Programmable gain preamplifier coupled to an analog to digital converter

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to amplifiers and analog to digital converts, and more particularly, programmable gain preamplifiers coupled to analog to digital converters.

BACKGROUND

Preamplifiers are utilized for a variety of purposes. A common application for preamplifiers is to amplify low voltage level signals which are to be processed by circuitry that operates at higher voltage levels. For example, a preamplifier may be used to amplify a transducer output (a thermocouple output, strain gauge output, thermistor output, etc.) prior to processing the transducer output in other signal processing circuitry. Transducer signals often are amplified because most transducers produce only low voltage outputs while the other signal processing circuitry may operate at a significantly higher voltage range. For example, a thermocouple may provide an output signal having a range of 2.5 mV while an analog to digital converter (ADC) utilized to convert the thermocouple output into a digital signal may operate at a 2.5V full scale voltage. Therefore, a preamplifier may be utilized to amplify the transducer output prior to processing the output signal with the ADC. Because the signal processing circuitry (for example an ADC) may have a relatively high noise density, the use of a preamplifier reduces the signal processing circuit's output noise when that noise is input-referred to the preamplifier input (i.e., the noise at the signal processing circuitry output is divided by the gain). However, the use of a preamplifier typically has a dynamic range drawback since improved low end dynamic range is provided at the expense of high end dynamic range. It is thus desirable to provide a preamplifier configuration which avoids high end dynamic range loss.

The amount of amplification required to be provided by the preamplifier may vary depending upon the transducer output characteristics. Thus, a programmable preamplifier which may be programmed to different gain values is desirable so that a single preamplifier may be used with a variety of input voltage signals. For example, the preamplifier input may be switchably coupled to a plurality of different transducer inputs and each transducer may have a different output voltage characteristic. In such circumstances it is desirable to adjust the preamplifier gain depending upon the signal level presented at the preamplifier input.

Typical preamplifier configurations are comprised of operational amplifiers (opamp) and resistors.

FIG. 1

illustrates a typical preamplifier configuration. As shown in

FIG. 1

, the preamplifier

1

is comprised of an opamp

3

and resistors R

1

-R

4

. By selectively closing one of the switches Sa, Sb, and Sc, the gain of the preamplifier may be programmably set. Ideally the closed switch would provide negligible resistance and the gain at the opamp output Vopamp/Vin would be independent of the switch resistance. However, because the switch is not ideal and adds some gain error due to its resistance, the preamplifier output may chosen at the nodes Vout

1

, Vout

2

or Vout

3

so that any error caused by the switch resistance is negated. Thus, it can be shown that for equal values for resistors R

1

-R

4

if Sa is closed Vout

1

/Vin=2, if Sb is closed Vout/Vin=3, and if Sc is closed Vout

3

/Vin=4 (i.e., the gain equals X, where the number of resistors between Vout and the inverting input of the opamp is X−1).

Monolithic implementations of circuits such as that shown in

FIG. 1

may have gain drifts with temperature in excess of 4 or 5 ppm (parts per million) per degree Celsius. The predominate mechanism producing such drift may be the drift of the gain setting resistor strings. One approach to minimize the effect of the drift of the resistor string is to remove from resistor string contacts from the resistor string current path. Such a technique is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,319 to Kerth, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The preamplifier of U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,319 is not, however, easily adapted to provide a preamplifier configuration which avoids high end dynamic range loss as discussed above.

A variety of types of analog to digital converters (“ADCs”) are commonly employed for converting analog input signals to a digital output. One type of ADC is a successive approximation ADC. A switched capacitor array is one type of successive approximation ADC. Switched capacitor array ADCs are known in the art as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,863 to Gray et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,709,225 to Welland et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,853 to Kiriaki, and in Lee et al., “A Self-Calibrating 15 Bit CMOS A/D Converter,” IEEE JSSC, December 1984, p. 813-819. Switched capacitor approaches generally provide good temperature drift and aging characteristics.

Another type of successive approximation ADC is a switched resistor capacitor array ADC. Switched resistor capacitor array ADCs are known in the art as shown in Fotouhi, “High-Resolution Successive Approximation Analog To Digital Conversion Techniques In MOS Integrated Circuits” Dissertation, University of California, 1980, p. 86-93. The switched resistor capacitor array ADC, however, suffers from inaccuracies in the resistor array, resistor temperature drift, and resistor aging drift, all of which may be substantial.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention provides a solution to one or more of the disadvantages and deficiencies described above. In one broad respect, a programmable gain preamplifier is provided which has a low temperature drift and good dynamic range characteristics. The programmable gain preamplifier provides a programmable gain of the difference between two input signals (Ain and Ain′ for example). One of the input signals (Ain′) may be an estimation of the other input signal (Ain). The estimation input signal (or a signal related to the estimated input) may be generated by the use of a reference voltage and a first resistor string. More particularly, the reference voltage and the first resistor string may operate as a digital to analog converter (DAC) that converts a digital estimation signal to an analog estimation voltage. The analog estimation voltage operates as an analog voltage that is a function of (or the same as) the analog Ain′ estimation signal. The first resistor string may provide the estimation voltage without loading the resistor string. Thus, the first resistor string may be simultaneously utilized by other circuitry, such as for example, a downstream ADC. The programmable preamplifier gain may be set by the use of a second resistor string and digitally programmable switches. Contacts to the resistors strings may be placed outside of the current path of each resistor string to provide highly stable resistor strings having a very low temperature drift. In one preamplifier embodiment, some or all of the opamps may chopper stabilized opamps, at least one opamp may be a current feedback opamp, the resistor strings may be at least 64 resistors long and programmable gains from 1 to 32 may be provided.

In another broad aspect, a programmable gain preamplifier is provided which has a low temperature drift and good dynamic range characteristics. The programmable gain preamplifier may be coupled to an analog to digital converter. The analog to digital converter may be a switched capacitor array analog to digital converter. The analog to digital converter may be a resistor array and capacitor array analog to digital converter. A resistor string having contacts out of the resistor string current path may be utilized with the programmable gain preamplifier or the analog to digital converter or both. The resistor string may be utilized to calibrate the analog to digital converter or the programmable gain preamplifier or both. The resistor string may also be utilized by the analog to digital converter when conversions are being performed. The programmable gain preamplifier provides a programmable gain of the difference between two input signals (Ain and Ain′ for example). One of the input signals (Ain′) may be an estimation of the other input signal (Ain).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1

shows an exemplary prior art programmable gain preamplifier.

FIG. 2

is an exemplary system for utilizing the programmable gain preamplifier disclosed herein.

FIG. 2A

is a conceptual circuit design for implementing the programmable gain preamplifier of FIG.

2

.

FIGS. 3A-3F

illustrate one circuit design for implementing the programmable gain preamplifier disclosed herein.

FIGS. 4A-4B

illustrate another circuit design for implementing the programmable gain preamplifier disclosed herein.

FIGS. 5A-5D

illustrate a technique for providing contacts to the resistor strings of the programmable gain preamplifiers disclosed herein.

FIG. 5E

illustrates a portion of a programmable gain preamplifier which may utilize the techniques for providing contacts out of a resistor string current path.

FIGS. 6A and 6B

illustrate switching networks which may be utilized with the programmable gain preamplifiers disclosed herein.

FIG. 7

illustrates a technique for coupling opamps to one of the resistor strings of the programmable gain preamplifiers disclosed herein.

FIGS. 8 and 9

illustrate prior art switched weighted capacitor array ADCs.

FIG. 10

illustrates a prior art switched resistor array and capacitor array ADC.

FIGS. 11A-11H

illustrate the operation of a switched resistor array and capacitor array ADC for use with the present inventions.

FIG. 12

illustrates a method for using a calibration ADC to calibrate a resistor string.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 2

illustrates an exemplary system for utilizing the programmable gain preamplifier techniques of the present invention. As shown in

FIG. 2

, a system

200

is provided for processing an input

202

through a programmable gain preamplifier block

204

which in turn provides an amplified signal

212

to a signal processing circuit

214

which has an output

216

. In one embodiment, the system may be used for converting an analog input

202

(Ain) to a digital output

216

(Dout). Such a system may be utilized, for example, when converting an analog input signal of a transducer to a digital output signal. In such a system, the input

202

may be an analog signal provided from a transducer and the signal processing circuit

214

may be an ADC. The programmable gain preamplifier and the techniques for its use disclosed herein, however, are not limited to converting transducer inputs and it will be recognized that many other inputs may be utilized for the system

200

. It will also be recognized that many types of ADCs may be utilized with the programmable gain preamplifier, including delta-sigma ADCs, flash ADCs, successive approximation ADCs, resistor-capacitor array ADCs, switched weighted capacitor ADCs etc. Further, the programmable gain preamplifier may be used with many other types of signal processing circuits in addition to ADCs.

As shown in

FIG. 2

, the programmable gain preamplifier may be conceptualized as a subtraction block

208

and a gain block

210

. The subtraction block

208

subtracts the Ain′

206

input from the Ain

202

input. Thus the output of the entire preamplifier block is G(Ain-Ain′), where G is the gain of gain block

210

. The Ain′

206

signal may be an estimation of the Ain

202

signal. As used herein an estimation signal may be a signal that is an actual estimation of another signal or may be a signal that has a known relationship to the actual estimation of another signal. The known relationship may be a mathematical function, may be the result of correlation tables, or may be the result of other mapping functions.

The Ain′

206

estimation signal may be generated by any of a variety of methods that provide an analog estimate (or some known function of the estimate) of the Ain

202

signal. For example if block

214

is an ADC, the digital output

216

may be reconverted back to an analog signal through the use of a digital to analog converter (DAC) to generate the Ain′

206

estimation signal. This technique may be particularly suitable for generating the Ain′

206

estimation signal if the analog input Ain

202

is not varying very fast. Alternatively, more advanced prediction methods such as statistical methods, linear prediction methods, etc. may be utilized. The most desirable method chosen for generating the estimated input signal Ain′

206

may be user application specific depending upon the nature and characteristics expected at the Ain

202

signal input. If the estimation of the Ain

202

signal is relatively accurate, subtracting the estimated signal will allow for increased gain in front of the ADC, and thus, result in an improved dynamic range at the ADC output.

A circuit for implementing the programmable gain preamplifier block

204

of

FIG. 2

is shown in FIG.

2

A. The circuit of

FIG. 2A

operates as a differential amplifier in which two opamps are provided with each opamp's noninverting input utilized as an input to the differential amplifier. Thus, the Ain

202

and Ain′

206

signals are provided to the noninverting inputs as shown. The resistors

220

,

222

,

224

, and

226

may be programmably set at the appropriate values to achieve the desired gain. The configuration of

FIG. 2A

provides a differential amplifier having two opamps coupled in series with the inputs to the differential amplifier provided at the noninverting inputs of each opamp. The output of the first opamp is coupled to the inverting input of the second opamp (through a resistor) and the output of the differential amplifier is provided at the output of the second opamp.

A programmable circuit for providing the functionality of the circuit of

FIG. 2A

is shown in more detail in FIG.

3

A. As shown in

FIG. 3A

, the Ain

202

signal is provided to the opamp

300

(OPAMP

2

) at the noninverting input of the opamp. Opamp

306

(OPAMP

1

) is provided with an input voltage

308

at its noninverting input. The noninverting input voltage

308

acts to implement the estimated signal Ain′, although as will be described below, the input voltage

308

is only a function of the desired or actual estimated signal due to the manner in which the circuit of

FIG. 3A

is operated. OPAMP

3

is configured as an output buffer to provide the preamplifier block output VOUT

322

.

The noninverting input voltage

308

to OPAMP

1

is provided from a first resistor string

314

. The resistor string

314

includes a plurality of resistors R

314

-

1

-R

314

-

8

which are connected between a reference voltage Vref and ground. The resistor string

314

is coupled to the noninverting input voltage

308

through a plurality of switches S

1

. The output

302

(Vout

2

) of OPAMP

2

, the inverting input

304

of OPAMP

2

, the output

312

(Vout

1

) of OPAMP

1

, and the inverting input

310

of the OPAMP

1

may all be switchably coupled to a second resistor string through a plurality of switches S

2

. The resistor string

316

includes a plurality of resistors R

316

-

1

-R

316

-

8

as shown. For ease of illustration, the resistor strings

314

and

316

are shown as being comprised of eight resistors. However, it will be recognized that resistor strings of other lengths may be utilized. In one embodiment, both resistor strings may be composed of 64 resistors. All the resistors of both strings may be configured to have the same resistance and ideally both resistor strings may have similar layouts which are found empirically to minimize systematic errors in the fabrication of the resistor strings.

As will be described in more detail below, resistor string

314

and switches S

1

form a digital to analog converter with an output on line

308

. By selectively closing one of the switches S

1

, a selected voltage may be provided to the noninverting input of the OPAMP

1

. In this manner a voltage to implement the effect of subtracting the estimated Ain′ signal is provided to the differential amplifier configuration. Thus, the first resistor string provides a voltage related to the estimated input. The second resistor string

316

is utilized to achieve a digitally programmable gain by selectively closing switches S

2

as described below. In the 64 resistor embodiment mentioned above, gain values from 1 to 32 may be digitally programmed by selectively closing switches S

2

. Switches S

3

connect the appropriate tap of the second resistor string

316

to line

320

so that the desired output voltage will be provided to the buffer amplifier OPAMP

3

, as also described below.

FIGS. 3B-3F

provide illustrative examples as to how the preamplifier block of

FIG. 3A

is configured to provide a desired gain and Ain′ estimation effect. The gain may be set by selectively coupling X−1 resistors between the output Vout

2

of OPAMP

2

and the inverting input

304

of OPAMP

2

, where the gain G=X. In the examples of

FIGS. 3B-3F

, the illustrative gain utilized is G=4. Thus, as shown in

FIG. 3B

, resistors R

316

-

8

, R

316

-

7

, and R

316

-

6

are coup between the output Vout

2

of OPAMP

2

and the inverting input

304

of OPAMP

2

. Similarly, three resistors are coupled between the output Vout

2

of OPAMP

2

and the inverting input

304

of OPAMP

2

in

FIGS. 3C-3F

.

In each configuration of

FIGS. 3B-3E

, the noninverting input

308

is selectively coupled to one tap of the resistor string

314

depending upon the estimated value for Ain′. Thus, for different Ain′ estimations, a different tap of the resistor string

314

may be provided to the noninverting input

308

. The inverting input

310

of OPAMP

1

is then coupled to the equivalent tap of resistor string

316

. The configurations for different Ain′ estimations are shown in FIGS.

3

B-

3

F. Thus as shown in

FIG. 3B

, the tap above resistor R

314

-

3

is coupled to the noninverting input

308

of OPAMP

1

(a voltage level of 3Vref/8) and likewise the inverting input

310

of OPAMP

1

is coupled to the tap above resistor R

316

-

3

. As shown in

FIG. 3C

, the tap above resistor R

314

-

2

is coupled to the noninverting input

308

of OPAMP

1

(a voltage level of 1Vref/4). As shown in

FIGS. 3D and 3E

, the tap above resistor R

314

-

1

is coupled to the noninverting input

308

of OPAMP

1

(a voltage level of 1Vref/8). In each configuration the corresponding tap of resistor string

316

is selectively coupled to the inverting input

310

of OPAMP

1

as shown. In the embodiment of

FIG. 3F

, Ain′ is near zero, and the OPAMP

1

output is not used.

In each case shown in

FIGS. 3B-3E

, the output Vout

1

of OPAMP

1

is selectively coupled to the resistor string

316

at a location of one resistor above the location that the inverting input

310

is coupled. The inverting input

304

of OPAMP

2

is then coupled to the resistor string

316

at a location of one resistor above the location that the Vout

1

of OPAMP

1

is coupled. The output Vout

2

of the OPAMP

2

is then selectively coupled through a switch S

2

to the resistor string

316

at the appropriate number of resistors above the inverting input

304

that is required to achieve the desired gain. A small voltage drop will result through switch S

2

, however as explained in more detail below, the voltage at the resistor string

316

will be independent of the switch S

2

resistance by virtue of negative feedback. As mentioned above, the illustrative gain of

FIGS. 3B-3F

is G=4, and thus, three resistors are placed between the output Vout

2

and the inverting input

304

. In each configuration of

FIGS. 3B-3F

, one of the switches S

3

is closed so that the voltage at the resistor string

316

may be coupled to line

320

(the noninverting input of OPAMP

3

). The overall preamplifier output (VOUT) is merely the voltage at the noninverting input of OPAMP

3

.

The equations below show the transfer function for each of the configurations of

FIGS. 3B-3F

. It will be noted that the gain in these embodiments was configured for G=4.

VOUT

=4(

Ain

−⅜

Vref

)

FIG. 3

b

VOUT

=4(

Ain

−{fraction (9/32)}

Vref

) FIG.

3

C

VOUT

=4(

Ain

−{fraction (3/16)}

Vref

) FIG.

3

D

VOUT

=4(

Ain

−{fraction (3/32)}

Vref

) FIG.

3

E

VOUT

=4

Ain

FIG.

3

F

When compared to the generalized equation VOUT=G(Ain-Ain′), the equations above demonstrate the effective Ain′ that is obtained by using the configurations of

FIGS. 3B-3F

. A correlation or mapping table may be established to correlate the appropriate tap to be selected for a given gain level to achieve the desired effective Ain′ estimation voltage. It is noted that the voltage at the noninverting input

308

is not the actual Ain′ estimation voltage, but rather the effective Ain′ voltage that is obtained is dependent upon the gain level selected and the voltage at the noninverting input

308

. The general equation which characterizes the preamplifier is:

VOUT = GAin - (G - 1) Vref (\frac{1 + n}{N})

where N is the number of resistors in the resistor string

314

and n is the tap number that is coupled to the noninverting input

308

of OPAMP

1

(i.e., in

FIG. 3B

the tap coupled to the noninverting input is the tap above resistor R

314

-

3

and thus n=3).

The preamplifier circuit of

FIG. 3A

may be readily calibrated to calculate the gain and offset of the amplifier topology. Because the resistor strings

314

and

316

will have some resistance variations and errors, the resistor strings may first be calibrated to a relatively high precision (for example 20 bit precision). The resistor string

314

may be calibrated with a dc accurate delta sigma ADC. For example, a 6 bit resistor string (64 resistors) may be calibrated with a 20 bit delta sigma ADC. The calibrated resistance values of the resistor string

314

may then be used in the resistor string

316

calibration. Using the calibrated resistor values of the resistor string

314

, the preamplifier calibration may then be performed by recognizing that VOUT is a linear function of Ain for a given Ain′ and that this equation may be described by a gain variable and an offset variable. Two different known values of Ain (provided by the resistor string

314

) may then be used to generate two different VOUT values (VOUT being measured accurately, for example with the same 20 bit delta sigma ADC used to calibrate the resistor string

314

). Knowing VOUT for two different Ain values allows the linear equation to be solved to obtain the gain and offset values. Each preamplifier network topology (i.e., all allowable combinations of tap connections) may have unique gain and offset calibration values. Thus, the calibration may be performed for every combination of gain G and the allowable input opamp tap connections.

In order to provide for amplifier headroom in the presence of gained amplifier offsets and estimation error, it may be desirable to limit the swing of VOUT. Thus, for example, VOUT may be limited to a range of Vref/4 to 3Vref/4 (half of the ADC range). The corresponding limits on the input Ain are thus:

Lower Limit : Ain = \frac{Vref}{4 G} + (\frac{G - 1}{G}) Vref (\frac{1 + n}{N})

Upper Limit : Ain = \frac{3 Vref}{4 G} + (\frac{G - 1}{G}) Vref (\frac{1 + n}{N})

It will be recognized that the swing limits shown above for VOUT are merely exemplary and other limits may be utilized, for example only ¼ of the ADC range may be allocated for offsets.

An alternative preamplifier configuration which may be utilized to obtain the generalized functionality of VOUT=G(Ain-Ain′) is shown in

FIGS. 4A-4B

. The embodiment of

FIG. 4A

is similar to the embodiment of

FIG. 3A

except for the addition of OPAMP

4

which has its output

406

and inverting input

404

coupled to the bottom of resistor string

316

. The noninverting input

402

of the OPAMP

4

is coupled to an offset voltage Vos. The OPAMP

4

connection to the bottom of resistor string

316

may also use a force/sense arrangement similar to that described in

FIG. 5D

below. In operation the configuration of

FIG. 4A

is switched differently than the configuration of FIG.

3

A. In particular, the configuration of

FIG. 4A

is operated with the switch S

2

settings being independent of the switch S

1

settings (as opposed to the configurations of

FIGS. 3B-3E

in which the corresponding tap from resistor string

314

and resistor string

316

are coupled to the noninverting input

308

and the inverting input

310

of the OPAMP

1

respectively). As described with respect to

FIG. 4B

, the configuration of

FIG. 4A

allows for a more ideal separation of the Ain′ and G effects within the preamplifier.

In the configuration of

FIGS. 4A and 4B

, the Ain′ estimate is provided to the noninverting input

308

of OPAMP

1

. In the example of

FIG. 4B

, the Ain′ estimate is (⅝)Vref. The switches S

2

are configured so that for a desired gain G=X, X−1 resistors are coupled between the OPAMP

2

output Vout

2

and the OPAMP

2

inverting input

304

. Similarly, the switches S

2

are configured so that X−1 resistors are coupled between the OPAMP

1

output Vout

1

and the OPAMP

4

input

404

. A single resistor is coupled between the OPAMP

1

output Vout

1

and the OPAMP

2

inverting input

304

. The example shown in

FIG. 4B

demonstrates a configuration having resistor strings comprised of 8 resistors and a gain=4. As with the configurations of

FIGS. 3A-3F

, the resistor string length is shown for illustrative purposes and an actual implementation may utilize other numbers of resistors. For example, a preamplifier which is to operate with gains of 1 to 32 may be configured with a resistor string

316

which has 64 resistors. It will be recognized that other resistor string lengths may be utilized to achieve more or less gain options or voltage levels for the noninverting input

308

. Moreover, the lengths of the resistor strings

314

and

316

are not required to be the same.

The generalized equation that characterizes the circuitry of

FIGS. 4A and 4B

is:

VOUT=Vos

+G(

Ain-Ain

′)

The optimum Vos value may be Vref/2 if the ADC coupled to the preamplifier converts from 0 to Vref. In order for the OPAMP

1

of

FIGS. 4A and 4B

to operate properly, the output of OPAMP

1

should be greater than a minimum, Vmin, where Vmin allows some output stage headroom (typically 100-150 mV) above the negative supply rail. Solving the relationship between Vout

1

and Ain′ demonstrates that:

{Ain}^{'} > \frac{Vref}{2 N} + V \min (\frac{N - 1}{N})

The calibration techniques discussed above may also be utilized for calibrating the circuitry of

FIGS. 4A and 4B

.

It will be recognized from the discussion above and

FIGS. 4A and 4B

that the inputs Ain and Ain′ may be switched such that the Ain signal is coupled to OPAMP

1

's noninverting input

308

and the Ain′ estimation signal is coupled to OPAMP

2

's noninverting input

202

. Switching the inputs of

FIG. 4A

results in a change in the sign of the preamplifiers' gained difference (the G(Ain-Ain′) component of the preamplifier output). The advantages and benefits of the disclosed preamplifier structures and techniques will still be obtained.

The choice between the use of the preamplifier configurations of

FIGS. 3A-3F

and the preamplifier configurations of

FIGS. 4A-4B

need not be a mutually exclusive selection. For example, a preamplifier may be configured as shown in

FIGS. 3A-3F

when low gains are desired while the preamplifier may be switched to the configuration of

FIGS. 4A-4B

when high gains are desired. The type of preamplifier configuration (

FIGS. 3A-3F

type vs.

FIGS. 4A-4B

type) may also be programmable. In the example mentioned above, the type of preamplifier configuration utilized may be programmed based upon the desired gain. However, other factors may also be considered when selecting which preamplifier configuration to utilize, including characteristics of the analog input signal, relative magnitudes of opamp and resistor noise, the type of signal processing performed downstream of the preamplifier, etc. Further, other types of preamplifier configurations may be programmably used with any of the preamplifier configurations shown herein. For example, the preamplifiers shown herein may be utilized for some gain and/or estimate levels while other preamplifiers may be used for other gain and/or estimate levels.

A variety of circuit and layout techniques may be utilized to optimize the performance and characteristics of the preamplifiers disclosed herein. These circuit and layout techniques may relate to the types of opamps utilized, the arrangement of the resistor strings, the implementation of the switches, temperature compensation, etc. Some circuit and layout techniques which may be utilized to implement the programmable gain preamplifier are discussed below, however, the programmable gain preamplifier disclosed herein is not limited to the specific implementation described. Moreover, the improvement techniques disclosed herein may be used together or independently of each other.

Any of a wide variety of opamps may be utilized to implement OPAMP

1

, OPAMP

2

, and OPAMP

3

. For example, OPAMP

1

and OPAMP

3

may be implemented with standard voltage feedback opamps since these opamps are not used to provide a wide gain range. OPAMP

2

, however, is configured to operate over a wider gain range (for example 2 to 32). Because of this gain range, OPAMP

2

may be implemented as a current feedback opamp. Current feedback opamps are known in the art, for example as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,628,279 to Nelson. Such opamps provide a −3 dB bandwidth that is relatively independent of the closed loop gain. This provides a relatively constant noise bandwidth as a function of gain and thus may lessen the variation in antialiasing filter requirements downstream of the preamplifier.

The opamps utilized in the programmable gain preamplifier may also be CMOS chopper stabilized opamps. Chopper stabilized opamps reduce the poor 1/f noise and offset characteristics of non-chopper CMOS opamps. Chopper stabilized opamps are well known in the art, for example as shown in Allen and Holberg,

CMOS Analog Circuit Design

, Oxford University Press, p. 490-497, (1984), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The use of chopper stabilized opamps is particularly beneficial if the signal processing circuitry downstream of the preamplifier is an ADC circuit. In an ADC application, the ADC may perform one conversion with all the opamps in the first chopper phase of a chopper signal and then the ADC may perform the next conversion with all the opamps in the second chopper phase of a chopper signal. The two ADC conversion results may then be averaged to remove offset and noise. Thus, a given final ADC digital output may be an output obtained as an average of at least two ADC conversions. Half of the ADC conversions being averaged may be performed on an analog input provided from the preamplifier while the preamplifier is in the first chopper phase and the other half of the ADC conversions may be performed on an analog input provided from the preamplifier while the preamplifier is in the second chopper phase. All of the opamps in

FIGS. 3A and 4A

may be chopped in this manner. Thus, a preamplifier having chopper stabilized opamps is provided and the chopping may be performed synchronously with at least some operations of the downstream signal processing circuitry, for example synchronously with ADC conversion cycles. The chopping need not be performed at all times. For example, a user supplied chopping control signal may enable chopping. Further, chopping may be applied for high preamplifier gains but not at low gain values. Chopping and its attendant loss of ADC throughput is also unnecessary in ac-coupled applications not sensitive to offset and low frequency noise.

The accuracy and temperature drift of the resistor strings

314

and

316

will significantly impact the performance of the programmable gain preamplifiers disclosed herein. In order to improve the accuracy of the resistor strings, laser trimming of the resistors may be utilized or the resistors may be digitally calibrated or both. As mentioned above, the temperature drift of the resistor string is also important. For example, if the resistors are formed in polysilicon, the resistor ratios may demonstrate a temperature drift of 10 ppm/° C. (individual resistances have resistance value drifts of order 600 ppm/° C.) over the temperature range of 25° C. to 125° C. Thus, the preamplifiers disclosed herein are particularly suited for techniques that minimize the ratio drift of resistor strings. One such technique relates to the location of the contacts between the polysilicon resistors and the metallization layers that connect to the resistors. In order to decrease the temperature drift of the resistor structure it is desirable to place the contacts and taps to the resistor string outside the current path of the resistor string.

FIGS. 5A and 5B

illustrate a technique for placing the contacts to the resistor strings outside of the current path of the resistor string.

FIG. 5A

illustrates a portion of the resistor string

316

of

FIGS. 3A and 4A

. As shown in

FIG. 5A

, taps

512

are coupled between the resistors and switches S

2

. This resistor string circuit may be implemented in an integrated circuit by use of the structure shown in FIG.

5

B. As shown in

FIG. 5B

, the resistors are formed in a polysilicon layer

500

. Each resistor corresponds to a length or segment of polysilicon such as segments

502

,

504

, and

506

. Metallization layers

522

couple the taps

512

of the resistor string to the switches S

2

(not shown). As can be seen from

FIG. 5B

, the contacts

515

which electrically connect the polysilicon and metallization layers are all located outside of the current path I of the resistor string. Ideally all of the contacts to the resistor string taps may be placed substantially outside of the current path of the resistor and sense connections can be provided at the top and bottom of the strings. Additional exemplary resistor string configurations having all the tap contacts out of the resistor string current path are shown in

FIGS. 5C and 5D

. As shown in

FIG. 5C

, the resistor layer

500

(for example polysilicon) has a series of taps

512

that each have a contact

515

placed out of the resistor string current path. One end of the resistor string is shown coupled through a contact

534

to an external source

536

for providing Vref (Vref may alternatively be generated within the integrated circuit). The other end of resistor string is coupled through a contact

532

to another supply

538

(for example an external ground connection). Inherently the voltage source contacts

534

and

532

will be within the resistor string current path, and as used herein, removing all the resistor string tap contacts from the current path does not require such source contacts to be removed from the path.

FIG. 5D

illustrates another method of coupling a reference voltage and ground to the resistor string which as used herein also illustrates all tap contacts being located out of the current path (i.e., all but the supply contacts). As shown in

FIG. 5D

, a force/sense scheme with opamps

560

may be utilized. The opamps may be external to the preamplifier integrated circuit and connected through Vref sense pin

550

, Vref force pin

552

, GND sense pin

554

and GND force pin

556

. Alternatively, the opamps may be internal to the preamplifier integrated circuit. It will also be recognized that the benefits of the present disclosure may still be realized if only a substantial majority of the tap contacts are located outside of the resistor string current path.

By providing contacts to the resistor strings that are outside of the current path of the resistor string, the individual resistors of the resistor string may exhibit low temperature drifts relative to each other. Thus, though it may be acceptable for the absolute temperature coefficient drift of each resistor to be large (for example 600 ppm/° C.), it is desirable for the difference in the drift between nominally identical resistors to be small. For example, utilizing the resistor string techniques discussed herein, a resistor string comprised of resistors with an absolute temperature drift of 600 ppm/° C. may have a relative drift between any two resistors that is less than 1% of the individual absolute temperature drift of the single resistor. Resistor strings having resistors with a relative drift between resistors of less than 1% the drift of a single resistor may be characterized as low drift resistor strings. More preferably, a low drift resistor string will have a relative drift between resistors of less than 0.1% of the individual drift. Thus, for example, the techniques discussed herein may provide a low drift resistor string in which the relative drift between resistors is on the order of 0.3 ppm/° C. even though the resistor string is comprised of resistors which have an individual absolute drift of 600 ppm/° C.

Though shown in

FIGS. 5A and 5B

with respect to the second resistor string

316

, this technique for placement of the contacts to the resistor string may also be utilized with the first resistor string

314

. Thus, a homogeneous resistor string formed of a common resistive material having taps is provided. As mentioned above, the resistor values for the resistor strings may all be set to the same values, thus providing matching resistor strings. Other tap and contact layouts may also be utilized in addition to the layout shown in

FIG. 5B

in order to achieve the desired placement of contacts outside the resistor string current path. For example, the layout in U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,319 provides another resistor string having the taps and contacts located outside the current path.

The placement of the resistor string tap contacts out of the current path is particularly advantageous when it is recognized that the output of the preamplifier may be independent of the switch resistance of the switches utilized to couple the opamps to the resistor strings (as mentioned above with reference to FIG.

1

). More particularly,

FIG. 5E

illustrates a portion of the preamplifier circuit of

FIGS. 3A and 4A

. As shown in

FIG. 5E

, OPAMP

2

is coupled to the resistor string

316

through closed switches S

2

. The switch S

2

coupled between the OPAMP

2

output Vout

2

and the resistor string

316

has a resistance R

S2OUT

and the switch S

2

coupled between the OPAMP

2

inverting input

310

and the resistor string

316

has a resistance R

S2IN

. The resistance of the tap and contact connecting the switches S

2

to the resistor string

316

is shown as Rtc. Because no current flows into the OPAMP

2

input, there is no voltage drop across the switch having the resistance R

S2IN

or the associated tap/contact resistance Rtc. Further, although current flows through the switch coupled to the OPAMP

2

output and Vout

2

is dependent upon the resistance of that switch and its associated tap and contact (R

S2OUT

and Rtc), it can be shown that the voltage VOUT at the resistor string is dependent only upon the input voltage, the resistance Rf, and the resistance Ri since:

VOUT = Ain (1 + \frac{Rf}{Ri})

Thus, VOUT (and the preamplifier gain) may be independent of the temperature drift of the switch resistances and independent of the temperature drift of the tap and contact resistances. Thus, VOUT (and gain) will be independent of the series resistance of the tap connected to the switch and the associated resistance of the contact at that tap as long as the contacts are located out of the current path of the resistor string.

The preamplifier configurations shown herein, therefore, provide an output that applies a gain to the difference between the Ain signal and Ain′ estimation signal and that gain is highly stable with very low temperature drift. The gain may be highly stable since the resistor strings that provide the Ain′ estimation signal and that set the gain may be formed such that the resistor taps and associated contacts are all placed out of the resistor string current path (in a location such that drift in the contact resistance will not change either the Ain′ estimation or the preamplifier gain).

The arrangement of the networks of switches S

1

, S

2

, and S

3

may also impact the performance of the preamplifier circuitry. For example, the network of switches shown in

FIG. 3A

provide a single switch S

1

between each tap of the first resistor string and the noninverting input

308

. However, tree type multiplexer switch networks having two or more layers of switches may provide faster switching for a given switch size.

FIG. 6A

shows a tree type multiplexer switching network for coupling the resistor string

314

to the noninverting input

308

. As shown in the figure, any given resistor tap is selected by closing one first layer switch S

1

a

and the corresponding second layer switch S

1

b

. The tree type multiplexer switching network approach may also be utilized for switches S

2

and S

3

. Moreover, more than two layers of switches may be utilized in the tree switching network. In addition, the tree type multiplexer switching networks for switches S

1

and S

2

may also incorporate the chopper switches utilized if the opamps are operated as a chopper stabilized opamps. Exemplary chopper switches may be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,039,989 to Welland et al. in

FIG. 7

(switches

232

,

234

,

236

, and

238

), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Through the use of a tree type multiplexer switching network, the chopper switches may be merged into the S

1

and S

2

switching networks, blurring the resistor string tapping and the chopper functions.

As shown conceptually in

FIGS. 3A and 4A

, each tap of the resistor string

316

that is coupled to the switches S

2

and S

3

may be coupled to a plurality of switches S

2

because a given tap may be connected to an OPAMP

1

input, OPAMP

2

input, OPAMP

3

input, OPAMP

1

output or OPAMP

2

output. However due to leakage considerations, it may be desirable to provide only one switch at each location where the resistor string is being tapped as shown in FIG.

6

B. Thus, the resistor string

316

may be coupled through a switch S

4

to the line

320

(OPAMP

3

noninverting input), line

310

(OPAMP

1

inverting), line Vout

1

(OPAMP

1

output), and line Vout

2

(OPAMP

2

output). In this manner only a single switch (S

4

) is directly connected to the resistor string

316

while the remaining switches S

3

and S

2

are coupled to the resistor string

316

through the switch S

4

. Ideally, switch S

4

should have as high a value of switch resistance as thermal noise considerations will allow, since high switch resistance corresponds to a small switch size and lower parasitic leakage currents. When utilizing the circuit of

FIG. 6B

it is desirable to utilize the switching technique shown in

FIG. 7

for coupling the noninverting input of OPAMP

3

to the resistor string

316

as described in more detail below.

It will be noted that the circuitry of

FIGS. 3A

,

3

B, and

6

B show a single bus line for the OPAMP

1

inverting input

310

and a single bus line for the OPAMP

2

inverting input

304

. When chopper opamps are utilized, a separate bus line may be provided to the network of switches S

2

for each of the chopped inputs (i.e., two bus lines for each inverting input). However, the bus line configuration shown in the figures may still be more desirable when chopper opamps are utilized.

Leakage characteristics may also be improved by adjusting which tap is coupled to the switch S

3

. As shown in

FIGS. 3B-3F

and

FIG. 4B

, the same node along resistor string

316

that is connected to a closed switch S

2

(coupled to the OPAMP

2

output Vout

2

) and is also connected to a closed switch S

3

(coupled to noninverting input of OPAMP

3

). By providing two switches at a single node, the leakage at a given node is doubled. However, an alternative configuration is shown in FIG.

7

. In

FIG. 7

, rather than placing the closed switch S

3

at the same node as the closed switch S

2

, the closed switch S

3

is tied to a node one resistor above the location of the OPAMP

2

output Vout

2

. The configuration of

FIG. 7

will decrease the leakage since no current flows in the resistor string

316

above the OPAMP

2

output (every tap above the OPAMP

2

output will settle to the same voltage as the OPAMP

2

output). Leakage through the switch S

3

will, therefore, be decreased as compared to the configurations of

FIGS. 3B-3F

and FIG.

4

B. The switching technique of

FIG. 7

is also desirable when using switching connections such as shown in FIG.

6

B. More particularly, the

FIG. 7

technique helps to prevent nonlinearities and temperature dependent voltage drops which result from current flow in the switch coupling the output of OPAMP

2

to the resistor string

316

from being coupled to the OPAMP

3

input.

The programmable preamplifier techniques described herein provide a preamplifier having excellent stability and temperature coefficients. However since any amplifier topology will have some offset and gain temperature coefficients, it may be desirable to provide a mechanism to compensate for any temperature coefficients that exist. Such compensation may be achieved by creating calibration tables for different temperatures of the preamplifier. In order to create such tables the preamplifier may provide a temperature output indicative of the temperature of the preamplifier circuitry. The temperature coefficients for gain and offset at various temperatures may then be tabulated. The temperature measured by the preamplifier circuitry need not be highly accurate but rather merely stable and repeatable. In operation, the temperature of the preamplifier may be monitored and compensation tables may then be utilized to appropriately compensate for temperature effects. The preamplifier temperature information may be processed off chip or the compensation information may be integrally processed with the downstream signal processing circuitry.

The temperature of the preamplifier circuitry may be obtained by utilizing circuitry generally existing in most high precision preamplifiers. More particularly, the bandgap reference circuitry of the preamplifier master bias generator may have a Proportional To Absolute Temperature (PTAT) voltage node as is well known in the art. The PTAT voltage may be multiplexed into the OPAMP

3

input whenever an indication of the preamplifier temperature is desired, or a separate buffer may provide fall-time temperature indication on a separate preamplifier output pin.

The various preamplifier components and techniques disclosed herein may be constructed in a monolithic circuit implementation on a single integrated circuit. The signal processing circuitry (an ADC for example) coupled to the preamplifier output may also be included within the integrated circuit. Alternatively, the signal processing circuitry and the various elements of the preamplifier may be located external to the preamplifier. For example, the resistor strings may be located external to the integrated circuit. The Ain input signal and the Ain′ estimation may be provided at input pins to the integrated circuit. The Ain′ estimation signal may be, however, generated within the integrated circuit itself.

Thus, a programmable gain preamplifier is provided which has a low temperature drift and good dynamic range characteristics. The programmable gain preamplifier is provided which provides a programmable gain of the difference between two input signals (Ain and Ain′ for example). One of the input signals (Ain′) may be an estimation of the other input signal (Ain). The estimation input signal (or a signal related to the estimated input) may be generated by the use of a reference voltage and a first resistor string. More particularly, the reference voltage and the first resistor string may operate as a digital to analog converter (DAC) that converts a digital estimation signal to an analog estimation voltage. The analog estimation voltage operates as an analog voltage that is a function of (or the same as) the analog Ain′ estimation signal. The first resistor string may provide the estimation voltage without loading the resistor string. Thus, the first resistor string may be simultaneously utilized by other circuitry, such as for example, a downstream ADC. The programmable preamplifier gain may be set by the use of a second resistor string and digitally programmable switches. Contacts to the resistor strings may be placed outside of the current path of each resistor string to provide highly stable resistor strings having a very low temperature drift. In one preamplifier embodiment, some or all of the opamps may chopper stabilized opamps, at least one opamp may be a current feedback opamp, the resistor strings may be at least 64 resistors long and programmable gains from 1 to 32 may be provided.

As mentioned above, the signal processing circuitry coupled to the programmable gain preamplifier output may include a variety of types of circuits, including for example, ADC circuitry. In one example, the ADC may be a successive approximation ADC. One type of successive approximation ADC is a switched binary weighted capacitor ADC. Generally, in a switched binary weighted capacitor ADC an array of binary weighted capacitors and a comparator are provided. An analog input signal and a voltage reference are provided to the capacitor array. The capacitor array provides a successive approximation output which is coupled to an input of a comparator. The comparator compares the capacitor array output to another reference (for example ground) to produce a digital output. An exemplary prior art switched weighted capacitor ADC is shown in FIG.

8

. As shown in

FIG. 8

, the ADC

800

may include an analog input

802

, a reference input

804

, an array of capacitors

806

, an array of switches

808

, and a comparator

810

which receives as inputs the capacitor array output and ground. In operation, the analog input voltage

802

is sampled and the various switches are successively opened and closed and the capacitor array output is compared to ground to create a digital number. The operation of a switched capacitor array is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,863 to Gray et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The accuracy of the switched capacitor array ADC

800

of

FIG. 8

is affected by the accuracy of the capacitance values of the capacitor elements. The capacitor elements may exhibit errors as originally fabricated and may exhibit errors that change over time and temperature. Thus, it is desirable to calibrate the capacitor array at repeated intervals and it is desirable that the ADC circuitry be self-calibrating. An exemplary prior art self-calibrating ADC circuit is shown in FIG.

9

. As shown in

FIG. 9

, the ADC

900

may include an analog input

902

, a reference input

904

, an array of capacitors

906

, an array of switches

908

, and a comparator

910

. The array of capacitors

906

may include primary capacitors

912

, trim capacitors

914

and a reference capacitor

916

. In calibration, the capacitance of each primary capacitor may be repeatedly compared to the capacitance of the reference capacitor

916

. The capacitance of the trim capacitors may be added or subtracted to the capacitance of the primary capacitor as a result of the comparison to the reference capacitor under control of control logic

922

and a calibration ROM

924

. The self-calibration of a capacitor array is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,709,225 to Welland et al. and in Lee et al., “A Self-Calibrating 15 Bit CMOS A/D Converter,” IEEE JSSC, December 1984, p. 813-819, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. In this manner, the capacitance values of a switched capacitor array may be repeatedly calibrated to provide a more accurate ADC.

Another type of successive approximation ADC which may be utilized in the circuit of

FIG. 2

in combination with the programmable gain preamplifier disclosed herein is a switched resistor and capacitor array ADC (an “R-C array ADC”). As shown in

FIG. 10

, a resistor and capacitor array ADC may include a resistor array such as the resistor string

1002

and a capacitor array

1004

. A first set of switches

1006

and a second set of switches

1008

are provided between the two arrays. The resistor array may be used to obtain the MSBs and the capacitor array used to obtain the LSBs. An analog input Ain is also provided. A comparator

1010

provides a comparison output to a register and control logic block

1012

which provides a digital output

1014

. In operation, the R-C array ADC

1000

is first configured to sample the Ain voltage by connecting switch

1016

to the Ain voltage and the capacitors to node

1020

so that the input voltage may be stored on the capacitor array. A successive approximation search may then be performed with the resistor array (resistor string

1002

) to find the greatest resistor tap voltage not greater than the analog input voltage. This successive approximation search determines the MSBs of the digital output. The ends of the resistor segment defined by the previous step may then be coupled to nodes

1020

and

1022

through switches

1006

,

1016

and

1018

. The capacitor array may then be switched in a successive approximation sequence. The sequence of the comparator outputs corresponds to the digital code of the analog input. The operation of a R-C array ADC is described in more detail in Fotouhi, “High-Resolution Successive Approximation Analog To Digital Conversion Techniques In MOS Integrated Circuits” Dissertation, University of California, 1980, p. 86-93, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

As mentioned above with reference to

FIG. 2

, the system

200

of

FIG. 2

may process an analog input

202

(Ain) to provide a digital output

216

. A digital domain predictor may determine a gain level G and an analog input estimation Ain′. The digitally programmable preamplifier

204

may produce an output related to G(Ain-Ain′). An ADC may then convert the preamplifier output to a digital output

216

. The ADC's described herein are meant to be exemplary circuits, and the system

200

may utilize other ADCs.

The closer the estimated analog signal Ain′ is to the actual analog input Ain the smaller the difference Ain-Ain′ will be, and thus, the more gain G that may be applied without saturating (or overranging) the ADC. By providing more gain to the signal difference, the difference may be raised more above the ADC noise level. Thus, if the estimation Ain′ of the Ain

202

signal is relatively accurate, subtracting the estimated signal will allow for increased gain in front of the ADC, and thus, result in an improved dynamic range at the ADC output.

One method to obtain an accurate estimate of the analog input Ain signal is to perform a first conversion (or estimation conversion) of the Ain input signal. Then, using the estimation conversion of the Ain input signal an estimation signal Ain′ may be determined. The estimation signal Ain′ may then be utilized to perform a second conversion (or main conversion) of the G(Ain-Ain′) preamplifier output. More particularly, in one embodiment an estimation conversion of the analog input signal Ain may be performed with the preamplifier gain G=1 (i.e., the preamplifier may be bypassed). The ADC may then convert Ain to determine a digital output Dout. Based upon the Dout value, a digital domain predictor may then produce an Ain′ estimation. The preamplifier may then be digitally programmed for the appropriate gain and estimation input voltage settings. The second or main conversion may then be performed utilizing the gain and estimation input voltage settings to provide a fall resolution analog to digital conversion representing a conversion of G(Ain-Ain′).

As mentioned above, a variety of ADCs may be utilized to convert the G(Ain-Ain′) term. One such ADC is an R-C array ADC which has a rough and fine comparators.

FIG. 11A

illustrates one exemplary R-C array ADC having rough and fine comparators. As shown in

FIG. 11A

, a programmable gain preamplifier block

204

and the R-C array ADC

1100

are provided. The programmable gain preamplifier

204

may be an amplifier configured as disclosed above. The programmable gain preamplifier

204

may receive digital inputs including gain signals

1110

and estimation signals

1112

(utilized to configure the preamplifier switches to the desired gain and estimation values as described above). The programmable gain preamplifier

204

may also receive a two phase chopper signal

1114

. An antialias filter

1116

receives the programmable gain preamplifier output. The techniques disclosed herein do not require an antialias filter between the preamplifier and the ADC, and alternatively, the filter may be considered to be functionally a part of either the preamplifier block or the ADC block.

The R-C array ADC

1100

includes a resistor array and a capacitor array. The resistor array may include the resistor string

1118

. As discussed in more detail below, the resistor string

1118

may be a stand alone resistor string dedicated to the ADC

1100

, or alternatively, may be a resistor string that is shared with the programmable gain preamplifier

204

. Thus, for example, resistor string

1118

and resistor string

314

of the programmable gain preamplifier

204

may be the same resistor string. Though the resistor string may be shared, the discussion of the operation of the ADC herein will be with reference to figures such as

FIG. 11A

which shows the resistor string outside of the programmable gain preamplifier for clarity and understanding of the ADC functionality. The capacitor array may include capacitors

1126

,

1128

,

1130

,

1132

,

1134

and

1136

. Capacitor

1126

may be a sampling capacitor having a capacitance Cr. Capacitors

1128

-

1136

may be binary weighted capacitors having capacitances of C, C,

2

C,

4

C, and

8

C respectively as shown in the figure. A rough comparator

1120

has an inverting input

1121

provided from the rough sampling capacitor

1126

and provides a rough digital output Doutr. A fine comparator

1122

has an inverting input

1123

connected to the capacitors

1128

-

1136

and provides a fine digital output Doutf. For ease of illustration, the R-C array shown in

FIG. 11A

is a three bit resistor array and a two bit capacitor array. In one embodiment, the resistor string may be a six bit resistor string and the capacitor array may be a 10 bit capacitor array.

Switch Sg selectively provides either the analog input Ain

202

or an amplified output

212

as an input to the ADC

1100

. Thus, both the programmable gain preamplifier

204

and the ADC

1100

may receive the analog input signal Ain

202

. If no gain of the analog input signal Ain

202

is desired (i.e., gain G=1), the switch Sg may connect the Ain

202

signal to the Ain/PGA line

1143

. If a gained input signal is desired to be provided to the ADC, the switch Sg may be configured to connect the amplified output

212

to the Ain/PGA line

1143

.

The switches S

1

are provided between the resistor string

1118

and two voltage bus lines

1117

and

1119

. Switches S

1

may be the same switches S

1

as shown in

FIGS. 3A-3F

and

4

A-

4

B. Switches Sa and Sb may selectively apply the voltage on lines

1117

and/or

1119

to an above voltage line

1140

and a below voltage line

1142

. Switch Sr selectively connects the rough sampling capacitor

1126

to either the Ain/PGA line

1143

or the below line

1142

. Switches Sc selectively connect the capacitors

1128

-

1136

to either the Ain/PGA line

1143

, the below line

1142

, and/or the above line

1140

as shown. Switches Sh

1

and Sh

2

provide feedback around the comparators

1120

and

1122

respectively. Switches Sh

1

and Sh

2

may be closed when a voltage is being sampled onto the capacitor array or the rough sampling capacitor.

The operation of the R-C array ADC

1100

will be described with reference to

FIGS. 11B-11G

and with reference to an input to the ADC provided from the amplifier PGA output

212

(switch Sg configured to provide the output

212

to the Ain/PGA line

1143

). It will be recognized that the ADC operation described may also apply to the configuration which samples the Ain

202

input such as shown in FIG.

11

H.

In operation, the R-C array ADC

1100

is first configured to sample the ADC input voltage provided on the Ain/PGA line

1143

. After the acquisition of the input signal, the resistor string array is utilized to determine the MSBs using the rough comparator

1120

. After the MSBs are determined with the resistor string and the rough comparator, a retest of the MSBs is performed with the fine comparator

1122

to confirm the MSB determination of the rough comparator. The retest cycle allows the MSBs to be reconfirmed or modified by the result of a comparator that has not experienced the large overdrives that the rough comparator may experience. After the retest, the even line

1117

and odd line

1119

may be coupled above and below the resistor that corresponds to the MSB voltage. The above and below voltages may then be utilized when the capacitor array is switched in a successive approximation sequence to determine the LSBs. The sequence of comparator outputs corresponds to the digital codes.

The operations described above are shown in an illustrative example in

FIGS. 11B-11G

.

FIGS. 11B-11G

illustrate a conversion in which the analog voltage to be converted lies at a voltage level between the top and bottom of the resistor R

2

of the resistor string

1118

(an MSB code of 001 corresponding to a voltage below Vref/4 and above Vref/8). In order to demonstrate the retest concept, it will also be assumed that the ADC erroneously selects the MSB code 010 (i.e., a voltage corresponding to between the resistor R

3

top and bottom taps). As shown in

FIG. 11B

, the amplified output

212

of the preamplifier is provided as the ADC input and is acquired onto the rough sampling capacitor

1126

and the fine capacitor array

1128

-

1136

. Switches Sh

1

and Sh

2

open to sample the input and the ADC is configured to test the MSB with the rough comparator

1120

as shown in FIG.

11

C. As shown in

FIG. 11C

, the MSB test is provided by testing the Vref/2 voltage of the resistor string

1118

and applying that voltage to the rough comparator

1120

through switches Sb and Sr. Since Vref/2 is above the voltage on the Ain/PGA line

1143

, the inverting input of the rough comparator

1120

goes positive and the rough comparator output Doutr=0. The MSB-

1

test is shown in FIG.

11

D. The rough comparator output for such a test with the given input should be Doutr=0. As mentioned above, for demonstrative purposes it will be assumed that the rough comparator output is erroneously Doutr=1 (due to comparator memory or other errors). The configuration for the MSB-

2

bit (the last of the MSBs determined with the resistor array) is shown in FIG.

11

E and yields a rough comparator output of Doutr=0.

The retest configuration which tests the MSBs determined with the rough comparator

1120

is shown in FIG.

11

F. As shown in

FIG. 11F

, only the fine comparator

1122

is utilized in the retest and during the retest (and all subsequent LSB tests) the rough comparator is returned to tracking the Ain/PGA line

1143

. During the retest cycle, the voltage level that is determined to be just below the analog input being converted as determined with the rough comparator cycle is tested. As shown in

FIG. 11F

, the retest voltage is the voltage just below resistor R

3

(corresponding to the voltage just below the erroneous 010 determination). The selected voltage of the resistor string is then applied through switches Sb and Sc to the capacitors

1128

-

1136

as shown. The output of the fine comparator

1122

will then be Doutf=0, indicating a mistake in the rough comparator operation. In the case of an error determination, the determined value of the MSBs may then be decremented to provide a retest value of the MSBs.

The voltages from the resistor string above and below the MSBs as determined by the retest may then be coupled to the capacitor array coupled to the fine comparator. As shown in

FIG. 11G

, the voltages above and below the resistor R

2

may be provided to the above line

1140

and below line

1142

respectively through switches Sa and Sb. The LSBs may then be determined successively by successively switching the capacitors

1128

-

1136

with the configuration of

FIG. 11G

until the LSB is determined.

FIG. 11H

shows the R-C array ADC

1100

coupled to the Ain

202

analog signal in order to sample the analog input without any gain. When it is desirable to convert the analog input with any gain, the remaining steps for operation of the ADC when an amplified input is provided will remain the same as described above with respect for a conversion of the Ain

202

input (except with the switch Sg coupled to the amplified output line

212

). When the Ain

202

signal is being sampled directly (bypassing the preamplifier so gain G=1) for the purpose of determining an estimated signal Ain′, the ADC operation may be modified. In particular, the estimated signal Ain′ may be provided merely to determine the proper selection of a tap in the preamplifier resistor string

314

(a six bit resolution resistor string in the examples herein). Thus, the full sixteen bit accuracy of the ADC

1100

is not needed and only the six MSBs may be needed to determine which tap to select for the Ain′ estimate. The conversion using the ADC

1100

may therefore be halted when the six MSBs (i.e., the number of MSBs corresponding to the resolution of the resistor string

314

of the preamplifier) are determined. It will be recognized that if the resistor string

314

which provides Ain′ has a resolution higher than six bits then additional MSBs should be determined by the ADC

1100

. When chopper stabilization techniques are utilized in the preamplifier, the ADC may be operated so that a full conversion is performed for each of the two chop phases and the ADC output digital words for each phase may be averaged to produce the final ADC output.

It will further be noted that the use of a rough and fine comparator is not limited to an R-C array ADC, but rather, may also be utilized with a capacitor array ADC such as discussed above with reference to

FIGS. 8 and 9

. In such a system using a capacitor array, a resistor string may be coupled to the preamplifier input (such as resistor string

314

of FIGS.

3

A and

4

A), a capacitor array may be utilized in the ADC circuitry, and the ADC circuitry may include both rough and fine comparators. An exemplary capacitor array ADC using rough and fine comparators is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,853 to Kiriaki, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

As mentioned above, the resistor string

1118

of the R-C array ADC

1100

may be implemented as the same resistor string as resistor string

314

of the programmable gain preamplifier

204

. Thus, the programmable gain preamplifier and the ADC may have a shared resistor string. In operation, the switches S

1

and Sb may be configured to couple the resistor string

1118

to the programmable gain preamplifier input

1109

prior to the sampling of the amplified output

212

shown in

FIG. 11H. A

protection network may be built into the programmable gain preamplifier

212

so that after sampling occurs and as conversion process proceeds, the input

1109

of the preamplifier will not swing as the resistor string

1118

tap switches are changed.

The resistors utilized with the ADC (whether shared or not) may be implemented in a polysilicon layer or in a laser trimmable layer such as a ni-chrome layer. In either case, the contacts to the resistor string may be removed from the resistor string current path according to the techniques discussed above. In a polysilicon embodiment, the temperature coefficients of the resistor ratios may provide a sufficient accuracy (if calibrated as described below) such that over a temperature range of 25° C. to 125° C. the ADC integral nonlinearity (INL) error may be in the range of a few ppm of the ADC fall scale.

Though the temperature drift of the resistors of the resistor strings disclosed herein (for example resistor strings

314

,

316

and

1118

) may be low, the actual resistor values may not be highly accurate. These inaccuracies will provide errors in the gain, estimation input, and/or the ADC INL error. Thus, it is desirable to calibrate the resistor strings. One calibration method is to utilize a highly linear ADC to calibrate the resistor strings. The ADC may be, for example, a metal—metal capacitor delta sigma modulated ADC, such as shown for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,807 to Early et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Metal-metal capacitors provide improved linearity and the large parasitic capacitance associated with such capacitors negated since the calibration delta sigma ADC is relatively slow and insensitive to parasitics. The delta sigma modulator may be autozeroed or chopped to provide improved long-term stability, offset and 1/f noise, and the modulator's digital filter may be designed to reject interference coupled into the delta sigma ADC at ac line frequencies and their harmonics.

In one embodiment, a six bit resistor string may be accurately calibrated utilizing a 20 bit ADC. The calibration concept may be seen with reference to FIG.

12

. As shown

FIG. 12

, the exemplary resistor string being calibrated is the resistor string

1118

. The highly linear calibration ADC

1202

may sample the tap voltages at each tap of the resistor string by selectively closing one of the switches S

1

to provide a digital output value Dcal corresponding to the tap voltage. The results of the calibration need not be utilized to change the actual values of the resistors of the resistor string, rather the output results of the overall system may be digitally post corrected by the knowing the calibration data. For example, if the actual voltages of the resistor strings

314

and the resistor ratios of the resistor string

316

of the programmable gain amplifier are known, then a post correction of the system output when the input signal is amplified may be accomplished since the effect of the resistor inaccuracies on the G(Ain-Ain′) function may be determined. Likewise, knowing the inaccuracies of the resistor string

1118

will allow for a post conversion correction of the ADC output. In the case when the resistor strings

314

and

1118

are shared, a single calibration will therefore calibrate the resistors of the preamplifier input and the ADC resistor array. The same calibration ADC

1202

may be utilized to calibrate the each resistor string

314

,

316

, and/or

1118

. Though the resistor string

316

may be directly calibrated by the calibration ADC

1202

, the resistor ratios of the resistor string

316

may alternatively be inferred. In particular, the resistor ratios of resistor string

316

may be inferred by calibrating each tap of the resistor string

314

and measuring the OPAMP

3

output when a known input is provided to the Ain

202

input (the known input may be another of the taps of the resistor string

314

). Thus, a single highly accurate calibration ADC may be utilized to calibrate all of the resistor strings of the system. The gain and offset of the calibration ADC itself may be measured immediately prior to calibrating a resistor string or immediately prior to measuring the voltage of each tap of the resistor string. By using a highly linear ADC

1202

(for example a metal—metal capacitor delta sigma ADC), the ADC

1202

may be the linearity reference of the system. The ADC

1202

may compensate for both initial component errors and aging of components over time.

Though shown as a separate ADC, the ADC

1202

may be the same ADC that is used for converting the analog input signal Ain to a digital output. For example, the resistor string

314

may be calibrated with the ADC

1100

of the figures or if a capacitor array ADC is utilized for Ain data conversions, the capacitor array ADC may be utilized to calibrate the resistor string. However, using a switched R-C array ADC or a switched capacitor array ADC in place of a separate calibration ADC

1202

may result in a lower calibration performance since the switched array ADCs may have less linearity.

The resistor string may also be calibrated by providing accurately known inputs to the Ain

202

input of the ADC

1100

and coupling those inputs to the Ain/PGA line

1143

(no gain applied). The accurately known inputs may then be converted by the ADC

1100

. The ADC outputs created may then be compared to ADC outputs generated when applying voltages from the resistor string

1118

to the Ain/PGA line

1143

. A comparison of the ADC outputs when using the resistor string and the ADC outputs when using the accurately known voltages may then be used to create a calibration table for the resistor string that indicates the resistor value errors. This technique may also be utilized to calibrate a preamplifier resistor string such as resistor string

314

. Moreover, this technique is not limited to R-C array ADCs, but rather a capacitor array ADC may be used in this manner to help calibrate a resistor string in other circuitry (such as the resistor string

314

of the preamplifier). The calibration table may then be used to post conversion correct for errors in a resistor string whether that resistor string is in a preamplifier, the ADC or both. Utilizing accurate known input voltages, may however, require periodic user recalibrations.

As mentioned above, the calibration data generated by calibrating the resistor strings may be utilized to post conversion correct the output data of the ADC

1100

. Such post corrections, though may result in mapping uncorrected ADC data and corrected ADC data in a manner that generates missing digital output codes. For example, a sixteen bit ADC

1100

having a six bit resistor array and a ten bit capacitor array will segment each voltage of the resistor string into 1024 segments. A table of exemplary mapping for some resistor inaccuracies in the resistor string

1118

is shown below. The example below illustrates potential errors that may occur if two adjacent resistors Rz and Rz+1 (the resistors being near midscale) have +5% and −5% errors in their resistance.

Uncorrected

Corrected

V

in

/V

ref

ADC data

data

0.531250

34816

34816

Rz <

>1024

>1075

0.514844

33792

33741

Rz + 1 <

>1024

>973

0.500000

32768

32768

In the table, ADC exemplary data for voltages in two resistor ranges, Rz and Rz+1 are shown. For inputs in the Rz range, 1024 uncorrected ADC data output values map into 973 corrected data output values. Thus no digital codes are missing in this range as at least one uncorrected value exists for each corrected value. However, in the Rz+1 range 1024 uncorrected ADC data output values map into 1075 corrected data output values leaving 51 missing codes from the corrected ADC output. The potential for missing codes may be lessened by adding one extra bit of resolution to the capacitor array (i.e. an extra capacitor). With the example ten bit capacitor resolution, an extra capacitor may therefore be utilized, however, the uncorrected data may still be mapped to 10 bit resolution (the number of digital codes per resistor segment=1024+resistor errors). This should assure that no missing codes in the corrected ADC data.

The techniques described herein simulate the use of a highly accurate and highly stable resistor string. Though the resistor strings utilized herein may not be inherently highly accurate (for example a six bit string which has resistor value errors of +5%), the resistor string may be calibrated to a high level of accuracy (for example twenty bit accuracy). Moreover, utilizing techniques which place the resistor string contacts out of the current path provides highly stable resistor strings having very little drift. Using the calibration data for system level corrections at the output provides a system output accuracy that simulates the use of a much higher accuracy resistor string.

Because a highly stable and highly accurate resistor string may be achieved by utilizing the concepts described herein (locating contacts out the resistor string current path and calibrating the resistor string), the calibrated resistor string may be utilized to calibrate the ADC

1100

or another type of ADC used as the main ADC in place of the ADC

1100

, such as for example, a capacitor array ADC. In such circumstances, the voltages at the various resistor string taps may be applied as an input to the ADC. Knowing the calibration factors for the resistor string, and thus the actual voltages at each tap, the ADC output codes may be analyzed for each voltage of the resistor string. From these output codes a calibration table may be created for the ADC itself.

The offset of the rough and fine comparators

1120

and

1122

may change as a result of overdrives the comparator experiences. This “memory” effect may result in DNL errors even if an additional capacitor is added to the capacitor array, The memory effect may be lessened by using comparators having p-channel transistor input devices rather than n-channel input devices.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention herein shown and described are to be taken as presently preferred embodiments. Equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention.

Claims

1. A system for converting an analog signal to a digital output signal, the system comprising:a preamplifier comprising, a first opamp coupled to a second signal, a second opamp coupled to the analog signal, the first and second opamps being provided in a series configuration such that an output of at least one of the first and second opamps is independent of an output of the other of the first and second opamps; a first resistor string coupled to at least one of the first and second opamps, the first resistor string having substantially all first resistor string contacts located out of the current path of the first resistor string, and a preamplifier output providing an output value that is at least in part a gained difference of the analog signal and the second signal; and an analog to digital converter coupled to the preamplifier output.
2. The system of claim 1, the coupling of the first resistor string to at least one of the first and second opamps being programmable to provide a programmable preamplifier gain.
3. The system of claim 1, the second signal being at estimation signal related to the analog signal.
4. The system of claim 3, the second signal being provided from a second resistor string.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the second resistor string has substantially all second resistor string contacts located out of the current path of the second resistor string.
6. The system of claim 4, further comprising a second analog to digital converter, the second analog to digital converter switchably coupled to the second resistor string to calibrate the second resistor string.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the second analog to digital converter comprises a delta sigma analog to digital converter.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the second signal is provided from a second resistor string.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the second resistor string is also utilized within the analog to digital converter.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one shared resistor string is utilized by both the preamplifier and the analog to digital converter.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second opamps is capable of being chopper stabilized synchronously with conversions of the analog to digital converter.
12. A system for converting an analog signal to a digital output signal, the system comprising:a preamplifier comprising, a first preamplifier node coupled to the analog signal, a second preamplifier node coupled to a second signal, a first opamp coupled to the analog signal, a second opamp coupled to the second signal, the first and second opamps being provided in a series configuration such that an output of at least one of the first and second opamps is independent of an output of the other of the first and second opamps, a preamplifier output providing an output value that is related to a gained difference of the analog signal and the second signal; an analog to digital converter coupled to the preamplifier output; and at least one resistor string shared between the preamplifier and the analog to digital converter, the shared resistor string having substantially all resistor string contacts located out of the current path of the shared resistor string.
13. The system of claim 12, further comprising a second analog to digital converter, the second analog to digital converter coupled to the at least one shared resistor string to calibrate the shared resistor string.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the second analog to digital converter comprises a delta sigma analog to digital converter.
15. The system of claim 12, wherein the preamplifier further comprises at least one chopper stabilized opamp capable of being chopper stabilized synchronously with conversions or the analog to digital converter.
16. A method of configuring a system for converting an analog signal to a digital signal, comprising:providing at least a first and second opamp in a series configuration such that an output of at least one of the first and second opamps is independent of an output of the other of the first and second opamps; providing the analog signal to the first opamp; providing an estimate signal related to the analog signal to the second opamp; generating an amplified output of the difference between the analog signal and the estimate signal; and converting the amplified output to the digital signal with an analog to digital converter.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the estimate signal is provided from a resistor string.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the resistor string is also utilized by the analog to digital converter when the amplified output is converted to the digital signal.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the resistor string has substantially all resistor string contacts located out of the current path of the resistor string.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein the generating an amplified output further comprises utilizing at least one chopper stabilized opamp, the chopping of the chopper stabilized opamp capable of being performed synchronously with at least some operations of the analog to digital converter.
21. A method of operating a system for converting an analog signal to a digital signal, comprising:providing the analog signal to a preamplifier having at least one chopper stabilized opamp; generating an estimate signal related to the analog signal; generating an amplified output of the preamplifier by applying gain to a difference between the analog signal and the estimate signal coupling the amplified output of the preamplifier to an analog to digital converter; converting the amplified output of the preamplifier to the digital signal with an analog to digital converter; and synchronously chopping the at least one chopper stabilized opamp with at least some operations of the analog to digital converter.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the preamplifier includes at least one resistor string having substantially all resistor string contacts out of the current path of the at least one resistor string.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the preamplifier includes a second resistor string having substantially all resistor string contacts out of the current path of the second resistor string.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein the opamp is chopped in at least two phases and the analog to digital converter provides at least one conversion output for each phase.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the digital signal is generated by averaging the conversion outputs from at least two phases.
26. A system for converting an analog signal to a digital output signal, the system comprising:a preamplifier comprising, a first preamplifier node coupled to a first signal, a second preamplifier node coupled to an estimation signal, the estimation signal being an estimate related to the first signal, an output, the output providing an output signal that is related to a gain of a difference between the first signal and the estimation signal, and at least one resistor string utilized to set the gain; and an analog to digital converter coupled to the preamplifier output.
27. The system of claim 26, the gain being programmable.
28. The system of claim 26, the estimation signal being provided from a second resistor string.
29. The system of claim 28, wherein the second resistor string has substantially all second resistor string contacts located out of the current path of the second resistor string.
30. The system of claim 28, further comprising a second analog to digital converter, the second analog to digital converter switchably coupled to the second resistor string to calibrate the second resistor string.
31. The system of claim 30, wherein the second analog to digital converter comprises a delta sigma analog to digital converter.
32. The system of claim 26, wherein at least one shared resistor string is utilized by both the preamplifier and the analog to digital converter.
33. The system of claim 26, wherein at least one of the first and second opamps is capable of being chopper stabilized synchronously with conversions of the analog to digital converter.
34. A system for converting an analog input to a digital output, comprising:an analog to digital converter circuit, the analog to digital converter circuit utilizing at least a capacitor array during conversions; a preamplifier having a first preamplifier input coupled to the analog input, the preamplifier providing an amplified version of the analog input, the analog to digital converter utilizing the amplified version of the analog input as an analog to digital converter input; and at least one resistor stung utilized by both the analog to digital converter and the preamplifier.
35. The system of claim 34 wherein the analog to digital converter utilizes the resistor string to calibrate the analog to digital converter.
36. The system of claim 34 wherein the analog to digital converter utilizes the resistor string when performing conversions.
37. The system of claim 34 wherein the analog to digital converter is a switched capacitor array analog to digital converter.
38. The system of claim 34 wherein the analog to digital converter is a switched resistor and capacitor array analog to digital converter.
39. The system of claim 34, wherein the at least one resistor string has substantially all resistor sting contacts located out of the current path of the resistor string.
40. The system of claim 34, wherein the at least one resistor string is coupled to a second preamplifier input.
41. The system of claim 34 wherein the preamplifier is a programmable gain preamplifier.
42. The system of claim 34, further comprising a calibration analog to digital converter switchably coupled to the at least one resistor string.
43. The system of claim 42, wherein the calibration analog to digital converter is a delta sigma converter.
44. The system of claim 34, wherein the preamplifier is comprised of at least one chopper stabilized opamp, the opamp capable of being chopper stabilized synchronously with conversions of the analog to digital converter.
45. The system of claim 44, wherein the chopper stabilization of the opamp is selectable.
46. The system of claim 44, wherein the digital output is an average of at least two conversion results of the analog to digital converter.

Parent Case Info

This application claims priority to provisional application Serial No. 60/161,099 filed on Oct. 22, 1999 entitled “Programmable Gain Preamplifier” by Eric J. Swanson.

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Provisional Applications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	60/161099	Oct 1999	US

Programmable gain preamplifier coupled to an analog to digital converter

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