This invention relates generally to image projectors, and more particularly, to modifying projected images.
Portable digital image projectors are common. Such digital image projectors, while connected to a personal computer or other image/video source, sit on a surface and are directed at a projection surface to show a “slide” presentation or a video presentation. Many of these projectors use transmissive or reflective liquid crystal displays, and typically only have a single main lens. Other such projectors use different imaging devices, such as digital micro-mirrors, and may include more than one lens. The projectors can display images one at the time or as a sequence of images, as in the case of video.
These digital projectors are typically designed so that undistorted rectangular images are projected on the projection surface when the projector is placed horizontally on a level support surface with the projector's optical axis lined up perpendicular to the projection surface. However, if the alignment and orientation is modified, then the resulting image on the projection surface may be distorted. In many cases the image will appear as a trapezoid, and in other cases an arbitrarily shaped quadrilateral. The non-rectangular shape of the resulting projected image is referred to as keystoning.
One technique to adjust for keystoning is to tediously adjust the physical position of the projector by moving it around, tilting and rotating it, until a near rectangular image is displayed. However, in many situations, it may not be feasible to sufficiently physically adjust the position of the projector. For example, the projector may need to be positioned above or below the display surface for proper image presentation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,357, entitled “Keystoning and focus correction for an overhead projector,” describes a system where a test slide is displayed. A user then identifies line pairs that appear to be parallel to each other. The user identified line pair activates a distortion correction program that uses the oblique angle between the horizontal plane through the projector and the viewing screen. This is a burdensome task for a user to correctly perform.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,046, entitled “Method for pre-compensating an asymmetrical picture in a projection system for displaying a picture,” describe a system where the projection angle, and the trapezoidal error, is compensated for by the user entering positional information into the system via a keyboard. The determination and inputting of positional information is difficult and burdensome for the user.
United States Patent Publication 2002/0021418 A1, entitled “Automatic Keystone Correction For Projectors With Arbitrary Orientation”, describes a projection system that includes a pair of tilt sensors and a camera. The system using data from the tilt sensors and the camera warps the projected image to display an image that is rectangular. Unfortunately, the tilt sensors tend to be expensive and the system requires complex re-calibration when the projector lens moves, e.g., when the projector is zoomed and/or focused. This inherent complexity increases the expense of the resulting projector.
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The imaging sensor system 10 may contain one or more imaging sensors, or imaging sensor pairs forming a stereo pair. Individual imaging sensors may be one-dimensional or two-dimensional sensors. The imaging sensors may also include the projector optics, such as the projection lens. In the case of a pair of sensors, the relative angular deviation between the surface onto which the image is projected and the image plane of the projector may be used as the basis of image modification, such as keystoning. It is noted that a vertical tilt sensor may be included, if desired.
The present inventors considered the projector system of United States Patent Publication 2002/0021418 A1, entitled “Automatic Keystone Correction For Projectors With Arbitrary Orientation”, described above, and determined that occasionally the projector system will fail to properly keystone compensate. After considering the inability to properly keystone compensate the present inventors came to the realization that such a potential failure is, at least in part, the result of the projector being sufficiently out of focus. In many cases, the user will tend to manually focus the projector prior to keystoning which will alleviate the concern. However, in other cases the user will consider the projector sufficiently focused for their current needs and will attempt to keystone correct the image without success, thus resulting in frustration to the user. Referring to
In one embodiment, the keystone compensation may be manually performed by the user after automatic auto focus. In another embodiment, the keystone compensation may be automatically performed by the system after automatic auto focus. In yet another embodiment, the keystone compensation may be partially manual and partially automatically performed after automatic auto focus. The auto-focus function should be invoked by the system as a result of activating or otherwise performing the keystone compensation. The activation of the auto-focus function, as applied to keystone compensation, should be in a manner free from separate user selection of the otherwise existing auto-focus function of the projector. In this manner, the focus of the system is ensured prior to completion of the keystone correction.
The present inventors further considered the projector system described in R. Sukthankar et al., “Smarter Presentations: Exploiting Homography In Camera-Projector Systems,” IEEE ICCV Conference, 2001, described above, and determined that while the use of the single camera can be used to estimate the parameters of the keystone effect, however, there is no guarantee that the projected image after keystone correction maintains the correct aspect ratio. In particular, the system taught by Sukthankar et al. needs to compute C which is a mapping between the projected image frame and the viewer image frame. This is performed by detecting the four screen corners in the image domain, the four physical screen corners, and then solve for C. Unless the physical screen happens to have the same aspect ratio as the screen the system can not obtain the correct aspect ratio. To overcome such a limitation the present inventors determined that interactivity with the user and the projection system can overcome such aspect ratio limitations.
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The projected image, such as using a test pattern, is sensed by the camera and compared with the size of the projection screen. This may be done by comparing the four corners of the projected test pattern with the four corners (or otherwise) of the detected projection screen. Then, adjustments to the projected image may be made to shift the edges of the projected image in accordance with the projection screen. The sensing of the projected image by the camera and resizing the projected image may be repeated until the desired size (horizontal and/or vertical) and/or aspect ratio of the projected image is achieved. For example, if the projection is to the left of the screen, the screen detection module may sense such an alignment and output a set of control parameters to cause the projector to shift towards the right-hand side. In one embodiment, the control parameters may be the distance between the mass centers of the projection screen and the projected image. The system may use any suitable relationship between the projected image and the size of the projection screen. For example, the image may be centered on the projection screen and sized to fit approximately 90% of the projection screen. For example, if the projection is larger than the detected screen, then the projector may zoom in; and if the projection is smaller than the detected screen, then the projector may zoom out.
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The basic principles of the above approach can be extended to the 2-D sensor case where the input array is 2-dimensional. In fact, one can even use the above 1-D approach to process the sensed 2-D array row by row, and then column by column. However, a preferred approach will also utilize the additional 2-D constraints such as that all 1-D screen boundaries in the horizontal direction should form two lines in the vertical direction. Alternatively, with 2-D data, one can start with edge detection, then perform line detection, and then extract a quadrilateral that encloses an area of relatively uniform color (white) and typically relatively brighter than the background. It is noted that the projection screen may be identified with one or more cameras.
After the detection of the projection screen an interactive technique may be used to permit the user to further adjust the aspect ratio, and/or keystone, if desired. These techniques may likewise be used to over-ride the automatic adjustments and also provide proper operation when the range of operation for the automatic methods is exceeded (e.g., in a very dark room). Such techniques should require minimal user interaction for ease of use. A “keystone adjustment pattern” is projected which the user interacts with via the laser pointer (or otherwise a pointing device) that is integrated with the projector remote control or separate from the projector, or alternatively by selecting the appropriate functions on the projector. The user starts and stops interactive adjustment on the basis of visual feedback by observing the dynamically changing shape of the keystone correction pattern in response to user's actions. In addition, after detection of the projection screen the system may, if desired, perform auto focus, auto centering (positioning), auto zooming, and auto keystoning, all without further user interaction with the projector. Also, after detection of the projection screen the system may perform auto centering (positioning) and/or auto zooming.
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In the preferred implementation, the user interacts with the arrows using the remote control unit of the projector, in particular using four-directional (pointing at N, S, W, and E) navigation arrows on a typical remote control, e.g., those on a circular directional pad. Such an ensemble of four arrows placed on a circular pad that can be pressed in 4 different directions is depicted in
In this implementation, the user first enters the keystone adjustment mode by selecting the corresponding option on the on-screen display menu. The keystone adjustment pattern is then projected. Prior to adjustment, the user first selects one of the four corners that will be adjusted. There are many possible ways of making this selection. For example, the user makes a selection by pressing/clicking on a button on the remote control, or on a soft button on the on-screen display (henceforth the SELECT button). As the user presses the SELECT button, the four-arrow cluster appears on one particular corner signaling the fact that the corner is selected for adjustment. The user then selects any one of the four directions by pressing on the four corresponding directional arrows on the directional pad on the remote control unit (
A similar paradigm to the one described above can be used for interactive aspect ratio adjustment. Two arrows (up and down or left and right) placed on any appropriate part of the adjustment pattern are used to stretch and squeeze the image to interactively adjust for the correct aspect ratio.
In many cases there is no projection screen or otherwise a wall with discernable boundries that is used to display the image on. In this case, it is problematic to use a single imaging device in order to provide effective keystone correction. Accordingly, the system may use two or more imaging devices, such as two or more cameras, or one or more cameras together with the projector's optical system. The pair of optical sensing devices may be used to estimate the relative horizontal deviation angle and vertical deviation angle, typically using a projected test pattern, from which the keystone correction parameters may be estimated.
Depth to the projection surface is useful in estimating the relative projection surface orientation. The relative angles may be computed from the depth of the test patterns relative to the projector. While the use of a single sensor coupled with the projector optics is acceptable, it is difficult to obtain an accurate estimate of the distance from the projector to the display surface. In order to obtain a more accurate estimate of the distance from the projector to the display surface a depth-sensing device (e.g., a stereo camera), apart from the projector optics, may be used. In order to reduce expense, the depth sensing device may be a one-dimensional imaging sensor pair, if desired (such as illustrated in
In another embodiment the imaging may use the projector optics (e.g., the projector lens) together with one or more other imaging devices. The imaging devices may be maintained in a fixed location with respect to the projector, and are preferably integral therewith. However, it has been determined that if the projector optics are adjusted in some manner during use, then the system needs to be re-calibrated for a new set of parameters to compensate for the zooming and/or focusing and/or lens shifting. To overcome this limitation, the prevent inventors determined that the system may pre-calibrate the optics of the projector so that the new parameters of the projector optics can be computed from the lens control parameters, as the lens is moved during zooming and/or focusing and/or lens shifting. The pre-calibration may include modeling the variations in the optical parameters as a function of one or more of the lens control parameters, so that the on-line re-calibration can be done automatically. The calibration may include calculations from pre-calibrations or otherwise a look-up table.
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All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.
The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.
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