Production of plasma generated NO.sub.x reducing precursors from a molecular nitrogen and hydrocarbon mixture

Abstract

A method for reducing NO.sub.x produced by the burning of fuels includes providing a hydrocarbon and nitrogen mixture to a plasma arc generator for producing NO.sub.x reducing precursors which are, in turn, provided near the burning of the fuel for reacting and reducing NO.sub.x emissions. These precursors include N, H, HCN, CH.sub.i and NH.sub.i, etc.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates, in general, to the reduction of NO.sub.x emissions, and in particular to, a new and useful method for reducing NO.sub.x utilizing a plasma generator and molecular nitrogen and hydrocarbon mixture.

2. Description of the Related Art

Nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x), such as NO and NO.sub.2, are among the most regulated combustion-generated pollutants known. NO.sub.x is formed in several different manners. One manner is the direct oxidation of molecular nitrogen (N.sub.2) which forms NO and is commonly referred to as thermal NO.sub.x. Reactions of molecular nitrogen and hydrocarbon radicals produce amines and cyano compounds which if oxidized form the so-called prompt NO.sub.x. NO.sub.x is also formed from the combustion of nitrogen-bearing fuels such as coals or oils.

Because the production of NO.sub.x has become such a major environmental problem, fuel pyrolysis in an oxygen deficient region has been used in order to produce species that react with NO.sub.x in order to convert it to molecular nitrogen. This method has been applied to many types of fossil fuel burners in order to provide NO.sub.x emissions control.

Another method for reducing NO.sub.x is to utilize plasma jets of nitrogen. Laboratory researchers utilized nitrogen atoms to remove NO from simulated flue gas. In that study, pure molecular nitrogen (N.sub.2) was disassociated to monatomic nitrogen (N) by passing the N.sub.2 through a high temperature, aerodynamically spun plasma arc. The principle reaction is described as:

N+NO.fwdarw.N.sub.2 +O

At another laboratory, a plasma torch was developed which was able to breakdown methane molecules and seed a natural gas flame with carbon radicals. The presence of these radicals reduced the thermal NO.sub.x through enhanced flame luminosity and radiative heat loss.

Up till now, most of the other NO.sub.x reduction methods utilizing plasma generation have involved only nitrogen or natural gas as pointed out above. Presently, there is no known system or method for providing a higher formation of NO.sub.x reducing species through plasma generation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the reduction of NO.sub.x emissions using a mixture of molecular nitrogen and hydrocarbon in conjunction with a high temperature plasma torch or plasma arc generator.

In order to reduce NO.sub.x produced by the burning of a fuel, a hydrocarbon and nitrogen mixture is supplied to a nitrogen plasma generator which produces a pool of NO.sub.x reducing precursors. These precursors are provided at the fuel-rich reaction zone near the burning of the fuel for reacting with and reducing the NO.sub.x.

The NO.sub.x reducing precursors include N; HCN; CH.sub.i, i=1, 2, 3; NH.sub.i, i=1, 2, 3; etc.

The present invention is used in conjunction with low NO.sub.x combustion systems for reducing NO.sub.x. These systems include a low NO.sub.x burner, a fuel reburner, and a staged combustor which utilizes fuel staging combustion.

The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which a preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the present invention;

FIG. 2 ms a schematic view of the present invention used in conjunction with a burner;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the present invention used in conjunction with a reburner; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the present invention used in conjunction with a staged combustor.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As shown in FIG. 1, the present invention utilizes a hydrocarbon and nitrogen mixture 10 which is supplied to a plasma device 20, which is a high temperature plasma torch or plasma arc generator, for producing a pool of NO.sub.x reducing precursors 30 which comprise N, H, HCN, CN, CH.sub.i and NH.sub.i, where i=1, 2, 3 etc. Many hydrocarbons can be utilized by the present invention including natural gas.

The chemical reactions leading to NO removal and conversion to N.sub.2 are similar to those found in fuel-rich flames. However, the high temperature plasma generator device 20 supplied with a blend of nitrogen and hydrocarbons 10 can boost the concentrations of NO.sub.x reducing species 30 to levels exceeding those found in fuel-rich flames. Subsequent introduction of these species into a combustion chamber further removes NO.sub.x according to the following major reactions:

CH.sub.i +NO.fwdarw.HCN CH.sub.i +N.sub.2 .fwdarw.HCN HCN.fwdarw.NH.sub.i .fwdarw.N NH.sub.i +NO.fwdarw.N.sub.2 N+NO.fwdarw.N.sub.2

For a given application, the ratio of the hydrocarbon source to nitrogen and the flow rate of the mixture should be optimized for best performance.

As shown in FIG. 2, the plasma-generated species 30 is used in conjunction with a burner 40 having a primary channel of air and fuel 42 and excess air channels 44, which when burned produces a primary fuel-rich zone 46 followed by a burnout zone 48. In the low-NO.sub.x burners 40, oxygen-lean regions of fossil fuel burned such as coals, natural gas or oils are ideal for injecting the plasma-generated species 30. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the present invention is used in connection with a fuel reburner 50 having a primary fuel-lean reaction zone 57 which receives a fuel and air source 52 and a fuel-rich reaction zone 56 which is created by the reburning of fuel and air at 54. A burnout zone 55 which receives overfire excess air 53 is above the fuel-rich reaction zone 56. The plasma-generated species 30 is provided to the fuel-rich reaction zone 56 at a temperature equal to or greater than about 100.degree. C. as a supplementary fuel injection downstream of the fuel-lean reaction zone or main reaction zone 57 in order to produce NO.sub.x reducing conditions. The introduction of the plasma-generated species 30 into the burning zone 56 further enhances NO.sub.x reduction.

FIG. 4 illustrates a staged fuel combustor 60 which burns a fuel and air mixture 62 at a primary fuel-rich reaction zone 66. Excess air 64 is provided above the main reaction zone 66 forming a burnout zone 68. According to the present invention, the plasma-generated species 30 is injected into the main fuel-rich zone 66 where oxidizer concentrations are low. In this application, the injection of the plasma generated species 30 enhances the reduction of the NO.sub.x.

According to the present invention, any hydrocarbon species such as alkyl or aromatic compounds are blended with molecular nitrogen and supplied to the plasma generator device 20 (FIG. 1). Some of the oils and liquid-phase carbons which can be utilized by the present invention may require atomization or prevaporization prior to mixing.

The present invention provides for higher concentrations of NO.sub.x reducing species to be formed relative to the levels generated in the NO.sub.x reducing combustion zones. The present invention provides for additional formation of NO.sub.x reducing species compared to other plasma generation concepts which involve only nitrogen or natural gas. The present invention also provides for higher infurnace NO.sub.x control and lower post-combustion NO.sub.x control needs.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail to illustrate the application of the principles of the invention, it will be understood that the invention may be embodied otherwise without departing from such principles.

Claims

1. A method for reducing NO.sub.x produced by a burning of a fuel, the method comprising the steps of:

burning a fuel with a low NO.sub.x burner to produce a primary fuel-rich combustion zone which produces NO.sub.x followed by a burnout zone;

providing a hydrocarbon and nitrogen mixture;

providing a plasma generator;

supplying the hydrocarbon and nitrogen mixture to the plasma generator for producing NO.sub.x reducers; and

providing the NO.sub.x reducers to the fuel-rich combustion zone which is at a temperature exceeding 1000.degree. C. for reacting with the NO.sub.x.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the NO.sub.x reducers comprise N, H, HCN, CH.sub.i and NH.sub.i.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma generator is a high temperature plasma torch.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma generator is a high temperature plasma arc generator.

5. A method for reducing NO.sub.x produced by a burning of a fuel, the method consisting essentially of the steps of:

burning a fuel to produce a primary fuel-rich combustion zone which produces NO.sub.x followed by a burnout zone;

providing a hydrocarbon and nitrogen mixture;

providing a plasma generator;

supplying the hydrocarbon and nitrogen mixture to the plasma generator for producing NO.sub.x reducers; and

providing the NO.sub.x reducers to the fuel-rich combustion zone which is at a temperature exceeding 1000.degree. C. for reacting with the NO.sub.x.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the NO.sub.x reducers comprise N, H, HCN, CH.sub.i and NH.sub.i.

7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the fuel is burned by a burner.

8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the fuel is burned by a reburner.

9. The method according to claim 5, wherein the fuel is burned by a staged combustor.

10. The method according to claim 5, wherein the plasma generator is a high temperature plasma torch.

11. The method according to claim 5, wherein the plasma generator is a high temperature plasma arc generator.