The present invention relates generally to cellular communications systems and, more particularly, to power supplies for cellular base stations that may exhibit reduced power loss.
Cellular base stations typically include, among other things, a radio, a baseband unit, and one or more antennas. The radio receives digital information and control signals from the baseband unit and modulates this information into a radio frequency (“RF”) signal that is then transmitted through the antennas. The radio also receives RF signals from the antenna and demodulates these signals and supplies them to the baseband unit. The baseband unit processes demodulated signals received from the radio into a format suitable for transmission over a backhaul communications system. The baseband unit also processes signals received from the backhaul communications system and supplies the processed signals to the radio. A power supply may also be provided that generates suitable direct current (“DC”) power signals for powering the baseband unit and the radio. For example, the radio is often powered by a (nominal) 48 Volt DC power supply in cellular systems that are currently in use today. A battery backup is also typically provided to maintain service for some period of time during power outages.
In order to increase coverage and signal quality, the antennas in many cellular base stations are located at the top of a tower, which may be, for example, about fifty to two hundred feet tall. Until fairly recently, the power supply, baseband unit and radio were all located in an equipment enclosure at the bottom of the tower to provide easy access for maintenance, repair and/or later upgrades to the equipment. Coaxial cable(s) were routed from the equipment enclosure to the top of the tower that carried signal transmissions between the radio and the antennas.
In recent years, a shift has occurred and the radio 24 is now more typically located at the top of the tower 30 in new or upgraded cellular installations. Radios that are located at the top of the tower 30 are typically referred to as remote radio heads (“RRH”) 24′. Using RRHs 24′ may significantly improve the quality of the cellular data signals that are transmitted and received by the cellular base station as the use of RRHs 24′ may reduce signal transmission losses and noise. In particular, as the coaxial cable runs up the tower may be 100-200 feet or more, the signal loss that occurs in transmitting signals at cellular frequencies (e.g., 1.8 GHz, 3.0 GHz, etc.) over the coaxial cable may be significant. Because of this loss in signal power, the signal-to-noise ratio of the RF signals may be degraded in systems that locate the radio 24 at the bottom of the tower 30 as compared to cellular base stations where RRHs 24′ are located at the top of the tower 30 next to the antennas 32 (note that signal losses in the cabling connection between the baseband unit 22 at the bottom of the tower 30 and the RRH 24′ at the top of the tower 30 may be much smaller, as these signals are transmitted at baseband frequencies as opposed to RF frequencies).
Pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, methods of powering a radio that is mounted on a tower of a cellular base station (or other location remote from an associated baseband unit) are provided in which a DC power signal is output from a power supply and the DC power signal that is output from the power supply is supplied to the radio over a power cable. A voltage level of the DC power signal that is output from the power supply is adjusted so that the DC power signal at a radio end of the power cable that is remote from the power supply has a substantially constant voltage notwithstanding variation in a current level of the DC power signal.
In some embodiments, the power supply may be a programmable power supply, and the method may further include inputting information to the power supply from which the voltage level of the DC power signal that is output from the power supply can be computed that will provide the DC power signal at the radio end of the power cable that has the substantially constant voltage. In such embodiments, the information that is input to the power supply may be a resistance of the power cable, or may be a length of the power cable and a diameter of the conductive core of the power cable.
In some embodiments, a current level of the DC power signal that is output from the power supply may be measured, and the voltage level of the DC power signal that is output by the power supply may be automatically adjusted in response to changes in the measured output current of the DC power signal that is output from the power supply to provide the DC power signal at the radio end of the power cable that has the substantially constant voltage.
In some embodiments, the programmable power supply may be a DC-to-DC converter that receives a DC power signal that is output from a second power supply and adjusts a voltage level of the DC power signal that is output from the second power supply to provide the DC power signal at the radio end of the power cable that has the substantially constant voltage. The substantially constant voltage may be a voltage that exceeds a nominal power signal voltage of the radio and which is less than a maximum power signal voltage of the radio.
In some embodiments, a signal may be transmitted over the power cable that is used to determine an electrical resistance of the power cable. In some embodiments, the substantially constant voltage may be significantly higher than a maximum power signal voltage of the radio, and a tower-mounted DC-to-DC converter may be used to reduce a voltage of the power signal at the radio end of the power cable to a voltage that is less than the maximum power supply voltage of the radio.
Pursuant to further embodiments of the present invention, cellular base station systems are provided that include a tower with at least one antenna mounted thereon, an RRH mounted on the tower, a baseband unit that is in communication with the RRH, a programmable power supply located remotely from the RRH; and a power cable having a first end that receives a DC power signal from the programmable power supply and a second end that provides the DC power signal to the RRH. The programmable power supply is configured to provide a substantially constant voltage at the second end of the power cable by adjusting a voltage level of the DC power signal output by the programmable power supply based on the current level output by the programmable power supply and a resistance of the power cable.
In some embodiments, the programmable power supply may include a user interface that is configured to receive a resistance of the power cable and/or information regarding characteristics of the power cable from which the resistance of the power cable may be calculated. The programmable power supply may further include a current measurement module that measures a current output by the power supply. The programmable power supply may also include a feedback loop that adjusts the voltage level of the DC power signal output of the power supply based on the measured current output by the power supply.
Pursuant to still further embodiments of the present invention, programmable power supplies are provided that include an input; a conversion circuit that is configured to convert an input signal into a DC output signal that is output through an output port; a current sensor that senses an amount of current output through the output port; a user input that is configured to receive information relating to the resistance of a cabling connection between the programmable power supply output port and a radio; and a control module that is configured to control the conversion circuit in response to information relating to the resistance of the cabling connection and the sensed amount of current to adjust the voltage of the output signal that is output through the output port so that the voltage at the far end of the cabling connection may remain substantially constant despite changes in the current drawn by the radio.
In some embodiments, the information relating to the resistance of the cabling connection may comprise a length of the cabling connection and a size of the conductor of the cabling connection.
Pursuant to additional embodiments of the present invention, methods of powering a cellular radio that is located remotely from a power supply and an associated baseband unit and that is connected to the power supply by a cabling connection are provided in which a DC power signal is output from the power supply and the DC power signal that is output from the power supply is supplied to the radio over the cabling connection. A voltage level of the DC power signal that is output from the power supply is adjusted in response to a current level of the DC power signal that is output from the power supply so that the voltage of the DC power signal at a radio end of the cabling connection is maintained at a pre-selected level, range or pattern.
In some embodiments, the voltage level of the DC power signal that is output from the power supply is adjusted in response to a feedback signal that is transmitted to the power supply from a remote location. The feedback signal may include information regarding the measured voltage of the DC power signal at the radio end of the power cable.
Pursuant to yet additional embodiments of the present invention, methods of powering a radio that is mounted on a tower of a cellular base station (or other location remote from an associated baseband unit) are provided in which a DC power signal is output from a power supply and the DC power signal that is output from the power supply is supplied to the radio over a power cable. A voltage of the DC power signal is measured at a radio end of the power cable that is remote from the power supply. Information regarding the measured voltage of the DC power signal at the radio end of the power cable is communicated to the power supply. A voltage level of the DC power signal that is output from the power supply is adjusted in response to the received information regarding the measured voltage of the DC power signal at the radio end of the power cable.
In some embodiments, the voltage level of the DC power signal that is output from the power supply may be adjusted in response to the received information to maintain the DC power signal at the radio end of the power cable at a substantially constant voltage notwithstanding variation in a current level of the DC power signal.
Pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, methods for delivering DC power to a remote radio head (“RRH”) of a cellular base station are provided, along with related cellular base stations and programmable power supplies. These methods, systems and power supplies may allow for lower power supply currents, which may reduce the power loss associated with delivering the DC power signal from the power supply at the base of a tower of the cellular base station to the RRH at the top of the tower. Since cellular towers may be hundreds of feet tall and the voltage and currents required to power the RRH may be quite high (e.g., about 50 Volts at about 20 Amperes of current), the power loss that may occur along the hundreds of feet of cabling may be significant. Thus, the methods according to embodiments of the present invention may provide significant power savings which may reduce the costs of operating a cellular base station.
The DC voltage of a power signal that is supplied to an RRH from a power supply over a power cable may be determined as follows:
VRRH=VPS−VDrop (1)
where VRRH is the DC voltage of the power signal delivered to the RRH, VPS is the DC voltage of the power signal that is output by the power supply, and VDrop is the decrease in the DC voltage that occurs as the DC power signal traverses the power cable connecting the power supply to the RRH. VDrop may be determined according to Ohm's Law as follows:
VDrop=IRRH*RCable (2)
where Rcable is the cumulative electrical resistance (in Ohms) of the power cable connecting the power supply to the RRH and IRRH is the average current (in Amperes) flowing through the power cable to the RRH.
The electrical resistance RCable of the power cable is inversely proportional to the diameter of the conductor of the power cable (assuming a conductor having a circular cross-section). Thus, the larger the diameter of the conductor (i.e., the lower the gauge of the conductor), the lower the resistance of the power cable. Typically, power cables utilize copper conductors due to the low resistance of copper. Copper resistance is specified in terms of unit length, typically milliohms (mΩ)/ft; as such, the cumulative electrical resistance of the power cable increases with the length of the cable. Thus, the longer the power cable, the higher the voltage drop VDrop.
Typically, a minimum required voltage for the power signal, a nominal or recommended voltage for the power signal and a maximum voltage for the power signal will be specified for the RRH. Thus, the power supply at the base of the tower must output a voltage VPS such that VRRH will be between the minimum and maximum specified voltages for the power signal of the RRH. As VDrop is a function of the current IRRH that is supplied to the RRH (see Equation 2 above), if VPS (the voltage output by the power supply) is constant, then the voltage VRRII of the power signal that is delivered to the RRH will change with the variation in current drawn by the RRH. Conventionally, the voltage output by the power supply (VPS) is set to ensure that a power signal having the nominal voltage is supplied to the RRH (or at least a value above the minimum required voltage for the power signal) when the RRH draws the maximum anticipated amount of current.
The power that is lost (PLoss) in delivering the power signal to the RRH over a power cable may be calculated as follows:
PLoss=VCable*IRRH=(IRRH*RCable)*IRRH=IRRH2*RCable (3)
where VCable=the average voltage drop in Volts along the power cable. In order to reduce or minimize PLoss, the power supply may be set to output a DC power signal that, when it arrives at the RRH, will have the maximum voltage specified for the RRH, as the higher the voltage of the power signal that is delivered to the RRH the lower the current IRRH of the power signal on the power cable. As is apparent from Equation 3 above, the lower the current IRRH of the power signal on the power cable, the lower the power loss PLoss.
Pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, the power supply may comprise a programmable power supply which may (1) sense the current being drawn by the RRH (or another equivalent parameter) and (2) adjust the voltage of the power signal that is output by the power supply to substantially maintain the voltage of the power signal that is supplied to the RRH at or near a desired value, which may be, for example, the maximum voltage for the power signal that may be input to the RRH. In order to accomplish this, the resistance of the power cable may be input to the programmable power supply or, alternatively, other information such as, for example, the length and size of the power cable, or the impedance of the power cable, may be input to the programmable power supply and the programmable power supply may determine the resistance of the power cable from this information. As the current drawn by the RRH varies, the programmable power supply may adjust the voltage of its output power signal to a voltage level that will deliver a power signal having a preselected voltage (e.g., the maximum supply voltage of the RRH minus a buffer) to the RRH. As shown by Equation 3 above, this will reduce or minimize the power loss along the power cable, and hence may reduce the cost of powering the RRH. As a typical RRH may require about a kilowatt of power and may run 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and as a large number of RRHs may be provided at each cellular base station (e.g., three to twelve), the power savings may be significant.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed in more detail with reference to
The RRH 24′ receives digital information and control signals from the baseband unit 22 over a fiber optic cable 38 that is routed from the enclosure 20 to the top of the tower 30. The RRH 24′ modulates this information into a radio frequency (“RF”) signal at the appropriate cellular frequency that is then transmitted through one or more of the antennas 32. The RRH 24′ also receives RF signals from one or more of the antennas 32, demodulates these signals, and supplies the demodulated signals to the baseband unit 22 over the fiber optic cable 38. The baseband unit 22 processes the demodulated signals received from the RRH 24′ and forwards the processed signals to the backhaul communications system 44. The baseband unit 22 also processes signals received from the backhaul communications system 44 and supplies them to the RRH 24′. Typically, the baseband unit 22 and the RRHs 24 each include optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical converters that couple the digital information and control signals to and from the fiber optic cable 38.
The first power supply 26 generates one or more direct current (“DC”) power signals. The second power supply 28 in the embodiment of
As noted above, pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, DC power supplies are provided that may deliver a power signal to a remote RRH with reduced power loss. In the embodiment of
State-of-the-art RRHs are most typically designed to be powered by a 48 Volt (nominal) DC power signal. While the minimum DC power signal voltage at which the RRH 24′ will operate and the maximum DC power signal voltage that may be provided safely to the RRH 24′ without the threat of damage to the RRH 24′ vary, typical values are a 38 Volt minimum DC power signal voltage and a 56 Volt maximum DC power signal voltage. Thus, according to embodiments of the present invention, the programmable power supply 28 may be designed to deliver a DC power signal having a relatively constant voltage of, for example, about 54 or 52 Volts at the far end of the power cable 36 (i.e., about, 2-4 Volts less than the maximum DC power signal voltage for the RRH 24′) in order to reduce the power loss associated with the voltage drop that the DC power signal experiences traversing the power cable 36.
In order to maintain the voltage of the DC power signal at the far end of the power cable 36 at or near a predetermined value it may be necessary to know two things. First, the current of the DC power signal drawn from the power supply must be known, as Equations 1 and 2 show that VRRH is a function of IRRH. Second, the resistance RCable of the power cable 36 must also be known, as it too affects the voltage drop. The programmable power supplies according to embodiments of the present invention may be configured to measure, estimate, calculate or receive both values.
For example,
The input 152 may receive a DC power signal such as the DC power signal output by power supply 26 of
The current sensor 158 may be any appropriate circuit that senses the current level of the DC power signal output through the output 156. The current drawn by the RRH 24′ may vary over time depending upon, for example, the number of carriers that are transmitting at any given time and whether the RRH is in a steady-state mode, powering up or rebooting. The current sensor 158 may sense the current level of the DC power signal at output 156 and provide the sensed current level to the control logic 162. The control logic 162 may then adjust parameters of the conversion circuit 154 so as to adjust the voltage of the DC power signal output through output 156 so that the voltage at the far end of the power cable 36 that is attached to output 156 may remain substantially constant despite changes in the current drawn by the RRH 24′ and corresponding changes in the voltage drop that occurs over the power cable 36.
While
As noted above, in some embodiments, the voltage of the power signal that is output by the power supply 150 may be set so that the voltage at the far end of the power cable 36 remains at or near a predetermined voltage level that is just under a maximum power signal voltage level that the RRH 24′ may handle. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to know the voltage drop that the DC power signal will experience traversing the power cable 36, as this voltage drop affects the voltage of the DC power signal at the far end of the power cable 36. In some embodiments, the user input 160 to the power supply 150 allows a user to input a cumulative resistance value for the power cable 36 which the user may obtain by, for example, calculation (based on the length, size and material of the conductor of the power cable 36), measurement (done, for example, by transmitting a signal over the power cable 36 and measuring the voltage of the signal output at the far end of the power cable 36) or a combination thereof (e.g., measuring or estimating a cumulative impedance value for the power cable 36 and converting this cumulative impedance value into a cumulative resistance value). In other embodiments, the user may input physical characteristics of the power cable 36 such as size, length, conductor material, model number, etc.) and algorithms, equations, look-up tables and the like that are stored in the memory 164 of the power supply 150 may be used to calculate or estimate the resistance of the power cable 36.
In some embodiments, the second power supply 28 of
It will also be appreciated that in other embodiments the resistance measurement circuit 170 may measure an impedance of the power cable and use this measured impedance value to determine the resistance of the power cable. It will also be appreciated that the power supply 150′ may alternatively comprise an AC-to-DC converter, similar to power supply 150 discussed above.
Another technique for reducing the power loss associated with supplying power to a tower-mounted RRH of a cellular base station is to dramatically increase the voltage of the DC power signal fed to the power cable that supplies the DC power signal to the RRH (i.e., well beyond the maximum voltage for the DC power signal that can be handled by the RRH), and then using a tower-mounted DC-to-DC converter power supply to step-down the voltage of the DC power signal to a voltage level that is appropriate for the RRH. As the increased voltage reduces the current necessary to supply the wattage required by the RRH, the power loss along the power cable may be reduced (see Equation 2 above). This is referred to as a “Buck-Boost” scheme where the first DC-to-DC converter at the bottom of the tower is a “Boost” converter that increases the voltage of the DC power signal above the necessary level to operate the RRH and the second DC-to-DC converter at the top of the tower is a “Buck” converter that reduces the voltage of the DC power signal to a desired level.
As shown in
As is shown in
Voltage of Delivered Power Signal=VRRH-Max−Vmargin+X (4)
where VRRH-Max is the maximum power signal voltage that the RRH 24′ is specified to handle, Vmargin is a predetermined margin (e.g., 2 Volts), and X is the magnitude of the voltage conversion applied by the tower-mounted DC-to-DC converter 42.
One disadvantage of the approaches of
Thus, pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, a DC power signal may be supplied to a tower-mounted RRH (or other equipment) of a cellular base station over a power cable, where the DC power signal that is supplied to the RRH may have a relatively constant voltage level, regardless of the current drawn by the RRH. The voltage level of the DC power signal supplied to the RRH may be set to be at or near a maximum power signal voltage that the RRH can handle, thereby reducing the power loss of the DC power signal. In this manner, the operating costs for the cellular base station may be reduced.
In some embodiments, the programmable power supply according to embodiments of the present invention may comprise a DC-to-DC converter that may be connected between a power supply of an existing base station and the power cable that supplies the power signal to a tower-mounted RRH. Thus, by adding a single piece of equipment at the bottom of the tower, an existing cellular base station may be retrofitted to obtain the power savings available using the techniques according to embodiments of the present invention.
While the above-described embodiments of cellular base stations according to embodiments of the present invention include a first, conventional DC power supply 26 and a second DC-to-DC converter power supply 28, it will be appreciated that in other embodiments these two power supplies may be replaced with a single programmable power supply that may be configured to output a relatively constant voltage at the far end of the power cable 36 in the manner described above.
Pursuant to further embodiments of the present invention, a feedback loop may be used to control the voltage of the DC power signal output by the DC power supply so that the voltage of the DC power signal at the far end of the power cable that connects the power supply and the RRH is maintained at a desired level.
As shown in
The voltage meter 52 may supply the measured voltage (or other parameter) to the controller 54. The controller 54 may then control the communications module 56 to transmit the measured or calculated voltage of the DC power signal at the far end of power cable 36 to, for example, the second power supply 28. The controller 54 may comprise any appropriate processor, controller, ASIC, logic circuit or the like. The communications module 56 may comprise a wired or wireless transmitter. In some embodiments, the communications module 56 may comprise a wireless Bluetooth transmitter or a cellular transmitter. In other embodiments, the communications module 56 may communicate with the second power supply 28 over a separate wired connection. In still other embodiments, the communications module 56 may communicate with the second power supply 28 by modulating a signal onto the power cable 36. In each case, the communications module 56 may transmit the measured or calculated voltage of the DC power signal at the far end of power cable 36 to the second power supply 28. The second power supply 28 may adjust the voltage of the DC power signal that it outputs in response to these communications in order to generally maintain the voltage of the DC power signal at the far end of power cable 36 at a desired and/or pre-selected level. Thus, in this embodiment, an active feedback loop may be used to maintain the voltage of the DC power signal at the far end of power cable 36 at the pre-selected level.
The power signal voltage control module 50 may be a standalone unit or may be integrated with other equipment such as, for example, the RRH 24′.
While the embodiments that have been described above deliver a DC power signal over the power cable 36, it will be appreciated that in other embodiments, an AC power signal may be used instead. For example, if the RRHs 24′ are designed to be powered by an AC power signal as opposed to a DC power signal, then the power supply 28 may output an AC power signal as opposed to a DC power signal, but may otherwise operate in the same fashion. Likewise, in embodiments that include a DC-to-DC converter 42 at the top of the tower 30, an AC-to-DC converter may be used instead or, if the RRH 24′ is designed to be powered by an AC power signal, the DC-to-DC converter 42 may be replaced with a Buck AC-to-AC converter. Thus, it will be appreciated that the embodiments illustrated in the figures are exemplary in nature and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
In the various embodiments described above, a single power cable 36 has been provided that connects the power supply 28 to the RRH 24′. It will be appreciated, however, that the cabling connection for the power signal between the power supply 28 and the RRH 24′ may include multiple elements such as two or more power cables 36 that are connected by connectors in other embodiments.
A method of powering a radio that is mounted on a tower of a cellular base station according to embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the flow chart of
Embodiments of the present invention provide power supplies for powering radio equipment such as a remote radio head that is located remote from the power supply used to power the radio (e.g., the power supply is at the base of a cellular tower and the radio is at the top of the tower) without receiving any feedback from the radio or from other equipment at the remote location. The voltage of the DC power signal supplied by the power supply to the radio over a cabling connection may be set at a pre-selected level. The pre-selected level may be set to reduce or minimize power losses that may be incurred in transmitting the DC power signal over the cabling connection. The voltage of the DC power signal output by the power supply may be varied based on variations in the current drawn from the power supply so that the voltage of the DC power signal at the radio end of the cabling connection may have, for example, a substantially constant value. This value may be selected to be near a maximum value for the voltage of the DC power signal that may be input to the radio.
While typically the voltage of the DC power signal output by the power supply will be adjusted to maintain the voltage of the DC power signal at the radio end of the cabling connection at a set level, it will be appreciated that some variation is to be expected because of the time it takes the DC power supply to adjust the voltage of the DC power signal in response to changes in the current drawn. It will also be appreciated that the voltage of the DC power signal need not be maintained at a constant level at the radio end of the cabling connection but, may instead have different characteristics (e.g., set to be maintained within a predetermined range, set to return to a pre-selected level within a certain time period, etc.) in some embodiments.
In some current cellular systems, the voltage drop that occurs on the DC power signal that is delivered from a power supply located at the bottom of a cellular tower to the RRH at the top of the tower may be so large that the voltage of the DC power signal at the top of the tower may be insufficient to run the RRH. As a result, larger diameter power cables are used in some cases that exhibit less DC resistance and hence a smaller voltage drop. However, the use of larger power cables has a number of disadvantages, as these cables can be significantly more expensive, add more weight to the tower (requiring that the towers be constructed to handle this additional weight) and more difficult to install.
Pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, this problem may be reduced or solved by controlling the voltage of the DC power signal output by the power supply so that the voltage of the DC power signal at the radio end of the cabling connection may be at or near a maximum voltage for the DC power signal that may be input to the RRH. This scheme reduces the voltage drop of the DC power signal, and hence may allow for the use of smaller diameter power cables and/or longer cabling connections between the power supply and the RRH. Additionally, as noted above, as the power losses experienced by the DC power signal are less, the costs of operating the RRH may also be reduced.
The present invention has been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which certain embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments that are pictured and described herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the specification and drawings. It will also be appreciated that the embodiments disclosed above can be combined in any way and/or combination to provide many additional embodiments.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. are used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present invention. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms that are used in this disclosure have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the above description is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in this disclosure, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that when an element (e.g., a device, circuit, etc.) is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present.
It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed typical embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims.
The present application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/898,809, filed Feb. 19, 2018, which in turn claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/226,977, filed Aug. 3, 2016, which in turn claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/321,897, filed Jul. 2, 2014, which in turn claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/940,631, filed Feb. 17, 2014, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
3659189 | John | Apr 1972 | A |
4745562 | Prazdny | May 1988 | A |
5073977 | Kawahata | Dec 1991 | A |
5548813 | Charas et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
5610793 | Luu | Mar 1997 | A |
6095867 | Brandt et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6125048 | Loughran et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6188566 | Aoyama | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6640111 | Shapira | Oct 2003 | B1 |
6813510 | Kunzinger | Nov 2004 | B1 |
7027290 | Thrap | Apr 2006 | B1 |
7460381 | Lanni | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7508687 | Manolescu | Mar 2009 | B2 |
7739522 | Festoe et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
RE41655 | Woodhead et al. | Sep 2010 | E |
7894782 | Rofougaran | Feb 2011 | B2 |
7949315 | Rofougaran | May 2011 | B2 |
8090379 | Lambert et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8311591 | Whittam et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
8401497 | Rofougaran et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
8401501 | Rofougaran | Mar 2013 | B2 |
8412385 | Brumett, Jr. et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
8520549 | Rofougaran | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8521100 | Rofougaran | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8526893 | Rofougaran | Sep 2013 | B2 |
8547164 | Flores et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8566627 | Halepete et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8577359 | Wesby | Nov 2013 | B2 |
8600318 | Rofougaran | Dec 2013 | B2 |
8754622 | Dobkin et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8848766 | Lemson et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
8855586 | Kenington | Oct 2014 | B2 |
9099860 | Martinez et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
9374179 | Wigren | Jun 2016 | B2 |
9377794 | Dwelley et al. | Jun 2016 | B1 |
9425614 | Xiong et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
9448576 | Chamberlain et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
9488997 | Dwelley | Nov 2016 | B1 |
9510208 | Wei et al. | Nov 2016 | B2 |
10025335 | Chamberlain et al. | Jul 2018 | B2 |
10782720 | Guerin et al. | Sep 2020 | B2 |
20010025349 | Sharood et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
20030085621 | Potega | May 2003 | A1 |
20040121807 | Delbreil et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
20040223346 | Rayner et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040251968 | Bar-David et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20060077046 | Endo | Apr 2006 | A1 |
20060164108 | Herbold | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060216837 | Hachisuka et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20070024372 | Hagen | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070093204 | Kincard | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070263675 | Lum et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20080010474 | Chapuis | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080030078 | Whitted et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080172564 | Diab et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080272654 | Lontka | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080300003 | Jeck et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20090215492 | Pistner et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090258652 | Lambert et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
20100181840 | Coulson et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100237948 | Nguyen et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100290787 | Cox | Nov 2010 | A1 |
20110053632 | Liu | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110101937 | Dobkin | May 2011 | A1 |
20110159877 | Kenington et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110237299 | Boss et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
20120069882 | Nino | Mar 2012 | A1 |
20120155120 | Sugawara | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120181878 | Nosaka et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
20120223575 | Hachiya et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
20120235636 | Partovi | Sep 2012 | A1 |
20120269509 | Hultermans | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120295670 | Rofougaran | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120317426 | Hunter, Jr. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
20130034949 | Kao | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130051440 | Rofougaran | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130108227 | Conner | May 2013 | A1 |
20130215804 | Lu et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130260702 | Kenington | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130328539 | King et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20130342949 | Xiong et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20140055898 | Kostakis et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140132169 | Boeke | May 2014 | A1 |
20140132192 | Hernandez Marti et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140159506 | Kim | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140168842 | Martinez et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140204496 | Martinez Sanchez et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140204497 | Sanchez et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140372258 | Elberbaum | Dec 2014 | A1 |
20150006095 | Voisine | Jan 2015 | A1 |
20150015078 | Kim | Jan 2015 | A1 |
20150058652 | Dawley et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
20150080055 | Smentek et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150089253 | Doering | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150090487 | Efraimsson | Apr 2015 | A1 |
20150097518 | Bishop et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
20150137987 | Donderici et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
20150155669 | Chamberlain et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
20150168974 | Mascarenhas et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
20150234399 | Chamberlain et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
20150234405 | Chamberlain et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
20150256062 | Shirahata et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
20150326317 | Michaelis et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20150382293 | Heidler et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
20160191164 | Kim et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
20160342168 | Chamberlain et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
20170168513 | Chamberlain et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170179817 | Gu | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170230906 | Chamberlain et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
20180164355 | Winkler et al. | Jun 2018 | A1 |
20180173263 | Chamberlain et al. | Jun 2018 | A1 |
20180176861 | Chamberlain et al. | Jun 2018 | A1 |
20180213091 | Kostakis et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
20190235552 | Guerin et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
20190235553 | Guerin et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
20190391192 | Winkler et al. | Dec 2019 | A1 |
20200348708 | Guerin et al. | Nov 2020 | A1 |
20200348709 | Guerin et al. | Nov 2020 | A1 |
20210072779 | Guerin et al. | Mar 2021 | A1 |
20210103309 | Guerin et al. | Apr 2021 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2836133 | Nov 2012 | CA |
101043239 | Sep 2007 | CN |
201075824 | Jun 2008 | CN |
101848004 | Sep 2010 | CN |
201789332 | Apr 2011 | CN |
102439835 | May 2012 | CN |
102680799 | Sep 2012 | CN |
102752885 | Oct 2012 | CN |
104067443 | Sep 2014 | CN |
104335294 | Feb 2015 | CN |
H06163330 | Jun 1994 | JP |
1020110024543 | Mar 2011 | KR |
1020100048227 | Dec 2011 | KR |
1020100069332 | Feb 2013 | KR |
0167598 | Sep 2001 | WO |
2012083746 | Jun 2012 | WO |
2012159358 | Nov 2012 | WO |
2013147332 | Oct 2013 | WO |
2015042023 | Mar 2015 | WO |
Entry |
---|
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowability”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/671,226, dated Jan. 9, 2018, pp. 1-4, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,904, dated Dec. 28, 2018, pp. 1-16, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/671,226, dated Mar. 23, 2018, pp. 1-6, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/971,302, dated Feb. 1, 2019, pp. 1-8, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/971,302, dated Dec. 14, 2018, pp. 1-15, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,573, dated Jan. 24, 2019, pp. 1-9, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/497,021, dated Feb. 4, 2019, pp. 1-7, Published: US. |
Chamberlain et al., “Programmable Power Supplies for Cellular Base Stations and Related Methods of Reducing Power Loss in Cellular Systems”, “U.S. Appl. No. 61/940,631”, filed Feb. 17, 2014, pp. 1-24, Published in: US. |
Coleman et al, “Methods and Apparatuses for Determining Cable Resistance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/908,147, filed Feb. 28, 2018, Feb. 28, 2018, pp. 1-35, Published in: U.S. |
European Patent Office, “Extended European Search Report from EP Application No. 15748741.4 dated Jul. 6, 2017”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Jul. 6, 2017, pp. 1-7, Published in: EP. |
European Patent Office, “Partial Supplementary European Search Report for EP 14845872.2 dated Feb. 17, 2017”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Feb. 17, 2017, pp. 1-7, Published in: EP. |
European Patent Office, “Partial Supplementary European Search Report from EP Application No. 16749587.8 dated Aug. 30, 2018”, Aug. 30, 2018, pp. 1-12, Published: EP. |
GE, “CP2000DC54-PE Compact Power Line DC/DC Converter”, “www.ge.com/powerelectronics,”, Aug. 20, 2013, pp. 1-15, General Electric Company. |
International Bureau, “International Preliminary Report on Patentability from PCT Application No. PCT/US2015/013740 dated Sep. 1, 2016”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Sep. 1, 2016, pp. 1-14, Published in: Switzerland. |
International Bureau, “International Preliminary Report on Patentability from PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/015085 dated Aug. 24, 2017”, from Foreign Counterpart of U.S. Appl. No. 14/619,211, Aug. 24, 2017, pp. 1-10, Published in: WO. |
International Bureau, “International Preliminary Report on Patentability from PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/022575 dated Nov. 7, 2017”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Nov. 7, 2017, pp. 1-8, Published in: Switzerland. |
International Bureau, “International Preliminary Report on Patentability from PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/022575 dated Nov. 16, 2017”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,904, Nov. 16, 2017, pp. 1-9, Published: Switzerland. |
International Preliminary Examining Authority, “International Preliminary Report on Patentability from PCT Application No. PCT/US2014/055800 dated Sep. 17, 2015”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/487,329, Sep. 17, 2015, pp. 1-7, Published in: Switzerland. |
International Searching Authority, “International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2014/055800 dated Dec. 18, 2014”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Dec. 18, 2014, pp. 1-12, Published in: KR. |
International Searching Authority, “International Search Report and Written Opinion from PCT Application No. PCT/US2015/013740”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Apr. 28, 2015, pp. 1-17, Published in: KR. |
International Searching Authority, “International Search Report and Written Opinion from PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/015085 dated May 12, 2016”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, May 12, 2016, pp. 1-14, Published in: KR. |
International Searching Authority, “International Search Report and Written Opinion from PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/022575 dated Aug. 17, 2016”, from U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Aug. 17, 2016, pp. 1-14, Published in: EP. |
International Searching Authority, “International Search Report and Written Opinion from PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/017276 dated May 28, 2018”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, May 28, 2018, pp. 1-16, Published in: KR. |
International Searching Authority, “Invitation to Pay Additional Fees from PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/022575 dated Jun. 23, 2016”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Jun. 23, 2016, pp. 1-7, 'ublished in: EP. |
Keithley, “Single-Channel Programmable DC Power Supplies”, “Series 2200, www.keithley.com”, , pp. 1-4, Publisher: A Tektronix Company. |
McGill et al., “High-Resolution Alignment of Sampled Waveforms,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-31, No. 6, Jun. 1984, pp. 462-468. |
State Intellectual Property Office, P.R. China, “Office Action from CN Application No. 201480051376.3 dated Jan. 4, 2017”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Jan. 4, 2017, pp. 1-15, Published: CN. |
State Intellectual Property Office, P.R. China, “Office Action from CN Application No. 201480051376.3 dated Dec. 11, 2017”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/487,329,Dec. 11, 2017, pp. 1-24, Published: CN. |
State Intellectual Property Office, P.R. China, “Office Action from CN Application No. 201580007901.6 dated Nov. 27, 2017”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Nov. 27, 2017, pp. 1-12, Published: CN. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/497,021, dated Nov. 5, 2018, pp. 1-7, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,573, dated Oct. 15, 2018, pp. 1-4, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Corrected Notice of Allowability” U.S. Appl. No. 14/487,329, dated Jan. 20, 2016, pp. 1-2, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Corrected Notice of Allowability”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Aug. 11, 2016, pp. 1-2, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action” U.S. Appl. No. 14/619,211, dated Jun. 1, 2016, pp. 1-16, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Mar. 23, 2016, pp. 1-26, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,904, dated Sep. 7, 2017, pp. 1-23, Published: U.S. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/226,977, dated Aug. 22, 2017, pp. 1-23, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/497,021, dated Jul. 16, 2018, pp. 1-28, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,573, dated Jun. 29, 2018, pp. 1-18, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowability”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/619,211, dated Aug. 7, 2017, pp. 1-2, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowability”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/226,977, dated Jun. 8, 2018, pp. 1-4, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Jul. 28, 2016, pp. 1-10, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/487,329, dated Dec. 14, 2015, pp. 1-5, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/619,211, dated Dec. 30, 16, pp. 1-5, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/619,211, dated Apr. 20, 2017, pp. 1-5, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,904, dated Oct. 10, 2018, pp. 1-15, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/226,977, dated Apr. 6, 2018, pp. 1-14, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/226,977, dated May 25, 2018, pp. 1-10, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/671,226, dated Dec. 15, 2017, pp. 1-16, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Nov. 5, 2015, pp. 1-25, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/487,329, dated Aug. 12, 2015, pp. 1-12, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/619,211, dated Dec. 3, 2015, pp. 1-13, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,904, dated Feb. 8, 2018, pp. 1-22, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,904, dated Mar. 7, 2017, pp. 1-18, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/226,977, dated Mar. 20, 2017, pp. 1-35, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/497,021, dated Jan. 31, 2018, pp. 1-39, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,573, dated Apr. 11, 2018, pp. 1-30, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,573, dated Mar. 25, 2019, pp. 1-17, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Restriction Requirement”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/891,194, dated Mar. 25, 2019, pp. 1-7, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/497,021, dated Mar. 14, 2019, pp. 1-14, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,809, dated Nov. 20, 2018, pp. 1-19, Published: US. |
European Patent Office, “Extended European Search Report from EP Application No. 16749587.8 dated Dec. 3, 2018”, from Foreign Counterpart to PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/015085, Dec. 3, 2018, pp. 1-11, Published: EP. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/939,973, dated Nov. 14, 2018, pp. 1-19, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,809, dated May 9, 2018, pp. 1-29, Published: US. |
Williams et al., “2-Wire Virtual Remote Sensing for Voltage Regulators—Clairvoyance Marries Remote Sensing”, “Application Note 126, www.linear.com”, Oct. 2010, pp. AN126-1-AN126-22, Publisher: Linear Technology. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/891,194, dated Jun. 24, 2019, pp. 1-62, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/380,921, Jun. 26, 2019, pp. 1-56, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/891,194, dated Oct. 3, 2019, pp. 1-11, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,809, dated Oct. 3, 2019, pp. 1-10, Published: US. |
European Patent Office, “Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) from EP Application No. 15748741.4 dated Jun. 27, 2019”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, pp. 1-5, Published: EP. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/380,921, dated Nov. 18, 2019, pp. 1-34, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/433,268, dated Nov. 6, 2019, pp. 1-8, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/380,907, dated Nov. 18, 2019, pp. 1-65, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/380,907, dated May 29, 2020, p. 1 through 26, Published: US. |
China National Intellectual Property Administration, “First Office Action from CN Application No. 201910478384.0”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Mar. 24, 2020, pp. 1-6, Published: CN. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/891,194, dated Jan. 31, 2020, pp. 1-14, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/380,921, dated May 20, 2020, pp. 1 through 21, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,809, dated Jun. 15, 2020, pp. 1 through 12, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/403,773, dated Sep. 22, 2020, pp. 1 through 38, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/994,809, dated Nov. 19, 2020, pp. 1 through 23, Published: US. |
China National Intellectual Property Administration, “Second Office Action from CN Application No. 201910478384.0”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Feb. 1, 2021, pp. 1 through 11, Published: CN. |
European Patent Office, “Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC from EP Application No. 15/748741.4”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Feb. 16, 2021, pp. 1 through 4, Published: EP. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/380,907, dated Feb. 5, 2021, pp. 1 through 38, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,809, dated Feb. 24, 2021, pp. 1 through 41, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/403,773, dated Feb. 25, 2021, pp. 1 through 33, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/403,773, dated Dec. 11, 2020, pp. 1 through 11, Published: US. |
Australian Government IP Australia, “Examination report No. 2 for standard patent application from AU Application No. 2015217537”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Jan. 24, 2019, pp. 1 through 4, Published: AU. |
Australian Government IP Australia, “Notice of acceptance for patent application from AU Application No. 2015217537”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated May 2, 2019, pp. 1 through 36, Published: AU. |
China National Intellectual Property Administration, “First Office Action from CN Application No. 202010226835.4”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/487,329, dated Oct. 19, 2020, pp. 1 through 12, Published: CN. |
European Patent Office, “Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC from EP Application No. 16749587.8”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/487,329, dated Sep. 16, 2020, pp. 1 through 4, Published: EP. |
European Patent Office, “Communication under Rule 71(3) EPC from EP Application No. 14845872.2”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/487,329, dated Apr. 3, 2019, pp. 1 through 38, Published: EP. |
European Patent Office, “Extended European Search Report from EP Application No. 18747190.9”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Dec. 11, 2020, pp. 1 through 10, Published: EP. |
International Bureau, “International Preliminary Report on Patentability from PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/017276”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, Aug. 22, 2019, pp. 1 through 10, Published: WO. |
State Intellectual Property Offfice of the People's Republic of China, “First Office Action from CN Application No. 201680006621.8”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/487,329, dated Mar. 4, 2019, pp. 1 through 14, Published: CN. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Corrected Notice of Allowability”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/891,194, dated Jul. 30, 2020, pp. 1 through 10, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Corrected Notice of Allowability”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/891,194,dated Sep. 11, 2020, pp. 1 through 11, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowability”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/891,194, dated Oct. 9, 2020, p. 1 through 10, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/433,268, dated Feb. 25, 2020, pp. 1 through 8, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/433,268, dated Dec. 11, 2019, pp. 1 through 8, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/433,268, dated Jul. 17, 2019, pp. 1 through 24, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/863,339, dated Oct. 16, 2020, pp. 1 through 27, Published: US. |
Australian Government IP Australia, “Notice of acceptance for patent application from AU Application No. 2019216666”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Mar. 12, 2021, pp. 1 through 3, Published: AU. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Corrected Notice of Allowability”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/403,773, dated Mar. 11, 2021, pp. 1 through 16, Published: US. |
European Patent Office, “Extended European Search Report from EP Application No. 21152068.9”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, dated Mar. 19, 2021, pp. 1 through 7, Published: EP. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/403,773, dated Mar. 24, 2021, pp. 1 through 27, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/380,907, dated Apr. 13, 2021, pp. 1 through 21, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,809, dated Apr. 16, 2021, pp. 1 through 24, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/994,809, filed May 28, 2021, pp. 1 through 53, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,809, filed Jun. 30, 2021, pp. 1 through 18, Published: US. |
China National Intellectual Property Administration, “Third Office Action from CN Application No. 201910478384.0”, from Foreign Counterpart to U.S. Appl. No. 14/321,897, filed Jun. 18, 2021, pp. 1 through 7, Published: CN. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/403,773, filed Jul. 23, 2021, pp. 1 through 30, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/994,809, filed Aug. 3, 2021, pp. 1 through 14, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/480,818, filed Oct. 4, 2021, pp. 1 through 136, Published: US. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Notice of Allowance” U.S. Appl. No. 15/898,809, dated Nov. 3, 2021 pp. 1 through 20, Published in U.S. |
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/380,907, filed Nov. 5, 2021, pp. 1 through 54, Published: US. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20190064863 A1 | Feb 2019 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
61940631 | Feb 2014 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 15898809 | Feb 2018 | US |
Child | 16163958 | US | |
Parent | 15226977 | Aug 2016 | US |
Child | 15898809 | US | |
Parent | 14321897 | Jul 2014 | US |
Child | 15226977 | US |