Patent Application
20070162770
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to power distribution networks and, more particularly, to a system and method for continuously adjusting supply voltage to a power distribution network in order to manage voltage distribution across the power distribution network based on policy considerations.
2. Description of the Related Art
Power distribution in advanced technologies is becoming increasingly challenged by higher power densities and higher wire impedances, which can result in power supply voltage drops across a power distribution network. This, coupled with lower operating voltages, is making such power supply voltage (IR) drops a serious design consideration with respect to both power dissipation and performance. It would be advantageous to provide a system and method that can optimize power supply voltage compensation of supply voltage drops based on policy considerations. It would further be advantageous to provide a system and a method that can simultaneously maintain desired relationships between multiple power distribution networks on the same chip based on additional policy considerations.
In view of the foregoing, disclosed herein are embodiments of a system and method for controlling supply voltage to an on-chip power distribution network in order to manage voltage distribution across the power distribution network.
Embodiments of the system of the invention comprise an on-chip sensing network, an on or off-chip primary controller and an on or off-chip voltage controller. The sensing network has multiple switches (e.g., metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor switches) that allow it to be selectively connected to any one of multiple locations on the power distribution network in order to generate local voltage feedback signals from the power distribution network. The primary controller is coupled by address lines to each of these switches and is adapted to control the switches via the address lines so as to selectively connect the sensing network to the power distribution network at a pre-selected location (i.e., a pre-selected optimal sensing point) in order to generate a local voltage feedback signal from that optimal sensing location. The voltage controller is coupled to the primary controller, to the sensing network, and to a drive transistor for the power distribution network. The voltage controller is adapted to receive the local voltage feedback signal generated at the optimal sensing point, to convert it into an opamp input signal (e.g., via a series of one or more resistors) so that it can be compared to a reference voltage signal, and to adjust the gate voltage of the drive transistor to regulate the supply voltage from the drive transistor based on this input signal. The regulated supply voltage is then forwarded to the power distribution network. Specifically, the voltage controller comprises an operational amplifier that is coupled to the drive transistor. The operational amplifier is used to adjust the gate voltage of the drive transistor by receiving both the input signal and a desired reference voltage signal and by continuously adjusting the gate voltage until the input signal is equal to the reference voltage signal.
In one embodiment of the invention, the system is further adapted to select the optimal sensing point on the power distribution network (i.e., the pre-selected location) based on the policy. Specifically, the primary controller can be programmed with a policy that dictates how voltage distribution across the power distribution network should be managed and can further be adapted to select the pre-selected location based on this policy. For example, the policy can dictate that the supply voltage should be regulated such that a minimum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network. This can be accomplished by selecting as the pre-selected location that one of the multiple locations which exhibits the greatest amount of supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations. Alternatively, the policy can dictate that the supply voltage should be regulated such that a maximum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network. This can be accomplished by selecting as the pre-selected location that one of the multiple locations which exhibits the least amount of supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations. The policy can also dictate that the supply voltage should be regulated such that an average local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network. This can be accomplished by selecting as the pre-selected location that one of the multiple locations that exhibits an amount of supply voltage drop approximately equal to an average supply voltage drop across the power distribution network.
In order to identify these locations on the power distribution network (i.e., the locations that exhibit the least amount of supply voltage drop, the greatest amount of supply voltage drop and an average amount of supply voltage drop), the system can be adapted to profile the voltage drops across the power distribution network. Specifically, the primary controller can initiate this profiling process by alternately connecting the sensing network to the power distribution network at each of the multiple locations in order to generate local voltage feedback signals from each of these locations (i.e., multiple local voltage feedback signals). These multiple local voltage feedback signals are passed along the sensing network to the voltage controller. The voltage controller can comprise an analog-to-digital converter that is adapted to receive these multiple local voltage feedback signals. The analog-to-digital converter can also be adapted to receive a supply voltage feedback signal from the drive device, to determine the differences between each of the multiple local voltage feedback signals and the supply voltage feedback signal, and to convert these differences into digital output. The digital output can be transmitted to the primary controller for further processing. For example, the primary controller can develop the profile of voltage drops across the power distribution network based on an analysis of the differences between the multiple local voltage feedback signals and a supply voltage feedback signal and then, select the optimal sensing point (i.e., the pre-selected location) based on both the profile and the policy. The system can further be adapted to develop different profiles of the voltage drops for different chip operating modes. Specifically, primary controller can initiate the profiling process for each different chip operating mode (e.g., based on power source used, activity level, type of activity, etc.).
In another embodiment of the invention, the system is adapted to control more than one power distribution network on the same chip. For example, the system can further comprise a second on-chip sensing network and a second voltage controller coupled to the primary controller. As with the first sensing network, the second sensing network can have second switches that allow the second sensing network to be selectively connected to a second power distribution network at any one of multiple second locations in order to generate second local voltage feedback signals. The second voltage controller can be coupled to the primary controller, the second sensing network and to a second drive transistor for the second power distribution network. The primary controller can be coupled by second address lines to each of the second switches and adapted to control the second switches via the second address lines so as to selectively connect the second sensing network to the an optimal sensing location on the second power distribution network (i.e., at a second pre-selected location) in order to generate a second local voltage feedback signal from that optimal sensing point. As with the first voltage controller, the second voltage controller can be adapted to receive the second local voltage feedback signal, to convert it into a second input signal (via a series of resistors) and to adjust the second gate voltage of the second drive transistor to regulate a second supply voltage based on the second input signal. In addition to the first policy which dictates how the voltage distribution across the first power distribution network should be managed, the primary controller of this embodiment can be programmed with a second policy that dictates how the second supply voltage should be regulated relative to the first supply voltage. For example, the second policy can dictate that the first and second power distribution networks should be maintained with the same voltage distributions (i.e., the same maximum, minimum or average local voltage) or with a desired static or on-demand separation between the supply voltages. The primary controller can also be programmed with a third policy that is similar to the first policy and dictates how voltage distribution across the second power distribution network should be managed.
Embodiments of the method of the invention for controlling supply voltage to a power distribution network on a chip in order to mange voltage distribution across the power distribution network comprises first providing an on-chip sensing network having multiple switches that allow the sensing network to be selectively connected (e.g., by a primary controller) to the power distribution network at any one of multiple locations. The sensing network can be selectively connected to the power distribution network at an optimal sensing point (i.e., pre-selected location) in order to generate a local voltage feedback signal from that optimal sensing point. A gate voltage of the drive transistor for the power distribution network is then adjusted (e.g., by a voltage controller) to regulate a supply voltage to the power distribution network based on an opamp input signal that is based on this local voltage feedback signal. Specifically, an operation amplifier within the voltage controller can continuously compare a desired reference voltage to the input signal and can adjust the gate voltage of the drive transistor until input signal is equal to the reference voltage signal.
Additionally, an optimal sensing point (i.e., a pre-selected location) can be selected by establishing a policy for controlling power supply voltage distribution across the power distribution network, by developing a profile of voltage drops across the power distribution and by selecting the location based on both the policy and the profile. For example, a user can establish a policy that dictates that the supply voltage should be regulated such that a minimum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network or a maximum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network. Alternatively, the user can establish a policy that dictates that the supply voltage should be regulated such that an average local voltage is maintained for the power distribution network. In order to develop the profile, the sensing network can be alternately connected to the power distribution network (e.g., by switches controlled by a primary controller via address lines) at each of multiple locations on the power distribution network so as to generate local voltage feedback signals from each of these locations (i.e., multiple local voltage feedback signals). Then, differences between each of the multiple local voltage feedback signals and a supply voltage feedback signal can be determined (e.g., by an analog-to-digital converter in a voltage controller). These differences can be analyzed (e.g., by the primary controller, discussed above) in order to generate the profile of voltage drops. Then, the optimal sensing point for implementing the established policy can be selected (e.g., by the primary controller) based on the profile. For example, to regulate the supply voltage such that a minimum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network, that location that exhibits the greatest amount of supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations can be selected. To regulate the supply voltage such that a maximum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network, that location that exhibits the least amount of supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations can be selected. To regulate the supply voltage such that an average local voltage is maintained, that location that exhibits closes to an average supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations can be selected. Different profiles can be developed for different chip operating modes such that the optimal sensing point for implementing the policy in one operating mode may be different from the optimal sensing point for implementing the policy in another operating mode.
Another embodiment of the method comprises not only controlling the supply voltage to one on-chip power distribution network, but controlling the supply voltages to multiple discrete on-chip power distribution networks. For example, the method can comprise providing the system, as described above and including a second on-chip sensing network having second switches that allow the second sensing network to be selectively connected to a second power distribution network on the chip at any one of multiple second locations in order to generate second local voltage feedback signals. The second sensing network can be selectively connected to the second power distribution network at an optimal sensing location (i.e., second pre-selected location) in order to generate a second local voltage feedback signal from the second pre-selected location. A second gate voltage of a second drive transistor for the second power distribution network can be adjusted to regulate a second supply voltage, in a manner similar to that described above with regard to the first power distribution network. Additional policies programmed into the system can dictate how the second supply voltage should be regulated relative to the first supply voltage as well as how voltage distribution across the second power distribution network should be managed.
These, and other, aspects and objects of the present invention will be better appreciated and understood when considered in conjunction with the following description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the following description, while indicating embodiments of the present invention and numerous specific details thereof, is given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications.
The invention will be better understood from the following detailed description with reference to the drawings, in which:
The present invention and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the present invention. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the invention may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the invention. Accordingly, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
As mentioned above, power distribution in advanced technologies is becoming increasingly challenged by higher power densities and higher wire impedances, which can result in power supply voltage drops across a power distribution network. This, coupled with lower operating voltages, is making such power supply voltage (IR) drops a serious design consideration with respect to both power dissipation and performance. Therefore, disclosed below are embodiments of a system and method for controlling power supply voltage to an on-chip power distribution network in order to manage voltage distribution across the power distribution network. The system and method incorporate a sensing network that can be selectively connected to a power distribution network at multiple different locations in order to generate local voltage feedback signals. When the sensing network is connected to the power distribution network at a pre-selected location (e.g., an optimal sensing point), the local voltage feedback signal from that pre-selected location can be used to adjust the power supply voltage and, thus, local voltage distribution across the power distribution network. Additionally, the system and method can incorporate a policy for managing the voltage distribution across the network by regulating the power supply voltage, a means for profiling voltage drops across power distribution network and a means for selecting an optimal sensing point (i.e., the pre-selected location) based on both the policy and the profile. Another embodiment of the system and method can further control power supply voltage to multiple discrete power distribution networks on the same chip.
Referring to
Referring to
In one embodiment of the invention, the system 100 is further adapted to select the optimal sensing point (i.e., the pre-selected location 126A) (see
More specifically, the primary controller 106 can be programmed with a policy 141 that dictates how voltage distribution across the power distribution network 150 should be managed and can further be adapted to select the pre-selected location 126A based on this policy 141. For example, the policy 141 can dictate that the supply voltage should be regulated such that a minimum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network 150. This can be accomplished by selecting as the pre-selected location 126A that one of the multiple locations 126 which exhibits the greatest amount of supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations. Alternatively, the policy 141 can dictate that the supply voltage should be regulated such that a maximum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network 150. This can be accomplished by selecting as the pre-selected location 126A that one of the multiple locations 126 which exhibits the least amount of supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations. The policy 141 can also dictate that the supply voltage should be regulated such that an average local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network 150. This can be accomplished by selecting as the pre-selected location 126A that one of the multiple locations 126 that exhibits an amount of supply voltage drop approximately equal to an average supply voltage drop across the power distribution network.
Referring to
These multiple local voltage feedback signals are passed along the sensing network 102 to the voltage controller 104. Resistors may be used to establish biasing conditions. The voltage controller 104 can comprise the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 118 (e.g., a low resolution analog-to-digital converter) that is adapted (e.g., by virtue of a sample clock controlled by the primary controller) to receive these multiple local voltage feedback signals. The analog-to-digital converter 118 can also be adapted to receive a supply voltage feedback signal 112 from the drive device 170 (i.e., a “near-end” feedback signal), to determine the differences between each of the multiple local voltage feedback signals 114 and the supply voltage feedback signal 112, and to convert these differences into digital output (DIG OUT) 122. Specifically, the supply voltage (IR) drop between the “near-end” out (i.e., supply voltage feedback signal 112 from the drive device 170) and the local voltage feedback signals 114 from the sense line can be digitized using the low resolution differential analog-to-digital converter 118 that is incorporated into the voltage controller 104.
The DIG OUT 122 can be transmitted to the primary controller 106 for further processing (i.e., the ADC's clock and output data is driven and read by the micro-controller 106). The primary controller 106 can then develop the profile 180 of voltage drops across the power distribution network 150 based on an analysis of the differences between the multiple local voltage feedback signals 114 and a supply voltage feedback signal 112 (i.e., an analysis of the digital data) and then, select the optimal pre-selected location 126A based on both the profile 180 and the policy 141. The system 100 can further be adapted to develop different profiles of the voltage drops for different chip operating modes. Specifically, the primary controller 106 can initiate the profiling process for each different chip operating mode (e.g., based on power source used, activity level, type of activity, etc.).
More particularly, the primary controller (e.g., either on or off-chip micro-controller) can be used to control the operation of the system 100, and depending on the user's preference, it can take on a variety configurations. For example, the example provided below and the algorithm illustrated in
The system then resumes normal operation of the voltage controller 104, as discussed above, using the selected optimal sense point 126A. Thus, the ADC 118 and micro-controller 106 essentially operate only during the calibration phase (i.e., during the optimal sense point selection phase), when the FB_SEL 122 is closed and FB_SELN 124 is open. Specifically, the supply voltage differences (or IR drops) between selected sense points 126 on the programmable sense line 102 and the near end voltage are digitized and accumulated using the ADC 118 and micro-controller 106. Then, the micro-controller 106 processes the accumulated data to determine the optimal sense point 126A based on the predetermined policy 141. Once the micro-controller 106 has selected the optimal sense point 126A, it closes FB SELN 124, opens FB SEL 122 and connects the power grid 150 to the sense line 102 at this sense point 126A. A local voltage feedback signal is generated from this point 126A and the voltage controller 104 works to sustain the desired voltage at this point of interest in order to compensate for the IR drop.
Referring to
As with the first sensing network 102, the second sensing network 202 can have second switches 225 that allow the second sensing network 202 to be selectively connected to a second power distribution network 250 at any one of multiple second locations 226 in order to generate second local voltage feedback signals 214. The second voltage controller 204 can be coupled to the primary controller 106, the second sensing network 202 and to a second drive transistor 270 for the second power distribution network 250. The primary controller 106 can be coupled by second address lines 216 to each of the second switches 225 and adapted to control the second switches 225 via the second address lines 216 so as to selectively connect the second sensing network 202 to the second power distribution network 250 at an optimal sensing point on the second power distribution network (i.e., a second pre-selected location 226A) in order to generate a second local voltage feedback signal 214 corresponding the this optimal sensing point. As with the first voltage controller 104, the second voltage controller 204 can be adapted to receive the second local voltage feedback signal 214, to convert it into a second input signal 211 (e.g., via a series of resistors) and to adjust the second gate voltage 271 of the second drive transistor 270 to regulate a second supply voltage 272 from the second drive transistor 270 to the second power distribution network 250 based on the second input signal 211.
In addition to the first policy 141 which dictates how the voltage distribution across the first power distribution network 150 should be managed, the primary controller 106 of this embodiment can be programmed with a second policy 142 that dictates how the second supply voltage 272 should be regulated relative to the first supply voltage 172. For example, the second policy 142 can dictate that the first and second power distribution networks 150, 250 should be maintained with the same voltage distributions (i.e., the same maximum, minimum or average local voltage), with a desired static separation between the voltage distributions, or with demand-based separations between the voltage distributions. The primary controller 106 can also be programmed with a third policy 143 that is similar to the first policy 141 and that dictates how voltage distribution across the second power distribution network 250 should be managed.
Referring to
Additionally, an optimal sensing location (i.e., a pre-selected location 126A) can be selected (at process 704) by establishing a policy 141 for controlling power supply voltage distribution across the power distribution network (706), by developing a profile of voltage drops across the power distribution (714) and by selecting the location based on both the policy and the profile (722).
For example, a user can establish a policy (at process 706) that dictates that the supply voltage should be regulated such that a minimum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network or a maximum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network (708 or 710). Alternatively, the user can establish a policy (at process 706) that dictates that the supply voltage should be regulated such that an average local voltage is maintained for the power distribution network (712).
In order to develop the profile (at process 714), the sensing network can be selectively connected to the power distribution network at each of the multiple locations individually so as to generate local voltage feedback signals from each of the multiple locations, e.g., by alternately turning on and off each of the switches (716). Then, differences between each of the multiple local voltage feedback signals and a supply voltage feedback signal can be determined (e.g., by an analog-to-digital converter in a voltage controller) (718). These differences can be analyzed (e.g., by the primary controller discussed above) in order to generate the profile of voltage drops.
Then, the optimal sensing point (i.e., the pre-selected location) for implementing the established policy can be selected (e.g., by the primary controller) based on the profile and the policy (722). For example, to regulate the supply voltage such that a minimum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network, that location that exhibits the greatest amount of supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations can be selected (724). To regulate the supply voltage such that a maximum local voltage is maintained across the power distribution network, that location that exhibits the least amount of supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations can be selected (726). To regulate the supply voltage such that an average local voltage is maintained, that location that exhibits closes to an average supply voltage drop relative to all others of the multiple locations can be selected (728).
Different profiles can be developed for different chip operating modes such that the optimal pre-selected location for implementing the policy in one operating mode may be different from the optimal pre-selected location for implementing the policy in another operating mode (720).
Referring to
Simultaneously controlling the power supply voltages to both the first and second power distribution networks 150, 250 can be accomplished by establishing a policy (i.e., a second policy 142 programmed into the primary controller 106) that dictates how the second supply voltage 272 should be regulated relative to the first supply voltage 172 (804). For example, the second policy 142 can dictate that the first and second power distribution networks should be maintained with the same local voltage requirements (e.g., the same minimum local voltage, the same maximum local voltage or the same average local voltage) (806). Alternatively, the second policy 142 can dictate that the first and second power distribution networks 150, 250 are maintained with a desired static or on-demand separation between supply voltages (808-810).
As with the first power distribution network 150, described in greater detail above, an optimal sensing location 226A on the second power distribution network (i.e., a second pre-selected location 226A) can be selected by establishing a policy (i.e., a third policy 243) for managing voltage distribution across the second power distribution network and is compatible with the second policy (814), by developing a profile of voltage drops across the second power distribution network (816), and by selecting the optimal sensing location based on the profile and the policy (818).
The second sensing network 202 can then be selectively connected to the second power distribution network 250 at this second pre-selected location 226A in order to generate a second local voltage feedback signal 214 from this location 226A (820). The second voltage controller 204 receives the second local voltage feedback signal 214 and converts it into a second opamp input signal 211 (e.g., via a series of resistors) (731). Then, a second gate voltage 271 of a second drive transistor 270 for the second power distribution network 250 can be adjusted to regulate the second supply voltage 272, in a manner similar to that described above for the first power distribution network (822). For example, the second opamp input signal 211 can be compared to a second desired reference voltage (824) and the second gate voltage can be adjusted until the second reference voltage signal is equal to the second opamp input signal (826).
Therefore, disclosed above are a system and method that can be used to minimize power dissipation and maximize reliability for a specified performance. The system and method can further be used to maximize performance and/or yield for a specified reliability target. Lastly, the system and method may be used to increase visibility into a chip's power profile for continued learning and improvement. More particularly, disclosed above are a system and method for controlling power supply voltage to a power distribution network in order to manage voltage distribution across the power distribution network. The system and method incorporate a sensing network that can be selectively connected to the power distribution network at multiple locations in order to generate local voltage feedback signals. When the sensing network is connected to the power distribution network at a pre-selected location (i.e., an optimal sensing point), the local voltage feedback signal from that optimal sensing point can be used to adjust the power supply voltage and thus, to manage voltage distribution across the power distribution network. Additionally, the system and method can incorporate a policy for managing the voltage distribution across the network by regulating the power supply voltage, a means for profiling voltage drops across the power distribution network and a means for selecting the optimal sensing point based on both the policy and the profile. Thus, the system and method can optimize compensation of power supply voltage drops. Another embodiment of the system and method can further control power supply voltages to multiple discrete power distribution networks on the same chip.
While the invention has been described in terms of embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
