Patent Application
20110282105
The present disclosure generally relates to a novel process for the continuous crystallization of a mixture of cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent. In one embodiment, the continuous crystallization processes of the invention yield solid cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and solid trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol that filters rapidly in high yields and has high product purity.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,258,556 and 5,169,994 describe the isolation of the product from the hydrogenation step (2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol) by either a distillation or crystallization technique. In the examples in these patents, the isolation method by crystallization is described as cooling the filtered, post-hydrogenation mixture to room temperature and separating the product from the solvent.
However, this crystallization method fails to produce a solid product from the post-hydrogenation mixture that can meet a number of stringent criteria necessary for the product to perform satisfactorily in downstream processes. These criteria generally relate to the yield of product, the shape of the crystal size distribution, the east of isolation of the formed crystallization solids, the amount of adhering moisture remaining on the crystal surfaces after filtration, and the moisture content of the filtered product.
In general, the yield of product from a single pass crystallization operation should be maximized. A low yield of dissolved material is both materially and economically inefficient.
Ideally, the shape of the crystal size distribution generated in the crystallization stage should be such that the quantity of “fines” is minimized. “Fines” are particles that tend to plug the pores of the filter or that fill the gaps between larger particles on a filter, which results in reduced flow rate of liquid through the filter. “Fines” particles are known to require long filtration times and to produce dust when dried that provides a safety hazard.
Isolation of the formed crystallization solids is usually performed using a mechanical filtration device, such as a filter or centrifuge. The shape of the crystal size distribution should also be such that the driving force for filtration is minimized and the surface area required for the filtration is also minimized. This would yield a smaller filtration device that can operate at faster filtration rates.
Typically, the amount of adhering moisture remaining on the crystal surfaces after filtration should also be minimized. High surface moisture content increases the probability of impurity entrainment to successive operations.
In general, the moisture content of the filtered product should be low enough so that the successive drying operation has minimum energy demands and requires a short processing time.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,258,556 and 5,169,994 describe a batch process to crystallize 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol from solution. However, for a large scale process, it is more economical to use a continuous process to isolate the product from solution as this eliminates the need for complex heat transfer equipment, seeding protocols and additional storage equipment typically used for batch operations. Continuous processes are also easier to control due to a small dynamic range of operation as compared to batch processing. Accordingly, the present invention is directed to addressing one or more of the needs described above.
The present disclosure is directed to novel processes for the continuous crystallization of a mixture of cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent. The continuous crystallization processes of the invention have improved isolated product yield and purity.
In one aspect, the invention relates to a process for the continuous crystallization of a mixture comprising cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent comprising:
In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for the continuous crystallization of a mixture comprising cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent comprising:
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
The present disclosure may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of certain embodiments of the invention and the working examples.
In accordance with the purposes of this invention, certain embodiments of the invention are described in the Summary of the Invention and are further described herein below. Also, other embodiments of the invention are described herein.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Further, the ranges stated in this disclosure and the claims are intended to include the entire range specifically and not just the endpoint(s). For example, a range stated to be 0 to 10 is intended to disclose all whole numbers between 0 and 10 such as, for example, 1,2,3,4, etc., as well as the endpoints 0 and 10. Also, a range associated with chemical substituent groups such as, for example, “C1 to C5 hydrocarbons,” is intended to specifically include and disclose C1 and C5 hydrocarbons as well as C2, C3, and C4 hydrocarbons.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include their plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to the processing or crystallizing of a “mixture,” is intended to include the processing or crystallizing making of more than one mixture. References to a composition containing or including “a” given component or product is intended to include other components or products, in addition to the one named.
By “comprising” or “containing” or “including” we mean that at least the named compound, element, particle, or method step, etc., is present in the composition or article or method, but we do not exclude the presence of other compounds, catalysts, materials, particles, method steps, etc., even if the other such compounds, materials, particles, method steps, etc., have the same function as what is named, unless expressly excluded in the claims.
It is also to be understood that the mention of one or more method steps does not preclude the presence of additional method steps before or after the combined recited steps or intervening method steps between those steps expressly identified. Moreover, the lettering of process steps or ingredients is a convenient means for identifying discrete activities or ingredients and it is to be understood that the recited lettering can be arranged in any sequence, unless otherwise indicated.
The invention is directed to novel processes for the continuous crystallization of a mixture of cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent. The continuous crystallization processes of the invention have improved isolated product yield and purity.
In one aspect of the invention, the method of crystallizing the product is carried out in at least two well-mixed stages of continuous crystallization. The first stage is dedicated to crystallizing the lesser soluble isomer from solution (cis-isomer) while leaving the more soluble isomer (trans-isomer) in solution. The second stage crystallizes most of the remaining cis-isomer from solution and also crystallizes the majority of the trans-isomer from solution.
The operating conditions of each stage in terms of the operating temperature are set such that the fractional crystallization described above the accomplished. Maintaining the process of crystallizing a single isomer in the first stage would normally result in a product with optimal properties. To achieve this, the temperature in the first stage is set such that the concentration of the trans-isomer in solution is below its saturated concentration at the operating temperature of the first stage. “Saturated concentration,” as used herein, means the concentration at which no more solid isomer can be dissolved in solution at a given temperature. This will allow an almost pure cis-isomer to crystallize in the first stage while leaving the trans-isomer in solution.
Using typical catalyst systems, the molar ratio of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol cis and trans isomers is approximately equal in the resulting solution after the hydrogenation step. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, the molar ratio of cis and trans isomers in the solution to be crystallized is approximately equal.
In one embodiment of the invention, the residence time is at least 0.5 hours in each stage of crystallization. Under the experimental conditions described in the Examples below, a residence time of at least 0.5 hours provided optimal yields of crystallized product. If the residence time was much less than 0.5 hours, there was not enough time for the material in solution to crystallize due to mass transfer limitations. In one embodiment, the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently at least 0.5 hours. In another embodiment, the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from 0.5 to four hours. In another embodiment, the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from one to three hours.
In one embodiment, the process relates to a continuous two-stage crystallization operation with a single product isolation of cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol as shown in
In another embodiment, the process relates to a continuous two-stage crystallization operation with a single product isolation of cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol, as shown in
In another embodiment, the process relates to a continuous two-stage crystallization operation with a single product isolation of cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol. This embodiment provides for a partial recycle of solids from the second stage of crystallization (post solid-liquid separation) to the first stage of crystallization, as shown in
In another embodiment, the process relates to a continuous two-stage crystallization operation with separate isolation of a cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol product and another isolation of a cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol product as shown
In another embodiment, the process relates to a continuous two-stage crystallization operation with two product isolation points of cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol, as shown in
In another embodiment, the process relates to a continuous two-stage crystallization operation with two product isolation points of cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol, as shown in
For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “wt” means “weight.”
The invention is further described by the following embodiments.
Item 1. A process for the continuous crystallization of a mixture comprising cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent comprising:
Item 2. The process according to the previous embodiment in Item 1, wherein the solvent is isobutyl isobutyrate.
Item 3. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1 and 2, wherein the mixture comprising cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent is the result of the hydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione
Item 4. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-3, wherein the concentration of cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in the mixture to be subjected to crystallization is from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture and the concentration of trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in the mixture to be subjected to crystallization is from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
Item 5. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-4, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently at least 0.5 hours.
Item 6. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-5, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from 0.5 to four hours.
Item 7. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-6, further comprising removing crystallized cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol from the first crystallization stage to yield solid cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol.
Item 8. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-7, wherein the rate of transfer of the slurry of crystallized 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol from the first crystallization stage to the second crystallization stage is slower than the rate of the transfer of the mother liquor from the first crystallization stage to the second crystallization stage.
Item 9. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-8, wherein the combined purity of the isolated, dried mixture of crystallized cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol is at least 99.0%.
Item 10. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-9, wherein the combined purity of the isolated, dried mixture of crystallized cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol is at least 99.8%.
Item 11. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-10, further comprising:
Item 12. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-11, wherein the solvent is isobutyl isobutyrate.
Item 13. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-12, wherein the mixture comprising cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent is the result of the hydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione.
Item 14. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-13, wherein the concentration of cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in the mixture from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture and the concentration of trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in the mixture is from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
Item 15. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-14, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently at least 0.5 hours.
Item 16. The process according any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-15, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from 0.5 to four hours.
Item 17. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-16, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from one to three hours.
Item 18. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 1-17, wherein the first crystallization stage is operated at a temperature below the saturation temperature of trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol.
Item 19. A process for the continuous crystallization of a mixture comprising cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent, the process comprising:
Item 20. The process according to the previous embodiment in Item 19, wherein the solvent is isobutyl isobutyrate.
Item 21. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19 and 20, wherein the mixture comprising cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent is the result of the hydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione.
Item 22. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-21, wherein the concentration of cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in the mixture is from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture and the concentration of trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in the mixture is from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
Item 23. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-22, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently at least 0.5 hours.
Item 24. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-23, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from 0.5 to four hours.
Item 25. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-24, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from one to three hours.
Item 26. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-25, wherein the combined purity of the isolated, dried mixture of crystallized cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol is at least 99.0%.
Item 27. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-26, wherein the combined purity of the isolated, dried, mixture of crystallized cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol is at least 99.8%.
Item 28. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-27, further comprising:
Item 29. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-28, wherein the solvent is isobutyl isobutyrate.
Item 30. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 24-29, wherein the mixture comprising cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent is the result of the hydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione.
Item 31. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-30, wherein the concentration of cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in the mixture is from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture and the concentration of trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in the mixture is from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
Item 32. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-31, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently at least 0.5 hours.
Item 33. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-32, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from 0.5 to four hours.
Item 34. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-33, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from one to three hours.
Item 35. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19.-34., wherein the first crystallization stage is operated at a temperature below the saturation temperature of trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol.
Item 36. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-35, wherein the combined purity of the isolated, dried mixture of crystallized cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol is at least 99.0%.
Item 37. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-36, wherein the combined purity of the isolated, dried mixture of crystallized cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol is at least 99.8%.
Item 38. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-37, wherein the crystallized 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol from the second crystallization stage is completely recycled to the first crystallization stage.
Item 39. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-38, wherein the solvent is isobutyl isobutyrate.
Item 40. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-39, wherein the mixture comprising cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol dissolved in a solvent is the result of the hydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione.
Item 41. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-40, wherein the concentration of cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in the mixture from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture and the concentration of trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol is from 5 to 15 wt % or 5 to 25 wt % with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
Item 42. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-41, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently at least 0.5 hours.
Item 43. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-42, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from 0.5 to four hours.
Item 44. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-43, wherein the residence time in each crystallization stage is independently from one to three hours.
Item 45. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-44, wherein the first crystallization stage is operated at a temperature below the saturation temperature of trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol.
Item 46. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-45, wherein the combined purity of the isolated, dried mixture of crystallized cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol is at least 99.0%.
Item 47. The process according to any of the preceding embodiments in Items 19-46, wherein the combined purity of the isolated, dried mixture of crystallized cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol is at least 99.8%.
Item 48. The following examples further illustrate how the continuous crystallization processes of the invention can be conducted and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope thereof. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in degrees C. or is at room temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric pressure.
The term “semi-continuous,” as used herein, describes a process where there is an intermittent feed to the crystallizer and an intermittent product stream discharge. From the information described in the specification and these Examples, one of skill in the art would be able to design a continuous batch or a continuous crystallization process. Data for the solubility curve and the meta-stable zone width are fundamental to the design and operation of any crystallization system. They allow one to specify: (i) the optimum number of stages in a continuous process to maximize the particle size and filtration properties of the slurry; (ii) steady-state operating temperatures of continuous crystallization stages to yield maximum energy efficiency and product yield; (iii) optimally size heat exchanger units based on maximum allowable temperature differences that avoid issues with heat exchanger surface scaling; (iv) mixing requirements for the individual crystallizer unit operations; and (v) minimum residence time requirements to achieve an optimal yield of products.
The abbreviation “TMCD,” as used herein, represents 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol. The abbreviation “ML,” as used herein, represents mother liquor.
All of the solubility data and concentrations of cis and trans TMCD were measured by gas chromotography (GC) using an Agilent 6890GC instrument. The instrument was equipped with a split-splitless injector and flame ionization detection. The column is a DB®-Wax, 30 meter×0.25 mm ID, 0.50 μm film thickness column. The cis/trans ratio of the compositions was calculated from the respective concentrations.
The charge concentration of the isomers is expressed as weight relative to the saturated concentration of each isomer at a temperature of 62.6° C.
Examples 1 and 2 describe the procedure and results for measuring the solubility and meta-stable zone widths of cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in isobutyl isobutyrate solvent.
The solubility of cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in isobutyl isobutyrate was determined by charging 800 grams of a solution containing 100 relative weight % cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and 69 relative weight % trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in isobutyl isobutyrate solvent to a 1.2 L jacketed glass vessel. The charge concentration of the isomers is expressed as weight % relative to the saturated concentration of each isomer at a temperature of 62.6° C. The vessel was equipped with a 4-blade flat blade pitched impeller for solids suspension, and the jacket was used to control the temperature of the vessel contents. The vessel was equipped with charging and sampling ports on top and a valve at the base to drain the vessel contents.
The slurry was allowed to stand for one hour sufficient for the solids to saturate the solvent at 6.4° C. At that time, a sample of the solution was drawn from the cell using a fritted pipette so as to remove only the liquid phase. The sample was analyzed for cis and trans isomer content. These values represented the saturated concentration of each isomer at the sampling temperature.
The cell contents were heated to 10.2° C. and the contents were held for a further hour to allow the slurry to equilibrate. A sample was then taken of the solution and analyzed. Following this procedure, data was gathered to 62.6° C. The results for each temperature point are reported in Table 1.
The data from Table 1 is plotted in
Table 1A shows the saturated temperature of each isomer extrapolated from the data shown in
The meta-stable zone width was estimated by charging 800 grams of a solution containing 100 relative weight % cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and 69 relative weight % trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in isobutyl isobutyrate solvent to a 1.2 L jacketed glass vessel. The vessel was equipped with a 4-blade flat blade pitched impeller for solids suspension, and the jacket was used to control the temperature of the vessel contents. The vessel was equipped with charging and sampling ports on top and a valve at the base to drain the vessel. The vessel contents were heated to 90° C., at which temperature both isomers were completely in solution.
All measurements to estimate the meta-stable zone width were made using a Beckmann Instruments PC 800 Colorimeter device. The device operated by transmitting a white light source into the solution which was reflected from a mirror at a distance of several millimeters from the source back to a detector in the probe. When no particles were present in suspension, most of the light was reflected back to the detector. If the solution was relatively transparent, some of the light was adsorbed by the solution and some was diffracted, but the majority was reflected. If crystals were present, a substantial quantity of the white light was adsorbed by the crystal mass and diffracted and less of the light was reflected back to the detector. In order to calibrate the instrument, a reference intensity was measured when no crystals were in suspension, and this was referred to as the 100% transmittance level.
The colorimeter was placed in the vessel such that the probe tip was submerged in the solution. The crystal free solution was cooled from 90° C. to 10° C. at a pre-determined cooling rate indicated in Table 2 and the magnitude of the transmission signal of the white light source monitored. When crystals appeared in solution, the white light source was blocked and the transmission/reflection decreased rapidly. Two distinct step changes in the transmission signal were observed indicating the nucleation of cis- and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol in suspension.
By examining the results in Table 2, it can be seen that the width of the meta-stable region decreases as the cooling rate decreases. This was an expected result and is typical for systems of organic materials. The delay in the material crystallizing from solution is caused by an induction time delay caused by structural re-arrangement of the molecules comprising the substrate. This induction time is also a function of the micro properties of the solution such as turbulence fluctuations and the presence of impurities in solution. It is not unusual to see small differences in the onset of nucleation even when a solution is subjected to repeated cool-downs at the same cooling rate as shown by Experiments 3 and 4 in Table 2 where the onset of nucleation of the cis isomer differed by approximately 2° C. and the trans differed by 0.02° C.
A number of semi-continuous experiments were conducted demonstrating the use of a continuous crystallization process to recover cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol from solution. The feed temperature was 70° C. All other operating conditions and composition of the feed material are shown in Tables 3 and 4 respectively. In table 4 (and table 7), the concentration of the cis and trans isomers are given in units of weight % relative to the solubility of each isomer at 62.6° C. The units of all other compounds are given in units of absolute weight %.
The crystallization was conducted on a laboratory scale using crystallizer active volumes of 2 liters. The feed composition given in Table 4 was pumped continuously to the first stage crystallizer and introduced into the crystallizer sub-surface with respect to the active volume. The feed to the first stage crystallizer was a continuous feed stream. The product transfer between the first and second stage was intermittent (or “semi-continuous”) and the product removal from the second stage was also intermittent.
The actual and active volumes of the laboratory scale crystallizers used during these experiments are described in Table 3. The term active volume refers to the actual volume of the equipment occupied by process fluid.
For cases where two stages of crystallization were used, transfers from the first stage to the second stage crystallizer were done in a semi-continuous fashion once every 30 minutes such that the average operating volume in each crystallizer did not change over a long period of time. Just before transfer of material from the first to the second stage crystallizer, an equal amount of material was removed from the second stage for filtration. The mass transferred between crystallizers and removed from the second stage crystallizer was approximately 900 grams each time. For experiments where only one stage was used, feed was pumped continuously and product removed in semi-continuous mode once every 22 minutes for filtration.
In the experiments where two stages were used, the crystallizers were each charged with material from a feed vessel and the contents in these vessels were cooled to the operating temperature of that stage of crystallization. Feed was then started to the first stage crystallizer, and then subsequently started to the second stage crystallizer. The system was allowed to operate in semi-continuous mode for a time period of at least 8 residence time equivalents. For example, in Experiment 1 from Table 3, in which the residence time of each stage was 1 hour, the crystallization time period was 8 hours. Allowing this amount of time during the start-up phase of crystallization is typical to achieve a steady-state situation. This was further demonstrated in Example 4.
The 900 grams of material from the second stage crystallizer were filtered on a vacuum filtration device having a coarse rated filtration element. Once the mother liquor had been filtered from the slurry, the remaining wet cake on filter was washed with an amount of cyclohexane approximately equivalent to the weight of material remaining on the filter. The cyclohexane had been chilled to 12° C. for this purpose. A large number of filtrations were conducted for each experiment. The average values for the typical filtration quantities are shown in Table 5.
At this point, samples of the washed wet cake were removed from the filter and analyzed for composition. The average results are shown in Table 6. From these results, the yield of product could also be calculated, also shown in Table 6.
As shown in Table 6, the moisture content for the process with only one stage resulted in a higher moisture content (38.74 wt % for Experiment No. 3 versus 28.28 wt % for Experiment No. 1 and 22.99 wt % for Experiment No. 2). Higher moisture content results in higher drying energy requirements. The much higher moisture content is associated with the much greater void fraction in the cake as indicated by the difference in cake heights in Table 5. This difference in void fraction is typically caused by much smaller particle sizes in the original slurry.
The experiment with only one stage of crystallization was higher in trace compounds tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, methanol and isobutyl isobutyrate. Undesirable impurities may yield problems in downstream processes. While the higher quantity of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether in the product may be explained by the observed higher concentration in the feed material, this would not explain the presence of methanol and isobutyl isobutyrate.
Operating a process at lower final temperatures is beneficial from a yield point of view. The yield from the first two experiments that had a lower final temperature (5° C. versus 10° C.) resulted in a higher yield when compared with the final single-stage experiment. The mother liquor compositions for each experiment are shown in Table 7. Table 7 lists the mother liquor compositions (relative weight %) from experiments conducted at the operating points for continuous crystallization as shown in
Another set of semi-continuous experiments were conducted demonstrating the use of a continuous crystallization process to recover cis-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol and trans-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol from solution. The temperature of the feed was 70° C. All other operating conditions and composition of the feed material are shown in Tables 8 and 9 respectively. In table 9 (and table 10), the concentration of the cis and trans isomers are given in units of weight % relative to the solubility of each isomer at 62.6° C. The units of all other compounds are given in units of absolute weight %.
These experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effect of residence time and the number of stages on the properties of the resulting filter cake. Only 2.5 residence time equivalents were employed in each experiment before slurry was removed from the final stage of operation for filtration. A number of filtrations were conducted for each experiment. The average results of the filtrations carried out are listed in Tables 10 and 11, showing the mother liquor and solids composition respectively.
In addition, Table 12 shows several filtration parameters representative of the filtration properties of the cake. These are the specific cake resistance and the cake resistance. Cake resistance (r, m−2), which is a volumetric measure of cake resistance, is defined as the inverse of the cake permeability (B, m2) The cake permeability is defined as:
where,
L=cake thickness, m
u=superficial velocity of fluid through cake, m/s
P=the pressuredrop across the cake, Pa
μ=dynamic viscosity of the mother liquor, Pa·s
The specific cake resistance (R, m/kg) is a mass based measure of cake resistance and is given by the formula:
where,
ρs=density of the solids, kg/m3
e=cake porosity, (volume of voids in cake/volume of cake).
These definitions are well known in the literature and can be reviewed in a standard chemical engineering textbook, such as in Perry's Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th edition, editors Robert H. Perry, Don W. Green, McGraw-Hill, 1997, “Filtration,” p. 18-74, whose disclosure regarding the definitions of cake resistance and specific cake resistance is incorporated herein by reference.
A low value of cake resistance or specific cake resistance means that the filter cake will filter more rapidly. Cake resistance or specific cake resistance can be readily calculated using standard measures of cake filtration performance, such as the weights and volumes of all feed and product streams to and from the filter, the densities of all feed and product streams to and from the filter, the volumetric rate at which mother liquor drains from the cake under a given vacuum or pressure, the height of the filter cake on the filter, and the dimensions of the filtration device. In this Example, the 2.5 residence time equivalents were not sufficient to allow the experiments to reach a steady-state. Instead, as shown in Table 12, the cake resistance decreased from one experiment to the next indicating that the process was still in a dynamic phase of operation.
The invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments disclosed herein, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/554,009, filed Sep. 4, 2009, and claims benefit of the provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 61/094,638, filed Sep. 5, 2008, all of which are hereby incorporated by this reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61094638 | Sep 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12554009 | Sep 2009 | US |
| Child | 13108338 | US |
