PROSTHETIC VALVES HAVING A MODIFIED SURFACE

Abstract

Disclosed are implantable heart valves having a surface modified to reduce the risk of thrombi formation post implantation into a subject. The prosthetic valve can include one or more leaflets comprising a base polymer admixed with an oligofluorinated additive.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The valve replacement surgery was first introduced in 1960s and has since dramatically improved the outcomes of patients with valvular heart disease. Since its introduction, more than 80 models of prosthetic heart valves have been developed and adopted. Each year, approximately 90,000 valve substituents are implanted in the US and 280,000 worldwide. Prosthetic heart valves can be mechanical or bioprosthetic. Mechanical valves are primarily composed of metal or carbon alloys, and are implanted surgically. There are three types of mechanical valves: the caged ball, tilting disk, and bileaflet. On the other hand, biprostheses can be heterografts, which are composed of porcine or bovine tissue mounted on a metal support, or hemografts, which are preserved human aortic valves. Bioprosthetic heart valves can be implanted via a surgical or transcatheter approach.

Prosthetic valve thrombosis is a serious complication of valve replacement, most commonly encountered with mechanical prostheses. A rapid diagnostic evaluation is warranted by the significant morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. Due to the variable clinical presentations and the degree of valvular obstruction, the diagnosis remains difficult. The main diagnostic procedures involve cinefluoroscopy (for mechanical valves), transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography. Even though surgical treatment is typically favored for obstructive prosthetic valve thrombosis, the optimal treatment selection is controversial. The therapeutic methods include heparin treatment, fibrinolysis, surgery, however, they are affected by the presence of valvular obstruction, valve location (left- or right-sided), and by clinical status.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention features a prosthetic valve that can take a first form wherein the valve is open and a second form wherein the valve is closed, the valve including a leaflet assembly having at least one leaflet attached to a supporting element, the leaflet having a free margin that can move between a first position wherein the valve takes the first form and a second position wherein the valve takes the second form, wherein the prosthetic valve, or a portion thereof, has a surface including a base polymer and an oligofluorinated additive.

In particular embodiments, the prosthetic valve includes a leaflet assembly including one or more leaflets attached to a stent. In particular embodiments, each of the one or more leaflets can have a surface including a base polymer and an oligofluorinated additive. The prosthetic valve can be, e.g., a monoleaflet valve, a bileaflet valve, a caged ball valve, or a tilting disc valve. In certain embodiments, the surface has a thickness of from 1 to 100 microns (e.g., 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 3 to 7, 5 to 15, or 10 to 100 microns). The surface can include from 0.05% (w/w) to 15% (w/w) (e.g., from 0.1% (w/w) to 15% (w/w), from 0.5% (w/w) to 15% (w/w), from 1% (w/w) to 15% (w/w), from 0.1% (w/w) to 5% (w/w), from 0.5% (w/w) to 5% (w/w), or from 1% (w/w) to 5% (w/w)) of the oligofluorinated additive. The base polymer can include a polyurethane or polyolefin, or any base polymer described herein. For example, the base polymer can be a polyurethane selected from a polycarbonate urethane, a polyurethane with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) soft segment, a polytetramethylene glycol-based polyurethane elastomer, a polyetherurethane, or a silicone polycarbonate urethane with a silicone soft segment. Alternatively, the base polymer can be a polyolefin selected from poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene).

The oligofluorinated additives used in the prosthetic valves of the invention may be described by the structure of any one of formulae (I), (II), (Ill), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), and (XVII) shown below. In certain embodiments, the oligofluorinated additive is selected from any of compounds 1-40. In particular embodiments, the oligofluorinated additive is selected from compound 11, compound 22, and compound 39. In some embodiments, the oligofluorinated additive is compound 11 and the prosthetic valve includes a leaflet assembly including one or more leaflets attached to a stent, where the prosthetic valve is a monoleaflet valve, a bileaflet valve, a caged ball valve, or a tilting disc valve. In certain embodiments, the oligofluorinated additive is compound 22 and the prosthetic valve includes a leaflet assembly including one or more leaflets attached to a stent, where the prosthetic valve is a monoleaflet valve, a bileaflet valve, a caged ball valve, or a tilting disc valve. In particular embodiments, the oligofluorinated additive is compound 39 and the prosthetic valve includes a leaflet assembly including one or more leaflets attached to a stent, where the prosthetic valve is a monoleaflet valve, a bileaflet valve, a caged ball valve, or a tilting disc valve.

In one particular embodiment, the prosthetic valve of the invention exhibits reduced thrombogenicity in comparison to the prosthetic valve in the absence of the oligofluorinated material. In some embodiments, the prosthetic valve includes a valve within a stent, and the stent is expandable.

The invention further features a method of preparing the prosthetic valve of the invention, the method including coating (e.g., dip-coating or spray-coating) a leaflet assembly with a mixture including a base polymer and an oligofluorinated additive. In some embodiments, the method includes dip-coating the prosthetic valve in a mixture of polycarbonate urethane and an oligofluorinated additive in tetrahydrofuran. Polyurethanes that can be used in the prosthetic valves of the invention include, without limitation, polycarbonate urethanes (e.g., BIONATE®), polyurethane with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) soft segment (e.g., Elast-Eon™), a polytetramethylene glycol-based polyurethane elastomer (e.g., Pellethane® 2363-80AE elastomer), segmented polyurethanes (e.g., BIOSPAN™) and polyetherurethanes (e.g., ELASTHANE™).

As used herein, the term “reduced thrombogenicity” refers to the performance of the prosthetic valve, or a portion thereof, in the assay of Example 4 in comparison to the prosthetic valve, or a portion thereof, prepared without oligofluorinated additive.

The term “about,” as used herein, refers to a value that is ±20% of the recited number.

The term “base polymer,” as used herein, refers to a polymer having a theoretical molecular weight of greater than or equal to 20 kDa (e.g., greater than or equal to 50 kDa, greater than or equal to 75 kDa, greater than or equal to 100 kDa, greater than or equal to 150 kDa, or greater than 200 kDa). Non-limiting examples of base polymers include: silicone, polyolefin, polyester, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyamide, polyether, polyurea, polyurethane, polyetherimide, cellulosic polymer, and copolymers thereof, and blends thereof. Further non-limiting examples of the base polymers include a silicone, polycarbonate, polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylamide (PAAM), polyethylene oxide, poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide), poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (polyHEMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyamide, polyurethane, cellulosic polymer, polysulfone, and copolymers thereof, and blends thereof. Base polymeric copolymers include, e.g., poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) and polyether-b-polyamide (e.g., PEBAX).

The term “oligofluorinated additive,” as used herein, refers to a segmented compound of any one of formulae (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), and (XVII). Certain oligofluorinated additives can have a theoretical molecular weight of less than or equal to 20 kDa (e.g., less than or equal to 10 kDa). Certain oligofluorinated additives can have a theoretical molecular weight of greater than or equal to 200 Da (e.g., greater than or equal to 300 Da). Non-limiting examples of oligofluorinated additives include those having a theoretical molecular weight of from 500 to 10,000 Da, from 500 to 9,000 Da, from 500 to 5,000 Da, from 1,000 to 10,000 Da, from 1,000 to 6,000 Da, or from 1,500 to 8,000 Da. One of skill in the art will recognize that these structural formulae represent idealized theoretical structures. Specifically, the segments are reacted in specific stoichiometries to furnish an oligofluorinated additive as a distribution of molecules having varying ratios of segments. Accordingly, the variable n in formulae (I)-(XVII) indicates the theoretical stoichiometry of the segments.

As used herein, “C” refers to a chain terminating group. Exemplary chain terminating groups include monofunctional groups containing an amine, alcohol, or carboxylic acid functionality.

The term “LinkB,” as used herein, refers to a coupling segment linking two oligomeric segments and a surface-active group. Typically, LinkB has a molecular weight ranging from 40 to 700 Da. Preferably, LinkB can be selected from the group of functionalized diamines, diisocyanates, disulfonic acids, dicarboxylic acids, diacid chlorides, and dialdehydes, where the functionalized component has secondary functional group, through which a surface-active group is attached. Such secondary functional groups can be esters, carboxylic acid salts, sulfonic acid salts, phosphonic acid salts, thiols, vinyls, and primary or secondary amines. Terminal hydroxyls, amines, or carboxylic acids of an oligomeric segment intermediate can react with a diamine to form an oligo-amide; react with a diisocyanate to form an oligo-urethane, an oligo-urea, or an oligo-amide; react with a disulfonic acid to form an oligo-sulfonate or an oligo-sulfonamide; react with a dicarboxylic acid to form an oligo-ester or an oligo-amide; react with a diacyl dichloride to form an oligo-ester or an oligo-amide; or react with a dicarboxaldehyde to form an oligo-acetal or an oligo-imine.

The term “linker with two terminal carbonyls,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having a molecular weight of between 56 Da and 1,000 Da, in which the first valency belongs to a first carbonyl, and a second valency belongs to a second carbonyl. Within this linker, the first carbonyl is bonded to a first carbon atom, and the second carbonyl is bonded to a second carbon atom. The linker with two terminal carbonyls can be a small molecule dicarbonyl (e.g., norbornene-dicarbonyl, benzene-dicarbonyl, biphenyl-dicarbonyl, alkylene-dicarbonyl (e.g., succinoyl, glutaryl, adipoyl, pimeloyl, suberoyl, etc.).

The term “molecular weight,” as used herein, refers to a theoretical weight of an Avogadro number of molecules of identical composition. As preparation of an oligofluorinated additive can involve generation of a distribution of compounds, the term “molecular weight” refers to a molar mass of an idealized structure determined by the stoichiometry of the reactive ingredients. Thus, the term “molecular weight,” as used herein, refers to a theoretical molecular weight.

The term “oligomeric linker,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group containing from two to fifty bonded to each other identical chemical moieties. The chemical moiety can be an alkylene oxide (e.g., ethylene oxide).

The term “oligomeric segment,” as used herein, refers to a relatively short length of a repeating unit or units, generally less than about 50 monomeric units and theoretical molecular weights less than 10,000 Da, but preferably <7,000 Da and in some examples, <5,000 Da. In certain embodiments, oligo is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyurea, polyamide, polyalkylene oxide, polycarbonate, polyester, polylactone, polysilicone, polyethersulfone, polyolefin, polyvinyl, polypeptide, polysaccharide, and ether and amine linked segments thereof.

The term “oxycarbonyl bond,” as used herein, refers to a bond connecting an oxygen atom to a carbonyl group. Exemplary oxycarbonyl bonds can be found in esters and urethanes. Preferably, the oxycarbonyl bond is a bond in an ester.

The term “polyfluoroorgano group,” as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbon group that may be optionally interrupted by one, two, or three non-contiguous oxygen atoms, in which from two to fifty nine hydrogen atoms were replaced with fluorine atoms. The polyfluoroorgano group contains one to thirty carbon atoms. The polyfluoroorgano group can contain linear alkyl, branched alkyl, or aryl groups, or any combination thereof. The polyfluoroorgano group (e.g., polyfluoroalkyl) can be a “polyfluoroacyl,” in which the carbon atom, through which the polyfluoroorgano group (e.g., polyfluoroalkyl) is attached to the rest of the molecule, is substituted with oxo. The alkyl chain within polyfluoroorgano group (e.g., polyfluoroalkyl) can be interrupted by up to nine oxygen atoms, provided that two closest oxygen atoms within polyfluoroorgano are separated by at least two carbon atoms. When the polyfluoroorgano consists of a linear or branched alkyl optionally substituted with oxo and/or optionally interrupted with oxygen atoms, as defined herein, such group can be called a polyfluoroalkyl group. Some polyfluoroorgano groups (e.g., polyfluoroalkyl) can have a theoretical molecular weight of from 100 Da to 1,500 Da. A polyfluoroalkyl can be CF₃(CF₂)_r(CH₂CH₂)_p—, where p is 0 or 1, r is from 2 to 20, or CF₃(CF₂)_s(CH₂CH₂O)_x—, where x is from 0 to 10, and s is from 1 to 20. Alternatively, polyfluoroalkyl can be CH_mF_(3-m)(CF₂)_rCH₂CH₂— or CH_mF_(3-m)(CF₂)_s(CH₂CH₂O)_x—, where m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; x is from 0 to 10; r is an integer from 2 to 20; and s is an integer from 1 to 20. In particular embodiments, x is 0. In certain embodiments, polyfluoroalkyl is formed from 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-decanol; 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol; 1H,1H,5H-perfluoro-1-pentanol; or 1H,1H, perfluoro-1-butanol, and mixtures thereof. In other embodiments, polyfluoroalkyl is perfluoroheptanoyl. In still other embodiments, polyfluoroalkyl is (CF₃)(CF₂)₅CH₂CH₂O—, (CF₃)(CF₂)₇CH₂CH₂O—, (CF₃)(CF₂)₅CH₂CH₂O—, CHF₂(CF₂)₃CH₂O—, (CF₃)(CF₂)₂CH₂O—, or (CF₃)(CF₂)₅—. In still other embodiments the polyfluoroalkyl group is (CF₃)(CF₂)₅—, e.g., where the polyfluoroalkyl group is bonded to a carbonyl of an ester group. In certain embodiments, polyfluoroorgano is —(O)_q—[C(═O)]_r(CH₂)_o(CF₂)_pCF₃, in which q is 0 and r is 1, or q is 1 and r is 0; o is from 0 to 2; and p is from 0 to 10.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the Drawings, Detailed Description, and the Claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a structure of compound 1.

FIG. 1B shows a structure of compound 2, wherein a=0.225, b=0.65, and c=0.125.

FIG. 2A shows a structure of compound 3, wherein a=0.225, b=0.65, and c=0.125.

FIG. 2B shows a structure of compound 4, wherein x and y are integers. The poly(ethylene-co-1,2-butylene) soft segment can be formed from poly(ethylene-co-1,2-butylene)diol of a pre-selected average molecular weight (e.g., CAS registry No. 68954-10-9).

FIG. 3A shows a structure of compound 5.

FIG. 3B shows a structure of compound 6.

FIG. 4A shows a structure of compound 7.

FIG. 4B shows a structure of compound 8, wherein a, b, and c are integers. The polybutadiene soft segment can be formed from hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene of a pre-selected average molecular weight (e.g., CAS registry No. 69102-90-5).

FIG. 5A shows a structure of compound 9.

FIG. 5B shows a structure of compound 10.

FIG. 6A shows a structure of compound 11.

FIG. 6B shows a structure of compound 12.

FIG. 7 shows a structure of compound 13.

FIG. 8 shows a structure of compound 14, wherein a=0.225, b=0.65, and c=0.125.

FIG. 9 shows a structure of compound 15, wherein a=0.225, b=0.65, and c=0.125.

FIG. 10 shows a structure of compound 16, wherein a=0.225, b=0.65, and c=0.125.

FIG. 11 shows a structure of compound 17.

FIG. 12 shows a structure of compound 18.

FIG. 13 shows a structure of compound 19.

FIG. 14 shows a structure of compound 20, wherein m=12-16, and n is an integer.

FIG. 15 shows a structure of compound 21.

FIG. 16 shows a structure of compound 22, wherein x, y, and z are integers. The poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) can be, e.g., Pluronic® L-35 (CAS registry No. 9003-11-6).

FIG. 17 shows a structure of compound 23.

FIG. 18 shows a structure of compound 24.

FIG. 19 shows a structure of compound 25, m=12-16, and n is an integer.

FIG. 20 shows a structure of compound 26.

FIG. 21A shows a structure of compound 27.

FIG. 21B shows a structure of compound 28.

FIG. 22 shows a structure of compound 29.

FIG. 23A shows a structure of compound 30.

FIG. 23B shows a structure of compound 31.

FIG. 24A shows a structure of compound 32.

FIG. 24B shows a structure of compound 33.

FIG. 25 shows a structure of compound 34.

FIG. 26 shows a structure of compound 35.

FIG. 27 shows a structure of compound 36, wherein each of q, p, n, and m is an integer from 2 to 50.

FIG. 28A shows a structure of compound 37.

FIG. 28B shows a structure of compound 38.

FIG. 29 shows a structure of compound 39, wherein m=12-16, and n is an integer.

FIG. 30 shows a structure of compound 40, wherein x=z=40, and y=20.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention features implantable prosthetic valves having a surface modified to reduce the risk of forming thrombi post implantation.

Prosthetic Valves

There are three main designs of mechanical valves: mono- or bileaflet, tilting disk, and caged ball valves. Caged ball valves are composed of a silastic ball with a circular sewing ring and a cage formed by three metal arches, (e.g., Hufnagel-Lucite valve, Starr-Edwards valve, Smeloff-Cutter valve, McGovern-Cronie valve, DeBakey-Surgitool valve, and Cross-Jones valve). Monoleaflet valves include a single disk secured by lateral or central metal struts. The opening angle of the disk relative to valve annulus ranges from 60° to 80°, resulting in two distinct orifices of different sizes. Bileaflet valves are made of two semilunar disks attached to a rigid valve ring by small hinges. The opening angle of the leaflets relative to the annulus plane ranges from 75° to 90°, and the open valve consists of three orifices: a small, slit-like central orifice between the two open leaflets and two larger semicircular orifices laterally. Tilting disk valves have a single, circular occluder that is controlled with a metal strut.

Similarly, there are three design groups of bioprosthetic valves: stented, stentless, and percutaneous bioprostheses. Bioprostheses are meant to mimic the anatomy of the native aortic valve. Porcine bioprosthetic valves consist of three porcine aortic valve leaflets cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and mounted on a metallic or polymer supporting stent. Pericardial valves are prepared from sheets of bovine pericardium mounted inside or outside a supporting stent. To improve valve hemodynamics and durability, several types of stentless bioprosthetic valves have been developed. Stentless bioprostheses are fabricated from whole porcine aortic valves or fabricated from bovine pericardium. Percutaneous aortic valve implantation is emerging as an alternative to standard aortic valve replacement in patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis considered to be at high or prohibitive operative risk. The valves are typically implanted via a percutaneous transfemoral approach. To reduce the challeneges of vascular access and associated complications, a transapical approach through a small thoracotomy may also be used.

Prosthetic valves prepared from polymeric materials offer the potential of durability and hemocompatibility. Key advantages of polymeric prosthetic valves include a hemodynamically consistent blood flow, retention of structural durability under cyclic load-bearing conditions in a fluid environment, and maintenance of blood compatibility that would eliminate the requirement for a permanent anticoagulation. The design of polymeric prosthetic valves attempts to mimic the architecture of the human aortic valve. Key design parameters for polymeric prosthetic valve include effective orifice area, jet velocity, pressure gradient, regurgitation and thrombogenic potential. Additional design parameters include valve strut postcurvature, sewing ring, leaflet coaptation height, commissure gap, leaflet thickness, rounding hard edges, built-in regurgitant flow or ‘wash out,’ and geometries considered for the leaflets (e.g., based on collapsing cylinder vs hemispherical, and so on). In case of trileaflet polymer valves, optimization of leaflet thickness for maximimal durability and flexibility remains a major design parameter.

Several polymeric materials have been investigated for use in prosthetic valves, including polycarbonate urethane (e.g., BIONATE®), polyurethane with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) soft segment (e.g., Elast-Eon™), a polytetramethylene glycol-based polyurethane elastomer (e.g., Pellethane® 2363-80AE elastomer), the tri-block copolymer thermoplastic polyolefin poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) (e.g., SIBS), and a polyolefin thermoset elastomer (e.g., xSIBS). Other potentially useful polymers include fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene difluoride and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene), hyperbranched polyurethanes having shape memory property, and a nano-organic clay-polyurethane composite. Other biocompatible polyurethanes include segmented polyurethanes (e.g., BIOSPAN™) and polyetherurethanes (e.g., ELASTHANE™).

Polymeric prosthetic valves are made mainly out of polyurethane, with a combination of solution casting and injection molding. The stents or frames are injection molded and typically have a thickness of approximately 3 mm. The polyurethane frames are then molded onto steel formers of ellipto-hyperbolic leaflet shape and dipped into a concentrated polyurethane solution, allowing coating the whole valve to form the leaflets. Then, the polymer valve is dried while hanging free edge downward. The leaflet edge is later cut and trimmed by a precision laser cutting tool. The thickness of the leaflet ranges from 80 to 300 μm. Some polyurethane valves contain a stiffening ring of radio-opaque MRI compatible titanium alloy to facilitate radiographic imaging.

There are several types of fabrication techniques of polymeric prosthetic valves, including dip casting, film fabrication, and cavity molding. The fabrication usually consists of coating a semi-rigid stent in polyurethane. Some polyurethane valves have been manufactured by dip-coating in a polymer solution, which involves the use of a specifically designed mandrel. The major challenge of this method is the control of the leaflet thickness distribution. In film fabrication, pre-cast polyurethane film is solvent-bonded to the valve frame and thermally formed to the leaflet shape. This method allows for a greater control over the desired geometry of the valve. However, due to an inconsistent leaflet frame interface, this method yields materials with lower durability.

Oligofluorinated Additives

The oligofluorinated additives used in the prosthetic valves of the invention may be described by the structure of any one of formulae (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), and (XVII) shown below.

(1) Formula (I):

F_T-[B-A]_n-B-F_T   (I)

where

• • (i) A includes hydrogenated polybutadiene, poly((2,2-dimethyl)-1,3-propylene carbonate), polybutadiene, poly(diethylene glycol)adipate, poly(hexamethylene carbonate), poly(ethylene-co-butylene), (neopentyl glycol-ortho phthalic anhydride) polyester, (diethylene glycol-ortho phthalic anhydride) polyester, (1,6-hexanediol-ortho phthalic anhydride) polyester, or bisphenol A ethoxylate;
  • (ii) B is a segment including a urethane; and
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group, and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 1 to 10.

(2) Formula (II):

F_T-[B-A]_n-B-F_T   (II)

where

• • (i) B includes a urethane;
  • (ii) A includes polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, or polytetramethylene oxide;
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 1 to 10.

where

• • (i) A is an oligomeric segment containing an ether linkage, an ester linkage, a carbonate linkage, or a polyalkylene and having a theoretical molecular weight of from 500 to 3,500 Da (e.g., from 500 to 2,000 Da, from 1,000 to 2,000 Da, or from 1,000 to 3,000 Da);
  • (ii) B is a segment including a isocyanurate trimer or biuret trimer; B′, when present, is a segment including a urethane;
  • (iii) each F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer between 0 to 10.

(4) Formula (V):

F_T-[B-A]_n-B-F_T   (V)

where

• • (i) A is an oligomeric segment including polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, or polytetramethylene oxide and having a theoretical molecular weight of from 500 to 3,000 Da (e.g., from 500 to 2,000 Da, from 1,000 to 2,000 Da, or from 1,000 to 3,000 Da);
  • (ii) B is a segment formed from a diisocyanate;
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 1 to 10.

where

• • (i) A is an oligomeric segment including polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polytetramethylene oxide, or a mixture thereof, and having a theoretical molecular weight of from 500 to 3,000 Da (e.g., from 500 to 2,000 Da, from 1,000 to 2,000 Da, or from 1,000 to 3,000 Da);
  • (ii) B is a segment including an isocyanurate trimer or biuret trimer;
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 0 to 10.

(6) Formula (VII):

F_T-[B-A]_n-B-F_T   (VII)

where

• • (i) A is a polycarbonate polyol having a theoretical molecular weight of from 500 to 3,000 Da (e.g., from 500 to 2,000 Da, from 1,000 to 2,000 Da, or from 1,000 to 3,000 Da);
  • (ii) B is a segment formed from a diisocyanate;
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 1 to 10.

where

• • (i) A is an oligomeric segment including a polycarbonate polyol having a theoretical molecular weight of from 500 to 3,000 Da (e.g., from 500 to 2,000 Da, from 1,000 to 2,000 Da, or from 1,000 to 3,000 Da);
  • (ii) B is a segment including an isocyanurate trimer or biuret trimer;
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 0 to 10.

where

• • (i) A includes a first block segment selected from polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, polytetramethylene oxide, or a mixture thereof, and a second block segment including a polysiloxane or polydimethylsiloxane, where A has a theoretical molecular weight of from 1,000 to 5,000 Da (e.g., from 1,000 to 3,000 Da, from 2,000 to 5,000 Da, or from 2,500 to 5,000 Da);
  • (ii) B is a segment including an isocyanurate trimer or biuret trimer;
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 0 to 10.

(9) Formula (X):

F_T-[B-A]_n-B-F_T   (X)

where

• • (i) A is a segment selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated polybutadiene (e.g., HLBH), polybutadiene (e.g., LBHP), hydrogenated polyisoprene (e.g., HHTPI), polysiloxane-polyethylene glycol block copolymer, and polystyrene and has a theoretical molecular weight of from 750 to 3,500 Da (e.g., from 750 to 2,000 Da, from 1,000 to 2,500 Da, or from 1,000 to 3,500 Da);
  • (ii) B is a segment formed from a diisocyanate;
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 1 to 10.

where

• • (i) A is hydrogenated polybutadiene (e.g., HLBH), polybutadiene (e.g., LBHP), hydrogenated polyisoprene (e.g., HHTPI), or polystyrene and has a theoretical molecular weight of from 750 to 3,500 Da (e.g., from 750 to 2,000 Da, from 1,000 to 2,500 Da, or from 1,000 to 3,500 Da);
  • (ii) B is a segment including an isocyanurate trimer or biuret trimer;
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 0 to 10.

where

• • (i) A is a polyester having a theoretical molecular weight of from 500 to 3,500 Da (e.g., from 500 to 2,000 Da, from 1,000 to 2,000 Da, or from 1,000 to 3,000 Da);
  • (ii) B is a segment including an isocyanurate trimer or biuret trimer;
  • (iii) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group; and
  • (iv) n is an integer from 0 to 10.

(12) Formula (XIII):

F_T-A-F_T   (XIII)

where F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group and A is an oligomeric segment.

where

• • (i) F_T is a polyfluoroorgano group covalently attached to LinkB;
  • (ii) C is a chain terminating group;
  • (iii) A is an oligomeric segment;
  • (iv) LinkB is a coupling segment; and
  • (v) a is an integer greater than 0.

where

• • (i) each F_T is polyfluoroorgano groups, and combinations thereof (e.g., each F_T is independently a polyfluoroorgano);
  • (ii) X₁ is H, CH₃, or CH₂CH₃;
  • (iii) each of X₂ and X₃ is independently H, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, or F_T;
  • (iv) each of L₁ and L₂ is independently a bond, an oligomeric linker, or a linker with two terminal carbonyls; and
  • (v) n is an integer from 5 to 50.

where

• • (i) each F_T is a polyfluoroorgano;
  • (ii) each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ is independently H, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, or F_T;
  • (iii) each of L₁ and L₂ is independently a bond, an oligomeric linker, a linker with two terminal carbonyls, or is formed from a diisocyanate; and
  • (iv) each of n1 and n2 is independently an integer from 5 to 50.

(16) Formula (XVII):

G-A_m-[B-A]_n-B-G   (XVII)

where

• • (i) each A includes hydrogenated polybutadiene, poly ((2,2-dimethyl)-1,3-propylene carbonate), polybutadiene, poly (diethylene glycol)adipate, poly (hexamethylene carbonate), poly (ethylene-co-butylene), (diethylene glycol-ortho phthalic anhydride) polyester, (1,6-hexanediol-ortho phthalic anhydride) polyester, (neopentyl glycol-ortho phthalic anhydride) polyester, a polysiloxane, or bisphenol A ethoxylate;
  • (ii) each B is independently a bond, an oligomeric linker, or a linker with two terminal carbonyls;
  • (iii) each G is H or a polyfluoroograno, provided that at least one G is a polyfluoroorgano;
  • (iv) n is an integer from 1 to 10; and
  • (v) m is 0 or 1.

The oligofluorinated oligofluorinated additive of formula (I) can include B formed from a diisocyanate (e.g., 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexylisocyanate; 4,4′-methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate); 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate); toluene-2,4-diisocyanate; m-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate; or hexamethylene diisocyanate). The variable n may be 1 or 2. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (I).

The oligofluorinated additive of formulae (III) and (IV) can include A that is an oligomeric segment containing hydrogenated polybutadiene (HLBH), poly((2,2-dimethyl)-1,3-propylene carbonate) (PCN), polybutadiene (LBHP), polytetramethylene oxide (PTMO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), (diethyleneglycol-orthophthalic anhydride) polyester (PDP), hydrogenated polyisoprene (HHTPI), poly(hexamethylene carbonate), poly((2-butyl-2-ethyl)-1,3-propylene carbonate), or hydroxylterminated polydimethylsiloxane (C22). In the oligofluorinated additive of formulae (III) and (IV), B is formed by reacting a triisocyanate (e.g., hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) biuret trimer, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer, or hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer) with a diol including the oligomeric segment A. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (III). The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (IV).

In the oligofluorinated additive of formula (V), B may be a segment formed from 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexylisocyanate; 4,4′-methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate); 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate); toluene-2,4-diisocyanate; m-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate; and hexamethylene diisocyanate. In the oligofluorinated additive of formula (V), segment A can be poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide). The variable n may be an integer from 1 to 3. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (V).

In the oligofluorinated additive of formula (VI), B is a segment formed by reacting a triisocyanate with a diol of A. The triisocyanate may be hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) biuret trimer, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer, or hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer. In the oligofluorinated additive of formula (VI), segment A can be poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide). The variable n may be 0, 1, 2, or 3. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (VI).

In the oligofluorinated additive of formula (VII), Oligo can include poly((2,2-dimethyl)-1,3-propylene carbonate) (PCN). B may be a segment formed from 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexylisocyanate; 4,4′-methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate); 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate); toluene-2,4-diisocyanate; m-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate; and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The variable n may be 1, 2, or 3. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (VII).

In the oligofluorinated additive of formula (VIII), B is a segment formed by reacting a triisocyanate with a diol of A (e.g., the oligomeric segment). The triisocyanate may be hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) biuret trimer, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer, or hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer. The segment A can include poly((2,2-dimethyl)-1,3-propylene carbonate) (PCN) or poly(hexamethylene carbonate) (PHCN). The variable n may be 0, 1, 2, or 3. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (VIII).

In the oligofluorinated additive of formula (IX), B is a segment formed by reacting a triisocyanate with a diol of A. In segment A, the number of first block segments and second block segments can be any integer or non-integer to provide the approximate theoretical molecule weight of the segment. The segment A can include polypropylene oxide and polydimethylsiloxane. The triisocyanate may be hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) biuret trimer, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer, or hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer. The variable n may be 0, 1, 2, or 3. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (IX).

In oligofluorinated additive of formula (X), B is a segment formed from a diisocyanate. The segment A can include hydrogenated polybutadiene. Alternatively, the segment A can include polysiloxane-polyethylene glycol block copolymer (e.g., PEG-PDMS-PEG). The segment B may be formed from 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethy-cyclohexylisocyanate; 4,4′-methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate); 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate); toluene-2,4-diisocyanate; m-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate; and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The variable n may be 1, 2, or 3. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (X).

In the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XI), B is a segment formed by reacting a triisocyanate with a diol of A. The segment A may be hydrogenated polybutadiene (HLBH) or hydrogenated polyisoprene (HHTPI). The triisocyanate may be hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) biuret trimer, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer, or hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer. The variable n may be 0, 1, 2, or 3. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XI).

In the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XII), B is a segment formed by reacting a triisocyanate with a diol of A (e.g., polyester). The segment A may be poly(diethylene glycol)adipate, (neopentyl glycol-ortho phthalic anhydride) polyester, (diethylene glycol-ortho phthalic) anhydride polyester, or (1,6-hexanediol-ortho phthalic anhydride) polyester. The triisocyanate may be hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) biuret trimer, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer, and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer. The variable n may be 0, 1, 2, or 3. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XII).

The oligofluorinated additive of formula (XIII) can include a segment A that is a branched or non-branched oligomeric segment of fewer than 20 repeating units (e.g., from 2 to 15 units, from 2 to 10 units, from 3 to 15 units, and from 3 to 10 units). In certain embodiments, the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XIII) include an oligomeric segment selected from polyurethane, polyurea, polyamide, polyalkylene oxide, polycarbonate, polyester, polylactone, polysilicone, polyethersulfone, polyolefin, polyvinyl derivative, polypeptide, polysaccharide, polysiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene-butylene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, polytetramethylene oxide, or polyethylenebutylene segments. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XIII).

The oligofluorinated additive of formula (XIV) can include a segment A that is a branched or non-branched oligomeric segment of fewer than 20 repeating units (e.g., from 2 to 15 units, from 2 to 10 units, from 3 to 15 units, and from 3 to 10 units). In certain embodiments, the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XIV) include an oligomeric segment selected from polyurethane, polyurea, polyamide, polyalkylene oxide, polycarbonate, polyester, polylactone, polysilicone, polyethersulfone, polyolefin, polyvinyl derivative, polypeptide, polysaccharide, polysiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene-butylene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, or polytetramethylene oxide. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XIV).

The oligofluorinated additive of formula (XV) can include a segment L₁ that is an oligomeric linker (e.g., of fewer than 50 repeating units (e.g., from 2 to 40 units, from 2 to 30 units, from 3 to 20 units, or from 3 to 10 units)). In some embodiments of formula (XV), L₂ is an oligomeric linker (e.g., of fewer than 50 repeating units (e.g., from 2 to 40 units, from 2 to 30 units, from 3 to 20 units, or from 3 to 10 units)). In particular embodiments of formula (XV), each of L₁ and L₂ is a bond. In certain embodiments of formula (XV), the oligofluorinated additive includes an oligomeric segment (e.g., in any one of L₁ and L₂) selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyurea, polyamide, polyalkylene oxide (e.g., polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, or polytetramethylene oxide), polyester, polylactone, polysilicone, polyethersulfone, polyolefin, polyvinyl derivative, polypeptide, polysaccharide, polysiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, poly(ethylene-co-butylene), polyisobutylene, and polybutadiene. In some embodiments of formula (XV), the oligofluorinated additive is a compound of formula (XV-A):

where each of m1 and m2 is independently an integer from 0 to 50. In particular embodiments of formula (XV-A), m1 is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (e.g., m1 is 6). In some embodiments of formula (XV-A), m2 is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (e.g., m2 is 6).

In certain embodiments of formula (XV) or (XV-A), X₂ is F_T. In other embodiments, X₂ is CH₃ or CH₂CH₃. In particular embodiments of formula (XV) or (XV-A), X₃ is F_T. In other embodiments, each F_T is independently a polyfluoroorgano (e.g., a polyfluoroacyl, such as —(O)_q—[C(═O)]_r—(CH₂)_o(CF₂)_pCF₃, in which q is 0, r is 1; o is from 0 to 2; and p is from 0 to 10). In certain embodiments of formula (XV) or (XV-A), n is an integer from 5 to 40 (e.g., from 5 to 20, such as from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10). In some embodiments of formula (XV) or (XV-A), each F_T includes (CF₂)₃CF₃. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XV). The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XV-A).

The oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVI) can include a segment L₁ that is an oligomeric linker (e.g., of fewer than 50 repeating units (e.g., from 2 to 40 units, from 2 to 30 units, from 3 to 20 units, or from 3 to 10 units)). In some embodiments of formula (XVI), L₂ is an oligomeric linker (e.g., of fewer than 50 repeating units (e.g., from 2 to 40 units, from 2 to 30 units, from 3 to 20 units, or from 3 to 10 units)). In particular embodiments of formula (XVI), each of L₁ and L₂ is a bond. In certain embodiments of formula (XVI), the oligofluorinated additive includes an oligomeric segment (e.g., in any one of L₁ and L₂) selected from polyurethane, polyurea, polyamide, polyalkylene oxide (e.g., polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, or polytetramethylene oxide), polyester, polylactone, polysilicone, polyethersulfone, polyolefin, polyvinyl derivative, polypeptide, polysaccharide, polysiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, poly(ethylene-co-butylene), polyisobutylene, or polybutadiene. In some embodiments of formula (XVI), the oligofluorinated additive is a compound of formula (XVI-A):

where each of m1 and m2 is independently an integer from 0 to 50. In particular embodiments of formula (XV-A), m1 is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (e.g., m1 is 6). In some embodiments of formula (XV-A), m2 is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (e.g., m2 is 6).

In certain embodiments of formula (XVI) or (XVI-A), X₂ is F_T. In other embodiments of formula (XVI) or (XVI-A), X₂ is CH₃ or CH₂CH₃. In particular embodiments of formula (XVI) or (XVI-A), X₃ is F_T. In other embodiments of formula (XVI) or (XVI-A), each F_T is independently a polyfluoroorgano (e.g., a polyfluoroacyl, such as —(O)_q[C(═O)]_r—(CH₂)_o(CF₂)_pCF₃, in which q is 0, r is 1; o is from 0 to 2; and p is from 0 to 10). In some embodiments of formula (XVI) or (XVI-A), each F_T includes (CF₂)₅CF₃. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVI). The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVI-A).

In some embodiments of formula (XVII), m is 1. The oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVII) can be a compound of formula (XVII-A):

G-A-[B-A]_n-G   (XVII-A).

In other embodiments of formula (XVII), m is 0. The oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVII) can be a compound of formula (XVII-B):

G-[B-A]_n-B-G   (XVII-B).

In particular embodiments of formula (XVII), (XVII-A), or (XVII-B), each B is a linker with two terminal carbonyls. In certain embodiments of formula (XVII), (XVII-A), or (XVII-B), each B is a bond. In some embodiments of Formula (XVII), (XVII-A), or (XVII-B), the bond connecting G and B is an oxycarbonyl bond (e.g., an oxycarbonyl bond in an ester). In other embodiments of formula (XVII), (XVII-A), or (XVII-B), n is 1 or 2.

The oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVII) can be a compound of formula (XVII-C):

G-A-G   (XVII-C).

In formula (XVII), (XVII-A), (XVII-B), or (XVII-C), G can be a polyfluoroorgano group (e.g., a polyfluoroalkyl). In some embodiments of formula (XVII), (XVII-A), (XVII-B), or (XVII-C), G is F_T (e.g., each F_T is independently a polyfluoroorgano (e.g., a polyfluoroacyl, such as —(O)_q—[C(═O)]_r—(CH₂)_o(CF₂)_pCF₃, in which q is 0, r is 1; o is from 0 to 2; and p is from 0 to 10). In some embodiments of formula (XVII), (XVII-A), (XVII-B), or (XVII-C), each F_T includes (CF₂)₅CF₃. The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVII). The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVII-A). The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVII-B). The implantable prosthetic valves of the invention may include a surface containing a base polymer and the oligofluorinated additive of formula (XVII-C).

For any of the oligofluorinated additives of the invention formed from a diisocyanate, the diisocyanate may be 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexylisocyanate; 4,4′-methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI); 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI); toluene-2,4-diisocyanate; aromatic aliphatic isocyanate, such 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-xylene diisocyanate; meta-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (m-TMXDI); para-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (p-TMXDI); hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI); ethylene diisocyanate; propylene-1,2-diisocyanate; tetramethylene diisocyanate; tetramethylene-1,4-diisocyanate; octamethylene diisocyanate; decamethylene diisocyanate; 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; dodecane-1,12-diisocyanate; dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate; cyclobutane-1,3-diisocyanate; cyclohexane-1,2-diisocyanate; cyclohexane-1,3-diisocyanate; cyclohexane-1,4-diisocyanate; methyl-cyclohexylene diisocyanate (HTDI); 2,4-dimethylcyclohexane diisocyanate; 2,6-dimethylcyclohexane diisocyanate; 4,4′-dicyclohexyl diisocyanate; 2,4′-dicyclohexyl diisocyanate; 1,3,5-cyclohexane triisocyanate; isocyanatomethylcyclohexane isocyanate; 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane; isocyanatoethylcyclohexane isocyanate; bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane; 4,4′-bis(isocyanatomethyl) dicyclohexane; 2,4′-bis(isocyanatomethyl) dicyclohexane; isophoronediisocyanate (IPDI); 2,4-hexahydrotoluene diisocyanate; 2,6-hexahydrotoluene diisocyanate; 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenylene diisocyanate (TODI); polymeric MDI; carbodiimide-modified liquid 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate; para-phenylene diisocyanate (PPDI); meta-phenylene diisocyanate (MPDI); naphthylene-1,5-diisocyanate; 2,4′-, 4,4′-, or 2,2′-biphenyl diisocyanate; polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate (PMDI); mixtures of MDI and PMDI; mixtures of PMDI and TDI; dimerized uretdione of any isocyanate described herein, such as uretdione of toluene diisocyanate, uretdione of hexamethylene diisocyanate, or a mixture thereof; or a substituted or isomeric mixture thereof.

For any of the oligofluorinated additives of the invention formed from an isocyanate trimer, the isocyanate trimer can be hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) biuret or trimer, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexane diisocyanate (TMDI) trimer; a trimerized isocyanurate of any isocyanates described herein, such as isocyanurate of toluene diisocyanate, trimer of diphenylmethane diisocyanate, trimer of tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, or a mixture thereof; a trimerized biuret of any isocyanates described herein; modified isocyanates derived from the above diisocyanates; or a substituted or isomeric mixture thereof.

The oligofluorinated additive can include the group F_T that is a polyfluoroorgano group having a theoretical molecular weight of from 100 Da to 1,500 Da. For example, F_T may be CF₃(CF₂)_r(CH₂CH₂)_p— wherein p is 0 or 1, r is 2-20, and CF₃(CF₂)_s(CH₂CH₂O)_x, where x is from 0 to 10 and s is from 1 to 20. Alternatively, F_T may be CH_mF_(3-m)(CF₂)_rCH₂CH₂— or CH_mF_(3-m)(CF₂)_s(CH₂CH₂O)_x—, where m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; x is an integer from 0 to 10; r is an integer from 2 to 20; and s is an integer from 1 to 20. In certain embodiments, F_T is 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-decanol; 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol; 1H,1H,5H-perfluoro-1-pentanol; or 1H,1H-perfluoro-1-butanol, or a mixture thereof. In particular embodiments, F_T is (CF₃)(CF₂)₅CH₂CH₂O—, (CF₃)(CF₂)₇CH₂CH₂O—, (CF₃)(CF₂)₅CH₂CH₂O—, CHF₂(CF₂)₃CH₂O—, (CF₃)(CF₂)₂CH₂O—, or (CF₃)(CF₂)₅—. In still other embodiments the polyfluoroalkyl group is (CF₃)(CF₂)₅—, e.g., where the polyfluoroalkyl group is bonded to a carbonyl of an ester group. In certain embodiments, polyfluoroorgano is —(O)_q—[C(═O)]_r—(CH₂)_o(CF₂)_pCF₃, in which q is 0 and r is 1, or q is 1 and r is 0; o is from 0 to 2; and p is from 0 to 10.

In some embodiments, the oligofluorinated additive is a structure described by any one of formulae (I)-(XVII). In certain embodiments, the oligofluorinated additive is any one of compounds 1-40. The theoretical structures of compounds 1-40 are illustrated in FIGS. 1-30.

The following examples are meant to illustrate the invention. They are not meant to limit the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Preparation of Oligofluorinated Additives

The oligofluorinated additives used in the prosthetic valves of the invention can be prepared using methods known in the art from the appropriately selected reagents, such as diisocyanates/triisocyanates, dicarboxylic acids, diols, and fluorinated alcohols to form a wide range of oligofluorinated additives. The reagents include but are not limited to the component reagents mentioned below.

Diisocyanates HMDI=4,4′-methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate)

• IPDI=isophorone diisocyanate
• TMXDI=m-tetramethylenexylene diisocyanate
• HDI=hexamethylene diisocyanate

Triisocyanates

• Desmodur N3200 or Desmodur N-3200=hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) biuret trimer
• Desmodur Z4470A or Desmodur Z-4470A=isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer
• Desmodur N3300=hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer

Diols/Polyols

• HLBH=hydrogenated-hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene,
• PCN=poly(2,2-dimethyl-1-3-propylenecarbonate)diol
• PHCN=poly(hexamethylene carbonate)diol
• PEB=poly(ethylene-co-butylene)diol
• LBHP=hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene polyol
• PEGA=poly(diethylene glycol)adipate
• PTMO=poly(tetramethylene oxide)diol
• PDP=diethylene glycol-ortho phthalic anhydride polyester polyol
• HHTPI=hydrogenated hydroxyl terminated polyisoprene
• C22=hydroxylterminated polydimethylsiloxanes block copolymer
• C25 (diol)=hydroxy terminated polidimethylsiloxane (ethylene oxide-pdms-ethylene oxide) block copolymer
• C10 (diol)=hydroxy terminated polidimethylsiloxane (ethylene oxide-pdms-ethylene oxide) block copolymer
• PLN=poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol))-block-poly(ethylene glycol) polymer (PEO-PPO-PEO pluronic polymers)
• PLN8K=poly(ethylene glycol)-b/ock-poly(propylene glycol))-block-poly(ethylene glycol) polymer (PEO—PPO-PEO pluronic polymers)
• DDD=1,12-dodecanediol
• SPH=1,6-hexanediol-ortho phthalic anhydride polyester polyol
• SPN=neopentyl glycol-ortho phthalic anhydride polyester polyol
• BPAE=bisphenol A ethoxylate diol
• YMer (diol)=hydroxy-terminated polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether
• YMerOH (Triol)=trimethylolpropane ethoxylate
• XMer (Tetraol)=pentaerythritol ethoxylate

Fluorinated End-Capping Groups

• C6-FOH=(CF₃)(CF₂)₅CH₂CH₂OH (1H,1H,2H,2H perfluorooctanol)
• C8-FOH=1H,1H,2H,2H perfluorooctanol
• C6-C8 FOH=(CF₃)(CF₂)₇CH₂CH₂OH and (CF₃)(CF₂)₅CH₂CH₂OH (mixtures of C6-FOH and
• C8-FOH; also designated as BAL-D)
• C10-FOH=1H, 1H,2H,2H perfluorodecanol
• C8-C10 FOH=mixtures of C8-FOH and C10-FOH
• C5-FOH=1H,1H,5H-perfluoro-1-pentanol
• C4-FOH=1H,1H-perfluorobutanol
• C3-FOH=(CF₃)(CF₂)₂CH₂OH (1H,1H perfluorobutanol)

Non-Tin Based Catalyst

• Bi348—bismuth carboxylate Type 1
• Bi221—bismuth carboxylate Type 2
• B1601—bismuth carboxylate Type 3

The bismuth catalysts listed above can be purchased from King Industries (Norwalk Conn.). Any bismuth catalyst known in the art can be used to synthesize the oligofluorinated additives described herein. Also, tin-based catalysts useful in the synthesis of polyurethanes may be used instead of the bismuth-based catalysts for the synthesis of the oligofluorinated additives described herein, e.g., dibutyltin dilaurate.

Compound 1

Compound 1 was synthesized with PPO diol (MW=1000 Da), 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and the low boiling fraction of the fluoroalcohol (BA-L). The conditions of the synthesis were as follows: 10 g of PPO were reacted with 3.36 g of HDI for two h, and then 5 g of BA-L (low boiling fraction) were added to the reaction. The mixture was reacted with 42.5 mg of the catalyst, dibutyltin dilaurate, in 130 mL of dimethylacetamide, and the reaction temperature for the prepolymer step was maintained within 60-70° C. The polystyrene equivalent weight average molecular weight is 1.6+/−0.2×10⁴ Da and its total fluorine content is 18.87+/−2.38% by weight. Thermal transitions for compound 1 are detectable by differential scanning calorimetry. Two higher order thermal transitions at approximately 14° C. and 85° C. were observed. The theoretical chemical structure of the compound 1 is shown FIG. 1A.

Compound 2

All glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 3-neck 1000 mL oven dried flask equipped with a stir bar was added 175 g (72 mmol) of hydrogenated-hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HLBH polyol, MW=2000 Da). The flask with the polyol was degassed overnight and then purged with dry N₂. A 1000 mL graduated cylinder was filled with 525 mL anhydrous Toluene, sealed by a rubber septum and purged with dry N₂. The toluene was transferred to the 3-neck flask via a double-edged needle and the polyol stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. The flask was placed in an oil bath at 65-70° C. 39.70 g (151 mmol) of 4,4′-methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI) was added to a degassed 250 mL flask equipped with a stir bar. To this flask was added 150 mL of anhydrous toluene from a degassed, N₂ purged 250 mL septum-sealed cylinder also using a double-edged needle and the mixture was stirred to dissolve the HMDI in the solvent. To a degassed 50 mL round bottom flask was added 8.75 g (5.00% w/w based on diol) of the bismuth carboxylate catalyst followed by 26 mL of toluene to dissolve the catalyst. The HMDI solution was transferred to the 1000 mL flask containing the polyol. The bismuth catalyst solution was added (20 mL) immediately following the addition of the HMDI. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 5 h at 70° C. to produce a HMDI-HLBH prepolymer.

In another 50 mL round bottom flask 74.95 g (180 mmol) of C8-C10 FOH (mixture of C8-FOH and C10-FOH) was added, capped with a septum, degassed and then purged with N₂. This was added to the 1000 mL flask containing prepolymer. All additions and transfers were conducted carefully in an atmosphere of dry N₂ to avoid any contact with air. The resulting mixture was heated to 45° C. for 18 h to produce SMM (1) with the end-capped C8-C10 FOH. The SMM solution was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and formed a milky solution. The milky solution was precipitated in MeOH (methanol) and the resulting precipitate was washed repeatedly with MeOH to form a white viscous material with dough-like consistency. This viscous, semi-solid material was washed twice in THF/EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) to remove residual catalyst followed by two more successive washes in THF/MeOH to remove unreacted monomers, low molecular weight byproducts, and catalyst residues. The SMM was first dried in a flow oven from at 40-120° C. in a period of 10 h gradually raising the temperature and finally dried under vacuum at 120° C. (24 h) and stored in a desiccator as a colorless rubbery semi-solid. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 2 is shown FIG. 1B.

Compound 3

The reaction was carried out as described for compound 2 using 180 g (74 mmol) hydrogenated-hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HLBH polyol, MW=2000 Da) and 30.14 g (115 mmol) of 4,4′-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI) to form the prepolymer. The prepolymer was end-capped with 40.48 g (111.18 mmol) of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol (C8-FOH) to form compound 3 as a colorless rubbery semi-solid. As described above, the couplings were carried out in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst, and compound 3 was washed similarly to compound 2 and dried prior to use. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 3 is shown in FIG. 2a.

Compound 4

The reaction was carried out as described for compound 3 using 10 g (4 mmol) poly(ethylene-co-butylene (PEB polyol, MW=2500 Da) and 2.20 g (8.4 mmol) of 4,4′-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI) to form the prepolymer. The prepolymer was capped with 3.64 g (10 mmol) of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluoro-1-octanol (C8-FOH) to form compound 4. As described above, the couplings were carried out in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst, and the compound 4 was washed similarly to compound 2 and dried prior to use. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 4 is shown in FIG. 2B.

Compound 5 The reaction was carried out as described for compound 4, except the solvent was changed from toluene to DMAc. Here, 100 g (100 mmol) poly(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylenecarbonate)diol (PCN, MW 1000) and 40.7 g (155 mmol) of 4,4′-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI) to form a prepolymer. The prepolymer was end-capped with 45.5 g (125 mmol) of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol (C8-FOH) to form compound 5. The work-up after the reaction and the subsequent washing procedures are modified from the compound 4 synthesis as follows. Compound 5 from the reaction mixture in DMAc was precipitated in distilled water and washed successively in IPA/EDTA (isopropanol/ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) solution followed by another wash in IPA/hexanes to remove unreacted monomers, low molecular weight byproducts, and catalyst residues to yield compound 5 as a white amorphous powder. As described above, the couplings were carried out in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst and dried under vacuum prior to use. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 5 is shown in FIG. 3A.

Compound 6

The reaction was carried out as described for compound 5 using 6.0 g (6.0 mmol) poly(2,2 dimethyl-1,3-propylenecarbonate) diol (MW=1000 Da) and 1.90 g (8.5 mmol) of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to form the prepolymer. The prepolymer was end-capped with 1.4 g (6.0 mmol) of 1H,1H,5H-perfluoro-1-pentanol (C5-FOH) to form compound 6 as a white amorphous solid. As described above, the couplings were carried out in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst, and compound 6 was washed similarly to compound 5 and dried prior to use. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 6 is shown in FIG. 3B.

Compound 7

The reaction was carried out as described for compound 5 using 10.0 g (10.0 mmol) poly(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylenecarbonate) diol (MW=1000 Da) and 4.07 g (15.5 mmol) of 4,4′-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI) to form the prepolymer. The prepolymer was capped with 2.5 g (12.5 mmol) of 1H,1H-Perfluoro-1-butanol (C4-FOH) to form compound 8 as a white amorphous solid. As described above, the couplings were carried out in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst, and compound 7 was washed similar to compound 5 and dried prior to use. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 7 is shown in FIG. 4A.

Compound 8

The reaction was carried out as described for compound 5 using 180 g (84.8 mmol) hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (LBHP polyol, MW=2000 Da) and 29.21 g (131.42 mmol) of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to form the prepolymer. The prepolymer was capped with 46.31 g (127.18 mmol) of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol (C8-FOH) to form compound 8 as an off-white opaque viscous liquid. As described above, the couplings were carried out in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst, and compound 8 was washed similarly to compound 5 and dried prior to use. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 8 is shown in FIG. 4B.

Compound 9

The reaction was carried out as described for compound 5 using 10 g (3.92 mmol) poly(diethyhlene glycol adipate) (PEGA polyol, MW=2500 Da) and 1.59 g (6.08 mmol) of 4,4′-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI) to form a prepolymer. The prepolymer was capped with 2.14 g (5.88 mmol) of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol (C8-FOH) to form compound 9 as an off-white opaque viscous liquid. As described above, the couplings were carried out in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst, and compound 9 was washed similarly to compound 5 and dried prior to use. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 9 is shown in FIG. 5A.

Compound 10

The reaction was carried out as described for compound 5 using 10 g (5.06 mmol), ortho phthalate-diethylene glycol-based polyester polyol (PDP polyol, MW=2000 Da) and 1.92 g (7.85 mmol) of m-tetramethylenexylene diisocyanate (TMXDI) to form a prepolymer. The prepolymer was capped with 2.76 g (7.59 mmol) of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol (C8-FOH) to form compound 10 as a colorless solid. As described above, the couplings were carried out in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst, and compound 10 was washed similarly to compound 5 and dried prior to use. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 10 is shown in FIG. 5B.

Compound 11

Compound 11 was synthesized with PTMO diol (MW=1000 Da), 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and the low boiling fraction of the fluoroalcohol (BA-L). The conditions of the synthesis were as follows: 10 g of PTMO were reacted with 3.36 g of HDI for 2 h and then 9 g of BA-L (low boiling fraction) were added to the reaction. The mixture was reacted with 60 mL of the catalyst, dibutyltin dilaurate, in 70 mL of dimethyl-acetamide (DMAc), and the reaction temperature for the prepolymer step was maintained within 60-70° C. The polystyrene equivalent weight average molecular weight is 3.0×10⁴ Da and its total fluorine content is 7.98% by weight. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 11 is shown in FIG. 6A.

Compounds 12-26

Surface modifiers of the invention such as compound 15 and compound 17 may be synthesized by a 2-step convergent method according to the schemes depicted in schemes 1 and 2. Briefly, the polyisocyanate such as Desmodur N3200 or Desmodur 4470 is reacted dropwise with the surface-active group (e.g., a fluoroalcohol) in an organic solvent (e.g., anhydrous THF or dimethylacetamide (DMAc)) in the presence of a catalyst at 25° C. for 2 h. After addition of the fluoroalcohol, stirring is continued for 1 h at 50° C. and for a further 1 h at 70° C. These steps lead to the formation of a partially fluorinated intermediate that is then coupled with the polyol (e.g., hydrogenated-hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene, or poly(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylenecarbonate)diol) at 70° C. over a period of 14 h to provide the SMM. Because the reactions are moisture sensitive, they are carried out under an inert N₂ atmosphere and anhydrous conditions. The temperature profile is also maintained carefully, especially during the partial fluorination, to avoid unwanted side reactions. The reaction product is precipitated in MeOH and washed several times with additional MeOH. The catalyst residues are eliminated by first dissolving the oligofluorinated additive in hot THF or in hot IPA followed by reacting the oligofluorinated additive with EDTA solution, followed by precipitation in MeOH. Finally, the oligofluorinated additive is dried in a rotary evaporator at 120-140° C. prior to use. The theoretical chemical structure of compounds 15 and 17 is shown in FIGS. 9 and 11, respectively.

All glassware were dried in the oven overnight at 110° C. To a 3-neck 5000 mL reactor equipped with a stir bar and a reflux condenser was added 300 g (583 mmol) of Desmodur N3300. The mixture was degassed overnight at ambient temperature. Hydrogenated-hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HLBH polyol MW=2000 Da) was measured into a 2000 mL flask and degassed at 60° C. overnight. The bismuth catalyst K-Kat 348 (a bismuth carboxylate; available from King Industries) was measured out into a 250 mL flask and degassed overnight at ambient temperature. The perfluorinated alcohol was measured into a 1000 mL flask and degassed for 30 minutes at ambient temperature. After degassing, all the vessels were purged with N₂.

300 mL of THF (or DMAc) was then added to the Desmodur N3300 containing vessel, and the mixture was stirred to dissolve the polyisocyanate. Similarly, 622 mL of THF was added to the HLBH polyol, and the mixture was stirred to dissolve the polyol. Likewise, 428 mL of THF (or DMAC) was added to the perfluorinated alcohol and the mixture was stirred to dissolve. Similarly for K-Kat 348 which was dissolved in 77 mL of THF or DMAC. Stirring was continued to ensure all the reagents were dissolved in their respective vessels.

Half the K-Kat solution was transferred to the perfluorinated solution which was stirred for 5 minutes. This solution was added to the reaction vessel containing the Desmodur N3300 solution dropwise over a period of 2 h at ambient (25° C.) temperature through a cannula (double ended needle) under positive N₂ pressure. After addition, the temperature was raised to 50° C. for 1 h and 70° C. for another 1 h. Proper stirring was maintained throughout. The remaining K-Kat 348 catalyst was transferred to the HLBH-2000 flask; after stirring to dissolve, this was added to the reactor containing the N3300. The reaction mixture was allowed to react overnight for 14 h at 70° C. to produce compound 16 with four fluorinated end groups. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 16 is shown in FIG. 10.

Exemplary oligofluorinated additives that can be prepared according to the procedures described for compounds 15-17 are illustrated in FIGS. 6B and 11-20.

General Synthesis Description for Ester-Based Oligofluorinated Additives

A diol such as Ymer diol, hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, or polyols such as trimethylolpropane ethoxylate or pentaerythritol ethoxylate are reacted in a one-step reaction with a surface-active group precursor (e.g., perfluoroheptanoyl chloride) at 40° C. in a chlorinated organic solvent, e.g., chloroform or methylene chloride in the presence of an acid scavenger like pyridine or triethylamine for 24 h. This reaction end-caps the hydroxyl groups with polyfluoroorgano groups. Because the reactions are moisture sensitive, the reactions are carried out under a N₂ atmosphere using anhydrous solvents. After the reaction the solvent is rotary evaporated and the product is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) which dissolves the product and precipitates the pyridine salts which are filtered off and the filtrate rotary evaporated further to dryness. The product is then purified by dissolving in minimum THF and precipitating in hexanes. This is performed three times and after which the final product is again rotary evaporated and finally dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. overnight.

Compound 27

Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 2-neck 1000 mL oven dried round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 85 g (24 mmol) of C25-diol (MW=3500 Da). The flask with the diol was degassed overnight at 60° C. with gentle stirring and then purged with dry N₂ the following day. The heating was turned off. A 1000 mL graduated cylinder was charged with 320 mL anhydrous CHCl₃, sealed by a rubber septum and purged with dry N₂. The CHCl₃ was transferred to the 2-neck flask via a cannula and the diol stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. Anhydrous pyridine (11.53 g, 146 mmol) was added to the C25-diol solution using a plastic syringe, and the resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve all materials. Another oven dried 2-neck 1000 mL flask was charged with 32.51 g (85 mmol) of perfluoroheptanoyl chloride. The flask was sealed with rubber septa and degassed for 5 minutes, then purge with N₂. At this time 235 mL of anhydrous CHCl₃ were added via cannula to the 1000 mL 2-neck flask containing the perfluoroheptanoyl chloride. Stirred at room temperature to dissolve the acid chloride. This flask was fitted with an addition funnel and the C25-diol-pyridine solution in CHCl₃ was transferred via a cannula into the addition funnel. N₂ flow through the reactor was adjusted to a slow and steady rate. Continuous drop-wise addition of C25-diol-pyridine solution to the acid chloride solution was started at room temperature and was continued over a period of ˜4 h. Stirring was maintained at a sufficient speed to achieve good mixing of reagents. After completing addition of the C25-diol-pyridine solution, the addition funnel was replaced with an air condenser, and the 2-neck flask was immerses in an oil bath placed on a heater fitted with a thermocouple unit. The temperature was raised to 40° C., and the reaction continued at this temperature under N₂ for 24 h.

The product was purified by evaporating CHCl₃ in a rotary evaporator and by filtering the pyridine salts after addition of THF. The crude product was then precipitated in isopropanol/hexanes mixture twice. The oil from the IPA/hexanes that precipitated was subjected to further washing with hot hexanes as follows. About 500 mL of hexanes was added to the oil in a 1 L beaker with a stir bar. The mixture was stirred while the hexanes was heated to boiling. The heating was turned off, and the mixture was allowed to cool for 5 minutes. The oil settles at the bottom at which point the hexanes top layer is decanted. The isolated oil is further dissolved in THF, transferred to a round bottom flask and then the solvents rotary evaporated. The oil is finally dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. for 24 h. The purified product (a mixture of di- and mono-substituted products) was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), elemental analysis for fluorine, ¹⁹F NMR, ¹H NMR, FTIR, and TGA. Appearance: viscous oil. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=5791 g/mol. Polydispersity: 2.85. Elemental analysis: F: 7.15% (theory: 10.53%). ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz, ppm): δ −80.78 (m, CF₃), −118.43 (m, CF₂), −121.85 (m, CF₂), −122.62 (m, CF₂), −126.14 (m, CF₂). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz, ppm): δ 0.0 (m, CH₃Si), 0.3 (br m, CH₂Si), 1.4 (br m, CH₂), 3.30 (m, CH₂'s), 4.30 (m, CH₂COO—). FTIR, neat (cm⁻¹): 3392 (OH), 2868 (CH₂), 1781 (O—C═O, ester), 1241, 1212, 1141, 1087 (CF₃, CF₂). The theoretical chemical structure of compound 27 is shown in FIG. 21A.

Compound 29

Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 2-neck 100 mL oven dried round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 10 g (5 mmol) of PDMS C22-diol (C22 diol, MW=3000 Da). The flask with the diol was degassed overnight at 60° C. with gentle stirring and then purged with dry N₂ the following day. Heating was turned off. A 100 mL graduated cylinder was filled with 50 mL anhydrous CHCl₃, sealed with a rubber septum, and purged with dry N₂. The CHCl₃ was transferred to the 2-neck flask via a cannula, and the diol was stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. Anhydrous pyridine (0.53 g, 7 mmol) was then added to the C22-diol solution using a plastic syringe, and the resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve all materials. Another oven-dried 2-neck 250 mL flask was charged with 3.19 g (8 mmol) perfluoroheptanoyl chloride. The flask was then sealed with a rubber septum, and the mixture in the flask was degassed for 5 minutes and purged with N₂. Then, 22 mL of anhydrous CHCl₃ were added using a graduated cylinder and a cannula to transfer the solvent to the 250 mL 2-neck flask containing the perfluoroheptanoyl chloride. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature to dissolve the acid chloride. The flask was then equipped with an addition funnel, and the C22-diol-pyridine solution in CHCl₃ was transferred to the addition funnel using a cannula. N₂ flow through the reactor was adjusted to a slow and steady rate. C22-diol-pyridine solution was then added continuously drop-wise to the acid chloride solution at room temperature over a period of ˜4 h. Stirring was maintained at a sufficient speed to achieve good mixing of reagents. After completing the addition of the C22 diol, the addition funnel was replaced with an air condenser, and the 2-neck flask was immersed in an oil bath placed on a heater fitted with a thermocouple unit. The temperature was raised to 50° C., and the reaction mixture was left at this temperature under N₂ for 24 h.

Then, heating and stirring were turned off. The flask was removed and its contents were poured into a round bottom flask. Volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation. Upon concentration, a dense precipitate (pyridine salts) formed. THF was added to dissolve the product, and the precipitated pyridine salts were removed by filtration using a coarse Whatman Filter paper (No 4), as the pyridine salts are insoluble in THF. Volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation. The crude product was then dissolved in 100 mL of CHCl₃ and poured into a separatory funnel. 150 mL of water and 5 mL of 5 N HCl were added to neutralize any remaining pyridine. The funnel was shaken, and the product was extracted into CHCl₃. The bottom CHCl₃ layer containing product was then washed in a separatory funnel sequentially with water, 5 mL of 5% (w/v) NaHCO₃ solution to neutralize any remaining HCl, and with distilled water. The CHCl₃ layer was separated and concentrated by rotary evaporation to obtain crude product, which was then dissolved in 10 mL of isopropanol. The resulting solution was added dropwise to a 1 L beaker containing 200 mL of DI Water with 1% (v/v) MeOH with continuous stirring. The product separated out as oil, at which time the solution was kept in an ice bath for 20 minutes, and the top aqueous layer was decanted. The oil was dissolved in THF and transferred into a 200 mL round bottom flask. The volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation at a maximum of 80° C. and 4 mbar to remove residual solvents. The resulting product was dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 24 h to give a purified product as a light yellow, clear oil (˜64% yield). The purified product was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), and elemental analysis (for fluorine). Appearance: light yellow clear oil. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standard) Mw=5589 Da, Polydispersity PD=1.15. Elemental Analysis F: 12.86% (theory: 13.12%). The theoretical chemical structure of compound 29 is shown in FIG. 22.

Compound 30

Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 2-neck 250 mL oven dried round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 20 g (8.0 mmol) of hydrogenated-hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HLBH diol, MW=2000 Da). The flask with the diol was degassed overnight at 60° C. with gentle stirring and then purged with dry N₂ the following day. At this time, the heating was turned off. A 200 mL graduated cylinder was charged with 104 mL anhydrous CHCl₃, sealed by a rubber septum, and purged with dry N₂. The CHCl₃ was transferred to the 2-neck flask via a cannula, and the diol was stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. At this time, anhydrous pyridine (3.82 g, 48 mmol) was added to the HLBH diol solution using a plastic syringe, and the resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve all materials. Another oven dried 2-neck 100 mL flask was charged with trans-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarbonyl chloride (“NCI”; 3.70 g, 17 mmol), sealed with rubber septa, and degassed for 5 minutes, and then purged with N₂. At this time, 52 mL of anhydrous CHCl₃ were added using a graduated cylinder and a cannula to transfer the solvent to the 100 mL 2-neck flask containing NCI. The resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve NCI. The 250 mL 2-neck flask was then fitted with an addition funnel, and the solution of NCI in CHCl₃ was transferred to the addition funnel using a cannula. N₂ flow was adjusted through the reactor to a slow and steady rate. The solution of NCI was added continuously drop-wise to the HLBH-pyridine solution at room temperature over a period of ˜1 h to form a pre-polymer. Stirring was maintained at a sufficient speed to achieve good mixing of reagents.

In parallel, another oven-dried 50 mL flask was charged with Capstone™ AI-62 perfluorinated reagent (5.45 g, 15 mmol). The flask was sealed with rubber septum, degassed for 15 minutes, and purged with N₂. Anhydrous CHCl₃ (17 mL) and anhydrous pyridine (1.9 g, 24 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred to dissolve all reagents. After the addition of the NCI solution to the 250 mL 2-neck flask was complete, the Capstone™ AI-62 perfluorinated reagent solution was added to this flask using a cannula with stirring. The addition funnel was replaced with an air condenser, and the 250 mL 2-neck flask was immersed in an oil bath placed on a heater fitted with a thermocouple unit. The temperature was raised to 50° C., and the reaction continued at this temperature under N₂ for 24 h.

After the reaction, heating and stirring were turned off. The reaction flask was removed, and its contents were poured into a round bottom flask. CHCl₃ was removed by rotary evaporation. Upon concentration, a dense precipitate (pyridine salts) formed. THF was added to dissolve the product, and the precipitated pyridine salts were removed by filtration using a coarse Whatman Filter paper (No 4). Pyridine salts are insoluble in THF. THF was removed by rotary evaporation. The crude product was dissolved in 100 mL of CHCl₃ and was poured into a separatory funnel. 100 mL of water were added, followed by the addition of 5 mL of 5 N HCl to neutralize any remaining pyridine. The funnel was shaken, and the product was extracted into CHCl₃. The bottom CHCl₃ layer containing product was isolated and washed in a separatory funnel with water (5 mL of 5% NaHCO₃ aqueous solution were added to neutralize any remaining HCl). The organic layer was then washed once more with plain distilled water. Isolated CHCl₃ layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation to obtain crude product. The crude product was dissolved in 10 mL of isopropanol (IPA) and was then added dropwise to a beaker containing 200 mL of deionized water containing 1% (v/v) MeOH with continuous stirring. Product separated out as an oil. The mixture was kept in ice bath for 20 minutes, and the top water layer was decanted. The oil was dissolved in THF and transferred into 200 mL round bottom flask. THF was removed by rotary evaporation at a maximum temperature of 80° C. and 4 mbar to remove all residual solvents. The resulting product was dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 24 h to give a purified product as a viscous oil (˜55% yield). The purified product (a mixture of di- and mono-substituted products) was characterized by GPC, elemental analysis for fluorine, and Hi-Res TGA. Appearance: light yellow viscous liquid. Weight average molecular weight (polystyrene standards)=12389 g/mol. Polydispersity, PD: 1.43. Elemental analysis: F: 10.6% (theory: 14.08%). The theoretical chemical structure of compound 30 is shown in FIG. 23A.

Compound 31

Compound 31 was prepared according to a procedure similar to compound 30. Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 2-neck 250 mL oven dried round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 15 g (6.0 mmol) of hydrogenated-hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HLBH diol, MW=2000 Da). The flask with the diol was degassed overnight at 60° C. with gentle stirring and then purged with dry N₂ the following day. At this time, the heating was turned off. A 100 mL graduated cylinder was charged with 12 mL anhydrous CHCl₃, sealed by a rubber septum, and purged with dry N₂. The CHCl₃ was transferred to the 2-neck flask via a cannula, and the diol was stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. At this time, anhydrous pyridine (0.95 g, 12 mmol) was added to the HLBH diol solution using a plastic syringe, and the resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve all materials. Another oven dried 2-neck 100 mL flask was charged with terephthaloyl chloride (2.57 g, 13 mmol), sealed with rubber septa, and degassed for 5 minutes, and then purged with N₂. At this time, 85 mL of anhydrous CHCl₃ were added using a graduated cylinder and a cannula to transfer the solvent to the 100 mL 2-neck flask. The resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve terephthaloyl chloride. The 250 mL 2-neck flask was then fitted with an addition funnel, and the solution of terephthaloyl chloride in CHCl₃ was transferred to the addition funnel using a cannula. N₂ flow was adjusted through the reactor to a slow and steady rate. The solution of terephthaloyl chloride was added continuously drop-wise to the HLBH-pyridine solution at room temperature over a period of ˜1 h to form a pre-polymer. Stirring was maintained at a sufficient speed to achieve good mixing of reagents.

In parallel, another oven-dried 50 mL flask was charged with Capstone™ AI-62 perfluorinated reagent (5.45 g, 15 mmol). The flask was sealed with rubber septa, degassed for 15 minutes, and purged with N₂. Anhydrous CHCl₃ (12 mL) and anhydrous pyridine (0.95 g, 12 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred to dissolve all reagents. After the addition of the terephthaloyl chloride solution to the 250 mL 2-neck flask was complete, the Capstone™ AI-62 perfluorinated reagent solution was added to this flask with stirring. The addition funnel was replaced with an air condenser, and the 250 mL 2-neck flask was immersed in an oil bath placed on a heater fitted with a thermocouple unit. The temperature was raised to 50° C., and the reaction continued at this temperature under N₂ for 24 h.

After the reaction, heating and stirring were turned off. The reaction flask was removed, and its contents were poured into a round bottom flask. CHCl₃ was removed by rotary evaporation. Upon concentration, a dense precipitate (pyridine salts) formed. THF was added to dissolve the product, and the precipitated pyridine salts were removed by filtration using a coarse Whatman Filter paper (No 4). Pyridine salts are insoluble in THF. THF was removed by rotary evaporation. The crude product was dissolved in 100 mL of CHCl₃ and was poured into a separatory funnel. 100 mL of water were added, followed by the addition of 5 mL of 5 N HCl to neutralize any remaining pyridine. The funnel was shaken, and the product was extracted into CHCl₃. The bottom CHCl₃ layer containing product was isolated and washed in a separatory funnel with water (5 mL of 5% NaHCO₃ aqueous solution were added to neutralize any remaining HCl). The organic layer was then washed once more with plain distilled water. Isolated CHCl₃ layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation to obtain crude product. The crude product was dissolved in 10 mL of isopropanol (IPA) and was then added dropwise to a beaker containing 200 mL of deionized water containing 1% (v/v) MeOH with continuous stirring. Product separated out as an oil. The mixture was kept in ice bath for 20 minutes, and the top water layer was decanted. The oil was dissolved in THF and transferred into 200 mL round bottom flask. THF was removed by rotary evaporation at a maximum temperature of 80° C. and 4 mbar to remove all residual solvents. The resulting product was dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 24 h to give a purified product as a viscous oil (˜87% yield). The purified product (a mixture of di- and mono-substituted products) was characterized by GPC, elemental analysis for fluorine, and Hi-Res TGA. Appearance: off-white viscous liquid. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=10757 g/mol. Polydispersity, PD: 1.33. Elemental analysis: F: 11.29% (theory: 14.21%). The theoretical chemical structure of compound 31 is shown in FIG. 23B.

Compound 33

Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 2-neck 100 mL oven dried round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 10 g (5 mmol) of hydrogenated-hydroxyl terminated polyisoprene (HHTPI diol, MW=2000 Da). The flask with the diol was degassed overnight at 60° C. with gentle stirring and then purged with dry N₂ the following day. At this time, the heating was turned off. A 100 mL graduated cylinder was charged with 50 mL anhydrous CHCl₃, sealed by a rubber septum, and purged with dry N₂. The CHCl₃ was transferred to the 2-neck flask via a cannula, and the diol was stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. At this time, excess anhydrous pyridine (0.75 g, 9 mmol) was added to the HHTPI diol solution using a plastic syringe, and the resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve all materials. Another oven dried 2-neck 250 mL flask was charged with perfluoroheptanoyl chloride (4.51 g, 12 mmol), sealed with rubber septa, and degassed for 5 minutes, and then purged with N₂. At this time, 22 mL of anhydrous CHCl₃ was added using a graduated cylinder and a cannula to transfer the solvent to the 250 mL 2-neck flask containing the perfluoroheptanoyl chloride. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature to dissolve the acid chloride. An addition funnel was fitted to this flask, and the HHTPI-pyridine solution in CHCl₃ was added into the addition funnel. N₂ flow was adjusted through the reactor to a slow and steady rate. HHTPI-pyridine solution was added continuously drop-wise to the acid chloride solution at room temperature over a period of ˜4 h. Stirring was maintained at a sufficient speed to achieve good mixing of reagents. After completing addition of the HHTPI diol, the addition funnel was replaced with an air condenser, and the 2-neck flask was immersed in an oil bath on a heater fitted with a thermocouple unit. The temperature was raised to 50° C., and the reaction continued at this temperature under N₂ for 24 h.

After the reaction, heating and stirring were turned off. The reaction flask was removed, and its contents were poured into a round bottom flask. CHCl₃ was removed by rotary evaporation. Upon concentration, a dense precipitate (pyridine salts) formed. THF was added to dissolve the product, and the precipitated pyridine salts were removed by filtration using a coarse Whatman Filter paper (No 4). Pyridine salts are insoluble in THF. THF was removed by rotary evaporation. The crude product was dissolved in 100 mL of CHCl₃ and was poured into a separatory funnel. 150 mL of water were added, followed by the addition of 5 mL of 5 N HCl to neutralize any remaining pyridine. The funnel was shaken, and the product was extracted into CHCl₃. The bottom CHCl₃ layer containing product was isolated and washed in separatory funnel with water (5 mL of 5% NaHCO₃ aqueous solution were added to neutralize any remaining HCl). The organic layer was then washed once more with plain distilled water. Isolated CHCl₃ layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation to obtain crude product. The crude product was dissolved in 10 mL of isopropanol (IPA) and was added dropwise to a 1 L beaker containing 200 mL of deionized water containing 1% (v/v) MeOH with continuous stirring. Product separated out as an oil. The mixture was kept in ice bath for 20 minutes, and the top water layer was decanted. The oil was dissolved in THF and transferred into 200 mL round bottom flask. THF was removed by rotary evaporation at a maximum temperature of 80° C. and 4 mbar to remove all residual solvents. The resulting product was dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 24 h to give a purified product as a colorless viscous oil (˜99% yield). The purified product (a mixture of di- and mono-substituted products) was characterized by GPC, elemental analysis for fluorine, and Hi-Res TGA. Appearance: colorless viscous liquid. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=12622 g/mol. Polydispersity, PD: 1.53. Elemental analysis: F: 13.50% (theory: 17.13%). The theoretical chemical structure of compound 32 is shown in FIG. 24A.

Compound 33

Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 2-neck 1000 mL oven dried round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 100 g (40 mmol) of Hydrogenated-hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HLBH diol, MW=2000 Da). The flask with the diol was degassed overnight at 60° C. with gentle stirring and then purged with dry N₂ the following day. At this time, the heating was turned off. A 1000 mL graduated cylinder was charged with 415 mL anhydrous CHCl₃, sealed by a rubber septum, and purged with dry N₂. The CHCl₃ was transferred to the 2-neck flask via a cannula, and the diol was stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. Now excess anhydrous pyridine (19.08 g, 241 mmol) was added to the HLBH diol solution using a plastic syringe, and the resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve all materials. Another oven dried 2-neck 1000 mL flask was charged with 38.45 g, (101 mmol) perfluoroheptanoyl chloride, sealed with rubber septa, and degassed for 5 minutes, and then purged with N₂. At this time, 277 mL of anhydrous CHCl₃ was added using a graduated cylinder and a cannula to transfer the solvent to the 1000 mL 2-neck flask containing the perfluoroheptanoyl chloride. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature to dissolve the acid chloride. An addition funnel was fitted to this flask, and the HLBH-pyridine solution in CHCl₃ was added into the addition funnel using a cannula. N₂ flow was adjusted through the reactor to a slow and steady rate. Continuous drop-wise addition of HLBH-pyridine solution to the acid chloride solution was started at room temperature over a period of ˜4 h. Stirring was maintained at a sufficient speed to achieve good mixing of reagents. After completing addition of the HLBH, the addition funnel was replaced with an air condenser, and the 2-neck flask was immersed in an oil bath on a heater fitted with a thermocouple unit. The temperature was raised to 50° C., and the reaction continued at this temperature under N2 for 24 h.

After the reaction, heating and stirring were turned off. The reaction flask was removed, and its contents were poured into a round bottom flask. CHCl₃ was removed by rotary evaporation. Upon concentration, a dense precipitate (pyridine salts) formed. THF was added to dissolve the product, and the precipitated pyridine salts were removed by filtration using a coarse Whatman Filter paper (No 4). Pyridine salts are insoluble in THF. THF was removed by rotary evaporation. The crude product was dissolved in 400 mL of CHCl₃ and was poured into a separatory funnel. 500 mL of water were added, followed by the addition of 20 mL of 5 N HCl to neutralize any remaining pyridine. The funnel was shaken, and the product was extracted into CHCl₃. The bottom CHCl₃ layer containing product was isolated, and washed in a separatory funnel with water (20 mL of 5% NaHCO₃ aqueous solution were added to neutralize any remaining HCl). The organic layer was then washed once more with plain distilled water. Isolated CHCl₃ layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation to obtain crude product. The crude product was dissolved in 20 mL of THF and was then added dropwise to a 4 L beaker containing 1200 mL of deionized water containing 1% (v/v) MeOH with continuous stirring. Product separated out as an oil. The mixture was kept in ice bath for 20 minutes, and the top hexane layer was decanted. The oil was dissolved in THF and transferred into 500 mL round bottom flask. THF was removed by rotary evaporation at a maximum temperature of 80° C. and 4 mbar to remove all residual solvents. The resulting product was dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 24 h to give a purified product as a yellow viscous oil (˜80% yield). The purified product (a mixture of di- and mono-substituted products) was characterized by GPC, elemental analysis for fluorine and Hi-Res TGA. Appearance: light yellow viscous liquid. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=6099 g/mol. Polydispersity, PD: 1.08. Elemental analysis: F: 12.84% (theory: 15.54%). The theoretical chemical structure of compound 33 is shown in FIG. 24B.

Compound 34

Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 2-neck 1000 mL oven dried round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 65 g (63 mmol) of YMer-diol (MW=1000 Da). The flask with the diol was degassed overnight at 60° C. with gentle stirring and then purged with dry N₂ the following day. At this time, heating was turned off. A 1000 mL graduated cylinder was charged with 374 mL anhydrous CHCl₃, sealed by a rubber septum, and purged with dry N₂. The CHCl₃ was transferred to the 2-neck flask via a cannula, and the diol was stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. Excess anhydrous pyridine (30 g, 375 mmol) was added to the YMer-diol solution using a plastic syringe, the resulting stir to dissolve all materials. Another oven dried 2-neck 1000 mL flask was charged with 59.82 g (156 mmol) of perfluoroheptanoyl chloride, sealed with rubber septa, and degassed for 5 minutes, then purged with N₂. At this time 250 mL of anhydrous CHCl₃ were added using a graduated cylinder and cannula to transfer the solvent to the 1000 mL 2-neck flask containing the perfluoroheptanoyl chloride. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature to dissolve the acid chloride. An addition funnel was fitted to this flask and using a cannula transfer the YMer-diol-pyridine solution in CHCl₃ into the addition funnel. N₂ flow through the reactor was adjusted to a slow and steady rate. YMer-diol-pyridine solution was added drop-wise, continuously to the acid chloride solution at room temperature over a period of ˜4 h. Stirring was maintained at a sufficient speed to achieve good mixing of reagents. After completing the addition of the YMer-diol-pyridine solution, the addition funnel was replaced with an air condenser, and the 2-neck flask was immersed in an oil bath placed on a heater fitted with a thermocouple unit. The temperature was raised to 40° C., and the reaction continued at this temperature under N₂ for 24 h.

After the reaction, heating and stirring were turned off. The reaction flask was removed, and the contents were poured into a round bottom flask. CHCl₃ was removed by rotary evaporation. Upon concentration, a dense precipitate (pyridine salts) formed. THF was added to dissolve the product. The flask was cooled in an ice bath for 20 minutes, at which time, the precipitated pyridine salts were removed by gravity filtration using a coarse Whatman Filter paper (No 4). Pyridine salts are insoluble in THF. THF was removed by rotary evaporation. The resulting crude product was dissolved in a minimum quantity of Isopropanol (IPA), and this solution was added to 700 mL of hexanes in a beaker with a stir bar. An oil separated out. The top layer was decanted and washed once with 200 mL of hexanes. The residue was then dissolved in 200 mL of THF and transferred to a 500 mL round bottom flask. Rotary evaporation of the solvents at a maximum temperature of 75° C. and 4 mbar vacuum furnished an oil, which was then transferred to a wide mouth jar and further dried for 24 h at 60° C. under vacuum to yield the pure product which solidifies upon cooling at room temperature to an off white waxy semi-solid (82% yield). The purified product was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), elemental analysis for fluorine, ¹⁹F NMR, ¹H NMR, FTIR and TGA. Appearance: waxy semi-solid. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=2498 g/mol. Polydispersity: 1.04. Elemental Analysis: F: 27.79% (theory: 28.54%). ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz, ppm): δ −81.3 (m, CF₃), −118.88 (m, CF₂), −122.37 (m, CF₂), −123.28 (m, CF₂), −126 (m, CF₂). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz, ppm): δ 0.83 (t, CH₃CH₂), 1.44 (q, CH₂CH₃), 3.34 (m, CH₂), 3.51 (m, CH₂), 3.54 (m, CH₂), 4.30 (m, CH₂COO—). FTIR, neat (cm⁻¹): 2882 (CH₂), 1783 (O—C═O, ester), 1235, 1203, 1143, 1104 (CF₃, CF₂). The theoretical chemical structure of compound 34 is shown in FIG. 25.

Compound 35

Compound 35 was prepared according to a procedure similar to that used for the preparation of compound 34.

Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 2-neck 1000 mL oven dried round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 60 g (59 mmol) of YMerOH-triol (MW=1014 Da). The flask with the triol was degassed overnight at 60° C. with gentle stirring and then purged with dry N₂ the following day. Heating was turned off. A 1000 mL graduated cylinder was charged with 435 mL anhydrous CHCl₃, sealed with a rubber septum, and purged with dry N₂. The CHCl₃ liquid was transferred to the 2-neck flask via a cannula, and the triol was stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. Excess anhydrous pyridine (37 g, 473 mmol) was added to the YMer-triol solution using a plastic syringe, the resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve all materials. Another oven dried 2-neck 1000 mL flask was charged with 84.88 g (222 mmol) of perfluoroheptanoyl chloride, sealed with rubber septa, and degassed for 5 minutes, then purged with N₂. 290 mL of anhydrous CHCl₃ were added using a graduated cylinder and cannula to transfer the solvent to the 1000 mL 2-neck flask containing the perfluoroheptanoyl chloride. The mixture was stirred at room temperature to dissolve the acid chloride. An addition funnel was fitted to this flask, and the YMerOH-triol-pyridine solution in CHCl₃ was transferred to the addition funnel using a cannula. N₂ flow through the reactor was adjusted to a slow and steady rate. YMerOH-triol-pyridine solution was added continuously drop-wise to the acid chloride solution at room temperature over a period of ˜4 h. Stirring was maintained at a sufficient speed to achieve good mixing of reagents. After completing the addition of the YMer-triol-pyridine solution, the addition funnel was replaced with an air condenser, and the 2-neck flask was immersed in an oil bath placed on a heater fitted with a thermocouple unit. The temperature was raised to 40° C., and the reaction was continued at this temperature under N₂ for 24 h.

The resulting product was purified in a similar manner to compound 7 described above. The purification involved rotary evaporation of CHCl₃, addition of THF, and separation of the pyridine salts by filtration. The product was then precipitated in isopropanol (IPA)/Hexanes, washed as described above for compound 7, and dried at 75° C. and 4 mbar. Final drying was also done under vacuum at 60° C. for 24 h to yield an oil (78% yield). The purified product was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), elemental analysis for fluorine, ¹⁹F NMR, ¹H NMR, FTIR, and TGA. Appearance: light yellow, viscous oil. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=2321 g/mol. Polydispersity: 1.06. Elemental Analysis: F: 35.13% (theory: 36.11%). ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz, ppm): δ −81.30 (m, CF₃), −118.90 (m, CF₂), −122.27 (m, CF₂), −123.07 (m, CF₂), −126.62 (m, CF₂). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz, ppm): δ 0.83 (t, CH₃CH₂), 1.44 (q, CH₂CH₃), 3.34 (m, CH₂O), 3.41 (m, CH₂'s), 3.74 (m, CH₂), 4.30 (m, CH₂COO—). FTIR, neat (cm⁻¹): 2870 (CH₂), 1780 (O—C═O, ester), 1235, 1202, 1141, 1103 (CF₃, CF₂). The theoretical chemical structure of compound 35 is shown in FIG. 26.

Compound 36

Compound 36 was prepared according to a procedure similar to that used for the preparation of compound 34.

Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. To a 2-neck 1000 mL oven dried round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 50 g (65 mmol) of XMer-Tetraol (MW=771 Da). The flask with the tetraol was degassed overnight at 60° C. with gentle stirring and then purged with dry N₂ the following day. Heating was turned off. A 1000 mL graduated cylinder was charged with 400 mL anhydrous CHCl₃, sealed with a rubber septum, and purged with dry N₂. CHCl₃ was transferred to the 2-neck flask via a cannula, and the tetraol was stirred vigorously to dissolve in the solvent. Excess anhydrous pyridine (51.30 g, 649 mmol) was added to the XMer-tetraol solution using a plastic syringe, and the resulting mixture was stirred to dissolve all materials. Another oven dried 2-neck 1000 mL flask was charged with 111.63 g (292 mmol) of perfluoroheptanoyl chloride, sealed with rubber septa, and degassed for 5 minutes, and then purged with N₂. 300 mL of anhydrous CHCl₃ were added using a graduated cylinder and cannula to transfer the solvent to the 1000 mL 2-neck flask containing perfluoroheptanoyl chloride. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature to dissolve the acid chloride. An addition funnel was attached to this flask, and the XMer-tetraol-pyridine solution in CHCl₃ was transferred into the addition funnel via a cannula. N₂ flow through the reactor was adjusted to a slow and steady rate. XMer-tetraol-pyridine solution was added continuously drop-wise to the acid chloride solution at room temperature over a period of ˜4 h. Stirring was maintained at a sufficient speed to achieve good mixing of reagents. After completing addition of the XMer-tetraol-pyridine solution, the addition funnel was replaced with an air condenser, and the 2-neck flask was immersed in an oil bath placed on a heater fitted with a thermocouple unit. The temperature was raised to 40° C., and the reaction continued at this temperature under N₂ for 24 h.

The resulting product was purified in a similar manner to compound 7 described above, where the CHCl₃ was removed by rotary evaporation, addition of THF, and the separation of pyridine salts by filtration after adding THF. The product was then precipitated in isopropanol (IPA)/hexanes, washed as described for compound 7, and dried at 75° C. and 4 mbar. Final drying was also done under vacuum at 60° C. for 24 h to yield an oil (81% yield). The purified product was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), elemental analysis for fluorine, ¹⁹F NMR, ¹H NMR, FTIR, and TGA. Appearance: light yellow, viscous oil. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=2410 g/mol. Polydispersity: 1.04. Elemental Analysis: F: 44.07% (theory: 45.85%). ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz, ppm): δ −81.37 (m, CF₃), −118.89 (m, CF₂), −122.27 (m, CF₂), −123.06 (m, CF₂), −26.64 (m, CF₂). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz, ppm): δ 3.36 (m, CH₂'s), 3.75 (m, CH₂O), 4.39 (m, CH₂O), 4.49 (m, CH₂COO—). FTIR, neat (cm⁻¹): 2870 (CH₂), 1780 (O—C═O, ester), 1235, 1202, 1141, 1103 (CF₃, CF₂). TGA: N₂, at ca. 10% (w/w) loss=327° C. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 36 is shown in FIG. 27.

Compounds 37 and 38

Glassware used for the synthesis was dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight. 25.04 g (9.7 mmol) of pegylated polydimethylsiloxane diol (C10-diol) was weighed out in a 250 mL 2-neck flask, heated to 50° C., and degassed overnight with stirring. The diol was then purged with N₂ and dissolved in 25 mL of anhydrous THF. To the resulting mixture was added 36 mg of bismuth carboxylate catalyst in THF (concentration of 0.02 g/mL) followed by a solution of HMDI diisocyanate in THF (5.34 g, 20.4 mmol) which was previously degassed for 30 minutes followed by N₂ purge. The addition was performed using a syringe. The reaction vessel was fitted with an air condenser, and the mixture was allowed to react at 60° C. with stirring for 4 h. While the pre-polymer reaction was under way, capstone C6-FOH (fluoroalcohol) (8.82 g, 24.2 mmol) was degassed for 15 minutes in a separate flask and then purged with N₂. The fluoroalcohol was dissolved in THF, and a further 24 mg of bismuth carboxylate catalyst in THF was added to it. This mixture was then added to the prepolymer reaction vessel via syringe. After the addition was completed, the reaction mixture was allowed to react overnight at 45° C. under a N2 atmosphere. After the reaction, the THF solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator, and the crude residue was dissolved in chloroform. The bismuth catalyst residues were extracted using EDTA solution (pH˜9). The solution containing EDTA was washed with DI water in a separatory funnel, and the organic layer was concentrated in a rotary evaporator to give the product as an amber viscous liquid. Final drying was done under vacuum at 60° C. for 24 h to yield a viscous oil (74% yield). The purified product was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), elemental analysis for fluorine, and TGA. Appearance: amber, viscous oil. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=13583 g/mol. Polydispersity: 1.73. Elemental Analysis: F: 12.20% (theory: 12.88%). TGA: N2, at ca. <5% (w/w) loss=231° C. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 37 is shown in FIG. 28A.

Compound 38

Compound 38 is synthesized following a procedure similar to that which was used in the preparation of compound 37. Thus, 25.01 g (9.7 mmol) of C10-diol was reacted with 4.07 g (15.5 mmol) of HMDI in THF in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst to form the prepolymer. The prepolymer was then endcapped with 5.29 g (14.5 mmol) Capstone C6-FOH (fluoroalcohol) to yield the product as a viscous oil (59% yield). The purified product was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), elemental analysis for fluorine, and TGA. Appearance: amber, viscous oil. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=19279 g/mol. Polydispersity: 1.79. Elemental Analysis: F: 6.51% (theory: 7.39%). TGA: N2, at ca. <5% (w/w) loss=244° C. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 38 is shown in FIG. 28B.

Compound 39

Compound 39 was synthesized by a 2-step convergent method according to scheme 2. Briefly, the polyisocyanate desmodur 4470 (11.45 g, 11 mmol) was reacted with capstone C6-FOH (7.65 g, 21 mmol) in anhydrous THF in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst at 25° C. for 10 minutes. After the dropwise addition of the fluoroalcohol to the polyisocyanate, stirring was continued for 4 h at 40° C. These steps lead to the formation of a partially fluorinated intermediate that is then coupled with the PLN8K diol (40 g, 5 mmol) at 70° C. over a period of 14 h to provide compound 39. Because the reactions are moisture sensitive, they are carried out under an inert atmosphere (N₂) and anhydrous conditions. The temperature profile is also maintained carefully, especially during the partial fluorination, to avoid unwanted side reactions. Over the course of the reaction, the reaction mixture becomes very viscous, and continuous stirring must be maintained to prevent localized heating.

After the reaction, the THF solvent was evaporated on a rotary evaporator to yield the crude product. The product was purified by dissolving in chloroform and adding the EDTA solution (pH˜9). The mixture was then transferred to a separatory funnel, and the catalyst residues were separated with the aqueous layer. The organic layer was concentrated, and the product was dissolved in isopropanol and precipitated in hexanes to yield a white chunky solid which was dried under vacuum (66% yield). The purified product was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), elemental analysis for fluorine, and TGA. Appearance: white chunky solid. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=31806 g/mol. Polydispersity: 1.32. Elemental Analysis: F: 3.6% (theory: 8.0%). TGA: N2, at ca. <5% (w/w) loss=295° C. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 39 is shown in FIG. 29.

Compound 40

Compound 40 was synthesized following a procedure similar to that which was used in the preparation of compound 37. Thus, 50.0 g (5.7 mmol) of PLN8K diol were reacted with 4.5 g (17.1 mmol) of HMDI in THF in the presence of bismuth carboxylate catalyst to form the prepolymer. The prepolymer was then endcapped with 7.28 g (20 mmol) capstone C6-FOH (fluoroalcohol) to yield the crude product. The EDTA washes to eliminate the catalyst residues were similar. Final purification was performed by dissolving in isopropanol and precipitating with hexanes to yield a white solid (86% yield). The purified product was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), elemental analysis for fluorine, and TGA. Appearance: while solid. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=9253 g/mol. Polydispersity: 1.28. Elemental Analysis: F: 3.14% (theory: 4.94%). TGA: N2, at ca. <5% (w/w) loss=303° C. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 40 is shown in FIG. 30.

Compound 41

Compound 41 was synthesized following a procedure similar to that which was used in the preparation of compound 27. The theoretical chemical structure of compound 41 is shown in FIG. 21A, with the exception that the middle triblock copolymer is formed from a C10-diol.

The purified product was characterized by GPC (using polystyrene standards), elemental analysis for fluorine, and TGA. Appearance: colorless viscous liquid. Weight average molecular weight (using polystyrene standards)=5858 g/mol. Polydispersity: 1.21. Elemental Analysis: F: 18.39% (theory: 15.08%). TGA: N₂, at ca. <10% (w/w) loss=310° C.

Example 2. Preparation of a Prosthetic Valve Bearing a Modified Surface

Surface Casting

A prosthetic valve of the invention may be cast from a liquid mixture for coating a structural support in the form of the valve or a component thereof. In one example, the liquid mixture is prepared by mixing a solution of, e.g., dimethylacetamide (DMAc), tetrahydrofuran (THF), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and an oligofluorinated additive (e.g., a compound of any one of formulae (I)-(XVII) or any one of compounds 1-41; targeted dry weight percentage of an oligofluorinated additive in the final coating is from 0.05% (w/w) to 15% (w/w)) with a solution of a suitable base polymer (e.g., Bionate™, Elast-Eon™, Pellethane® 2363-80AE elastomer, SIBS, xSIBS, BIOSPAN™, or ELASTHANE™). The bowl is then fitted to a planetary mixer with a paddle-type blade and the contents are stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. Coatings solutions prepared in this manner are then coated onto the structural support at a temperature from room temperature to about 70° C. at about 40 μm of dry thickness. The coated prosthetic valve is then dried at a temperature from about 120° C. to about 150° C.

Injection Molding

A prosthetic valve of the invention may be formed by injection molding of an admixture of an additive (e.g., a compound of any one of formulae (I)-(XVII) or any one of compounds 1-41; targeted dry weight percentage of an oligofluorinated additive in the final coating is from 0.05% (w/w) to 15% (w/w)) with a base polymer (e.g., Bionate™, Elast-Eon™, Pellethane® 2363-80AE elastomer, SIBS, xSIBS, BIOSPAN™, or ELASTHANE™) heated to form a melt. The melt is injected into a mold shaped to form a prosthetic valve of the invention, or a component thereof.

Dip-Coating

An uncoated metallic valve frame can be coated with a base polymer in an admixture with a polyoligofluorineted compound by a dip-coating process. The uncoated metallic valve frame may be dipped into an admixture of a base polymer and an oligofluorinated compound dissolved in a solvent (e.g., DMAc, THF, IPA), and allowed to dry. As the solvent evaporates, a film of the base polymer and an oligofluorinated compound admixture remains to form the leaflets and encapsulate the frame.

Example 3. BCA Assay for Protein Deposition

A reference prosthetic valve of the invention is prepared (e.g., as described in Example 2) and incubated in protein solutions of varying concentrations. Examples of proteins that may be used in this assay include fibrinogen, albumin, and lysozyme. The concentrations of proteins typically fall within the range from 1 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL. The incubation time is typically from about 2 h to about 3 h. After the incubation is complete, the film samples are rinsed with PBS. Protein adhesion onto the samples may then be quantified using methods known in the art, e.g., a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). Briefly, the samples are incubated in a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution for up to about 24 h (with sonication if needed) in order to remove the proteins from the surfaces. A working solution is then prepared using the kit that facilitates the reduction of copper ions and interaction with the BCA. The sample protein solutions are added to the working solution, and the proteins from the sample solutions form a purple complex that is quantifiable using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 570 nm. A calibration curve of known protein concentrations is prepared in a similar manner for quantification. Based on the sample surface area, the results are typically reported as μg/cm².

Example 4. Assay for Deposition in Blood

A reference prosthetic valve surface of the invention is prepared (e.g., as described in Example 2) and exposed to fresh bovine blood with a heparin concentration of 0.75 to 1 U/mL in a circulating blood loop. To quantify thrombosis on the sample rods or tubes, the autologous platelets are radiolabeled with ¹¹¹In oxyquinoline (oxine) prior to the commencement of the experiment. Samples are placed inside a segment of circuit tubing and both ends of the circuit are placed in the blood reservoir. The blood is then circulated at a flow rate of 200 mL/min, and the temperature kept at 37° C. The blood circulation is maintained for 60 to 120 minutes. When the experiment is terminated, the tubing section containing the sample is detached from the test circuit and rinsed gently with saline. The sample is removed from the tubing and further analyzed for visual and radioactive count.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

Various modifications and variations of the described invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the invention.

Other embodiments are in the claims.

Claims

1. A prosthetic valve that can take a first form wherein the valve is open and a second form wherein the valve is closed, the valve comprising a leaflet assembly having at least one leaflet attached to a supporting element, the leaflet having a free margin that can move between a first position wherein the valve takes the first form and a second position wherein the valve takes the second form, wherein the prosthetic valve, or a portion thereof, has a surface comprising a base polymer and an oligofluorinated additive.

2. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the prosthetic valve comprises a leaflet assembly comprising one or more leaflets attached to a stent.

3. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more leaflets have a surface comprising a base polymer and an oligofluorinated additive.

4. The prosthetic valve of claim 2, wherein the prosthetic valve is a monoleaflet valve, a bileaflet valve, a caged ball valve, or a tilting disc valve.

5. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the surface has a thickness of from 1 to 100 microns.

6. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the surface comprises from 0.05% (w/w) to 15% (w/w) of the oligofluorinated additive.

7. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the base polymer comprises a polyurethane or polyolefin.

8. The prosthetic valve of claim 7, wherein the base polymer is a polyurethane selected from a polycarbonate urethane, a polyurethane with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) soft segment, a polytetramethylene glycol-based polyurethane elastomer, a polyetherurethane, or a silicone polycarbonate urethane with a silicone soft segment.

9. The prosthetic valve of claim 7, wherein the base polymer is a polyolefin selected from poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene).

10. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the oligofluorinated additive is selected from compound 11, compound 22, or compound 39.

11. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the prosthetic valve exhibits reduced thrombogenicity.

12. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the prosthetic valve comprises a valve within a stent, wherein the stent is expandable.

13. A method of preparing the prosthetic valve of claim 1, the method comprising coating a leaflet assembly with a mixture comprising a base polymer and an oligofluorinated additive.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the coating step comprises dip-coating or spray-coating.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the method comprises dip-coating the prosthetic valve in a mixture of polycarbonate urethane and an oligofluorinated additive in tetrahydrofuran.

16. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the oligofluorinated additive is a compound of any one of formulae (I) through (XVII).