0 to not greater than 1.0%.

In the case of semi-processed steel which is given a final stress relief anneal after punching, the steel can be hot rolled with a finishing temperature in either the austenite or ferrite region. Hot rolling with a finishing temperature in the austenite region results in optimum permeability after the stress relief anneal. Hot rolling with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region results in optimum core loss with lower permeability after the final stress relief anneal. In the case of fully processed steels which are not given a final stress relief anneal, optimum core loss and permeability are achieved when the steels are hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the austenite region.

In the case of both semi-processed and fully processed steels, the combination of ultra low carbon content, pickle band annealing, batch annealing and light temper rolling results in low core loss and high permeability. If the punched steel product is given a final stress relief anneal, the light temper roll of not greater than 1.0% and more particularly not greater than 0.5%, minimizes the residual stresses that are thought to be responsible for the occurrence of delamination, warpage and distortion.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method for the production of electrical steel strip characterized by low core loss and high permeability comprising the steps of:

hot rolling a slab into a strip having a composition consisting essentially of (% by weight):

C:  up to 0.01
Si: 0.20-1.35
Al: 0.10-0.45
Mn: 0.10-1.0
S:  up to 0.015
N:  up to 0.006
Sb: up to 0.07
Sn: up to 0.12, and
the balance being
substantially iron,

 followed by coiling, pickling, cold rolling and batch annealing the strip in coil form, and then flattening the strip with a leveling process. Although it is not required, the strip may also be pickle band annealed in coil form.

The hot rolling step is conducted in either the ferrite region or the austenite region. The leveling process includes roller leveling with a reduction in thickness of the strip greater than 0 and preferably not greater than about 0.1%, or tension leveling. The tension leveled strip has a reduction in thickness not greater than 1.0% and, preferably, not greater than 0.5%. The leveling method is advantageous in that it does not require a continuous anneal facility or temper rolling apparatus, but rather only requires standard batch annealing and leveling facilities.

Other objects and a fuller understanding of the invention will be had from the following description of preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing core loss/unit thickness (Watts/lb/mil) after stress relief annealing versus % temper elongation for four semi-processed steels, two of which are produced in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing permeability after stress relief annealing (Gauss/Oersted at an induction of 1.5 Tesla) versus % temper elongation for four semi-processed steels, two of which are made according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing permeability (Gauss/Oersted) versus induction (Tesla) for three steels coiled at different temperatures, two of which are made according to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing induction (Gauss) versus core loss/unit thickness (Watts/lb/mil) for three steels finished and coiled at different temperatures, two of which are made according to the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing induction (Gauss) versus permeability (Gauss/Oersted) for three steels coiled at different temperatures, two of which are made according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing induction (Gauss) versus core loss/unit thickness (Watts/lb/mil) for three steels coiled at different temperatures, two of which are made according to the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

One embodiment of the invention relates to a process involving an ultra low carbon steel, i.e. a steel having a carbon content less than 0.01%, and, preferably, not greater than 0.005% by weight, which is pickle band annealed prior to cold rolling, batch annealed in coil form after cold rolling, and temper rolled with a light reduction in thickness, i.e. not greater than 1.0%, and, preferably, not greater than 0.5%. Steels processed in this manner are useful in semi-processed applications in which the intermediate products made by the electrical manufacturer are given a stress relief anneal and in fully processed applications in which the temper rolled steel sold by the steel sheet producer is used by the manufacturer in the as-punched condition without being given a final stress relief anneal. It has been found that in both instances the combination of ultra low carbon content, hot band (e.g., pickle band) annealing, batch annealing and light temper rolling results in good magnetic and mechanical properties.

The steel composition consists generally of up to 0.01% C, 0.20-1.35% Si, 0.10-0.45% Al, 0.10-1.0% Mn, up to 0.015% S, up to 0.006% N, up to 0.07% Sb, and up to 0.12% Sn. The balance of the composition is substantially iron. More specific compositions include less than 0.005% C, 0.25-1.0% Si, 0.20-0.35% Al, and less than 0.004% N. Suitable amounts of Sb are from 0.01-0.07% by weight, and, more preferably, from 0.03-0.05%. Less preferably, Sn may be used in a typical range of from 0.02-0.12%.

In accordance with the invention in this and in other embodiments, semi-processed steels may have a composition including a carbon content slightly higher than up to 0.01%. For example, a carbon content of up to 0.02% may be used.

In carrying out the process of the invention, a steel slab of the indicated composition is hot rolled into a strip, coiled, pickled and pickle band annealed. In the case of steels which are hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region, the strip is preferably coiled at a temperature not greater than 1200° F., and preferably, not greater than 1050° F. The lower coiling temperatures result in less subsurface oxidation in the hot band. Coiling temperatures less than 1200° F. are preferred in order to retain the cold worked ferrite grain structure. In the case of steels which are hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the austenite region, coiling temperatures ranging from 1300-1450° F. are preferred to promote self annealing. The pickle band anneal is carried out at a temperature that usually ranges from about 1350°-1600° F., and more specifically from 1400°-1550° F.

Following the pickle band anneal, the strip is cold rolled and batch annealed. The cold rolling reduction typically ranges from 70-80%. The batch anneal operation is carried out in a conventional manner at a coil temperature ranging from 1100°-1350° F.

In accordance with the invention, the batch annealed strip is temper rolled with a light reduction in thickness not greater than 1.0%, and, more preferably, not greater than 0.5%. In the case of fully processed steels, the light temper roll is important in obtaining low core loss and good permeability. In the case of semi-processed steels, the light temper roll is critical to avoiding delamination, warpage and distortion when the intermediate product is stress relief annealed.

The following Table 1 sets forth the magnetic properties of semi-processed steels which were given a stress relief anneal. The stress relief anneal was carried out in a conventional manner by soaking for 90 minutes at 1450° F. in an HNX atmosphere having a dew point of from 50°-55° F. The steels reported in Table 1 had a nominal composition of 0.35% Si, 0.25% Al, 0.55% Mn, 0.007% S, 0.004% N, 0.04% P, 0.03% Sb, and C in the amount indicated in the table, with the balance of the composition being substantially iron.

	TABLE 1
	Magnetic Properties
				Perme-	Thick-
Ex-			Core Loss	ability	ness
amples	% C	Processing	(w/lb/mil)	(G/Oe)	(inch)
A	0.005	Hot Rolling - 1720° F.	0.127	4035	0.0233
		Finishing and 1420° F.
		Coiling, Pickle, Pickle
		Band Anneal, Cold Roll,
		Batch Anneal, Temper
		Roll 0.5%
B	0.005	Hot Rolling - 1530° F.	0.116	2829	0.0214
		Finishing and 1000° F.
		Coiling, Pickle, Pickle
		Band Anneal, Cold Roll,
		Batch Anneal, Temper
		Roll 0.5%
C	0.02	Hot Rolling - 1720° F.	0.123	2732	0.0220
		Finishing and 1420° F.
		Coiling, Pickle, Cold
		Roll, Batch Anneal,
		Temper Roll 7%

The steels of Examples A and B were made according to the invention with a carbon content of 0.005% and a light temper reduction of 0.5%. Example A was hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the austenite region (1720° F.), while Example B was hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region (1530° F.). It will be seen that rolling in the ferrite region improved the core loss while sacrificing some permeability.

Example C is a 0.02% C steel which was given a heavy temper reduction of 7.0%. A comparison of the properties of Examples A and C shows the improvement in permeability which is achieved with the lower carbon level and lighter temper reduction.

FIGS. 1 and 2 show the improved magnetic properties of semi-processed steels which are given a pickle band anneal in accordance with the invention compared to the properties of steels processed without a pickle band anneal. The steels had the same nominal composition as the steels reported in Table 1 and were given the same stress relief anneal.

As shown in FIG. 1 , the two 0.005% C steels which were hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the austenite and ferrite regions and given a pickle band anneal exhibited the lowest core losses. The worst core loss occurred with a 0.02% carbon steel which was not given a pickle band anneal; a lower carbon content of 0.005% demonstrated better core loss.

Referring to FIG. 2 , it will be seen that the two 0.005% carbon steels which were given a pickle band anneal exhibited the best permeability, while the two steels which were not given a pickle band anneal displayed lower permeabilities. The worst permeability was exhibited by a steel having a carbon content 0.02%.

The following Table 2 sets forth the magnetic properties of fully processed steels, i.e. steels which were not given a final stress relief anneal. The steels reported in Table 2 had the same nominal composition as the steels reported in Table 1.

	TABLE 1
	Magnetic Properties
				Perme-	Thick-
Ex-			Core Loss	ability	ness
amples	% C	Processing	(w/lb/mil)	(G/Oe)	(inch)
D	0.02	Hot Rolling - 1720° F.	0.193	941	0.0280
		Finishing and 1420° F.
		Coiling, Pickle, Pickle
		Band Anneal, Cold Roll,
		Batch Anneal, Temper
		Roll 0.5%
E	0.005	Hot Rolling - 1720° F.	0.171	1244	0.0229
		Finishing and 1420° F.
		Coiling, Pickle, Pickle
		Band Anneal, Tandem,
		Roll, Batch Anneal,
		Temper Roll 0.5%
F	0.005	Hot Rolling - 1530° F.	0.213	951	0.0217
		Finishing and 1000° F.
		Coiling, Pickle, Pickle
		Band Anneal, Cold Roll,
		Batch Anneal, Temper
		Roll 0.5%
G	0.005	Hot Rolling - 1530° F.	0.248	634	0.0215
		Finishing and 1000° F.
		Coiling, Pickle, Pickle
		Band Anneal, Cold Roll,
		Batch Anneal, Temper
		Roll 7%
H	0.02	Hot Rolling - 1720° F.	0.289	694	0.0253
		Finishing and 1420° F.
		Coiling, Pickle, Cold,
		Roll, Batch Anneal,
		Temper Roll 7%

The steel of Example D was made with a carbon content of 0.02%, while the steel of Example E was made in accordance with the invention from an ultra low carbon steel having a carbon content of 0.005%. These steels were similarly processed, including a pickle band anneal and a light temper reduction of 0.5%. It will be seen that lowering the carbon from 0.02% to 0.005% improved the as-punched/sheared magnetic properties.

The steel of Example F was an ultra low carbon steel which was hot rolled to a finishing temperature in the ferrite region and given a light temper reduction of 0.5%. It will be seen that the magnetic properties of Example E which was a steel finished in the austenite region were superior to those of steel of Example F finished in the ferrite region. Thus, for fully processed applications, the preferred process of the invention involves finishing in the austenite region.

The steel of Example G is an ultra low carbon content steel similar to Example F except that the steel of Example G was given a heavy temper reduction of 7.0%. It will be seen from a comparison of the magnetic properties of Examples F and G that the lowest core loss and highest permeability are achieved with a light temper reduction.

Example H is a 0.02% carbon steel which was not given a pickle band anneal and was finished with a heavy temper reduction of 7.0%. A comparison of Examples D and H shows the improvement in as-punched/sheared magnetic properties achieved with light temper rolling and pickle band annealing versus heavy temper rolling and no pickle band annealing.

In all embodiments of the invention, the light temper rolling process may be replaced by a leveling process. This is advantageous in that standard batch annealing and leveling facilities may be used rather than a continuous anneal facility. The leveling process is preferably roller leveling, although tension leveling may also be used. The leveling process selectively elongates portions of the steel strip to proportionally stretch shorter areas beyond the yield point of the steel. This produces generally uniform so-called “fiber” length in the strip.

In the roller leveling process the strip moves in a wave-like path through up and down bends between upper and lower sets of parallel small diameter rolls. This makes the shorter fibers travel longer path lengths. The depths of the up/down bends are gradually reduced between the entrance and the exit of the leveling machine. This eliminates the curvature in the strip caused by entry into the leveling machine. All of the fibers have the same length upon exiting the leveling machine, the strip thus being flattened or leveled. In roller leveling, the thickness of the strip is believed to be reduced by an amount ranging from greater than 0 to preferably about 0.1%. Replacing the temper rolling process with the leveling process is especially preferable when producing fully processed steel according to the methods of the invention.

Tension leveling produces a flat steel strip by stretching the strip lengthwise. Elongation of the strip up to 3.0% can occur on standard leveling process equipment. However, in the present invention using tension leveling, strip elongation is controlled to not greater than 1.0% and, preferably, to not greater than 0.5%. Roller leveling produces steel having better magnetic properties compared to tension leveling.

One embodiment of the invention utilizing a leveling process relates to a method for the production of electrical steel strip characterized by low core loss and high permeability. This method employs an ultra low carbon steel, i.e. a steel having a carbon content less than 0.01%, and, preferably, not greater than 0.005% by weight. The steel composition consists generally of up to 0.01% C, 0.20-1.35% Si, 0.10-0.45% Al, 0.10-1.0% Mn, up to 0.015% S, up to 0.006% N, up to 0.07% Sb, and up to 0.12% Sn. The balance of the composition is substantially iron. More specific compositions include less than 0.005% C, 0.25-1.0% Si, 0.20-0.35% Al, and less than 0.004% N. Suitable amounts of Sb are from 0.01-0.07% by weight, and, more preferably, from 0.03-0.05%. Less preferably, Sn may be used in a typical range of from 0.02-0.12%.

In carrying out the process of the invention, a slab having the indicated composition is hot rolled into a strip in either the ferrite region or the austenite region. The strip is then subjected to the steps of coiling at 1300-1450° F. for austenite hot rolling and 1000-1350° F. for ferrite hot rolling, and pickling. Although it is not required, the strip may also be pickle band annealed. The pickle band anneal is carried out at a temperature that usually ranges from about 1350°-1600° F., and more specifically from 1400-1550° F.

Following the pickling or pickle band anneal, the strip is cold rolled and batch annealed. The cold rolling reduction typically ranges from 70-80%. The batch anneal operation is carried out in a conventional manner at a coil temperature ranging from 1100°-1350° F.

The strip is then flattened with a leveling process. The leveling process includes roller leveling or tension leveling. The roller leveled strip is believed to have a reduction in thickness ranging from greater than 0 and preferably less than about 0.1%. The tension leveled strip has an elongation not greater than 1.0% and, preferably, not greater than 0.5%. In the case of semi-processed steel, this method also includes the step of a final stress relief anneal.

The following Table 3 sets forth the magnetic properties of fully processed steels, i.e., steels which were not given a final stress relief anneal. These steels were subjected to roller and tension leveling processes instead of a temper rolling process. The steels reported in Table 3 had the same nominal composition as the steels reported in Table 1.

	TABLE 3
		Thickness
	Magnetic Properties	t (inch)
	Core Loss Permeability	final t
Examples	% C	Processing	(w/lb)	(G/Oe)	Δt %
I	0.005	Hot Rolling,	4.5-5.5	1000-1200	0.025	0
		Coiling,
		Pickle, Cold
		Roll, Batch
		Anneal,
		Roller Level
J	0.005	Hot Rolling	5.7	800-900	0.028	0.2
		Coiling,
		Pickle, Cold
		Roll, Batch
		Anneal,
		Tension
		Level

It will be seen form Table 3 that both Examples I and J exhibited good magnetic properties. Roller leveling in Example I produced higher permeability and lower core loss than the tension leveling in Example J.

In another embodiment, electrical steel strip may be made for application in electrical devices operating at an induction level of less than 1.5 Tesla, characterized by low core loss and high permeability. This method uses an ultra low carbon steel, i.e. a steel having a carbon content less than 0.01%, and, preferably, not greater than 0.005% by weight. The steel composition consists generally of up to 0.01% C, 0.20-1.35% Si, 0.10-0.45% Al, 0.10-1.0% Mn, up to 0.015% S, up to 0.006% N, up to 0.07% Sb, and up to 0.12% Sn. The balance of the composition is substantially iron. More specific compositions include less than 0.005% C, 0.25-1.0% Si, 0.20-0.35% Al, and less than 0.004% N. Suitable amounts of Sb are from 0.01-0.07% by weight, and, more preferably, from 0.03-0.05%. Less preferably, Sn may be used in a typical range of from 0.02-0.12%.

In carrying out this method of making electrical steel strip at an induction level of less than 1.5 Tesla, a slab of the indicated composition is reheated at a temperature less than 2300° F. During reheating, the steel is passed through a primary zone, an intermediate zone and a soak zone of a reheat furnace. The maximum primary zone temperature is 2105° F., the maximum intermediate zone temperature is 2275° F., and the maximum soak zone temperature is 2275° F.

The steel slab is then hot rolled into a strip with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region. This ferrite finishing temperature is preferably 1500-1650° F. However, it will be understood that the finishing temperatures may vary according to the grade of steel used in this method and in other embodiments of the invention.

The strip is then coiled at a temperature less than 1200° F. More preferably, the coiling temperature is about 1000° F. The lower coiling temperatures result in less subsurface oxidation in the hot band and, because the strips are hot rolled in the ferrite region, retain the cold worked ferrite grain structure.

The strip is then pickled and pickle band annealed. The pickle band anneal is carried out at a temperature that usually ranges from about 1350°-1600° F., and more specifically from 1400°-1550° F.

Following the pickle band anneal, the strip is cold rolled and batch annealed. The cold rolling reduction typically ranges from 70-80%. The batch anneal operation is carried out in a conventional manner at a coil temperature ranging from 1100°-1350° F. The batch annealed strip is preferably temper rolled with a light reduction in thickness not greater than 1.0%, and, more preferably, not greater than 0.5%.

FIGS. 3 and 4 show electrical steel strip made according to the above method characterized by low core loss and high permeability, in particular, at an induction level of less than 1.5 Tesla. These figures show the effect of the coiling temperature on magnetic properties.

Referring to FIG. 3 , it will be seen that the ferrite finished product with a coiling temperature of 1000° F. resulted in the best permeability, while the austenite finished product with a coiling temperature of 1050° F. had better permeability than steel austenite finished and coiled at 1420° F., which coiling temperature was outside the range of this embodiment. The highest permeability of about 8800 Gauss/Oersted was obtained by ferrite finished steel having a coiling temperature of about 1000° F. at an induction of less than about 1.5 Tesla.

Referring to FIG. 4 , it will be seen that at any particular induction at least between about 5000-19000 Gauss, steel ferrite finished and coiled at 1000° F. had lower core loss than steel austenite finished and coiled at 1050° F. and 1420° F.

In yet another embodiment, electrical steel strip may be made without a hot band anneal, characterized by low core loss and high permeability. This method employs an ultra low carbon steel, i.e. a steel having a carbon content less than 0.01%, and, preferably, not greater than 0.005% by weight. The steel composition consists generally of up to 0.01% C, 0.20-1.35% Si, 0.10-0.45% Al, 0.10-1.0% Mn, up to 0.015% S, up to 0.006% N, up to 0.07% Sb, and up to 0.12% Sn. The balance of the composition is substantially iron. More specific compositions include less than 0.005% C, 0.25-1.0% Si, 0.20-0.35% Al, and less than 0.004% N. Suitable amounts of Sb are from 0.01-0.07% by weight, and, more preferably, from 0.03-0.05%. Less preferably, Sn may be used in a typical range of from 0.02-0.12%.

In carrying out this process, a steel slab of the indicated composition is hot rolled into a strip with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region.

The strip is then coiled at an intermediate temperature ranging from 1100-1350° F. and, preferably, about 1200° F. No hot band anneal, for example, a pickle band anneal, is necessary after this coiling step.

Following the coiling, the strip is cold rolled and batch annealed. The cold rolling reduction typically ranges from 70-80%. The batch anneal operation is carried out in a conventional manner at a coil temperature ranging from 1100°-1350° F. The batch annealed strip is preferably temper rolled with a light reduction in thickness not greater than 1.0%, and, preferably, not greater than 0.5%.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show electrical steel strip made according to the above method with no hot band anneal characterized by low core loss and high permeability. These Figures show that for steel produced with a hot roll finishing temperature in the ferrite region and with no hot band anneal, better magnetic properties are often obtained at intermediate coiling temperatures than at a lower temperature.

In particular, hot rolling with a ferrite finishing temperature followed by intermediate temperature coiling results in self-annealing of the steel, during which the ferrite recrystallizes to a relatively large grain size. This promotes improved magnetic properties in non-hot band annealed electrical steels. Moreover, the lower coiling temperatures prevent the extensive growth of subsurface oxidation in the cooling hot band, and thus yield an improved level of cleanliness upon finish processing.

Referring to FIG. 5 , it will be seen that for any induction at least between about 14000 and 16400 Gauss, steels coiled according to this embodiment at intermediate temperatures of 1200° F. and 1350° F. had higher permeability than steel coiled at 1000° F.

Referring to FIG. 6 , it will be seen that for any induction at least between about 15400 and 18000 Gauss, steels coiled according to this embodiment at intermediate temperatures of 1200° F. and 1350° F. had lower core loss than steel coiled at 1000° F.

Many modifications and variations of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing detailed description. Therefore, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically disclosed.

Claims

1. A method of making electrical steel strip characterized by low core loss and high permeability, comprising the steps of:hot rolling a slab into a strip having a composition consisting essentially of (% by weight): C:up to 0.01Si:0.20-1.35Al:0.10-0.45Mn:0.10-1.0S:up to 0.015N:up to 0.006Sb:up to 0.07Sn:up to 0.12, andthe balance beingsubstantially iron, coiling the strip, followed by the sequential steps of annealing the strip in coil form, cold rolling the strip, batch annealing the strip in coil form, and flattening the strip by temper rolling, wherein said temper rolling reduces the thickness of the strip by a total amount ranging from greater than 0% to not greater than 1.0% to provide the strip with a permeability when stress relief annealed of at least 2500 Gauss/Oersted.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of temper rolling is carried out with a reduction in thickness ranging from about 0.25% to about 0.6%.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of temper rolling is carried out with a reduction in thickness not greater than 0.5%.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of temper rolling is carried out with a reduction in thickness ranging from about 0.25 to 0.75%.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of temper rolling is carried out with a reduction in thickness not greater than about 0.6%.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of temper rolling is carried out with a reduction in thickness not greater than 0.75%.

7. The method of claim 1 including the step of stress relief annealing the strip after temper rolling.

8. The method of claim 1 in which the slab is hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the austenite region.

9. The method of claim 1 in which the slab is hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the strip has a core loss when stress relief annealed of not greater than 0.13 watts/pound/mil.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the slab composition has a carbon content not greater than 0.005%.

12. A method of making electrical steel strip characterized by low core loss and high permeability, comprising the steps of:producing a slab having a composition consisting essentially of (% by weight): C:up to 0.01Si:0.20-1.35Al:0.10-0.45Mn:0.10-1.0S:up to 0.015N:up to 0.006Sb:up to 0.07Sn:up to 0.12, andthe balance beingsubstantially iron, hot rolling the slab into a strip with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region to produce a ferritic grain structure, coiling the strip at a temperature less than 1200° F. (649° C.) to retain the ferritic grain structure, followed by the sequential steps of: annealing the strip in coil form at a temperature in the range of from 1350°-1600° F. (732°-871° C.), cold rolling the strip, batch annealing the strip in coil form at a temperature in the range of from 1100°-1350° F. (593°-732° C.), flattening the strip by temper rolling, wherein said temper rolling reduces the thickness of the strip by a total amount ranging from greater than 0% to not greater than 0.5%, and stress relief annealing the strip to provide the strip with a permeability of at least 2500 Gauss/Oersted.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein said step of temper rolling is carried out with a reduction in thickness greater than about 0.25%.

14. The method of claim 12 wherein the strip has a core loss when stress relief annealed of not greater than 0.13 watts/pound/mil.

15. A method of making electrical steel strip characterized by low core loss and high permeability, comprising the steps of:producing a slab having a composition consisting essentially of (% by weight): C:up to 0.01Si:0.20-1.35Al:0.10-0.45Mn:0.10-1.0S:up to 0.015N:up to 0.006Sb:up to 0.07Sn:up to 0.12, andthe balance beingsubstantially iron, hot rolling the slab into a strip with a finishing temperature in the austenite region, coiling the strip, followed by the sequential steps of annealing the strip in coil form, cold rolling the strip, batch annealing the strip in coil form at a temperature in the range of from 1100°-1350° F. (593°-732° C.), and flattening the strip by temper rolling, wherein said temper rolling reduces the thickness of the strip by a total amount ranging from greater than 0% to not greater than 0.5% to provide the strip with a permeability when stress relief annealed of at least 2500 Gauss/Oersted.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein said step of temper rolling is carried out with a reduction in thickness greater than about 0.25%.

17. The method of claim 15 including the step of stress relief annealing after temper rolling.

18. The method of claim 15 wherein the strip has a core loss when stress relief annealed of not greater than 0.13 watts/pound/mil.

19. A method of making electrical steel strip characterized by low core loss and high permeability, comprising the steps of:hot rolling a slab into a strip having a composition consisting essentially of (% by weight): C:up to 0.01Si:0.20-1.35Al:0.10-0.45Mn:0.10-1.0S:up to 0.015N:up to 0.006Sb:up to 0.07Sn:up to 0.12, andthe balance beingsubstantially iron, followed by coiling the strip, cold rolling the strip and batch annealing the strip in coil form, and then flattening the strip with a leveling process, wherein the strip has a thickness that has been reduced by said leveling process by a total amount ranging from greater than 0 to not greater than 1% and the strip has a permeability when stress relief annealed of at least 2500 Gauss/Oersted.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein said leveling process is carried out with a reduction in thickness ranging from about 0.25 to about 0.6%.

21. The method of claim 19 wherein said leveling process is carried out with a reduction in thickness ranging from about 0.25 to 0.75%.

22. The method of claim 19 wherein said leveling process is carried out with a reduction in thickness not greater than about 0.6%.

23. The method of claim 19 wherein said leveling process is carried out with a reduction in thickness not greater than 0.75%.

24. The method of claim 19 wherein said leveling process is roller leveling.

25. The method of claim 19 wherein said leveling process is tension leveling.

26. The method of claim 24 wherein said roller leveling elongates the strip by an amount up to 0.1%.

27. The method of claim 19 wherein the slab is hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region.

28. The method of claim 19 wherein the slab is hot rolled with a finishing temperature in the austenite region.

29. The method of claim 19 further comprising annealing a coil of the strip between said coiling and cold rolling steps.

30. The method of claim 19 further comprising stress relief annealing the strip.

31. A method of making electrical steel strip characterized by low core loss and high permeability, comprising the steps of:hot rolling a slab of an electrical steel composition into a strip, the electrical steel composition comprising (% by weight) up to 0.02% carbon and up to 2.25% silicon, coiling the strip, annealing the strip in coil form, cold rolling the strip, batch annealing the strip in coil form, and flattening the strip by an operation that reduces the thickness of the strip by a total amount ranging from greater than 0 to not greater than 1% to provide to the strip with a permeability when stress relief annealed of at least 2500 Gauss/Oersted.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein said step of flattening is carried out at a reduction in thickness of the strip ranging from about 0.25% to about 0.60%.