Propanoic acid derivatives as integrin inhibitors

[0001] This invention relates to a series of propanoic acid derivatives, to compositions containing them, to processes for their preparation and to their use in medicine.

[0002] Over the last few years it has become increasingly clear that the physical interaction of a cell with other cells or components of the extracellular matrix plays an important role in regulating its response to external stimuli such as chemotactic factors, growth factors, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators [Juliano and Haskill, J. Cell Biol. 120, 577-585 (1993); Miyamoto et al J. Cell Biol. 135, 1633-1642 (1996)]. Furthermore, the physical attachment of cells to other cells or surfaces may be crucial for development of some normal physiological responses.

[0003] In many disease states normal physiological responses are inappropriately triggered and are detrimental to the well being of the host. Since adhesion molecules play a role in the physical interactions of cells, antagonists of adhesion molecules may be able to inhibit some of the detrimental biological responses found in many disease states.

[0004] The adhesion molecules have been sub-divided into different groups on the basis of their structure. One family of adhesion molecules which is believed to play a particularly important role in informing a cell about the nature of its extracellular environment is the integrin family. Members of this family are involved in helping to regulate processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration and gene expression in a range of different cell types. They have also been shown to play a key role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses.

[0005] The integrin family of cell surface adhesion molecules has a typical non-covalently linked heterodimer structure. At least 16 different integrin alpha chains and 8 different integrin beta chains have been identified [Newman, P. et al, Molecular Medicine Today, 304 (1996)]. The members of the family are typically named according to their heterodimer composition although trivial nomenclature is widespread in this field. Thus the integrin αvβ3 consists of the alpha v chain non-covalently linked to the beta 3 chain.

[0006] Some integrin chains are capable of pairing with more than one partner. For example, the alpha v chain has also been reported to pair with the beta 1 chain, the beta 5 chain, the beta 6 chain and the beta 8 chain to give molecules which bind to different sets of ligands and which are referred to respectively as the integrins αvβ1, αvβ5, αvβ6 and αvβ8.

[0007] Integrins containing the αv subunit form a family of integrins which generally (but not always) bind to vitronectin although several of them will bind to a range of other matrix molecules and/or cell surface molecules. For example αvβ3 will bind to molecules such as vitronectin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, thrombospondin, pro von Willebrand factor and CD31.

[0008] The importance of integrin function in normal physiological responses is highlighted by two human deficiency diseases in which integrin function is defective. Thus, in the disease termed Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) there is a defect in one of the families of integrins expressed on leukocytes. Patients suffering from this diesease show a dramatically reduced ability to recruit leukocytes to inflammatory sites. In the case of patients suffering from the disease termed Glanzman's thrombasthenia (a defect in a member of the beta 3 integrin family) there is a defect in blood clotting.

[0009] The interaction of cells with components of the extracellular environment via receptors containing αv has been reported to be involved in a number of cellular responses which may be important in human disease states. These include endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis [Friedlander M, et al, Science 270, 1500-1502 (1995)], coronary smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation and extracellular matrix invasion [Panda, D., PNAS, 94, 9308-9313 (1997)], regulation of other integrin molecules on different cell types [Blystone, S D. J. Cell Biol. 127, 1129-1137 (1994); Imhof, B. Eur. J. Immunol, 27, 3242-3252 (1997)] and bone resorption [Ross, F. P. et al, J. Biol. Chem. 268 9901-9907 (1993)]. Furthermore, the αv receptor has been reported to bind to the protease MMP-2 and this may also modify cell function [Brooks, P. C. et a/, Cell, 92, 391400 (1998)].

[0010] Monoclonal antibodies and peptides have also been used to demonstrate in animal models that potentially beneficial changes in physiology can be achieved by blocking the function of αv-containing integrin receptors. For example, Mitjans, F. et al [Journal of Cell Science, 108, 2825-2838 (1995)] showed that in a mouse model an antibody that bound to the αv chain inhibited tumour development and metastasis. Brooks P. C., et al; [J. Clin. Invest. 96, 1815-1822 (1995)] demonstrated that an antibody that blocked the function of αvβ3 inhibited the growth of a tumour implanted into a piece of human skin grafted on to a SCID mouse. Christofidou-Solomidou M, [Am. J. Pathol. 151, 975-983 (1997)] has reported that an anti-αv monoclonal antibody inhibited angiogenesis at the site of wound healing. Hammes H-P, et al, [Nature Medicine, 2, 529-533 (1996)] showed that an αv integrin antagonist cyclic peptide inhibited retinal neovascularisation in a model which may have relevance to the human disease states of retinopathy and senile macular degeneration. Srivata S, et al [Cardiovascular Research 36, 408-428 (1997)] have reported that in an animal model a peptidic αvβ3 antagonist can limit neointimal hyperplasia and luminal stenosis.

[0011] αvβ3 has been reported to bind to a molecule expressed on endothelial cells termed CD31 [Piali, L. et al, J. Cell Biol. 130, 451-460 (1995)]. Thus αvβ3 may play a role in leukocyte extravasation. It has also been shown to be capable of co-stimulating T-cell degranulation [Ybarrondo, B. Immunology, 91, 186-192 (1997)]. Inhibition of αv function may down regulate immune and/or inflammatory responses.

[0012] αvβ3 has also been shown to play a role in the ingestion of apoptotic cells by macrophages [Akbar, A. N. et al, J. Exp. Med 180, 1943-1947 (1994)]. The rapid phagocytosis of apoptotic cells may be a physiological method of reducing inflammatory responses associated with cell lysis. The modulation of αvβ3 function may alter the inflammatory responses mounted in regions of apoptosis. In some disease states this may be beneficial.

[0013] It has also been shown that members of the αvfamily play a key role in the ability of osteoclasts to resorb bone. An imbalance between bone formation and resorption can lead to major health problems. Blockade of αv containing receptors can inhibit bone resorption in an animal model [Engleman, V. W. et al J. Clin. Invest. 99, 2284-2292, (1997)] and this suggests that αv antagonists may be useful in the treatment of human diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy and metastic bone disease.

[0014] αv containing receptors are often upregulated at sites of angiogenesis where this occurs for example in tumours, and some pathological conditions. Arap W, et al [Science, 279, 377-380, (1998)] have shown that peptides that bind to αv containing receptors can be used to deliver drugs to such sites and an antibody recognising an αv integrin has been shown to be capable of imaging tumour vasculature [Sipkins, D. A. et al Nature Medicine, 4, 623-626 (1998].

[0015] The tissue distribution and range of ligands of different members of the αv integrin family suggests that these molecules may have different physiological roles. This view is supported by Friedlander M et al [ibid] who showed that angiogenesis associated with different growth factors was dependent on different αv containing integrins.

[0016] Inhibition of an αv-mediated cell interaction can be expected to be beneficial in a number of disease states. However, because of the ubiquitous distribution and wide range of functions performed by other members of the integrin family it is important to be able to identify selective inhibitors of the αv subgroup.

[0017] We have now found a group of compounds which are potent and selective inhibitors of αv integrins. Members of the group are able to inhibit αv integrins such as αvβ3 and/or αvβ5 at concentrations at which they generally have no or minimal inhibitory action on integrins of other subgroups. The compounds are thus of use in medicine, for example in the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases or disorders involving inappropriate growth or migration of cells as described hereinafter.

[0018] Thus according to one aspect of the invention we provide a compound of formula (1):

Ar—X1—Ar1—Z—R (1)

[0019] wherein:

[0020] (1) Ar is a group R1a[N(R2)]qL1Ar2— in which:

[0021] R1a is a nitrogen base and q is zero or the integer one;

[0022] R2 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, cycloaliphatic, polycycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteropolycycloalphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group;

[0023] L1 is a covalent bond or a —[C(R3)(R4)]n— [where R3 and R4, which may be the same or different, is each a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched alkyl group or a hydroxyl group and n is the integer one or two], —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)2—, —P(O)—, —P(O)(ORa)— [where Ra is a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-6alkyl group] or —P(O)(ORa)O— group; and

[0024] Ar2 is an optionally substituted six-membered 1,4-arylene or 1,4-heteroarylene ring; or

[0025] (2) Ar is a bicyclic ring:

[0026] in which R1b is a nitrogen base, L1 and Ar2 are as just defined and —L1a— is a covalent bond a —(CH2)3— group or a group L1 as just defined;

[0027] X1 is an —O— or —S— atom or a group selected from —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)2—, —C(R5)(R6)— {where R5 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group and R6 is a hydrogen or halogen atom or a straight or branched alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, aromatic, heteroaromatic, or —(Alk1 )mR7 group [in which Alk1 is a C1-3alkylene chain, m is zero or the integer 1 and R7 is a —OH, —SH, —NO2, —CN, —CO2H, —CO2R8 (where R8 is an optionally substituted straight or branched C1-6alkyl group), —OR8, —SO3H, —SOR8, —SO2R8, —SO3R8, —OCO2R8, —C(O)H, —C(O)R8, —OC(O)R8, —C(S)R8, —NR9R10 (where R9 and R10, which may be the same or different is each a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched alkyl group), —C(O)N(R9)(R10), —OC(O)N(R9)(R10), —N(R9)C(O)R10, —CSN(R9)(R10), —N(R9)C(S)R10, —SO2N(R9)(R10), —N(R9)SO2R10, —N(R9)C(O)N(R10)(R11) [where R11 is a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched alkyl group], —N(R9)C(S)N(R10)(R11), —N(R9)SO2N(R10)(R11), aromatic or hetero-aromatic group]}, —C(═NOH)—, —C(═CR5R6)— or —N(R5)—;

[0028] Z is a group —CH(R13)CH2— [in which R13 is R13a or Alk1aR13a, R13a is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heteroaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group, and Alk1a is a C1-3alkylene chain optionally substituted with one, two, three or more halogen atoms or straight or branched alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, aromatic or heteroaromatic groups], —C(R12a)(R13)—CH(R12b)— [in which R12a and R12b together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a C3-7cycloalkyl group] or —C(R13)═CH—;

[0029] R is a carboxylic acid (—CO2H) or a derivative or biostere thereof;

[0030] Ar1 is an optionally substituted heterocycle of formula

[0031] wherein p is zero or the integer 1;

[0032] and the salts, solvates, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.

[0033] It will be appreciated that when p is the integer 1 O exists as O− and N exists as N+ in the heterocycle Ar1.

[0034] It will be appreciated that certain compounds of formula (1) may exist as geometric isomers (E or Z isomers). The compounds may also have one or more chiral centres, and exist as enantiomers or diastereomers. The invention is to be understood to extend to all such geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers and mixtures thereof, including racemates. Formula (1) and the formulae hereinafter are intended to represent all individual isomers and mixtures thereof, unless stated or shown otherwise. In addition, compounds of formula (1) may exist as tautomers, for example keto (CH2C═O)-enol (CH═CHOH) tautomers. Formula (1) and the formulae hereinafter are intended to repressent all individual tautomers and mixtures thereof, unless stated otherwise.

[0035] In the compounds of the invention as represented by formula (1) and the more detailed description hereinafter certain of the general terms used in relation to substituents are to be understood to include the following atoms or groups unless specified otherwise.

[0036] Thus as used herein the term “optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl”, whether present as a group or part of a group includes straight or branched C1-6alkyl groups, for example C1-4alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl or t-butyl groups. Similarly, the terms “optionally substituted straight or branched alkenyl” or “optionally substituted straight or branched alkynyl” are intended to mean C2-6alkenyl or C2-6alkynyl groups such as C2-4alkenyl or C2-4alkynyl groups. Optional substituents present on those groups include those optional substituents mentioned hereinafter in relation to R2 optionally substituted aliphatic groups.

[0037] The term “halogen atom” is intended to include fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms.

[0038] The term “straight or branched haloalkyl” is intended to include the alkyl groups just mentioned substituted by one, two or three of the halogen atoms just described. Particular examples of such groups include —CF3, —CCl3, —CHF2— —CHCl2, —CH2F, and —CH2Cl groups.

[0039] The term “straight or branched alkoxy” as used herein is intended to include straight or branched C1-6alkoxy e.g. C1-4alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy and t-butoxy. “Haloalkoxy” as used herein includes any of those alkoxy groups substituent by one, two or three halogen atoms as described above. Particular examples include —OCF3, —OCCl3, —OCHF2, —OCHCl2, —OCH2F and —OCH2Cl groups.

[0040] As used herein the term “straight or branched alkylthio” is intended to include straight or branched C1-6alkylthio, e.g. C1-4alkylthio such as methylthio or ethylthio groups.

[0041] The terms “aromatic” or heteroaromatic” are intended to include those optionally substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic groups described generally and particularly hereinafter in relation to the groups R2, R14, R15 and R16.

[0042] Where the term “1,4-arylene” is used in relation to Ar2 in the formulae herein this is to be understood to mean a ring:

[0043] in which the carbon atoms at the one and four positions are attached to the remainder of the molecule. The term “1,4-heteroarylene” is to be understood to mean an equivalent ring structure in which one or more of the carbon atoms at the 2-, 3-, 5- and/or 6-positions of the 1,4-arylene ring is replaced by a nitrogen atom. Examples of 1,4-heteroarylenes include 2,5-pyridyl, 2,5-pyrimidinyl, 2,5-pyrazinyl and 3,6-pyridazinyl groups.

[0044] Such arylene and heteroarylene rings may be optionally substituted, each substituent being attached to a carbon atom, where present, at the 2-, 3-, 5- and/or 6-positions. Particular substituents include halogen atoms, or straight or branched alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy or alkylthio groups, or —OH, —CO2H, —CO2R8 [where R8 is as previously defined], —CN, —NH2, —NO2, or straight or branched alkylamino (—NHR8) or dialkylamino (—N(R8)2) groups. Where two R8 groups are present in such optional substituents these groups may be the same or different.

[0045] Nitrogen bases represented by the group R1a in compounds of the invention include acyclic or cyclic nitrogen bases containing one, two, three or more nitrogen atoms. Such bases will generally include one or more carbon atoms and optionally one or more other heteroatoms such as oxygen or suphur atoms.

[0046] Particular examples of acyclic nitrogen bases represented by the group R1a include those wherein R1a is a R14R15NC(X2)—, R15C(═NR14)—, or R14N═CH— group, in which X2 is a ═NR16, ═O, ═NCN, ═NC(O)NH2 or ═S group, and each of R14, R15 and R16, which may be the same or different, is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, cycloaliphatic, polycycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteropolycycloaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group.

[0047] Optionally substituted aliphatic groups represented by R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include optionally substituted straight or branched C1-10 alkyl, e.g. C1-6alkyl, C2-10alkenyl e.g. C2-6alkenyl or C2-10alkynyl e.g. C2-6alkynyl groups.

[0048] Heteroaliphatic groups represented by R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include the aliphatic groups just described but with each group additionally containing one, two, three or four heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups. Particular heteroatoms or groups include atoms or groups L2 where L2 is a linker atom or group. Each L2 atom or group may interrupt the aliphatic group, or may be positioned at its terminal carbon atom to connect the group to an adjoining atom or group. Particular examples of suitable L2 atoms or groups include —O— or —S— atoms or —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(S)—, —S(O), —S(O)2—, —N(R17)— [where R17 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group], —N(R17)O—, —N(R17)N(R17)—, —CON(R17)—, —OC(O)N(R17)—, —CSN(R17)—, —N(R17)CO—, —N(R17)C(O)O—, —N(R17)CS—, —S(O)2N(R17)—, —N(R17)S(O)2—, —N(R17)CON(R17)—, —N(R17)CSN(R17)—, or —N(R17)SO2N(R17)— groups. Where the linker group contains two R17 substituents, these may be the same or different.

[0049] Particular examples of aliphatic groups represented by R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include optionally substituted —CH3, —CH2CH3, —CH(CH3)2, —(CH2)2CH3, —(CH2)3CH3, —CH(CH3)CH2CH3, —CH2CH(CH3)2, —C(CH3)2, —(CH2)4CH3, —(CH2)5CH3, —CHCH2, —CHCHCH3, —CH2CHCH2, —CHCHCH2CH3, —CH2CHCHCH3, —(CH2)2CHCH2, —CCH, —CCCH3, —CH2CCH, —CCCH2CH3, —CH2CCCH3, or —(CH2)2CCH groups. Where appropriate each of said groups may be optionally interrupted by one, two, three or more atoms and/or groups L2 to form an optionally substituted heteroaliphatic group. Particular examples include optionally substituted —L2CH3, —CH2L2CH3, —L2CH2CH3, —CH2L2CH2CH3, —L2CH2L2CH3, —(CH2)2L2CH3, —L2(CH2)2CH3— and —(CH2)2L2CH2CH3 groups.

[0050] The optional substituents which may be present on aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups represented by R2, R14, R15, and/or R16 include one, two, three or more substituents where each substituent may be the same or different and is selected from halogen atoms, or C1-6alkoxy, hydroxy, thiol, C1-6alkylthio, optionally substituted C6-12arylamino, substituted amino, —CN, —CO2H, —CO2R8a (where R8a is an optionally substituted straight or branched C1-6alkyl group), —SO3H, —SOR8a, —SO2R8a, —SO3R8a, —OCO2R8a, —C(O)H, —C(O)R8a, —OC(O)R8a, —C(S)R8a, —C(O)N(R9a)(R10a) (where R9a and R10a, which may be the same or different is each a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group), —OC(O)N(R9a)(R10a), —N(R9a)C(O)R10a, —CSN(R9a)(R10a), —N(R9a)C(S)(R10a), SO2N(R9a)(R10a), —N(R9a)SO2R10a, —N(R9a)C(O)N(R10a)(R11a) (where R11a is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group), —N(R9a)C(S)N(R10a)(R11a), —N(R9a)SO2N(R10a)(R11a), or optionally substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic groups. Substituted amino groups include —NHR18 and —N(R18)2 groups where R18 is a straight or branched alkyl group. Where two R18 groups are present these may be the same or different. Particular examples of substituted groups represented by R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include those specific groups just described substituted by one, two, or three halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms, for example groups of the type —CH2CF3, —CH(CF3)2, —CH2CH2CF3, —CH2CH(CF3)2 and —C(CF3)2CH3, or substituted by one or two optionally substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic groups, for example optionally substituted phenyl, pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl groups. Examples of R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 groups of this type include optionally substituted benzyl, pyridinylCH2—, pyrimidinylCH2 and phenylethyl groups. Optional substituents on these aromatic or heteroaromatic containing groups include those substituents described hereinafter in relation to R2 aromatic and heteroaromatic groups.

[0051] Optionally substituted cycloaliphatic groups represented by R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include optionally substituted C3-10 cycloaliphatic groups. Particular examples include optionally substituted C3-10 cycloalkyl, e.g. C3-7 cycloalkyl or C3-10 cycloalkenyl, e.g C3-7 cycloalkenyl groups.

[0052] Optionally substituted heterocycloaliphatic groups represented by R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include optionally substituted C3-10heterocycloaliphatic groups. Particular examples include optionally substituted C3-10heterocycloalkyl, e.g. C3-7heterocycloalkyl, or C3-10heterocycloalkenyl, e.g. C3-7 hetercycloalkenyl groups, each of said groups containing one, two, three or four heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups L2 as just defined.

[0053] Optionally substituted polycycloaliphatic groups represented by R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include optionally substitued C7-10 bi- or tricycloalkyl or C7-10bi- or tricycloalkenyl groups. Optionally substituted heteropolycycloaliphatic groups represented by R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include the optionally substituted polycycloaliphatic groups just described, but with each group additionally containing one, two, three or four L2 atoms or groups.

[0054] Particular examples of R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 cycloaliphatic, polycycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic and heteropolycycloaliphatic groups include optionally substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, 2-cyclobuten-1-yl, 2-cyclopenten-1-yl, 3-cyclopenten-1-yl, adamantyl, norbornyl, norbornenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrroline, e.g. 2- or 3-pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinone, oxazolidinyl, oxazolidinone, dioxolanyl, e.g. 1,3-dioxolanyl, imidazolinyl, e.g. 2-imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, e.g. 2-pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyranyl, e.g. 2- or 4-pyranyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, heptamethyleneiminyl, piperidinone, tetrahydropyrimidinyl e.g. 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl, morpholinone, 1,4-dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, oxazinyl, e.g. 2H-1,3-, 6H-1,3-, 6H-1,2-, 2H-1,2- or 4H-1,4-oxazinyl, 1,2,5-oxathiazinyl, isoxazinyl, e.g. o- or p-isoxazinyl, oxathiazinyl, e.g. 1,2,5 or 1,2,6-oxathiazinyl, or 1,3,5,-oxadiazinyl groups.

[0055] The optional substituents which may be present on the R2, R14, R15 and R16 cycloaliphatic, polycycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic or heteropolycycloaliphatic groups include one, two, three or more of those substituents described above in relation to R2 aliphatic or heteroaliphatic groups.

[0056] Optionally substituted aromatic groups represented by the groups R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include for example monocyclic or bicyclic fused ring C6-12 aromatic groups, such as phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, 1- or 2-tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl or indenyl groups. Each of these aromatic groups may be optionally substituted by one, two, three or more R19 atoms or groups as defined below.

[0057] Heteroaromatic groups represented by the groups R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include for example C1-9 heteroaromatic groups containing for example one, two, three or four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms. In general, the heteroaromatic groups may be for example monocyclic or bicyclic fused ring heteroaromatic groups. Monocyclic heteroaromatic groups include for example five- or six-membered heteroaromatic groups containing one, two, three or four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms. Bicyclic heteroaromatic groups include for example eight- to thirteen-membered fused-ring heteroaromatic groups containing one, two or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms.

[0058] Particular examples of heteroaromatic groups of these types include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, N—C1-6alkylimidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, benzofuryl, [2,3-dihydro]benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyl, indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolyl, indazolinyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, [3,4-dihydro]benzopyranyl, quinazolinyl, qunoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydronaphthyridinyl, pyrido[3,4-b]pyridyl, pyrido[3,2-b]pyridyl, pyrido[4,3-b]-pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalazinyl, tetrazolyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and imidyl, e.g. succinimidyl, phthalimidyl, or naphthalimidyl such as 1,8-naphthalimidyl.

[0059] Optional substituents which may be present on the aromatic or heteroaromatic groups represented by the groups R2, R14, R15 and/or R16 include one, two, three or more substituents, each selected from an atom or group R19 in which R19 is —R19a or —Alk3(R19a)m, where R19a is a halogen atom, or an amino (—NH2), substituted amino, nitro, cyano, amidino, hydroxyl (—OH), substituted hydroxyl, formyl, carboxyl (—CO2H), esterified carboxyl, thiol (—SH), substituted thiol, —COR20 [where R20 is an —Alk3(R19a)m, aryl or heteroaryl group], —CSR20, —SO3H, —SOR20, —SO2R20, —SO3R20, —SO2NH2, —SO2NHR20, —SO2N(R20)2, —CONH2, —CSNH2, —CONHR20, —CSNHR20, —CON[R20]2, —CSN(R20)2, —N(R21)SO2R20, [where R21 is a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched alkyl group] —N(SO2R20)2, —N(R21)SO2NH2, —N(R21)SO2NHR20, —N(R21)SO2N(R20)2, —N(R21 )COR20, —N(R21 )CONH2, —N(R21 )CONHR20, —N(R21 )CON(R20)2, —N(R21)CSNH2, —N(R21)CSNHR20, —N(R21)CSN(R20)2, —N(R21)CSR20, —N(R21)C(O)OR20, —SO2NHet1 [where —NHet1 is an optionally substituted C5-7cyclicamino group optionally containing one or more other —O— or —S— atoms or —N(R21)—, —C(O)— or —C(S)— groups], —CONHet1, —CSNHet1, —N(R21)SO2NHet1, —N(R21 )CONHet1, —N(R21)CSNHet1, —SO2N(R21 )Het2 [where Het2 is an optionally substituted monocyclic C5-7carbocyclic group optionally containing one or more —O— or —S— atoms or —N(R21)—, —C(O)— or —C(S)— groups], —Het2, —CON(R21)Het2, —CSN(R21)Het2, —N(R21)CON(R21)Het2, —N(R21)CSN(R21)Het2, aryl or heteroaryl group; Alk3 is a straight or branched C1-6alkylene, C2-6alkenylene or C2-6alkynylene chain, optionally interrupted by one, two or three —O— or —S— atoms or —S(O)n [where n is an integer 1 or 2] or —N(R21)— groups; and m is zero or an integer 1, 2 or 3. It will be appreciated that when two R20 or R21 groups are present in one of the above substituents, the R20 or R21 groups may be the same or different.

[0060] When in the group —Alk3(R19a)m m is an integer 1, 2 or 3, it is to be understood that the substituent or substituents R19a may be present on any suitable carbon atom in —Alk3. Where more than one R19a substituent is present these may be the same or different and may be present on the same or different atom in —Alk3. Clearly, when m is zero and no substituent R19a is present the alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene chain represented by Alk3 becomes an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group.

[0061] When R19a is a halogen atom it may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.

[0062] When R19a is a substituted amino group it may be for example a group —NHR20 [where R20 is as defined above] or a group —N(R20)2 wherein each R20 group is the same or different.

[0063] When R19a is a substituted hydroxyl or substituted thiol group it may be for example a group —OR20 or a —SR20 or —SC(═NH)NH2 group respectively.

[0064] Esterified carboxyl groups represented by the group R19a include groups of formula —CO2Alk4 wherein Alk4 is a straight or branched, optionally substituted C1-8alkyl group such as a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl group; a C6-12arylC1-8alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, 1-naphthylmethyl or 2-naphthylmethyl group; a C6-12aryl group such as an optionally substituted phenyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl group; a C6-12aryloxyC1-8alkyl group such as an optionally substituted phenyloxymethyl, phenyloxyethyl, 1-naphthyloxymethyl, or 2-naphthyloxymethyl group; an optionally substituted C1-8alkanoyloxyC1-8alkyl group, such as a pivaloyloxymethyl, propionyloxyethyl or propionyloxypropyl group; or a C6-12aroyloxyC1-8alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzoyloxyethyl or benzoyloxy-propyl group. Optional substituents present on the Alk4 group include R19a substituents described above.

[0065] When Alk3 is present in or as a substituent it may be for example a methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, i-propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, s-butylene, t-butylene, ethenylene, 2-propenylene, 2-butenylene, 3-butenylene, ethynylene, 2-propynylene, 2-butynylene or 3-butynylene chain, optionally interrupted by one, two, or three —O— or —S—, atoms or —S(O)—, —S(O)2— or —N(R21)— groups.

[0066] Aryl or heteroaryl groups represented by the groups R19a or R20 include mono- or bicyclic optionally substituted C6-12 aromatic or C1-9 heteroaromatic groups as described above for the group R2. The aromatic and heteroaromatic groups may be attached to the remainder of the compound of formula (1) by any carbon or hetero e.g. nitrogen atom as appropriate.

[0067] When —NHet1 or —Het2 forms part of a substituent R19 each may be for example an optionally substituted 2- or 3-pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperazinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, oxazolidinyl or thiazolidinyl group. Additionally Het2 may represent for example, an optionally substituted cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group. Optional substituents which may be present on —NHet1 or —Het2 include those substituents described above in relation to R6.

[0068] Particularly useful atoms or groups represented by R19 include fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or C1-6alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl or t-butyl, optionally substituted phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, furyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl, C1-6hydroxyalkyl, e.g. hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl, carboxyC1-6alkyl, e.g. carboxyethyl, C1-6alkylthio e.g. methylthio or ethylthio, carboxyC1-6alkylthio, e.g. carboxymethylthio, 2-carboxyethylthio or 3-carboxypropylthio, C1-6alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, hydroxyC1-6alkoxy, e.g. 2-hydroxyethoxy, optionally substituted phenoxy, pyridyloxy, thiazolyoxy, phenylthio or pyridylthio, C5-7cycloalkoxy, e.g. cyclopentyloxy, haloC1-6alkyl, e.g. trifluoromethyl, haloC1-6alkoxy, e.g. trifluoromethoxy, C1-6alkylamino, e.g. methylamino or ethylamino, amino (—NH2), aminoC1-6alkyl, e.g. aminomethyl or aminoethyl, C1-6dialkylamino, e.g. dimethylamino or diethylamino, aminoC1-6alkylamino e.g. aminoethyl-amino, Het1NC1-6alkylamino e.g. morpholinopropylamino, C1-6alkyl-aminoC1-6alkyl, e.g. ethylaminoethyl, C1-6dialkylaminoC1-6alkyl, e.g. diethylaminoethyl, aminoC1-6alkoxy, e.g. aminoethoxy, C1-6alkylaminoC1-6alkoxy, e.g. methylaminoethoxy, C1-6dialkylaminoC1-6alkoxy, e.g. dimethylaminoethoxy, diethylaminoethoxy, diisopropylaminoethoxy, or dimethylaminopropoxy, hydroxyC1-6alkylamino e.g. hydroxyethylamino, imido, such as phthalimido or naphthalimido, e.g. 1,8-naphthalimido, nitro, cyano, amidino, hydroxyl (—OH), formyl [HC(O)—], carboxyl (—CO2H), —CO2Alk4 [where Alk4 is as defined above], C1-6 alkanoyl e.g. acetyl, optionally substituted benzoyl, thiol (—SH), thioC1-6alkyl, e.g. thiomethyl or thioethyl, —SC(═NH)NH2, sulphonyl (—SO3H), —SO3R20, C1-6alkylsulphinyl e.g. methylsulphinyl, C1-6alkylsulphonyl, e.g. methylsulphonyl, amino-sulphonyl (—SO2NH2), C1-6alkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. methylaminosulphonyl or ethylaminosulphonyl, C1-6dialkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. dimethylaminosulphonyl or diethylaminosulphonyl, optionally substituted phenylaminosulphonyl, carboxamido (—CONH2), C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, e.g. methylaminocarbonyl or ethylaminocarbonyl, C1-6dialkylaminocarbonyl, e.g. dimethylaminocarbonyl or diethylaminocarbonyl, aminoC1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, e.g. aminoethylaminocarbonyl, C1-6dialkylaminoC1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, e.g. diethylaminoethylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, C1-6alkylaminocarbonylamino, e.g. methylaminocarbonylamino or ethylaminocarbonylamino, C1-6dialkylaminocarbonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminocarbonylamino or diethylaminocarbonylamino, C1-6alkylaminocabonylC1-6alkylamino, e.g. methylaminocarbonylmethylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, C1-6alkylaminothiocarbonylamino, e.g. methylaminothiocarbonylamino or ethylaminothiocarbonylamino, C1-6dialkylaminothiocarbonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminothiocarbonylamino or diethylaminothiocarbonylamino, C1-6alkylaminothiocarbonylC1-6alkylamino, e.g. ethylaminothiocarbonylmethylamino, —CONHC(═NH)NH2, C1-6alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. methylsulphonylamino or ethylsulphonylamino, C1-6dialkylsulphonylamino, e.g. dimethylsulphonylamino or diethylsulphonylamino, optionally substituted phenylsulphonylamino, aminosulphonylamino (—NHSO2NH2), C1-6alkylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. methylaminosulphonylamino or ethylaminosulphonylamino, C1-6dialkylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminosulphonylamino or diethylaminosulphonylamino, optionally substituted morpholinesulphonylamino or morpholinesulphonylC1-6alkylamino, optionally substituted phenylaminosulphonylamino, C1-6alkanoylamino, e.g. acetylamino, aminoC1-6alkanoylamino e.g. aminoacetylamino, C1-6dialkylaminoC1-6alkanoylamino, e.g. dimethylaminoacetylamino, C1-6alkanoylaminoC1-6alkyl, e.g. acetylaminomethyl, C1-6alkanoylaminoC1-6alkylamino, e.g. acetamidoethylamino, C1-6alkoxycarbonylamino, e.g. methoxycarbonylamino, ethoxycarbonylamino or t-butoxycarbonylamino or optionally substituted benzyloxy, benzylamino, pyridylmethoxy, thiazolylmethoxy, benzyloxycarbonylamino, benzyloxycarbonylaminoC1-6alkyl e.g. benzyloxycarbonylaminoethyl, thiobenzyl, pyridylmethylthio or thiazolylmethylthio groups.

[0069] Where desired, two R19 substituents may be linked together to form a cyclic group such as a cyclic ether, e.g. a C1-6alkylenedioxy group such as methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy.

[0070] It will be appreciated that where two or more R19 substituents are present, these need not necessarily be the same atoms and/or groups. In general, the substituent(s) may be present at any available ring position in the aromatic or heteroaromatic group represented by R2, R14, R15 and/or R16.

[0071] Particular examples of cyclic nitrogen bases represented by the group R1a in compounds of the invention include those wherein R1a is an optionally substituted four- to ten-membered, for example five- to ten-membered, mono- or bicyclic fused-ring heterocycloaliphatic or heteroaromatic group containing one, two, three or more nitrogen atoms and optionally one or more other heteroatoms such as oxygen and sulphur atoms. Particular examples of heterocycloaliphatic groups include five- to seven-membered heterocycloaliphatic groups, particularly five- and six-membered heterocycloaliphatic groups. Particular examples of heteroaromatic groups include five- and six-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic groups and nine- and ten-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic groups. Suitable examples include optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, heptamethyleneiminyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, triazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, indolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl e.g. 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl, tetrahydro-[1,8]-naphthyridinyl e.g. 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,8]-naphthyridin-2-yl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, [1,8]-naphthyridinyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl and isoquinolinyl groups. Optional substituents which may be present on these groups include one, two or three of those R19 substituents described herein. The ring R1a will generally be attached to the —N(R2)— group, L1 or Ar2 as the case may be through any available ring carbon or nitrogen atom.

[0072] When in the compounds of the invention the Ar group is a bicyclic ring it may be for example a ring of formula:

[0073] [where R1aN and R1aCH form the nitrogen base R1b described in formula (1)] in which each of the carbon atoms at positions 2-, 3- and 6- may optionally be substituted or replaced by a nitrogen atom as described above in relation to the ring Ar2. In these compounds R1a, L1 and L1a may be as decribed previously. L1a may in particular be a —CH2—, —(CH2)2— or —(CH2)3 chain.

[0074] When in the compounds of the invention the group Z contains a group R13 which is an optionally substituted aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heteroaliphatic, heterocycloalphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group, each of these groups may be any of those previously generally and particularly described for the group R2. Optional substituents which may be present on such groups include those described for R2, for example one, two or three R19 substituents as described above when R3 is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group.

[0075] When the group Z is —C(R12a)(R13)—CH(R12b), then R12a and R12b together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached may form for example a cyclopropyl group.

[0076] Derivatives of the carboxylic acid group R in compounds of the invention include caboxylic acid esters and amides. Particular esters and amides include —CO2Alk4 and —CONR9R10 groups as described herein. Biosteres of the carboxylic acid group R include tetrazoles, or other acids such as squaric acid, phosphoric acid, sulphonic acid, sulphinic acid, or boronic acid.

[0077] In pyridines and pyridine N-oxides represented by Ar1 when a carbon atom is available, it may be optionally substituted by a halogen atom or a straight or branched C1-6alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy or alkylthio group, or a —OH, —CO2H, —CO2R8, —CN, —NH2, —NO2 or straight or branched alkylamino or dialkylamino group.

[0078] When the optional substituent on Ar1 is a straight or branched alkylamino group it may be for example a group —NHR22 [where R22 is a straight or branched C1-6alkyl group] and when the optional substituent is a straight or branched dialkylamino group it may be for example a group —N(R22)2

[0079] The presence of certain substituents in the compounds of formula (1) may enable salts of the compounds to be formed. Suitable salts include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for example acid addition salts derived from inorganic or organic acids, and salts derived from inorganic and organic bases.

[0080] Acid addition salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, alkylsulphonates, e.g. methanesulphonates, ethanesulphonates, or isothionates, arylsulphonates, e.g. p-toluenesulphonates, besylates or napsylates, phosphates, sulphates, hydrogen sulphates, acetates, trifluoroacetates, propionates, citrates, maleates, fumarates, malonates, succinates, lactates, oxalates, tartrates and benzoates.

[0081] Salts derived from inorganic or organic bases include alkali metal salts such as sodium or potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium or calcium salts, and organic amine salts such as morpholine, piperidine, dimethylamine or diethylamine salts.

[0082] Particularly useful salts of compounds according to the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, especially acid addition pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

[0083] A particularly useful group of compounds according to the invention has the formula (1a):

[0084] in which R1a, q, L1, Ar2, X1, p, Z and R are as defined for formula (1); and the salts, solvates, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.

[0085] In compounds of formula (1a) and in general in compounds of the invention L1 is preferably a covalent bond or a —C(O)—, —C(S)— or —[C(R3)(R4)]n— group where R3 and R4 are as previously generally and particularly defined and n is the integer 1.

[0086] In compounds of formula (1a) and in general in compounds of the invention the pyridine or pyridine N-oxide represented by Ar1 may be optionally substituted with one or two halogen atoms, or one or two straight or branched alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio groups, —OH, —CO2H, —CO2R8 e.g. —CO2CH3, —CN, —NO2, —NH2 or straight or branched alkylamino e.g. —NHCH3 or dialkylamino e.g. —N(CH3)2 groups. Particularly useful groups represented by Ar1 are unsubstituted pyridine and pyridine N-oxide.

[0087] In compounds of formula (1a) and in general in compounds of the invention the group Z is preferably a —CH(R13)CH2— or —C(R13)═CH— group. In these compounds the group R13 is preferably the group R13a where R13a is an optionally substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic group as herein defined. Particularly useful aromatic groups include optionally substituted phenyl groups. Particularly useful heteroaromatic groups include optionally substituted five- or six-membered heteroaromatic groups, e.g. optionally substituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl and pyridine-N-oxide groups. A most especially preferred heteroaromatic group is an optionally substituted pyridyl group.

[0088] In compounds of formula (1a) and in general in compounds of the invention the optional substituents on R13 groups include one or more substituents which may be the same or different selected from halogen atoms, especially fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms, C1-6alkyl groups, especially methyl, ethyl or i-propyl groups, carboxyl (—CO2H) or esterified carboxyl (—CO2Alk4) groups especially —CO2CH3, amino (—NH2) or substituted amino groups especially —NHCH3 and —N(CH3)2 groups, aminoC1-6alkylaminocarbonyl groups especially aminoethylaminocarbonyl groups, hydroxyl or C1-6alkoxy groups, especially methoxy, ethoxy or i-propoxy groups, haloC1-6alkoxy groups, especially trifluoromethoxy, thio (—SH) or thioC1-6alkyl groups, especially thiomethyl, nitro, cyano, amidino, C1-6alkylenedioxy groups especially methylenedioxy, C1-6alkylsulphuryl, especially methylsulphuryl or C1-6alkylsulphonyl, especially methylsulphonyl groups.

[0089] In compounds of formula (1a) and in general in compounds of the invention, the group R is preferably a carboxylic acid (—CO2H).

[0090] The atom or group X1 in general and in compounds of formula (1a) is preferably a —O— or —S— atom or —C(O)—, —N(R5)—, —C(═NOH), —C(═CR5R6)— or —C(R5)(R6)— group. Particularly useful —N(R5)— groups include —NH— and —N(CH3)— groups. Particularly useful —C(R5)(R6)— groups include those where R5 is a hydrogen atom and R6 is a hydrogen atom or hydroxyl or alkoxy, especially methoxy, group. Particularly useful —C(═CR5R6)— groups include —C(═CH2)— and —C(═C(CH3)2) groups. Most preferably X1 is an —O— atom or a —NH— group.

[0091] The group Ar2 in general and in compounds of formula (1a) is preferably an optionally substituted 1,4-phenyl, 2,5-pyridyl or 2,5 pyrimidinyl group.

[0092] In compounds of formula (1a) and in general in compounds of the invention R1a may in particular be a group R14R15NC(X2)— in which X2 is preferably a ═NR16 group, R15C(═NR14)—, an optionally substituted five to ten membered, particularly five to seven membered, nitrogen containing mono-or bicyclic fused ring heterocycloaliphatic, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms as described in relation to R1a or an optionally substituted five- to ten membered, particularly five- or six-membered nitrogen containing monocyclic heteroaromatic group or nine- or ten-membered nitrogen containing bicyclic heteroaromatic group, optionally containing one or more other heteroatoms as described in relation to R1a. Particularly useful R1a groups include H2NC(═NH)— optionally substituted imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, benzimidazolyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydro-[1,8]-naphthyridinyl, [1,8]-naphthyridinyl and triazolyl groups. Especially useful optionally substituted pyridyl groups include pyridyl, 6-aminopyrid-2-yl and 6-methylaminopyrid-2-yl groups. Especially useful tetrahydropyrimidinyl groups include tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl groups, especially 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-pyrimidin-2-yl groups. Especially useful tetrahydro-[1,8]-naphthyridinyl groups include 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,8]-naphthyridin-2-yl groups. Especially useful [1,8]-naphthyridinyl groups include [1,8]-naphthyridin-2-yl groups.

[0093] In one preferred class of compounds of formula (1a) q is zero and L1 is a covalent bond. In this class of compounds R1a is preferably a group as group R14R15NC(X2)— in which X2 is preferably a ═NR16 group, or a group R15C(═NR14)— or an optionally substituted five- or six-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloaliphatic or five- to ten-membered nitrogen containing heteroaromatic group, optionally containing one or two other heteroatoms as described herein in relation to R1a. Particularly useful R1a groups in this class of compounds include H2NC(═NH)— and optionally substituted pyridyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,8]-naphthyridin-2-yl, [1,8]-naphthyridin-2-yl and imidazolyl groups. Especially useful R1a optionally substituted pyridyl groups include pyrid-2-yl, 6-aminopyrid-2-yl and 6-methylaminopyrid-2-yl groups.

[0094] In another preferred class of compounds of formula (1a) q is zero and L1 is a [C(R3)(R4)]n— group in which n is preferably the integer 1 and R3 and R4 is each preferably a hydrogen atom or R3 is a hydrogen atom and R4 is a hydroxyl (—OH) group. In this class of compounds R1a is preferably a group R14R15NC(X2)—, in which X2 is preferably ═NR16,or a group R15C(═NR14)— or an optionally substituted five or six-membered nitrogen containing heterocycloaliphatic or five- to ten-membered nitrogen containing heteroaromatic group, optionally containing one or two other heteroatoms as desccibed herein in relation to R1a. Particularly useful R1a groups in this class of compounds include H2NC(═NH)— and optionally substituted imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, triazolyl, tetrahydro-[1,8]-naphthyridinyl, [1,8]-naphthyridinyl, and pyridyl groups. Especially useful optionally substituted pyridyl groups include pyrid-2-yl, 6-aminopyrid-2-yl and 6-methylaminopyrid-2-yl groups.

[0095] In another preferred class of compounds of formula (1a) q is the integer 1 and L1 is a —C(O)— or —[C(R3)(R4)]n— group where n is the integer 1, and R3 and R4 is each preferably a hydrogen atom or C1-6alkyl especially methyl group or a hydroxyl group. An especially preferred group of compounds of this class is that where L1 is a —C(R3)(R4)— group in which R3 and R4 is each a hydrogen atom. In this class of compounds R1a is preferably a group R14R15NC(X2)— in which X2 is preferably ═NR16, or a group R15C(═NR14) or an optionally substituted five to ten-membered nitrogen containing heterocycloaliphatic or five- to ten-membered nitrogen containing heteroaromatic group optionally containing one or two other heteroatoms as described herein in relation to R1a. Especially useful heterocycloaliphatic groups include five- and six-membered heterocycloaliphatic groups. Especially useful heteroaromatic groups include five, six-, nine and ten-membered heteroaromatic groups. Particularly useful R1a groups include H2NC(═NH)— and optionally substituted imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,8]-naphthyridin-2-yl and optionally substituted pyridyl groups. Especially useful optionally pyridyl groups include pyrid-2-yl, 6-aminopyrid-2-yl and 6-methylaminopyrid-2-yl groups.

[0096] In another preferred class of compounds of formula (1) q is the integer 1 and L1 is a covalent bond. In this class of compounds R1a is preferably a group R14R15NC(X2)— in which X2 is preferably —NR16 or a group R15C(═NR14) or an optionally substituted five- to ten-membered nitrogen containing heterocycloaliphatic or heteroaromatic group optionally containing one or two other heteroatoms as described herein in relation to R1a. Especially useful heterocycloaliphatic groups include five- and six-membered heterocycloaliphatic gropus. Especially useful heteroaromatic groups include five-, six-, nine- and ten-membered heteroaromatic groups. Particularly useful R1a groups include H2NC(═NH)— and optionally substituted imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, benzimdazolyl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,8]-naphthyridin-2-yl, [1,8]-naphthyridinyl and optionally substituted pyridyl groups. Especially useful optionally substituted pyridyl groups include pyrid-2-yl, 6-aminopyrid-2-yl and 6-methylaminopyridin-2-yl groups.

[0097] Particularly preferred optional substituents which may be present on R1a heterocycloaliphatic and heteroaromatic groups include halogen atoms, especially chlorine or fluorine atoms, straight or branched alkyl groups, especially methyl, ethyl or i-propyl groups, haloalkyl groups, especially —CF3, alkoxy groups, especially methoxy, ethoxy or i-propoxy groups, haloalkoxy groups, especially trifluoromethoxy groups, —OH, —CN, —CO2H—, —CO2Alk4, especially —CO2CH3, —NO2 or straight or branched alkylamino groups especially methylamino or ethylamino or dialkylamino groups, especially dimethylamino or diethylamino group.

[0098] Particularly useful compounds of the invention include:

[0099] 3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(2-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-pyrid-6-yl-N-oxide)propanoic acid trifluoroacetic acid salt;

[0100] 3-(3-Pyridinyl)-3-(6-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-2-pyridinyl) propanoic acid;

[0101] 3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(2-{4-[(1H-1,3-benzimadazol-2-ylamino)methyl] phenoxy]-6-pyridyl-N-oxide)propanoic acid trifluoroacetate salt;

[0102] 3-(4-Benzoic acid)-3-(6-{4-[(1H-benimidazol-2-ylamino)methyl] phenoxy}-1 -oxypyridin-2-yl)propanoic acid;

[0103] 3-(4-Benzoic acid)-3-{6-[4-(6-aminopyridin-2-yl)phenoxy]-1 -oxypyridin-2-yl}propanoic acid trifluoroacetate salt;

[0104] 3-(4-Benzoic acid)-3-(6-{4-[(2-pyridylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-1 -oxypyridin-6-yl)propanoic acid trifluoroacetate salt;

[0105] and the salts, solvates, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.

[0106] Compounds according to the invention are potent and selective inhibitors of αv integrins. The ability of the compounds to act in this way may be simply determined by employing tests such as those described in the Examples hereinafter.

[0107] The compounds are of use in modulating cell adhesion and in particular are of use in the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases or disorders involving inappropriate growth or migration of cells. The invention extends to such a use and to the use of the compounds of formula (1) for the manufacture of a medicament for treating such diseases and disorders. Particular diseases include inflammatory diseases, and diseases involving angiogenesis, bone resorption or cellular or matrix over-expansion.

[0108] Particular uses to which the compounds of the invention may be put include the treatment or inhibition of tumour growth and metastasis; retinopathy; macular degeneration psoriasis; rheumatoid arthritis; osteoporosis; bone resorption following or due to joint replacement, hypercalcemia of malignancy, Paget's disease, glucocorticoid treatment, immobilisation-induced osteopenia, hyperparathyroidism or peridontal disease; vascular restenosis; atherosclerosis; inflammatory bowel disease; and psoriasis.

[0109] For the prophylaxis or treatment of disease the compounds according to the invention may be administered as pharmaceutical compositions, and according to a further aspect of the invention we provide a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of formula (1) together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents.

[0110] Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may take a form suitable for oral, buccal, parenteral, nasal, topical or rectal administration, or a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.

[0111] For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets, lozenges or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g. potato starch or sodium glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles and preservatives. The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavouring, colouring and sweetening agents as appropriate.

[0112] Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.

[0113] For buccal administration the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

[0114] The compounds for formula (1) may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection e.g. by bolus injection or infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. in glass ampoule or multi dose containers, e.g. glass vials. The compositions for injection may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilising, preserving and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

[0115] In addition to the formulations described above, the compounds of formula (1) may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation or by intramuscular injection.

[0116] For nasal administration or administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation for pressurised packs or a nebuliser, with the use of suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas or mixture of gases.

[0117] The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack or dispensing device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.

[0118] The quantity of a compound of the invention required for the prophylaxis or treatment of a particular condition will vary depending on the compound chosen, and the condition of the patient to be treated. In general, however, daily dosages may range from around 100 ng/kg to 100 mg/kg e.g. around 0.01 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg body weight for oral or buccal administration, from around 10 ng/kg to 50 mg/kg body weight for parenteral administration and around 0.05 mg to around 1000 mg e.g. around 0.5 mg to around 1000 mg for nasal administration or administration by inhalation or insufflation.

[0119] The compounds of the invention may be prepared by a number of processes as generally described below and more specifically in the Examples hereinafter. Many of the reactions described are well-known standard synthetic methods which may be applied to a variety of compounds and as such can be used not only to generate compounds of the invention, but also where necessary the intermediates thereto.

[0120] In the following process description, the symbols R, Ar, X1, Ar1, L1, Alk4, R5, R6, and Z when used in the formulae depicted are to be understood to represent those groups described above in relation to formula (1) unless otherwise indicated. In the reactions described below, it may be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, thio or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, to avoid their unwanted participation in the reactions. Conventional protecting groups may be used in accordance with standard practice [see, for example, Green, T. W. in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley and Sons, (1999) and the examples herein]. In some instances, deprotection may be the final step in the synthesis of a compound of formula (1) and the processes according to the invention described hereinafter are to be understood to extend to such removal of protecting groups.

[0121] Thus according to a further aspect of the invention, a compound of formula (1) in which R is a —CO2H group may be obtained by hydrolysis of an ester of formula (1b):

Ar—X1—Ar1—Z—CO2Alk4 (1b)

[0122] where Alk4 is a group as previously described.

[0123] The hydrolysis may be performed using either an acid or a base depending on the nature of Alk4, for example an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid optionally in an organic solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon e.g. dichloromethane, or an inorganic base such as sodium, lithium or potassium hydroxide optionally in an aqueous organic solvent such as an amide e.g. a substituted amide such as dimethylformamide, an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane or an alcohol, e.g. methanol at around ambient temperature to 60° C. Where desired, mixtures of such solvents may be used.

[0124] Esters of formula (1b) in which X1 is an —O— or —S— atom or —N(R5)— group may be prepared by displacement of a leaving atom or group in a compound of formula (2):

LAr1ZR (2)

[0125] [where L is a leaving atom or group], with a reagent ArX1H [where X1 is as just defined].

[0126] The reaction may be performed at an elevated temperature, for example the reflux temperature, where necessary in the presence of a solvent, for example a substituted amide such as dimethylformamide, or an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, optionally in the presence of a base, for example a hydride such as sodium hydride, a carbonate such as cesium or potassium carbonate or an organic amine such as pyridine.

[0127] Particular examples of leaving groups represented by L in compounds of formula (2) include halogen atoms such as a chlorine or bromine atom, and sulphonyloxy groups, for example alkylsulphonyloxy groups such as a methylsulphonyloxy group.

[0128] In a further aspect of the invention esters of formula (1 b) in which X1 is a —O— or —N(R5)— group may be prepared by a coupling reaction of a compound of formula (2a):

HX1Ar1ZR (2a)

[0129] with a boronic acid of formula ArB(OH)2 in the presence of a catalyst such as a copper catalyst, e.g. copper(II)acetate and an organic base, for example an amine such as triethylamine or pyridine, where necessary in the presence of a solvent, for example an ether e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, a halogenated hydrocarbon e.g. dichloromethane, a nitrile e.g. acetonitrile or an aromatic hydrocarbon e.g. toluene, at a temperature from ambient to the reflux temperature.

[0130] In a further aspect of the invention esters of formula (1b) in which X1 is a —N(R5)— group may be prepared by coupling an amine of formula ArN(R5)H with a halide of formula (2) [where L is a halogen atom such as a bromine or chlorine atom].

[0131] The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a metal complex catalyst such as a palladium complex e.g. dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II), in the presence of an organic base, for example an alkoxide such as sodium t-butoxide, in a solvent such as an ether e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, at an elevated temperature e.g. the reflux temperature.

[0132] In another process according to the invention a compound of formula (1b) in which X1 is a —C(R5)(R6)— group and R is a —CO2Alk4 group may be prepared by cross-coupling a halogen of formula (2b):

Hal2Ar1ZR (2b)

[0133] [where Hal2 is a halogen atom such as a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom] with an organometallic reagent ArC(R5)(R6)MHal3 [where M is a metal atom such as a zinc atom, and Hal3 is a halogen atom such as a bromine atom]. The reaction may be carried out as described hereinafter for the preparation of intermediates of formula (3) under palladium catalysed conditions.

[0134] Intermediates of formulae (1b) or (2) in which Ar1 represents a pyridine N-oxide may be prepared by reaction of intermediates of formulae (1b) or (2) in which Ar1 represents a pyridine, with an oxidising agent, for example a peroxy acid such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, optionally in the presence of t-butyl peroxide in a solvent, for example an alcohol such as tert-butanol, at an elevated temperature e.g. the reflux temperature. Intermediate compounds of formula (2) in which Z is a —CH(R13)CH2— group and R is a —CO2Alk4 group may be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of formula (3):

LAr1CH2R13 (3)

[0135] with an α-haloester HalCH2CO2Alk4 [where Hal is a halogen atom such as a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom] in the presence of a strong base, e.g. a silazide such as sodium or lithium hexamethyidisilazide in a solvent such as an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran at a low temperature, e.g. around −78° C.

[0136] In a similar manner intermediates of formula (2a) or (2b) may be prepared from intermediates of formula (3) in which HX1— is replaced by a L1— atom or group or Hal2 atom.

[0137] In a further method of preparation of intermediate compounds of formula (2) in which Z is a —CH(R13)CH2— group and R is a —CO2Alk4 group reaction of an intermediate of formula (4):

LAr1CH═CHR (4)

[0138] may be reacted with an organometallic reagent such as a Grignard reagent of formula R13MgHal [where Hal is a halogen atom such as a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom], optionally in the presence of a copper reagent such as copper (I) bromide dimethyl sulphide complex or copper (I) iodide in the presence of a diamine such as N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylenediamine, or with an organocuparate reagent of formula R13Cu in a solvent such as an ether e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran at a low temperature e.g. around −78 to 40° C.

[0139] Intermediates of formula (2) may also be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of formula (4) with a boronic acid, R13B(OH)2, in the presence of a catalyst, for example a rhodium catalyst, e.g. Rh(acac)(C2H4)2 optionally in a solvent, for example an ether e.g. 1,4-dioxane or tetrahydrofuran.

[0140] Intermediates of formula (3) may be prepared by cross-coupling a halide of formula (5):

LAr1CH2Hal1 (5)

[0141] [where Hal1 is a halogen atom such as a chlorine atom] with an organometallic reagent R13MHal2, where M is a metal atom such as a zinc atom, and Hal2 is a halogen atom such as a bromine atom.

[0142] The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a metal cataylst, for example a metal complex catalyst such as a palladium complex, e.g. tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (O), in a solvent such as an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, at an elevated temperature e.g. the reflux temperature.

[0143] Intermediate compounds of formula (4) in which R is a —CO2Alk4 group may be prepared by reaction of an aldehyde of formula (6):

LAr1CHO (6)

[0144] with a phosphonate (Alk5O)2P(O)CH2CO2Alk4 in the presence of a base.

[0145] Suitable bases include organometallic bases, for example an organolithium compound such as n-butyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide, hydrides such as sodium or potassium hydride, alkoxides, such as sodium alkoxides, e.g. sodium methoxide, and cyclic amines, for example 1,8-diazabiacyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene.

[0146] The reaction may be performed in a suitable solvent, for example a polar aprotic solvent such as an amide, e.g. N,N-dimethylformamide; or a non-polar solvent such as an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran or a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane. Preferably the reaction is carried out at a low temperature, for example from around −78° C. to around ambient temperature.

[0147] Intermediate aldehydes of formula (6) may be obtained from a halide of formula (7):

LAr1Hal4 (7)

[0148] [where Hal4 is a halogen atom such as a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom] by halogen-metal exchange with a base such as n-butyllithium, followed by reaction with an electrophile such as dimethylformamide in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at a low temperature e.g. around −70° C. and subsequent treatment with an acid such as hydrochloric acid at around ambient temperature.

[0149] In a further process intermediates of formula (2) may be prepared from a compound of formula (8) [where Rd is a C1-6alkyl group]:

LAr1CH(R13)CH(CO2Rd)2 (8)

[0150] by hydrolysis of the ester functionality as previously described to give an intermediate of formula (8) [Rd═H], followed by decarboxylation at elevated temperature, for example 100 to 170° C., where necessary in the presence of a solvent, for example a sulphoxide such as dimethylsulphoxide.

[0151] Intermediates of formula (8) may be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of formula (9):

LAr1CH═C(CO2Alk4)2 (9)

[0152] with an organometallic reagent R13MgHal as previously described for the synthesis of intermediates of formula (2) from intermediates of formula (4).

[0153] Intermediates of formula (9) may be prepared by reaction of a malonate, for example dimethylmalonate with an aldehyde of formula (6) optionally in the presence of an acid source, for example an organic acid e.g. acetic acid and/or an organic base for example an amine e.g. triethylamine or piperadine under conditions where water is eliminated from the reaction, for example Dean and Stark conditions, in a solvent, for example an aromatic hydrocarbon e.g. toluene at an elevated temperature e.g. the reflux temperature.

[0154] In a further process intermediates of formula (2) in which Z is a —CH(R13)CH2—group may be prepared from a n intermediate of formula (2) in which Z is a —C(R13)═CH— group, by hydrogenation, using a metal catalyst, for example palladium on a support such as carbon, in a solvent such as an alcohol e.g. ethanol in the presence of ammonium formate, cyclohexadiene or hydrogen, at a temperature from around ambient to the reflux temperature.

[0155] Intrmediates of formula (2) in which Z is a —C(R13)═CH— group may be prepared by the methods previously described for the preparation of intermediate of formula (4), starting from a ketone of formula (10):

LAr1C(O)R13 (10)

[0156] In another method of preparation of intermediates of formula (2), in which Z is a —C(R13)═CH—group, intermediate compounds of formula (4) may be reacted with arylhalides of formula R13Hal5 (where Hal5 is a halogen atom such as an iodine, bromine or chlorine atom) in the presence of a catalyst, for example a palladium catalyst e.g. palladium(II) acetate optionally in the presence of a tertiary phosphine e.g. triphenyl or tritolylphosphine, optionally in the presence of a base, for example an organic amine base e.g. triethylamine in a solvent for example an aromatic hydrocarbon e.g. toluene, an amide e.g. dimethylformamide, or an ether for example a cyclic ether e.g. tetrahydrofuran at a temperature from around ambient to 100° C.

[0157] Intermediate compounds of formula (10) may be prepared by oxidation of alcohols of formula (11):

LAr1CH(OH)R13 (11)

[0158] with an inorganic oxidising agent, for example manganese dioxide or potassium permanganate optionally is a solvent, for example a ketone e.g. acetone at ambient temperature.

[0159] Intermediate compounds of formula (11) may be prepared from aldehydes of formula (6) by reaction with organometalic reagents such as Grigard reagents of formula R13MgHal or lithium reagents of formula R13Li is a solvent such as an ether e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran at a low temperature e.g. around −78 to −40° C.

[0160] In a further process intermediate compounds of formula (10) may be formed by reaction of an amide, for example a Weinreb amide of formula (13) [where Rf is a C1-6alkyl group] with an organometallic reagent as just described.

LAr1C(O)N(ORf)Rf (12)

[0161] Intermediate ketones of formula (10) may also be obtained from a halide of formula (13):

LAr1Hal3 (13)

[0162] [where Hal3 is a halogen atom such as a chlorine atom] by halogen-metal exchange with a base such as n-butyllithium, followed by reaction with a nitrile R13CN, an acid chloride R13COCl, an amide R13CON(OMe)Me or an ester R13CO2Alk4 in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at a low temperature e.g. around −70° C. and subsequent treatment with an acid such as hydrochloric acid at around ambient temperature.

[0163] Where in the general processes described above intermediates such as ArX1H, and the halides of formulae (6) and (7) are not available commercially or known in the literature, they may be readily obtained from simpler known compounds by one or more standard synthetic methods such as those described in the general reference texts Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-15 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989), Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-19 (John Wiley and Sons, 1999), Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, Ed. Katritzky et al, Volumes 1-8, 1984 and Volumes 1-11, 1994 (Pergamon), Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations, Ed. Katritzky et al, Volumes 1-7, 1995 (Pergamon), Comprehensive Organic Synethesis, Ed. Trost and Flemming, Volumes 1-9, (Pergamon, 1991), Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Ed. Paquette, Volumes 1-8 (John Wiley and Sons, 1995), Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989) and March's Advanced Organic Chemistry (John Wiley and Sons, 1992), employing for example substitution, oxidation, reduction or cleavage reactions. Particular substitution approaches include conventional alkylation, arylation, heteroarylation, acylation, thioacylation, halogenation, sulphonylation, nitration, formylation and coupling procedures. It will be appreciated that these methods may also be used to obtain or modify other intermediates and in particular compounds of formula (1) where appropriate functional groups exist in these compounds. Particular examples of such methods are given in the Examples hereinafter.

[0164] Thus, for example, ester groups such as —CO2Alk4 and —CO2R8 in the compound of formula (1) and intermediates thereto may be converted to the corresponding acid [—CO2H] by acid- or base-catalysed hydrolysis depending on the nature of the groups R8 or Alk4. Acid- or base-catalysed hydrolysis may be achieved for example by treatment with an organic or inorganic acid, e.g. trifluoroacetic acid in an organic solvent e.g. dichloromethane or a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid in a solvent such as dioxan or an alkali metal hydroxide, e.g. lithium hydroxide in an aqueous alcohol, e.g. aqueous methanol.

[0165] In a further example amides, for example R1aN(R2)COAr2X1H, may be obtained by reaction of an amine R1aN(R2)H with an acid HX1Ar2CO2H in the presence of a condensing agent, for example a diimide such as 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride or N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or a benzotriazole such as [0-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium]hexafluorophosphate, advantageously in the presence of a catalyst such as a N-hydroxy compound e.g. a N-hydroxybenzotriazole such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The reaction may be performed in the presence of a base, such as an amine e.g. triethylamine or N-methylmorpholine optionally in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon e.g. dichloromethane, at for example ambient temperature.

[0166] In a further example, —OR20 [where R20 represents an alkyl group such as methyl group] in compounds of formula (1) and intermediates thereto may be cleaved to the corresponding alcohol —OH by reaction with boron tribromide in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane at a low temperature, e.g. around −78° C.

[0167] Alcohol [—OH] groups may also be obtained by hydrogenation of a corresponding —OCH2R20 group (where R20 is an aryl group) using a metal catalyst, for example palladium on a support such as carbon in a solvent such as ethanol in the presence of ammonium formate, cyclohexadiene or hydrogen, from around ambient to the reflux temperature. In another example, —OH groups may be generated from the corresponding ester [e.g. —CO2Alk4] or aldehyde [—CHO] by reduction, using for example a complex metal hydride such as lithium aluminium hydride or sodium borohydride in a solvent such as methanol.

[0168] In another example, alcohol —OH groups in the compounds may be converted to a corresponding —OR20 group by coupling with a reagent R20OH in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran in the presence of a phosphine, e.g. triphenylphosphine and an activator such as diethyl-, diisopropyl-, or dimethylazodicarboxylate.

[0169] Aminosulphonylamino [—NHSO2NH2] groups in the compounds may be obtained, in another example, by reaction of a corresponding amine [—NH2] with sulphamide in the presence of an organic base such as pyridine at an elevated temperature, e.g. the reflux temperature.

[0170] In a further example amine (—NH2) groups may be alkylated using a reductive alkylation process employing an aldehyde and a reducing agent. Suitable reducing agents include borohydrides for example sodium triacetoxyborohyride or sodium cyanoborohydride. The reduction may be carried out in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane, a ketone such as acetone, or an alcohol, e.g. ethanol, where necessary in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid at around ambient temperature. Alternatively, the amine and aldehyde may be initially reacted in a solvent such as an aromatic hydrocarbon e.g. toluene and then subjected to hydrogenation in the presence of a metal catalyst, for example palladium on a support such as carbon, in a solvent such as an alcohol, e.g. ethanol.

[0171] In a further example, amine [—NH2] groups in compounds of formula (1) and intermediates thereto may be obtained by hydrolysis from a corresponding imide by reaction with hydrazine in a solvent such as an alcohol, e.g. ethanol at ambient temperature.

[0172] In another example, a nitro [—NO2] group may be reduced to an amine [—NH2], for example by catalytic hydrogenation using for example hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst, for example palladium on a support such as carbon in a solvent such as an ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran or an alcohol e.g. methanol, or by chemical reduction using for example a metal, e.g. tin or iron, in the presence of an acid such as hydrochloric acid.

[0173] In a further example amine (—CH2NH2) groups in compounds of formula (1) and intermediates thereto may be obatined by reduction of nitriles (—CN), for example by catalytic hydrogenation using for example hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst, for example palladium on a support such as carbon, or Raney® nickel, in a solvent such as an ether e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran or an alcohol e.g. methanol or ethanol, optionally in the presence of ammonia solution at a temperature from ambient to the reflux temperature, or by chemical reduction using for example a metal hydride e.g. lithium aluminium hydride, in a solvent such as an ether e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, at a temperature from 0° C. to the reflux temperature.

[0174] Aromatic halogen substituents in the compounds may be subjected to halogen-metal exchange with a base, for example a lithium base such as n-butyl or t-butyl lithium, optionally at a low temperature, e.g. around −78° C., in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran and then quenched with an electrophile to introduce a desired substituent. Thus, for example, a formyl group may be introduced by using dimethylformamide as the electrophile, a thiomethyl group may be introduced by using dimethyidisulphide as the electrophile and an alcohol group may be introduced by using an aldehyde as electrophile.

[0175] In another example, sulphur atoms in the compounds, for example when present in a group L1 may be oxidised to the corresponding sulphoxide or sulphone using an oxidising agent such as a peroxy acid, e.g. 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, in an inert solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane, at around ambient temperature.

[0176] Where desired, imidourea groups, for example N(R2)C(═NR16)NR14R15 represented by R1aN(R2) in compounds of the invention or intermediates thereto may be obtained by reaction of a corresponding amine, for example —NHR2, with a guanidine containing a leaving group, e.g. LC(═NR16)NR14R15 where L is a leaving group such as a pyrazole group, in a solvent such as acetonitrile at an elevated temperature.

[0177] In a further example N-oxides of compounds of formula (1) may in general be prepared for example by oxidation of the corresponding nitrogen base using an oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid, at an elevated temperature, for example around 70° C. to 80° C, or alternatively by reaction with a peracid such as peracetic acid or m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in a solvent,such as a halogenated hydrocarbon e.g. dichloromethane or an alcohol e.g. tert-butanol at a temperature from the ambient temperature to the reflux temperature.

[0178] Salts of compounds of formula (1) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) with an appropriate acid or base in a suitable solvent or mixture of solvents e.g. an organic solvent such as an ether e.g. diethylether, or an alcohol, e.g. ethanol using conventional procedures.

[0179] Where it is desired to obtain a particular enantiomer of a compound of formula (1) this may be produced from a corresponding mixture of enantiomers using any suitable conventional procedure for resolving enantiomers.

[0180] Thus for example diastereomeric derivatives, e.g. salts, may be produced by reaction of a mixture of enantiomers of formula (1) e.g. a racemate, and an appropriate chiral compound, e.g. a chiral base. The diastereomers may then be separated by any convenient means, for example by crystallisation and the desired enantiomer recovered, e.g. by treatment with an acid in the instance where the diastereomer is a salt.

[0181] In another resolution process a racemate of formula (1) may be separated using chiral High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Alternatively, if desired a particular enantiomer may be obtained by using an appropriate chiral intermediate in one of the processes described above.

[0182] Chromatography, recrystalliation and other conventional separation procedures may also be used with intermediates or final products where it is desired to obtain a particular geometric isomer of the invention.

[0183] The following Examples illustrate the invention. All temperatures are in ° C. The following abbreviations are used:

1THFtetrahydrofuran;bocbutoxycarbonylDMFdimethylformamide;DMSOdimethyl sulphoxide;DCMdichloromethane;TFAtrifluoroacetic acidMeOHmethanol;EtOHethanolEtOAcEthyl acetate.nBuLin-butyllithiumAll NMR's were obtained at 300 MHz.

[0184] Intermediate 1

[0185] 2-Bromo-6-(4-fluorobenzyl)pyridine

[0186] To a stirred suspension of zinc (3.6 g, 5.5 mmol) in THF (100 ml) at reflux was added 4-fluorobenzyl bromide (9.45 g, 6.23 ml, 50 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 h and then allowed to cool to room temperature. 2,6-Dibromopyridine (11.85 g, 50 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine)palladium(0) (0.5 g, 0.43 mmol) were added as a solution in THF (100 ml) and the reaction mixture heated to reflux for 3 h. Upon cooling the reaction mixture was poured onto saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (250 ml) and extracted twice with DCM (250 ml). The combined organic fractions were dried (MgSO4), filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; 4:1 hexane/diethyl ether) gave 10.98 g (85%) of the title compound. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.50-7.40 (2H, m), 7.40-7.18 (3H, m), 7.10-6.95 (3H, m), and 4.08 (2H, s).

[0187] Intermediate 2

[0188] t-Butyl-3-(2-bromo-6-pyridyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoate

[0189] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (10.98 g, 41.3 mmol) in THF (200 ml) under a nitrogen atmosphere at −78° was added sodium bistrimethylsilylamide (1M solution in THF, 42 ml, 42 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min, and then t-butyl bromoacetate (8.17 g, 6.2 ml, 42 mmol) added dropwise as a solution in THF (50 ml). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, and then poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (300 ml) and the product extracted twice with DCM (200 ml). The combined organic fractions were dried (MgSO4), filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; 4:1 hexane/diethyl ether) gave 12.32 g (77%) of the title compound. H1 NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.50-7.40 (1H, m), 7.33-7.25 (3H, m), 7.12-6.95 (3H, m), 4.53 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 3.28 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 2.88 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz) and 1.34 (9H, s).

[0190] Intemediate 3

[0191] t-Butyl-3-(2-bromo-6-pyridyl-N-oxide)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoate

[0192] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 2 (1 g, 2.63 mmol) in t-butanol (50 ml) was added excess m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid and t-butyl peroxide. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. Upon cooling the reaction mixture was poured cautiously into saturated sodium metabisulphite solution (100 ml). The product was extracted twice with DCM (50 ml). The combined organic fractions were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (100 ml) then dried (MgSO4), filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; diethyl ether) gave 0.56 g (54%) of the title compound. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.57 (1H, dd, J 2.8 Hz), 7.32-7.22 (2H, m), 7.15-6.95 (4H, m), 5.25 (1H, dd, J 8.0, 3.0 Hz), 3.23 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 7.0 Hz), 2.84 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 9.0 Hz) and 1.29 (9H, s).

[0193] Intermediate 4

[0194] 4-[(2-Pyredinylamino)methyl]phenol

[0195] 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (3.9 g, 32 mmol) and 2-aminopyridine (3.0 g, 32 mmol) were stirred in toluene (100 ml) at room temperature for 5 min. After concentrating in vacuo the residue was dissolved in EtOH (50 ml) and hydrogenated over 10% Pd on carbon (100 mg) under a balloon of hydrogen, for 18 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and the crude product was purified by chomatography (silica; DCM) to yield the title compound as white crystals (3.6 g, 56%). 1H NMR δ (CDCl3) 8.10 (1H, m), 7.49 (1H, m), 7.14 (2H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 6.79 (2H, d, J 6.7 Hz), 6.64 (1H, m), 6.47 (1H, d, J 7.8 HZ), 4.79 (1H, br s) and 4.31 (2H, d, J 5.2 Hz).

[0196] Intermediate 5

[0197] N-Methoxy-N-methylpyridine-3-carboxamide

[0198] Nicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (4.0 g, 22.5 mmol) and N—O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.6 g, 27 mmol) was suspended in DCM (30 ml) and treated with triethylamine (8.0 g, 78.8 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 2 h at room temperature then partitioned between DCM and sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo to give 3.4 g (91%) of the title compound. 1H NMR δ (CDCl3) 8.95 (1H, d, J 1.0 Hz), 8.68 (1H, d, J 4.3 Hz), 7.99 (1H, m), 7.32 (1H, m), 3.58 (3H, s), 3.39 (3H, s).

[0199] Intermediate 6

[0200] (6-Bromo-2-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinylmethanone

[0201] 2,6-Dibromopyridine (4.30 g, 18.1 mmol) in THF (25 ml) was added to nBuLi (11.3 ml, 18.1 mmol, 1.6M in THF) under nitrogen at −78°. After the addition was complete the reaction was stirred at −78° for 15 min and then Intermediate 5 (3.00 g, 18.1 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added. After stirring at −78° for 15 min the reaction was quenched with 10% aqueous HCl, extracted into diethyl ether, dried and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO2; diethyl ether) yielded 3.97 g (84%) of the title compound. 1H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 9.12 (1H, s), 8.92 (1H, d, J 4.3 Hz), 8.33 (1H, d, J 8.2 Hz), 8.14-7.94 (3H, m), 7.61 (1H, dd, J 7.0, 5.2 Hz).

[0202] Intermediate 7

[0203] 3-Pyridinyl-(6-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-2-pyridinyl)methanone

[0204] Intermediate 4 (2.18 g, 10.9 mmol) and Intermediate 6 (2.87 g, 10.9 mmol) in dioxane (25 ml) were treated with NaH (482 mg, 12 mmol) and heated under reflux for 24 h. The reaction was treated with water and extracted into DCM, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO2; diethyl ether-EtOAc, gradient elution) yielded 2.53 g (63%) of the title compound. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 9.07 (1H, s), 8.73 (1H, m), 8.29 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 8.17 (1H, m), 7.92 (2H, m), 7.50-7.38 (3H, m), 7.29-7.19 (2H, m), 7.12 (2H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 6.60 (1H, dd, J 7.0, 5.2 Hz), 6.49 (1H, d, J 9.5 Hz), 5.91 (1H, br s), 4.57 (2H, d, J 6.1 Hz).

[0205] Intermediate 8

[0206] t-Butyl-3-[2-(4-cyanoanilino)-6-pyridyl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoate

[0207] To a mixture of Intermediate 2 (1.9 g, 5.0 mmol) 4-cyanoaniline (0.89 g, 7.5 mmol) and dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium (II) (0.18 g, 0.25 mmol) was added DMF (10 ml). Sodium t-butoxide (0.72 g, 7.5 mmol) was added in a solution in DMF (10 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 2 h. Upon cooling to room temperature the reaction mixture was poured into saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and extracted twice with DCM. The combined organic fractions were dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed by evaporation in vacuo. Chromatography (silica; diisopropylether) gave the title compound (0.55 g, 26%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.50-7.40 (3H, m), 7.30-7.20 (2H, m), 7.00-6.90 (2H, m), 6.70-6.55 (4H, m), 4.45 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 4.10 (1H, br s), 3.25 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 2.88 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz) and 1.30 (9H, s). m/z (ES+, 70V) 418 (MH+).

[0208] Intermediate 9

[0209] t-Butyl-3-[2-[4-(aminomethyl)anilino]-6-pyridyl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl) propanoate

[0210] To washed Raney nickel (water ×3, EtOH ×4 (1 g)) in EtOH (20 ml) was added Intermediate 8 (0.55 g, 1.32 mmol) as a solution in EtOH (5 ml). Concentrated ammonia solution (1 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was placed under a hydrogen atmosphere and stirred for 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the solvent removed by evaporation in vacuo. The title compound (0.5 g, 91%) was used crude. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.83 (1H, br s), 7.61-7.50 (2H, m), 7.40, 7.20 (3H, m), 7.1-7.0 (2H, m), 7.0-6.4 (1H, m), 6.70-6.5 (3H, m), 44 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 3.82 (1H, s), 3.25 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 2.87 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 1.3 (9H, s). m/z (ES+, 70V) 422 (MH+).

[0211] Intermediate 10

[0212] t-Butyl-3-(2-{[(N,N′-bis-boc([amino]imino)methyl)amino]methyl}anilino)-6-pyridyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoate

[0213] Intermediate 9 (0.5 g, 1.2 mmol), N,N′-bis-boc-guanyltriflate (0.47 g, 1.2 mmol) and triethylamine (0.12 g, 1.2 mmol) were stirred in DCM (10 ml) for 12 h. The solvent was removed by evaporation in vacuo. Chromatography (silica; diisoproyl ether) gave the title compound (0.42 g, 53%) as a white foam. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.55 (1H, br s), 7.40-7.28 (7H, m), 7.00-6.90 (2H, m), 6.62-6.55 (2H, m), 4.58 (2H, br d, J 5.0 Hz), 4.42 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 3.32 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 2.88 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 1.52 (9H, s), 1.43 (9H, s) and 1.30 (9H, s). m/z (ES+, 70V) 663 (MH+).

[0214] Intermediate 11

[0215] 4-Benzyloxybenzonitrile

[0216] To a stirred solution of 4-cyanophenol (50 g, 0.42 mol) and potassium carbonate (150 g, 1.1 mol) in DMF (800 ml) was added benzyl bromide (75 ml, 0.63 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature before filtering off solid and reducing the filtrate in vacuo to give an oil. The solid precipitate was dissolved in water and the pH adjusted to 0.5 using 6.0M hydrochloric acid and extacted into EtOAc. The solvent was dried (MgSO4) and removed by evaporation in vacuo to give an oil. The two oil products were combined and triturated with diethyl ether/hexane to give a white solid, which was washed with hexane and dried to give the title compound (81 g, 93%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.50 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 7.45-7.30 (5H, br m), 7.00 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz) and 5.14 (2H, s). m/z (ES+, 70V) 210 [M+H]+.

[0217] Intermediate 12

[0218] 4-Benzyloxybenzylamine

[0219] To a stirred suspension of lithium alminium hydride (1.75 g, 0.46 mol) in THF (800 ml) at 0° was added Intermediate 11 (43.0 g, 0.23 mol) in THF (600 ml), dropwise over 4 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 16 h and then cooled to 0°. Water (30 ml) was added and 2M sodium hydroxide solution (80 ml) was then added dropwise with stirring. The resulting precipitate was filtered off washed with diethyl ether (100 ml) and toluene (200 ml). The fitrate was washed with sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent removed by evaporation in vacuo, to give a waxy solid. The two solids were combined to give the title compound (48.26 g, 110%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.46-7.25 (5H, br m), 7.23 (2H, d, J 8.7 Hz), 6.95 (2H, d, J 8.7 Hz), 5.07 (2H, s), 3.81 (2H, s) and 1.50 (2H, br s). m/z; (ES+, 70V) 197 [M+NH4]+.

[0220] Intermediate 13

[0221] 1-(2-Aminophenyl)-3-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)-2-thiourea

[0222] To a stirred solution of 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole (12.5 g, 70 mmol) and imidazole (0.95 g, 140 mmol) in acetonitrile (250 ml) at 0° was added Intermediate 12 (11.46 g, 53.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (150 ml) dropwise. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2.5 h and then 1,2-phenylene diamine (10.2 g, 90 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The cream precipitate was filtered off and dried to give the title compound (14.8 g, 88%). 1H NMR (d6 DMSO) δ 8.87 (1H, s), 7.63 (1H, br s), 7.45-7.28 (5H, b m), 7.25 (2H, d J 8.7 Hz), 7.00-6.93 (4H, m), 6.74 (1H, dd, J 8.3, 1.3 Hz), 6.56 (1H, td, J 7.5, 1.4 Hz), 5.08 (2H, s), 4.62 (2H, d, J 5.4 Hz) and 3.32 (2H, s). m/z (ES+, 70V) 364 [M+H]+.

[0223] Intermediate 14

[0224] 2-(4-{Benzyloxybenzyl}amino)benzimidazole

[0225] A stirred solution of Intermediate 13 (3.63 g, 0.01 mol), mercuric oxide (4.33 g, 0.02 mol) and sulphur (64 mg, 0.03 mol) in ethanol (100 ml) was heated under reflux for 48 h. Upon cooling the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite® and the filtrate solvent removed by evaporation in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; ethyl acetate-90% ethyl acetate/10% methanol) to give the title compound as a white solid (1.50 g, 46%). 1H NMR δ 10.72 (1H, br s), 7.44-7.39 (5H, br m), 7.29 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 7.11 (1H, v br s), 7.10 (1H, d, J 8.9 Hz), 6.95 (2H, d, J 8.7 Hz), 6.99-6.90 (1H, br m), 6.84 (2H, dd, J 5.9, 3.7 Hz), 5.07 (2H, s) and 4.42 (2H, d, J 5.9 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 330 [M+H]+.

[0226] Intermediate 15

[0227] 2-(4-{Hydroxybenzyl}amino)benzimidazole

[0228] Intermediate 14 (10.07 g, 0.03 mmol) in ethanol (200 ml) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure over 10% palladium on carbon (200 mg). The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo yielding the title compound (7.30 g, 100%). 1H NMR (d6 DMSO) δ 10.68 (1H, br s), 9.24 (1H, br s), 7.19-7.10 (5H, m), 6.90-6.81 (4H, m), 6.70 (2H, d, J 8.5 Hz) and 4.37 (2H, d, J 5.6 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 240 [M+H]+.

[0229] Intermediate 16

[0230] 4-[(6-Bromo-2-pyridinyl)(hydroxy)methyl]benzonitrile

[0231] 2,6-Dibromopyridine (11.85, 50 mmol) was added to a solution of iso-propylmagnesium bromide (2M in Et2O, 25 ml, 50 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (25 ml) at room temperature. The reaction was heated at reflux for 1 h, then treated with 4-cyanobenzaldehyde (6.56 g, 50 mmol). The reaction was heated at reflux for a further 2 h, quenched with water and extracted into DCM. The organic phase was separated, dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; DCM) gave the title compound (9.8 g). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.64 (2H, d, J 8.3 Hz), 7.52 (3H, m), 7.42 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.15 (1H, d, J 7.5 Hz), 5.80 (1H, s) and 4.47 (1H, s).

[0232] Intermediate 17

[0233] 4-[(6-Bromo-2-pyridinyl){[t-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}methyl]benzonitrile

[0234] 2,4,6-Collidine (8.99 ml, 68.0 mmol) was added in a solution of Intermediate 16 (9.8 g, 34.0 mmol) in DCM (50 ml) at 0°. After 5 min t-butyidimethyl-silyltriflate (8.60 ml, 37.4 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred overnight whilst warming to room-temperature. After diluting with DCM the reaction mixture was washed with 1M HCl, water, brine, then the organic phase dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; hexane:EtOAc 9:1) gave the title compound (12.2 g). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.64-7.57 (4H, m), 7.55-7.47 (2H, m), 7.32 (1H, dd, J 7.0, 1.7 Hz), 5.87 (1H, s), 0.93 (9H, s) and 0.02 (6H, d, J 3.2 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 405 (MH+).

[0235] Intermediate 18

[0236] Ethyl-3-{(6-[(t-butyl(dimethyl)silyl)oxy](4-cyanophenyl)methyl)-2-pyridinyl}propanoate

[0237] [(Ethoxycyclopropyl)oxy]trimethylsilane (2.36 ml, 13.1 mmol) was added to refluxing zinc chloride (1.79 g, 13.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 ml) After 1 h, the reaction was cooled and Intermediate 17 (4.8 g, 11.9 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (O) (416 mg, 0.36 mmol) were added, and the reaction heated under reflux for 1 h, cooled, quenched with water, extracted into DCM, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; heptane: EtOAc 6:1) gave the title compound (4.0 g). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.64-7.52 (5H, m), 7.30 (1H, d, J 7.7 HZz, 7.02 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 5.86 (1H, s), 4.10 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 3.08 (2H, m), 2.77 (2H, t, J 7.4 Hz), 1.24 (3H, t, J 7.1 Hz), 0.93 (9H, s) and 0.01 (6H, d, J 13.6 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 425 (MH+).

[0238] Intermediate 19

[0239] Ethyl 3-{(6-[(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]{[t-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}methyl)-2-pyridinyl}propanoate

[0240] Intermediate 18 (518 mg, 1.2 mmol) was added to a suspension of Raney Nickel (˜100 mg) in ethanol (100 ml) and treated with aqueous ammonia (˜2 ml). This reaction mixture was hydrogenated under a hydrogen atmosphere for 1.5 h. DCM was added and the solution filtered through Celite® and evaporate in vacuo to give the title compound (400 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.50 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.32 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.20 (2H, d, J 8.2 Hz), 6.96 (1H, d, J 7.4 Hz), 5.82 (1H, s), 4.09 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 3.79 (2H, s), 3.06 (2H, m), 2.74 (2H, m), 2.00 (2H, s), 1.19 (3H, t, J 7.0 Hz), 0.92 (9H, s) and −0.02 (6H, d, J 14.9 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 429 (MH+).

[0241] Intermediate 20

[0242] Ethyl-3-{(6-[(t-butyl(dimethyl)silyl)oxy](4-[(2-pyridinyl amino)methyl]phenyl)-2-pyridinyl}propanoate

[0243] Intermediate 19 (3.8 g, 8.9 mmol) and 2-fluoropyridine (2.06 ml, 35.5 mmol) were heated together at 100° for 24 h then 120° for a further 24 h. Column chromatography (silica; heptane:EtOAc 3:7) yielded the title compound (1.14 g) together with the compound of Example 13 (0.4 g). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.09 (1H, d, J 3.5 Hz), 7.53 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.44 (2H, d, J 8.1 Hz), 7.40 (1H, m), 7.32 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.26 (2H, m), 6.98 (1H, d, J 7.5 Hz), 6.57 (1H, dd, J 6.95, 5.2 Hz), 6.36 (1H, d, J 8.4 Hz), 5.83 (1H, s), 4.82 (1H, br t), 4.45 (2H, d, J 5.5 Hz), 4.10 (2H, q, J 7.2 Hz), 3.07 (2H, m), 2.77 (2H, t, J 7.4 Hz), 1.21 (3H, t, J 7.1 Hz), 0.92 (9H, s) and 0.0 (6H, d, J 16.0 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 506 (MH+).

[0244] Intermediate 21

[0245] Methyl 4-(6-bromopyrid-2-ylmethyl)benzoate

[0246] The methyl-4-(bromomethyl)benzoate (9.7 g, 46.4 mmol) was added to a suspension of zinc (3.04 g, 46.4 mmol) in refluxing THF (8 ml). After 1 h the reaction was cooled and 2,6-dibromopyridine (10 g, 42.2 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (0.40 g) was added. The reaction was refluxed for 2 h, cooled and quenched with sodium bicarbonate solution sat. The product was extracted with diethyl ether (x 3), dried (MgSO4) and evaporated in vacuo. Chromatograph (silica; 7:3 hexane:diethyl ether) gave the title compound (6.78 g).

[0247] Intermediate 22

[0248] Methyl 4-[1-(6-bromo-pyrid-2-yl)-2-methoxycarbonylethyl]-benzoate

[0249] To a solution of Intermediate 21 (6.78 g, 22.2 mmol) in THF (40 ml) cooled to −78° was added sodium hexamethyldisilylazide (24.4 ml, 24.4 mmol). After 15 min methyl bromoacetate (2.31 ml, 24.4 mmol) was added and the reaction was left to stir for 1 h, quenched with sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted into DCM (×3), dried (MgSO4) and evaporated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (silica; ether:hexane 7:1) gave the title compound as a colourless oil (7.3 g). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.96 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.41-7.35 (3H, m), 7.29-7.27 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.00 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 4.66-4.63 (1H, t, J 7.5 Hz), 3.86 (3H, s), 3.59 (3H, s), 3.45-3.37 (1H, dd, J 17.0, 8.0 Hz) and 2.99-2.92 (1H, dd, J 17.0, 7.0 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 378 (MH+).

[0250] Intermediate 23

[0251] Methyl 4-[1-(6-bromo-1-oxy-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methoxycarbonylethyl]benzoate

[0252] Trifluoroacetic acid (1.2 ml) and hydrogen peroxide (1.2 ml) were added to Intermediate 22 (570 mg, 1.51 mmol) and the mixture was heated at 105° for 4 h. Sodium sulphite solution was added, and the product was extracted into DCM. NMR showed acid/ester mixture which was re-esterified. The product was dissolved in methanol (50 ml) and trimethylsilyl chloride (18 ml) was added to the mixture which was stirred overnight, then evaporated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (silica; 5% methanol/DCM) gave the title compound. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.96 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.58-7.55 (1H, dd, J 8.0, 2.0 Hz), 7.37 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.12 (1H, d, J 2.0 Hz), 7.03 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 5.33-5.25 (1H, m), 3.87 (3H, s), 3.56 (3H, s), 3.33-3.25 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 7.0 Hz), 3.05-3.01 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 7.0 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 394 (MH+).

[0253] Intermediate 24

[0254] 2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-6-chloropyridine

[0255] 1-Benzyloxy-4-bromobenzene (6.0 g, 22.8 mmol) was dissolved in THF and cooled to −78° under an inert atmosphere. nBuLi 1.6M (15.7 ml, 25.1 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred for 0.5 h. Zinc chloride (3.42 g, 25.1 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred for a further 1 h. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and 2,6-dichloropyridine (4.05 g, 27.4 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (0.79 mg, 0.68 mmol) and the reaction was heated to reflux for 18 h. The solution was cooled and the product extracted between DCM and water, dried (MgSO4) and evaporated in vacuo to leave a cream solid. The product was purified by recrystallisation from heptane to give the title compound as a white solid (7 g). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.96 (2H, d, J 8.9 Hz), 7.66 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.57 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.57-7.33 (5H, m), 7.19 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 7.06 (2H, d, J 8.9 Hz) and 3.13 (2H, s).

[0256] Intermediate 25

[0257] [6-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-(4-methoxybenzyl)amine

[0258] Intermediate 24 (4 g, 13.5 mmol), 4-methoxybenzylamine (2.75 ml, 20.25 mmol), sodium t-butoxide (2.04 g, 20.25 mmol) and dichloro[1,1′bis-(diphenylphosphine)ferrocene palladium(II) DCM (620 mg) were stirred in THF (30 ml) overnight. Purification was by column chromatography (silica; 4:1 hexane:EtOAc) gave the title product (2.5 g). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.98 (2H, d, J 8.7 Hz), 7.49-7.37 (6H, m), 7.34 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 7.06 (2H, d, J 8.7 Hz), 7.02 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 6.90 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 6.29 (1H, d, J 8.2 Hz), 5.13 (2H, s), 4.96 (1H, t, J 5.3 Hz), 4.52 (2H, d, J 5.6 Hz), 3.81 (3H, s). m/z (ES+, 70V) 397 (MH+).

[0259] Intermediate 26

[0260] 4-[6-(4-Methoxybenzylamino)pyridin-2-yl]phenol

[0261] Intermediate 25 (10 g, 25.25 mmol) and palladium on charcoal (10%) (100 mg) was dissolved in EtOAc (25 ml) under a hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction was stirred overnight. The mixture was filtered through Celite® and evaporated in vacuo down to give the title compound as a brown oil (0.75 g). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.73 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 7.45 (1H, t, J 7.9 Hz), 7.26 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 6.93 (1H, d, J 7.5 Hz), 6.85 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 6.73 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 307 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 1

[0262] t-Butyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(2-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl}phenoxy]-pyrid-6-yl-N-oxide)propanoate

[0263] To Intermediate 4 (0.49 g, 1.24 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) under a nitrogen atmosphere was added sodium hydride in a single portion (0.052 g, 1.3 mmol, 60% dispersion in oil). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. Intermediate 3 (0.49 g, 1.24 mmol) was added as a solution in THF (20 ml), and the reaction mixture was heated to 100° for 4 h. Upon cooling the reaction mixture was poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (50 ml) and extracted twice with DCM (50 ml). The combined organic fractions were dried (MgSO4), filtered and the solvent removed by evaporation in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; EtOAc), gave 0.25 g (39%) of the title compound 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.09 (1H. dd, J 4.0, 1.0 Hz), 7.41-7.30 (5H, m), 7.11 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 7.05-6.90 (5H, m), 6.60-6.55 (1H, m), 6.39 (1H, d, J 9.0 Hz), 5.30 (1H, dd, J 9.0, 6.0 Hz), 5.00 (1H, br s), 4.51 (2H, d, J 6.0 Hz), 3.28 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 7.0 Hz), 2.87 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 9.0 Hz) and 1.29 (9H, s).

EXAMPLE 2

[0264] 3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(2-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-pyrid-6-yl-N-oxide)propanoic Acid Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

[0265] The compound of Example 1 (0.4 g, 0.78 mmol) was dissolved in 1:1 DCM TFA acid (20 ml) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 72 h at room temperature. The solvent was removed by evaporation in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; 15% EtOH/85% DCM/1% TFA) gave the title compound 0.32 g (89%),1H NMR (DMSO d6) δ 8.98 (1H, br s), 7.95 (1H, d, J 6.0 Hz), 7.89 (1H, t, J 7.0 Hz), 7.45-7.30 (6H, m), 7.18 (1H, dd, J 8.0, 2.0 Hz), 7.12-7.05 (3H, m), 6.93-6.82 (3H, m), 5.08 (1H, t, J 7.0 Hz), 4.53 (2H, s), 3.17 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz) and 2.99 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 460 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 3

[0266] t-Butyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(2-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-pyrid-6-yl)propanoate

[0267] To a stirred solution of the compound of Example 1 (400 mg, 0.76 mmol) in EtOH (20 ml) was added excess cyclohexane (5 ml) followed by 10% palladium on carbon (0.2 g). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 6 h. Upon cooling the reaction mixture was filtered and the solvent removed by evaporation in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; diethyl ether) gave the title compound 0.13 g (33%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.12 (1H, dd, J 6.0, 1.0 Hz), 7.55 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 7.45-7.20 (5H, m), 7.08 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.95-6.82 (3H, m), 6.65 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.59 (2H, d, J 6.0 Hz), 6.41 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 4.98 (1H, br s), 4.53 (2H, d, J 7.0 Hz), 3.10 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 2.73 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz) and 1.24 (9H, s).

EXAMPLE 4

[0268] 3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(2-{4-[(2-pyridylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-6-pyrid-6-yl)propanoic Acid Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

[0269] The title compound (0.1 g, 87%) was prepared from the compound of Example 3 (0.13 g, 0.25 mmol) in a similar manner to the compound of Example 2. 1H NMR (DMSO d6) δ 7.96 (1H, dd, J 5.0,1.0 Hz), 7.69 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 7.40-7.30 (3H, m), 7.30-7.20 (2H, m), 7.10-6.95 (5H, m), 6.72 (1H, d, J 7.0 Hz), 6.50 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.51-6.42 (1H, m), 4.49 (2H, br s), 4.40 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 2.98 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz) and 2.70 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 7.0 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 444 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 5

[0270] (E)-and (Z) Ethyl-3-(3-pyridinyl)-3-(6-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino) methyl]phenoxy}pyrid-2-yl)propenoic Acid

[0271] Intermediate 7 (2.53 g, 6.62 mmol) in THF (20 ml) was treated with NaH (584 mg, 14.6 mmol) and stirred until the reaction subsided. Triethylphosphonoacetate (1.48 g, 1.31 ml, 1.62 mmol) was added dropwise under nitrogen and the reaction stirred for 2 h after the addition was complete. The reaction mixture was quenched with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (saturated) and the aqueous phase extracted repeatedly with DCM. After drying (MgSO4) the organic extracts were concentrated in vacuo and purified by radial chromatography (diethyl ether/EtOAc, gradient elution), yielding two fractions—the E and Z isomers (0.95 g and 0.70 g respectively) of the title compound.

[0272] E isomer

[0273]

1
H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.63 (1H, dd, J 4.9, 1.7 Hz), 8.43 (1H, dd, J 2.2, 0.7 Hz), 8.15 (1H, br d, J 9.0 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J 8.1, 7.8 Hz), 7.54 (1H, br d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.45 (1H, br t, J 8.7 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J 8.5 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dd, J 7.8, 4.9 Hz), 7.14 (2H, d, J 8.5 Hz), 7.00 (1H, s), 6.90 (1H, d, J 8.1 Hz), 6.73 (1H, d, J 7.9 Hz), 6.63 (1H, t, J 6.5 Hz), 6.47 (1H, d, J 8.4 Hz), 5.22 (1H, br s), 4.57 (2H, d, J 5.6 Hz), 4.02 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 1.07 (3H, t, J 7.1 Hz).

[0274] Z-isomer

[0275]

1
H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.58 (2H, m), 8.12 (1H, m), 7.75 (1H, dd, J 8.2, 6.4 Hz), 7.62 (1H, m), 7.43 (1H, m), 7.33 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 7.26 (1H, m), 7.11 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 7.02 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.87 (1H, d, J 8.2 Hz), 6.62 (1H, dd, J 7.1, 5.1 Hz), 6.42 (2H, m), 5.06 (1H, br s), 4.50 (2H, d, J 5.6 Hz), 4.08 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 1.18 (3H, t, J 7.1 Hz).

EXAMPLE 6

[0276] (E)-3-(3-Pyridinyl)-3-(6-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-2-pyridinyl)propenoic Acid

[0277] The compound of Example 5 ((E)-isomer) (0.94 g, 2.08 mmol) in THF (3 ml) was treated with water (3 ml) and lithium hydroxide (100 mg, 4.16 mmol). After stirring for 24 h the tetrahydrofuran was removed in vacuo, the residue diluted with water, washed once with diethyl ether, neutralised with 10% HCl solution and extracted repeatedly into DCM. The extract was dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Freeze-drying from methanol-water yielded the title compound (0.74 g, 84%). 1H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 8.59 (1H, d, J 5.2 Hz), 8.41 (1H, s), 8.02 (1H, d, J 5.2 Hz), 7.87 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.63 (1H, m), 7.41 (4H, m), 7.15 (2H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 7.07 (1H, br t, J 5.8 Hz), 7.04 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 6.57 (1H, d, J 7.8 Hz), 6.52 (1H, dd, J 6.3, 5.2 Hz), 4.58 (2H, br s), m/z (ES+, 70V) 425 [MH+].

EXAMPLE 7

[0278] Z-3-(3-Pyridinyl)-3-(6-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-2-pyridinyl)propenoic Acid

[0279] The title compound (440 mg, 68%) was prepared from the compound of Example 5 ((Z)-isomer) in a similar manner to the compound of Example 6. 1H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 8.55 (1H, dd, J 4.8, 4.7 Hz), 8.49 (1H, d, J 1.9 Hz), 7.95 (1H, m), 7.88 (1H, dd, J 7.4, 7.3 Hz), 7.69-7.66 (1H, m), 7.4, 7.3 (2H, m), 7.30 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 7.08 (1H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 7.04 (1H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 6.99 (2H, d, J 8.1 Hz), 6.54 (1H, s), 6.50-6.45 (2H, m), 4.43 (2H, d, J 4.8 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 425 [MH+].

EXAMPLE 8

[0280] 3-(3-Pyridinyl)-3-(6-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-2-pyridinyl)propanoic Acid

[0281] The compound of Example 7 (130 mg, 0.31 mmol) in ethanol (5 ml) was treated with 10% Pd on carbon (100 mg) and cyclohexadiene (5 ml) then heated under reflux for 18 h. After filtration the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography (silica; EtOAc/MeOH gradient elution) yielding a colourless oil which was freeze dried from MeOH water to give the title compound (40 mg). 1H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 8.40 (1H, d, J 2.0 Hz), 8.28 (1H, dd, J 4.7, 4.7 Hz), 7.95 (1H. d,J 6.9 Hz), 7.65 (1H, dd, J 7.8, 7.8 Hz), 7.53 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.38-7.32 (3H, m), 7.13 (1H, dd, J 7.9, 7.8 Hz), 7.06-6.99 (3H, m), 6.67 (1H, d, J 8.1 Hz), 6.5 (1H, d, J 8.4 Hz), 6.46 (1H, dd, J 6.8, 5.9 Hz), 4.49 (2H, d, J 4.7 Hz), 4.40 (1H, t, J 7.5 Hz), 2.65 (1H, m), 2.49 (1H, m). m/z (El+ 70V) 427 [MH+].

EXAMPLE 9

[0282] 3-(2-[4{[(Amino(imino)methyl)amino]methyl}anilino]-6-pyridyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoic Acid

[0283] Intermediate 10 (0.42 g, 0.63 mmol) was stirred in 1:1 TFA/DCM (10 ml) for 3 h. The solvent was removed by evaporation in vacuo. Purification by chromatography (Silica;15% EtOH, 85% DCM, 1% TFA) gave the title compound (160 mg, 49% as TFA salt). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 9.10 (1H, br s), 7.90 (1H, br s), 7.68 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.50-7.00 (7H, m), 6.62 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.55 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 4.45 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 4.28 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 3.21 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 hH) and 2.91 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 408 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 10

[0284] t-Butyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(2-{4-[(1H-1,3-benzimadazol-2-ylamino)methyl]phenyl}-6-pyridyl-N-oxide)propanoate

[0285] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 15 (0.38 g, 1.6 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature was added sodium hydride in a single portion (0.064 g, 1.6 mmol, 60% dispersion in oil) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. Intermediate 3 (0.594 g, 1.5 mmol) was added as a solution in DMF (5 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 140° C. for 3 h then cooled and poured into saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and extracted twice with DCM. The combined organic fractions were dried (MgSO4), filtered and the solvent removed by evaporation in vacuo. Purification by chromatography (silica; 10% EtOH/DCM) gave the title compound (0.72 g, 87%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.00 (1H, br s), 7.32 (2H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 7.20-6.40 (10H, m), 6.62 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.55 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 5.43 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 4.58 (2H, br s), 3.75 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 2.92 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz) and 1.32 (9H, s).

EXAMPLE 11

[0286] 3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(2-{4-[(1H-1,3-benzimadazol-2-ylamino)methyl]phenoxy]-6-pyridyl-N-oxide)propanoic Acid Trifluoroacetate Salt

[0287] A solution of the compound of Example 10 (0.72 g, 1.3 mmol) in 1:1 TFA/DCM (10 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 72 h and then the solvent was removed by evaporation in vacuo. Purification by chromatography (silica; 1% TFA/25% EtOH/80% DCM) gave the title compound (0.5 g, 74%) 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 12.91 (1H, br s), 9.51 (1H, t, J 6.0 Hz), 7.50-7.30 (8H, m), 7.30-7.10 (5H, m), 6.22 (2H, d, J 9.0 Hz), 5.08 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 4.59 (2H, d, J 5.0 Hz), 3.13 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz) and 2.98 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 499 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 12

[0288] 3-(4-Fluoropheny)-3-(2-{4-[(1H-1,3-benzimadazol-2-ylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-6-pyridyl)propanoic Acid Trifluoroacetate Salt

[0289] To a solution of the compound of Example 11 (0.15 g, 0.3 mmol) in EtOH (10 ml) was added a catalytic amount of palladium on carbon (10%) and excess cyclohexene. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 h and then filtered. The solvent was removed by evaporation in vacuo. Purification by chromatography (silica; 1% TFA/20% EtOH/80% DCM) gave the title compound (0.90 g, 62%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 7.80-7.70 (2H, m), 7.44 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.30-7.20 (2H, m), 7.20-7.15 (1H, m), 7.05-6.95 (5H, m), 6.90-6.80 (1H, m), 6.74 (1H, d, J 8,0 Hz), 4.60 (2H, br s), 4.45 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 3.77 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz) and 2.95 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 483 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 13

[0290] Ethyl-3-(6-[hydroxy{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenyl}methyl]-2-pyridinyl)propanoate

[0291] Intermediate 20 (7.5 g, 14.85 mmol) in THF (50 ml) was treated with tetrabutylammoniumfluoride (1M in THF, 14.85 ml, 14.85 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic phase was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography (silica; EtOAc:hexane 1:1 -2:1) gave the title compound (quantitative). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.08 (1H, d, J 3.8 Hz), 7.51 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.38 (1H m), 7.31 (4H, s), 7.08 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 6.91 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.58 (1H, dd, J 6.8, 5.2 Hz), 6.34 (1H, d, J 8.4 Hz), 5.68 (1H, s), 4.85 (1H, br t), 4.47 (1H, d, J 5.8 Hz), 4.14 (2H, q, J 7.2 Hz), 3.18 (2H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 2.81 (2H, t, J 7.2 Hz), 1.26 (3H, t, J 7.1 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 392 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 14

[0292] 3-(6-[Hydroxy(4-{[2-pyridinylamino]methyl}phenyl)methyl]-2-pyridinyl)propanoic Acid

[0293] The compound of Example 13 (400 mg, 1.02 mmol) and lithium hydroxide (85 mg, 2.04 mmol) were suspended in THF (5 ml) and water (5 ml). After stirring at room temperature for 18 h the THF was removed in vacuo, the residue neutralised with HCl and extracted into DCM and ethanol, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by radial chromatography (silica; DCM −20% ethanol/DCM) gave the title compound (280 mg). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 7.62 (1H, br s), 7.43 (1H, t, J 8.8 Hz), 7.5-7.1 (5H, m), 7.10 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.60-6.45 (2H, m), 5.95 (1H, br s), 5.72 (1H, br s), 4.45 (2H, br s), 2.47 (2H, t, J 7.0 Hz) and 2.66 (2H, t, J 7.0 Hz); m/z (ES+, 70V) 364 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 15

[0294] Ethyl-3-(6-{methoxy[4-{(2-pyridinylamino)methyl}phenyl]methyl}2-pyridinyl)propanoate

[0295] The compound of Example 13 (1.0 g, 2.49 mmol) was dissolved in THF and cooled to −78° under nitrogen. 1.6M n-Butyllithium (1.71 ml, 2.74 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred for 5 min. Methyl iodide (170 μl, 2.74 mmol) was added and the reaction allowed to warm to room temperature. After quenching with water the product was extracted into DCM, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.08 (1H, d, J 4.9 Hz), 7.56 (1H, m), 7.38 (3H, m), 7.28 (3H, m), 7.02 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 6.57 (1H, dd, J 7.0, 5.1 Hz), 6.33 (1H, d, J 8.4 Hz), 5.32 (1H, s), 4.83 (1H, br s), 4.46 (2H, d, J 5.6 Hz), 4.09 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 3.42 (3H, s), 3.20-3.10 (2H, m), 2.80-2.71 (2H, m), 1.20 (3H, t, J 7.1 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 406 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 16

[0296] 3-[6-(Methoxy{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenyl}methyl)-2-pyridinyl]propanoic Acid Trifluoroacetate Salt

[0297] The compound of Example 15 (250 mg, 0.62 mmol) was hydrolysed in a similar manner to Example 14. Purification by radial chromatography (silica; DCM, methanol, trifluoacetic acid) gave the title compound (20 mg). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 7.90 (1H, d, J 7.0 Hz), 7.60 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.30-7.20 (6H, m), 7.10 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 6.90 (0.5H, t, J 5.0 Hz), 6.40 (2H, t, J 8.7 Hz), 5.20 (1H, s), 4.40 (2H, s), 3.30 (3H, s), 2.85 (2H, t, J 7.4 Hz) and 2.30 (2H, m). MS (ES+) m/e 378 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 17

[0298] Ethyl 3-(6-{4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]benzoyl}-2-pyridinyl) propanoate

[0299] The compound of Example 13 (1.0 g, 2.56 mmol) and manganese dioxide (2.22 g. 25.6 mmol) in DCM (50 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction was filtered and the solution evaporated in vacuo to give the title compound (925 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.13-8.07 (3H, m), 7.85-7.76 (2H, m), 7.48-7.36 (4H, m), 6.64-6.59 (1H, m), 6.39 (1H, d, J 8.4 Hz), 4.95 (1H, br t), 4.62 (2H, d, J 6.0 Hz), 4.07 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 3.18 (2H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 2.83 (2H, t, J 7.4 Hz), 1.17 (3H, t, J 7.1 Hz) m/z (ES+, 70V) 390 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 18

[0300] 3-(6-{4-[(2-Pyridinylamino)methyl]benzoyl}-2-pyridinyl)propanoic Acid

[0301] The compound of Example 17 (500 mg, 1.29 mmol) was hydrolysed in a similar manner to Example 14. Chromatography (silica; methanol:DCM 2.5:97.5) gave the title compound (310 mg). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 8.07-7.91 (4H, m), 7.76 (1H, d, J 7.1 Hz), 7.54 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 7.45 (2H, d, J 8.3 Hz), 7.20-6.50 (1H, m), 7.14 (1H, t, J 5.0 Hz), 6.54-6.45 (2H, m), 4.56 (2H, d, J 5.8 Hz), 3.04 (2H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 2.69 (2H, t, J 7.2 Hz); m/z (ES+, 70V) 362 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 19

[0302] Ethyl-3-(6-{1-(4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenyl)vinyl}-2-pyridinyl)propanoate

[0303] Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (918 mg, 2.57 mmol) in THF (15 ml) was cooled to 0° and treated with 1.6M butyllithium (1.61 ml, 2.57 mmol). After 30 min a solution of the compound of Example 17 (1.0 g, 2.57 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was added and the reaction warmed to room temperaure then stirred for 18 h. After quenching with water the product was extracted into DCM, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (silica; ether:hexane 1:1) gave the title compound (300 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.10 (1H, m), 7.50 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.45-7.26 (5H, m), 7.09 (1H, d, J 7.6 Hz), 7.02 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 6.60 (1H, m), 6.40 (1H, d, J 8.4 Hz), 6.06 (1H, d, J 1.7 HZ), 5.55 (1H, d, J 1.7 Hz), 4.93 (1H, br t), 4.53 (2H, d, J 5.8 Hz), 4.12 (2H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 3.15 (2H, t, J 7.5 Hz), 2.82 (2H, t, J 7.4 Hz), 1.23 (3H, t, J 7.1 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 388 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 20

[0304] 3-(6-{1(4-[(2-Pyridinylamino)methyl]phenyl)vinyl}2-pyridinyl)propanoic Acid

[0305] The compound of Example 19 (300 mg, 0.78 mmol) was hydrolysed in a similar manner to Example 14 to give the title compound (183 mg). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 7.95 (1H, m), 7.67 (1H, t, J 7.7 Hz), 7.50 (1H, m), 7.36-7.27 (4H, m), 7.22 (1H, d, J 7.5 Hz), 7.07 (1H, d, J 7.7 Hz), 6.68 (1H, m), 6.60 (1H, m), 5.96 (1H, s), 5.54 (1H, s), 4.52 (2H, s), 2.97 (2H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 2.65 (2H, t, J 7.3 Hz). m/Z (ES+, 70V) 360 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 21

[0306] Ethyl-3-(6-[(hydroxyimino)(4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenyl) methyl]-2-pyridinyl)propanoate

[0307] The compound of Example 17 (500 mg, 1.29 mmol) and hydroxylamino hydrochloride (179 mg, 2.58 mmol) in pyridine were heated at reflux for 18 h. The reaction was quenched with water, extracted into EtOAc, the organic phase washed with HCl then sodium hydrogen carbonate, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound as a mixture of isomers (˜1:1) (360 mg). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.62 (1H, m), 8.11 (1H, m), 7.73 (1H, m), 7.59-7.29 (6H, m), 7.15 (1H, t, J 7.1 Hz), 6.61 (1H, t, J 6.2 Hz), 6.42 (1H, dd, J 8.4, 5.3 Hz), 5.27 (0.5H, br t), 5.20 (0.5H, br t), 4.56 (2H, dd, J 7.7, 5.9 Hz), 4.13 (1H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 4.07 (1H, q, J 7.1 Hz), 3.21 (1H, t, J 7.4 Hz), 3.08 (1H, t, J 7.4 Hz), 2.83 (1H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 2.70 (1H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 1.26-1.17 (3H, m). m/Z (ES+, 70V) 405 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 22

[0308] 3-(6-[(Hydroxyimino){4-[(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]phenyl}methyl]-2-pyridinyl)propanoic Acid Trifluoroacetate Salt

[0309] The compound of Example 21 (360 mg, 0.89 mmol) was hydrolysed in a similar manner to the compound of Example 14. After 24 h the solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with methanol, filtered and the filtrate chromatographed (silica; 5% ethanol:1% trifluoroacetic acid, 94% DCM) yielding 180 mg of a mxiture of isomers (1:1) of the title compound.

[0310] Isomer A

[0311]

1
H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 12.10 (1H, br s), 11.40 (1H, s), 7.94 (1H, dd, J 5.8, 1.1 Hz), 7.81 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.67 (1H, br s), 7.33 (6H, m), 6.81 (1H, br s), 6.70 (1H, br s), 4.57 (2H, br s), 2.97 (2H, t, J 7.4 Hz), 2.61 (2H, t, J 7.5 Hz).

[0312] Isomer B

[0313]

1
H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 12.05 (1H, br s), 11.60 (1H, s), 7.96 (1H m), 7.74 (1H, t, J 7.8 Hz), 7.59 (1H, m), 7.37-7.31 (4H, m), 7.25 (1H, d, J 7.1 Hz), 6.64 (1H, d, J 8.1 Hz), 6.55 (1H, t, J 6.2 Hz), 4.54 (2H, d, J 4.8 Hz), 2.86 (2H, d, J 7.4 Hz), 2.51 (2H, t, J 7.4 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 377 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 23

[0314] Methyl 4-[1-(6-{4-[1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-1-oxypyridin-2-yl)-2-methoxycarbonylethyl]benzoate

[0315] Sodium hydride (60%, 255 mg, 6.14 mmol) was added to Intermediate 15 (1.47 g, 6.14 mmol) in DMF (10 ml)/dioxane (20 ml) and Intermediate 23 (2.2 g, 5.58 mmol) dissolved in dioxane (10 ml) and added. The mixture was heated to 100° for 6 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with DCM (×3), dried with (MgSO4) and evaporated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (silica; DCM −7% methanol) gave the title compound (1.2 g). 1H NMR δ 8.00 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 7.40 (2H, d, J 8.0 Hz) 7.23-6.97 (8H, m), 5.54-5.49 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 4.58 (2H, s), 3.90 (3H, s), 3.60 (3H, s), 3.38-3.30 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz), 3.10-3.07 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 8.0 Hz). m/z (ES+, 70V) 552 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 24

[0316] 3-(4-Benzoic acid)-3-(6-{4-[(1H-benimidazol-2-ylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-1 -oxypyridin-2-yl)propanoic Acid

[0317] The compound of Example 23 (1.07 g, 1.94 mmol was disslved in 1:1 THF:water (20 ml) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.163 g, 3.83 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 48. Evaporation in vacuo and extraction into DCM/HCl solution yielded the title compound (700 mg) as a cream solid. m/z (ES+, 70V) 524 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 25

[0318] t-Butyl 3-(6-{4-[6-(4-methoxybenzylamino)pyridin-2-yl]phenoxy}-1-oxypyridin-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)propanoate

[0319] Intermediate 26 (750 mg, 2.45 mmol), t-butyl 4-[1-(6-bromo-1-oxy-pyrid-2-yl)-2-methoxycarbonylethyl]benzoate (prepared in a similar manner to Intermediate 23) (1.06 g, 2.45 mmol) and sodium hydide (60%) (108 mg, 2.70 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (10 ml) and heated at 100° for 19 h. The mixture was extracted into DCM (×3), washed with sodium bicarbonate soluton, dried with (MgSO4) and evaporated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (silica; DCM/5% methanol) gave the title compound (1.0 g). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.01 (2H, d, J 1.2 Hz), 7.98 (2H, d, J 1.8 Hz), 7.44 (3H, m), 7.30 (2H, d, J 4.9 Hz), 7.08 (3H, m), 7.00 (1H, d, J 7.4 Hz), 6.91-6.81 (4H, m), 6.33 (1H, d, J 8.2 Hz), 5.42-5.37 (1H, dd, J 9.0, 7.0 Hz), 4.92 (1H, m), 4.50 (2H, d, J 5.5 Hz), 3.90 (3H, s), 3.80 (3H, s), 3.35-3.28 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 7.0 Hz), 2.98-2.88 (1H, dd, J 16.0, 7.0 Hz) and 1.30 (9H, s). m/z (ES+, 70V) 661 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 26

[0320] 3-(4-Benzoic acid)-3-{6-[4-(6-aminopyridin-2-yl)phenoxy]-1-oxypyridin-2-yl}propanoic Acid Trifluoroacetate Salt

[0321] The compound of Example 25 (1 g, 1.51 mmol) and lithium hydroxide (127 mg, 3.03 mmol) were dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of THF and water (20 ml) and stirred for 16 h. This was concentracted in vacuo to which DCM (5 ml) and trifluoroacetic acid (10 ml) were added and stirred for a further 12 h. This was again evaporated in vacuo and purified by chromatography (silica; DCM:EtOAc 9:1) to yield the title compound (800 mg) as a white powder. m/z (ES+, 70V) 471 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 27

[0322] t-Butyl 3-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-3-{6-[4-(2-pyridinylamino) methyl]phenoxy}-(1 -oxypyridin-2-yl)propanoate

[0323] Intermediate 4 (0.46 g, 2.29 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (6 ml) and sodium hydride (0.105 g, 2.52 mmol 60% in mineral oil, pre-washed with hexane) was added. t-butyl 4-[1-(6-bromo-1-oxy-pyrid-2-yl)-2-methoxycarbonylethyl] benzoate (prepared in a similar manner to Intermediate 23) (1.0 g, 2.29 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (6 ml) and added to the reaction mixture which was then heated to 100° under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and the crude product extracted into DCM and the solvent removed by evaporation in vacuo and by azeotroping with heptane. Chromatography (silica; 2% EtOH in DCM) gave the title product (0.6 g, 47%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.08 (1H, d, J 3.9 Hz), 7.97 (2H, d, J 8.4 Hz), 7.44-7.32 (6H, m), 7.11 (1H, t, J 8.0 Hz), 6.98-6.90 (2H, m), 6.78 (1H, dd, J 8.0,1.9 Hz), 6.59 (1H, dd, J 5.2, 0.7 Hz), 6.37 (1H, d, J 8.4 Hz), 5.38-5.35 (1H, m), 5.00 (1H, s), 4.48 (2H, d, J 5.5 Hz), 3.88 (3H, s), 3.28 (1H, dd, J 15.8, 6.7 Hz), 2.92 (1H, dd, J 15.8, 9.2 Hz), 1.28 (9H, s). m/z (ES+, 70V) 556 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 28

[0324] t-Butyl-3-(4-benzoic acid)-3-{6-[4-(2-pyridylamino)methyl]phenoxy-1-oxy-pyridin-2-yl}propanoate

[0325] The compound of Example 27 (0.6 g, 1.08 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 ml) and H2O (5 ml). LiOH.H2O (0.1814 g, 4.32 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred overnight at room temperature before being acidified with 1M HCl. The organics were extracted into DCM and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (0.26 g, 44%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.86-7.68 (3H, m), 7.38-7.14 (6H, m), 7.01 (3H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.86 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 6.78 (1H, t, J 5.0 Hz), 6.65 (1H, d, J 8.0 Hz), 5.23 (1H, m), 4.53 (2H, d, J 5.5 Hz), 3.20-2.94 (2H, m), 1.39-1.24 (9H, m).

EXAMPLE 29

[0326] 3-(4-Benzoic acid)-3-(6-{4-[(2-1pyridylamino)methyl]phenoxy}-1-oxypyridin-6-yl)propanoic Acid Trifluoroacetate Salt

[0327] The compound of Example 28 was dissolved in TFA (5 ml) and DCM (5 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight and the crude product isolated by evaporation in vacuo. Radial chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM then 10% MeOH in DCM) gave the title compound which was freeze dried to give a white solid (0.14 g, 62%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 8.02 (1H, d, J 4.8 Hz), 7.92 (2H, d, J 8.3 Hz), 7.74 (1H, t, J 7.1 Hz), 7.51 (3H, d, J 8.3 Hz), 7.46-7.41 (3H, m), 7.24 (1H, dd, J 8.1, 1.6 Hz), 6.97 (2H, d, J 8.6 Hz), 6.89 (1H, d, J 8.3 Hz), 6.78 (1H, t, J 6.1 Hz), 5.23 (1H, t, J 7.9 Hz), 4.56 (2H, s), 3.28 (1H, dd, J 16.6, 7.8 Hz), 3.12 (1H, dd, J 16.6, 8.1 Hz).

[0328] The following assays may be used to determine the ability of compounds according to the invention to inhibit αvβ3 and αvβ5 function.

[0329] αvβ3-Dependent Direct Binding Assay

[0330] 96 Well NUNC immunoplates were coated overnight with a non-blocking anti-β3 monoclonal antibody at 2 μg/ml in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and subsequently blocked with 5% 9w/v)BSA in PBS (Sigma, fraction V) for 60 min. at room temperature. After washing in Tris-buffered saline (TBS: 20 mM Tris/150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5), plates then received 100 μl of a lysate prepared fromn JY cells and were incubated for 3 h at room temperature. The lysate was made by lysing JY B-lymphoblastoid cells at 5×107 cells were ml in TBS containing 1 mM MnCl2,1% (w/v) BSA/0.1% (vb/v) Tween 20 and were incubated for a further 2 hours at room temperature. Inhibitors were titrated into the fibronectin prior to addition to plates. After washing, streptavidin-peroxidase (Amersham) at 1:500 in TBS/1% (w/v) BSA/0.1% (v/v)Tween 20 was added and plates incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Finally 100 μl TMB substrate was added and Absorbance (630 nm) measured after 10-15 minutes. IC50 values for inhibition of adhesion were calculated on the Activity Base curve fitting programme.

[0331] αvβ3-Dependent Cell Adhesion Assay

[0332] This was a modification of a published method [Stupack et al., Exp,. Cell. Tes. 203, 443-448 (1992)] and employed the JY cell line. These cells are maintained in RPMI 1640+10% FCS +2 mM L-glutamine and, when used for assay, were washed in assat medium (RPMI 1640+10% FCS), suspended at 4×106/ml in the same medium and pretreated with a blocking monoclonal antibody to CD18 (6.5E, F(ab′)2 fragment) for 10 min at room temperature. 96 Well NUNC immunoplates were coated with 100 μl 2.5 uk/μl human vitronectin in PBS per well for 2 h at 37° C.; they were then washed 2× in PBS and blocked with 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS for 60 min at room temperature and washed 2× more in PBS. 2×1−5 JY per well were added to wells containing compounds serially titrated across the plate and, finally, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate at 10 ng/ml was added in a final volume of 200 μl. After incubation at 37° C. for 30 min, non-adherent cells were removed by washing 3× in assay medium, adherent cells were fixed in methanol and stained with 0.25% (W/v) Rose Bengal in PBS for 5 min, unbound dye was removed by 3 further washes in PBS and cell-bound dye was released with 1:1 PBS:ethanol. Absorbance at 570 nm was then measured. IC50 values for inhibition of adhesion were calculated as described above for the direct binding assay.

[0333] αvβ5-Dependent Cell Adhesion Assay

[0334] This assay was based on a published method [Koivunen et al, J. Bio. Chem. 268, 20205-20210 (1993)] and employed the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29. HT-29 Cells were routinely maintained in DMEM +10% FCS +2 mM L-glutamine and were removed from flasks using trypsin/EDTA, washed 2× in assay medium and suspended at 4×106/ml in the same medium. The cells were allowed to ‘rest’ for 15 min. at room temperature before being added (2×105/well) to wells containing compounds serially titrated across the plate in a final volume of 200 μl. The 96 well NUNC immunoplates had been coated with human vit ronectin as described above for the αvβ3 assay. After incubation at 37° C. for 60 min, adhesion was assessed as described above for the αvβ3 assay.

[0335] In the above assays the preferred compounds of the invention generally have IC50 values of 1 μM and below.

Propanoic acid derivatives as integrin inhibitors

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