Patent Grant
11588351
The disclosure generally relates to wireless power systems and, more particularly, the disclosure relates to protection and sensors for wireless power systems.
Wireless power systems employ tunable impedance matching circuits to efficiently transmit power to a coupled load. The behavior of the load may be outside the control of the wireless power system and may thus cause undesirable conditions in the components of the wireless power system, leading to dangerous operation and possible damage.
In general, the disclosure features control and protection systems for uni-directional and bidirectional wireless power transfer systems. The devices and process described herein can be used in a variety of contexts, including implantable devices, cell phone and other mobile computing device chargers, and chargers for electric vehicles.
In a first general aspect, the disclosure features, a sensor network for a wireless power transfer system. The sensor network includes a differential voltage sensing circuit and a current sensing circuit. The differential voltage sensing circuit is arranged within a wireless power transfer system to measure a rate of change of a voltage difference between portions of an impedance matching network and generate a first signal representing the rate of change of the voltage difference. The current sensing circuit is coupled to the differential voltage sensing circuit and configured to calculate, based on the first signal, a current through a resonator coil coupled to the wireless power transfer system.
In a second general aspect, the disclosure features a wireless power transfer system that includes a resonator coil, an impedance matching network coupled to the resonator coil, and a sensor network. The sensor network includes a differential voltage sensing circuit and a current sensing circuit. The differential voltage sensing circuit is arranged to measure a rate of change of a voltage difference between portions of the impedance matching network and generate a first signal representing the rate of change of the voltage difference. The current sensing circuit is coupled to the differential voltage sensing circuit and configured to calculate, based on the first signal, a current through the resonator coil.
These and the following aspects can each optionally include one or more of the following features.
In some implementations, the differential voltage sensing circuit is configured to scale the first signal in response to a second signal, the second signal representing a current through the impedance matching network.
In some implementations, the portions of the impedance matching network are tunable matching networks that include one or more tunable capacitors.
In some implementations, the differential voltage sensing circuit includes an amplification stage having a unity gain amplifier. In some implementations, the unity gain amplifier is configured to provide the first signal as a single-ended voltage signal. In some implementations, the differential voltage sensing circuit is arranged to apply a second signal to the unity gain amplifier to scale the first signal in response to the second signal, the second signal representing a current through the impedance matching network.
In some implementations, the differential voltage sensing circuit includes a differentiator circuit.
In some implementations, the current sensing circuit includes a differential circuit configured to generate a second signal representing the current through the resonator coil coupled to the wireless power transfer system by subtracting the first signal from a second signal, the second signal representing a current through the impedance matching network.
In a third general aspect, the disclosure features a protection network for a wireless power transfer system. The protection network includes a differential voltage sensing circuit, a first current sensing circuit, and a second current sensing circuit. The differential voltage sensing circuit is arranged within a wireless power transfer system to measure a rate of change of a voltage difference between portions of an impedance matching network and generate a first signal representing the rate of change of the voltage difference. The first current sensing circuit is arranged to measure a first current and generate a second signal representing the first current, where the first current is through the impedance matching network. The second current sensing circuit is coupled to the differential voltage sensing circuit and to the first current sensing circuit. The second current sensing circuit is configured to calculate, based on the first signal and the second signal, a second current and generate a third signal representing the second current, where the second current is through a resonator coil coupled to the wireless power transfer system. This aspect can optionally include one or more of the following features.
In some implementations, the differential voltage sensing circuit is coupled to the first current sensing circuit, and wherein the differential voltage sensing circuit is configured to scale the first signal in response to the second signal.
In some implementations, the differential voltage sensing circuit comprises an amplification stage includes a unity gain amplifier.
In some implementations, the unity gain amplifier is configured to provide the first signal as a single-ended voltage signal.
In some implementations, the differential voltage sensing circuit is coupled to the first current sensing circuit, and wherein the differential voltage sensing circuit is arranged to apply the second signal to the unity gain amplifier to scale the first signal in response to the second signal.
In some implementations, the differential voltage sensing circuit comprises a differentiator circuit. In some implementations, the second current sensing circuit comprises a differential circuit configured to generate the third signal by subtracting the first signal from the second signal.
Some implementations further include fault protection circuitry coupled to respective output terminals of the first current sensing circuit and the second current sensing circuit, the fault protection circuitry configured to bypass a tunable matching network (TMN) in response to a magnitude of the second signal or a magnitude of the third signal exceeding a respective threshold value.
In some implementations, the fault protection circuitry is further configured to bypass the tunable matching network by latching a control signal for a TMN bypass transistor in an asserted state.
In some implementations, the fault protection circuitry is further configured to delay latching the control signal until a voltage across the TMN is below a TMN voltage threshold value.
Some implementations further include fault protection circuitry coupled to respective output terminals of the first current sensing circuit and the second current sensing circuit, the fault protection circuitry configured to shutdown an inverter-rectifier in response to a magnitude of the second signal or a magnitude of the third signal exceeding a respective threshold value.
In a fourth general aspect, the disclosure features a fault protection method for a bidirectional wireless power transfer system. The method includes the actions of detecting, by control circuitry of a wireless power transfer device, a fault for the bidirectional wireless power transfer system. Identifying an operating personality of the wireless power transfer device and a hardware configuration of the wireless power transfer device. Identifying, in response to detecting the fault and based on the operating personality and the hardware configuration, protection operations for protecting the wireless power transfer device from the fault. Controlling operations of the wireless power transfer device according to the protection operations. Other implementations of this aspect include corresponding systems, circuitry, controllers, apparatus, and computer programs, configured to perform the actions of the methods, encoded on computer storage devices.
These and other implementations can each optionally include one or more of the following features.
In some implementations, in response to the operating personality indicating that the wireless power transfer device is operating as a wireless power transmitter, the protection operations include shutting down an inverter-rectifier and shorting at least a portion of an impedance matching circuit. In some implementations, shutting down the inverter-rectifier includes overriding inverter-rectifier pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals.
In some implementations, in response to the operating personality indicating that the wireless power transfer device is operating as a wireless power receiver and the hardware configuration indicating that the wireless power transfer device is configured as a grid-connected system, the protection operations include shutting down an inverter-rectifier, shorting at least a portion of an impedance matching circuit to dissipate current from a resonator coil, and switching in a resistor configured to dissipate excess power from the inverter-rectifier. In some implementations, shutting down the inverter-rectifier includes overriding inverter-rectifier pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals.
In some implementations, in response to the operating personality indicating that the wireless power transfer device is operating as a wireless power receiver, the protection operations include shutting down an inverter-rectifier, and shorting at least a portion of an impedance matching circuit to dissipate current from a resonator coil.
In some implementations, shutting down the inverter-rectifier includes overriding inverter-rectifier pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals.
In some implementations, in response to the operating personality indicating that the wireless power transfer device is operating as a wireless power receiver and the hardware configuration indicating that the wireless power transfer device is configured as a device-connected system, the protection operations include closing switches of an inverter-rectifier to provide a short circuit between terminals of a resonator coil. In some implementations, the protection operations cause a corresponding fault condition in a second wireless power transfer device that is magnetically coupled to the first wireless power transfer device.
In some implementations, the fault is at least one of: a tunable impedance matching network fault, an overcurrent fault, or an overvoltage fault.
In some implementations, the fault is an overvoltage fault or an overcurrent fault triggered by a load disconnect.
In some implementations, the method includes initiating the fault by disconnecting a load from the wireless power transfer device in response to detecting a vehicle collision.
In a fifth general aspect, the disclosure features a method of operating a bidirectional wireless power transfer system. The method includes the actions of transmitting, by a first wireless power transfer device to a second wireless power transfer device, instructions to reverse a direction of power flow between the first wireless power transfer device and the second wireless power transfer device. Receiving, from the second wireless power transfer device, an indication that the second wireless power transfer device has reconfigured to operate according a reverse direction of power flow. In response to the indication the first wireless power device assigns an operating personality of the first wireless power transfer device in accordance with the reverse direction of power flow, and controls operation of an inverter-rectifier of the first wireless power transfer device for operation according to the operating personality. Other implementations of this aspect include corresponding systems, circuitry, controllers, apparatus, and computer programs, configured to perform the actions of the methods, encoded on computer storage devices.
These and other implementations can each optionally include one or more of the following features.
In some implementations, the operating personality indicates that the first wireless power transfer device is operating as a wireless power transmitter, and controlling operation of the inverter-rectifier includes generating pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals for operating the inverter-rectifier as an inverter.
In some implementations, the operating personality indicates that the first wireless power transfer device is operating as a wireless power receiver, and controlling operation of the inverter-rectifier includes generating pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals for operating the inverter-rectifier as a rectifier.
In some implementations, the operating personality indicates that the first wireless power transfer device is operating as a wireless power receiver, and controlling operation of the inverter-rectifier includes in response to a power at the inverter-rectifier being less than a threshold value, operating the inverter-rectifier in a passive rectifier mode; and in response to the power at the inverter-rectifier being greater than the threshold value, generating pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals for operating the inverter-rectifier in an active rectification mode.
In some implementations, the PWM control signals alternately turn on corresponding pairs of transistors in the inverter-rectifier to generate a DC output signal.
In some implementations, the PWM control signals alternately turn on corresponding pairs of transistors in the inverter-rectifier in response to detecting a zero current condition at an input to the inverter-rectifier.
In some implementations, the method includes in response to the indication, resetting a tunable matching network of the first wireless power transfer device and controlling operation of the tunable matching network in accordance with the assigned operating personality.
In some implementations, the first wireless power transfer device is coupled to a vehicle and the second wireless power transfer device is coupled to a power grid.
In a sixth general aspect, the disclosure features a method for protecting a wireless power system during a load disconnect condition in which a load is disconnected from an output of a rectifier of a wireless power receiver, the wireless power system comprising the wireless power receiver and a wireless power transmitter, the wireless power receiver configured to receive power from the wireless power transmitter. The method includes detecting, by a load disconnect sensor, a load disconnect condition. Shorting, by a first controller, two or more rectifier-protection switches, each protection switch coupled to a diode of the rectifier. Shorting, by a second controller, a first TMN-protection switch coupled to a receiver-side tunable capacitor, the tunable capacitor coupled to an input of the rectifier. Detecting, by a current sensor coupled to the transmitter, an overcurrent condition in an inverter of the transmitter. Shutting off, by a third controller, the inverter. Shorting, by a fourth controller, a second TMN-protection switch coupled to a receiver-side tunable capacitor, the tunable capacitor coupled to an output of the receiver. Other implementations of this aspect include corresponding systems, circuitry, controllers, apparatus, and computer programs, configured to perform the actions of the methods, encoded on computer storage devices.
In a sixth general aspect, the disclosure features a method for protecting a wireless power system during a load short condition in which a load is shorted at an output of a rectifier of a wireless power receiver, the wireless power system comprising the wireless power receiver and a wireless power transmitter, the wireless power receiver configured to receive power from the wireless power transmitter. The method includes detecting, by a voltage sensor coupled to the rectifier output, an undervoltage condition. Shorting, by a first controller, a first protection switch coupled to a tunable capacitor of the wireless power receiver. Detecting, by a current sensor coupled a tunable capacitor of the wireless power transmitter, an overcurrent condition in the tunable capacitor. Shorting, by a second controller, a second protection switch coupled to a tunable capacitor of the wireless power transmitter. Other implementations of this aspect include corresponding systems, circuitry, controllers, apparatus, and computer programs, configured to perform the actions of the methods, encoded on computer storage devices. In some implementations, the method includes shutting off an inverter of the wireless power transmitter, the inverter coupled to the tunable capacitor of the wireless power transmitter.
In a seventh general aspect, the disclosure features a method for protecting a bidirectional wireless power system during a load disconnect condition in which the load is disconnected from an output of a ground side inverter of a ground side wireless power transmitter, the bidirectional wireless power system comprising the wireless power transmitter and a wireless power receiver, and the wireless power transmitter configured to receive power from the bidirectional wireless power receiver. The method includes detecting, by a load disconnect sensor, a load disconnect condition. Shutting off, by a first controller, the ground-side inverter. Shorting, by a second controller, a first TMN-protection switch coupled to a first ground-side tunable capacitor, the at least one tunable capacitor coupled to an input of the ground-side inverter. Switching in, by the first controller, a first resistor parallel with the disconnected load. Transmitting an error signal from the wireless power transmitter to the wireless power receiver. Upon receipt of the error signal, shutting off, by a third controller, the vehicle-side inverter. Other implementations of this aspect include corresponding systems, circuitry, controllers, apparatus, and computer programs, configured to perform the actions of the methods, encoded on computer storage devices.
Particular implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented so as to realize one or more of the following advantages. Implementations may provide a modular sensor network that can be readily configured for use on either a wireless power transmitter or receiver. Implementations may provide a modular sensor network that can be readily configured for use on either a wireless power transmitter or receiver. Implementations may provide a sensor/protection network that can be used with either uni-directional or bidirectional wireless power transfer systems. Implementations provide a sensor network capable of making remote measurements of resonator coil current. For example, implementation can provide so the sensor network is capable of measuring the current through a transmitter resonator coil that is positioned remote (e.g., along a 8-10 foot cable) from the sensors and other control circuitry of the wireless power transmitter. In some implementations that use analog circuitry to implement sensors and protection circuitry may provide faster protection response to hazardous operating conditions. Some implementations provide protection without reliance on communication schemes. For example, implementations can initiate protective actions between a wireless power receiver and a wireless power transmitter without reliance on a wired or wireless communication link in a forward and reverse charging direction. Some implementations allow for modularity of non-redundant hardware, code, and memory. For example, assigning operating personalities to components in bidirectional systems can allow for greater modularity of hardware and software, which may allow for fast, safe, and on-the-fly for power reversals. In addition, the increased modularity may increase efficiency in product manufacturing.
Implementations of the devices, circuits, and systems disclosed can also include any of the other features disclosed herein, including features disclosed in combination with different implementations, and in any combination as appropriate.
The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will be apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.
Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.
In general, the disclosure features control and protection systems for uni-directional and bidirectional wireless power transfer systems. Implementations include sensor and protection networks to protect wireless power transfer systems from various hazardous conditions including overvoltage, overcurrent, over-temperature, and sudden changes to power that may cause damage to the system. Implementations include control systems for managing the shutdown of wireless power transmission system components (e.g., tunable matching networks, inverters, rectifiers, and inverter-rectifiers) in response to a protective action. Implementations include control systems and processes for managing the reversal of power flow in a bidirectional wireless power transfer system.
The exemplary wireless power transmitter 100 includes an inverter 102, which receives an input voltage and is coupled to an impedance matching network 103 and a resonator coil 104. Note that the model takes into account the equivalent reflected impedance Rref1 105 of the wireless power receiver and load that is reflected to the transmitter. Within the impedance matching network 103 is a tunable matching network (TMN) 106 having at least one first tunable capacitor. In this example, the TMN 106 includes a first tunable capacitor 108a and a second tunable capacitor 108b. In some implementations, the TMN 106 is coupled to one or more controllers 109, such as a microcontroller, configured to provide control signals such as tuning signals to tune the tunable capacitors 108a-108b, protection signals to protect the TMN 106 from damage, and the like. Examples and description of tunable matching networks can be found in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/427,186 filed on Feb. 8, 2017 and titled “PWM capacitor control”.
In the exemplary implementation shown in
Note that many of the below implementations of sensors and protection mechanisms are discussed in the context of the wireless power transmitter. However, they can be applied to similar structures and functions of the wireless power receiver.
In some implementations, inverter 102 can be implemented as a bidirectional inverter-rectifier as discussed in more detail below. Similarly, in some implementations, rectifier 124 can be implemented as a bidirectional inverter-rectifier as discussed in more detail below.
Sensor network 132 includes TMN voltage sensors 134, differential voltage sensor 136, voltage sensor 138, current sensor 140, current phase sensor 142, and current sensor 150. Each of sensors 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, and 150 can be implemented as analog circuits as shown, for example, in
TMN voltage sensors 134 are arranged to measure the voltage across TMN 106. For example, TMN voltage sensor A is electrically connected on either side of TMN A to measure the voltage drop across TMN A. For example, voltage sensor 134 is connected at Vcap+ and Vcap−. In some implementations, the sensor network 132 can include one voltage sensor 134 for each TMN 106 in a wireless power transmitter 100. For example, a wireless power transmitter 100 may have only one TMN 106 and only one corresponding voltage sensor 134, while in another implementation a wireless power transmitter 100 may have multiple TMNs 106 with a corresponding voltage sensor 134 for each TMN 106. As described in more detail below in reference to
Although illustrated as being in series with the resonator coil 104, in some implementations the TMN 106 is be arranged in parallel with the resonator coil 104. In such implementations, voltage sensor 134 can also be arranged in parallel with the TMN 106.
Differential voltage sensor 136 is arranged to measure the rate of change (e.g., the first derivative) of the voltage difference between portions of the impedance matching network. For example, differential voltage sensor 136 is arranged to measure the rate of change of the voltage difference between the respective output terminals of TMN A and TMN B. For example, the differential voltage sensor 136 can be connected at Vcap− and Vcap++. As described in more detail below in reference to
Voltage sensor 138 is configured to measure the voltage across capacitor C2s. As described in more detail below in reference to
Current sensor 140 is configured to measure the current through the resonator coil 104 (e.g., current I1s). As described in more detail below in reference to
Current sensor 150 is coupled to transformer 110, e.g., in a transmitter 100. Similarly, currents sensor 150 can be coupled to a corresponding transformer, e.g., CST 118 in a receiver 112. Current sensor 150 is configured to measure the current through the impedance matching network (e.g., current I3s). As described in more detail below in reference to
Current phase sensor 142 is configured to measure the phase of the current I3s through the impedance matching network. As described in more detail below in reference to
In some implementation of a wireless power transmitter 100 it is not practical to directly measure the current through the resonator coil 104 because the coil may be located at the end of a cable that is at a distance from the transmitter's control circuitry. In such situations, the indirect measurements provided by the sensor network 132 may provide accurate and efficient current measurements to effectively maintain safe operations of the wireless power transmitter 100. In some implementations, the sensors in sensor network 132 can be implemented in analog circuitry. Such implementations may provide faster detection and response to hazardous conditions than digital circuitry or software based sensors.
In some implementations, differential voltage sensor 136 is configured to scale its output signal based the current measurement obtained by current sensor 150. For example, the differential voltage sensor 136 can scale its output signal to account for a voltage drop across capacitors C3sA and C3sB (when present in a transmitter 100) based on the output (CSI) of current sensor 150.
Protection network 180 includes sensor network 132, peak detectors 146, 148, 151, reset signal generator 144, comparator circuits 152-160, fault logic 162-170, optional combined fault logic 172, and protection/control circuitry 109. Each of the components of protection network 180 can be implemented as analog circuits as shown, for example, in
Protection/control circuitry can include separate protection and control circuitry for the TMN (e.g., TMN protection/control circuitry 174) and for the inverter (or rectifier in a receiver) (e.g., inverter protection/control circuitry 176). Furthermore, the protection and control functions of the protection/control circuitry 109 can be integrated (e.g., into a signal a common processor or set of processors) or segmented (e.g., in which separate protection circuitry functions separately to override normal control signals from control circuitry during in response to a fault condition). The protection/control circuitry 109 can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, the protection/control circuitry 109 can be implemented as one or more software programs executed by one or more processors. The protection/control circuitry 109 can be implemented in analog or digital circuits. For example, the protection/control circuitry 109 can be implemented as analog circuitry, as an ASIC, or as an FPGA.
The current phase sensor 142, and the peak detectors 146, 148, 151, provide output signals to the TMN protection/control circuitry 174 which can be used to control the operations of the TMN 106. The details of the current phase sensor 142 and the peak detectors 146, 148, and 151 are described below in reference to
The comparator circuits 152-160 and fault logic 162-170 detect abnormal output values from respective sensors in sensor network 132 and generate corresponding fault signals. The details of the comparator circuits 152-160 and fault logic 162-170 are described below in reference to
TMN protection/control circuitry 174 is configured to shutdown or bypass the TMN 106 (or TMNs 106) in response to the detection of a fault in the wireless power transmission system. As described in more detail below in reference to
Inverter (or rectifier) protection/control circuitry 176 is configured to shutdown the inverter 102 (or rectifier 124) in response to the detection of a fault in the wireless power transmission system. As described in more detail below in reference to
The exemplary voltage sensor 134 is a two-stage sensor having a first or passive stage 204 and a second or amplification stage 206. The exemplary passive stage 204 includes a capacitive coupler (made up of capacitors C17 and C18) that couples the voltage at leads 202a, 202b to the rest of the sensor circuit. In some implementations, the passive stage 204 may include a capacitive coupler, resistive divider, magnetic coupler, optical coupler, or any combination of these. Coupled to the capacitive coupler is a capacitive divider made up of capacitors C20 and C21. The capacitor divider divides the voltage coupled into the sensor for passing to the amplification stage 206. The capacitor divider includes a bias voltage 207. The bias voltage can be set in a range between 0 and 2 volts, or, in some implementations between 1 and 1.5 volts. The amplification stage 206 is a unity gain amplifier U13 that converts the differential voltage from the passive stage 204 to a single-ended voltage output Vcap_sense2. Note the bias voltage 208 on the positive input to the amplifier U13. The bias voltage 208 may be, for this sensor configuration, between 0 V and 3 V. In other implementations, the bias voltage 208 is tailored for the specific sensor configuration and can have a different value. In some implementations, the amplifier may be implemented using a single positive or dual voltage power supply. Although a capacitive divider is shown in the figure as part of the voltage sensor, a resistive divider may be used as the voltage sensor. In some implementations, the unity gain amplifier serves as a filter. For example, the amplification stage 206 can be configured as a low pass filter (e.g., with a bandwidth of approximately 0-2 MHz).
In some implementations, the output Vcap_sense2 of the voltage sensor is passed to one or more protection mechanisms. For example, the output Vcap_sense2 can be passed to a window comparator to determine the existence of an overvoltage condition in TMN 106 or 122. For example, if a desirable voltage level for this particular system is 500-550 V, then an error signal may be produced if the output of the sensor reads over 550 V. This error signal can be used to prevent any potential damage due to an overvoltage condition in TMN 106 or 122. In another implementation, the output Vcap_sense2 is passed to a controller 109 coupled to TMN 106 or 122. The controller 109 can digitize the output Vcap_sense2 for use in controlling the tunable capacitor(s) within TMN 106 or 122. In yet another implementation, the output Vcap_sense2 of the voltage sensor is passed to both protection mechanism(s) and to controller(s).
Note that an overcurrent or undercurrent condition can be derived from the detected overvoltage or undervoltage conditions. For example,
Below is a table of exemplary latch circuits and their respective inputs and outputs.
In a first implementation, when the duty cycle of a TMN is greater than zero and a fault is detected, the TMN voltage is allowed to decrease to zero before the switches of the TMN are shorted. This prevents any damage from occurring from the short.
In a second implementation, when the duty cycle of a TMN is zero and a fault is detected, shut down occurs when the voltage in the TMN reaches a particular low range, such as within +/−50 V.
From time 1404 to 1406, the distorted reflected impedance in the transmitter electronics causes the current in the inverter (current signal I(Ls3a) at the output of the inverter) and resonator coil (current signal I(L1s)) to rise. At time 1406, an overcurrent condition at the inverter is detected and the inverter shuts off. At or near time 1406, the switches of transmitter-side TMN 106 are shorted such that the current through the TMN is diverted through the closed switches instead of the capacitor. This prevents damage to the TMN. Note that many of the current signals become distorted from time 1404 to time 1406. These signals include the current at the output of the inverter I(Ls3a), the current in the transmitter resonator coil I(L1s), the current in the receiver resonator coil I(L1d). These distortions can cause the various sensors described herein to trigger. The overcurrent flag signal V(oc_flag) is generated when the peak of the current signal I(Ls3a) goes above a threshold. After time 1406, the energy in the system decreases. In some implementations, the receiver may be able to communicate with the transmitter fast enough for the transmitter to protect itself.
In some implementations, normally open voltage blocking switches can be provided in parallel with the parallel capacitors C10 or C13 shown in
In some implementations, a load disconnect may be initiated by the system itself. For example, a VA-side wireless power transfer system can include a sensor coupled to the controller. A value or range of values from the sensor may be read by the controller. For example, a collision sensor (e.g. an accelerometer), may be coupled to the controller (1314, and/or 1310 on the vehicle side). A reading from the collision sensor signifying another vehicle crashing into the charging vehicle can cause the load to disconnect. The controller can open at least one switch (e.g., relay, MOSFET, IGBT) coupled between an output of the rectifier and the load (on the positive and/or ground side) in response to detecting a fault value from the sensor. The system further protects itself and the systems turns off and/or de-energizes via the response as shown in
In some implementations, instead of (or in addition to) detecting a rising voltage on the output capacitor C7, a current sensor can be coupled to the output to the load. If the current sensor reads a zero (or approximately zero) current, then the system can detect a load disconnect condition.
Both the GA wireless power transfer device 1600a and the VA wireless power transfer device 1600b include an inverter-rectifier 1602. The inverter rectifier 1602 includes a bridge configuration of switching elements. For example, the inverter-rectifier 1602 can include active switching elements, such as MOSFETs, which permit the inverter-rectifier 1602 to operate as either an inverter or a rectifier in a bidirectional system. As discussed in more detail below, the operating mode (also referred to herein as an “operating personality) of the inverter-rectifier 1602 can be controlled based on the pattern of PWM control signals supplied to the switching elements.
The system 1600 is able to power a load with power transfer in a first direction (e.g., a normal power flow direction), such as a battery of a vehicle, off of power input to the ground side (GA). Alternatively, the system 1600 can supply power in a second direction (e.g., a reverse power flow direction), such as suppling power to a power grid coupled to the GA side device 1600a from a battery of an electric vehicle coupled to the VA side device 1600b. As another example, the bidirectional system 1600 can be used to power a home during a power outage from a battery of an electric vehicle battery parked in a garage. Note that any or all of the sensors and protection mechanisms discussed above can be implemented in the bidirectional system 1600 that uses the inverter-rectifier 1602. Where single components are shown, including resistors, inductors, and capacitors, banks of components, including in series and/or parallel can be utilized. Where tunable components are shown, fixed components can be included in series and/or parallel with the tunable components. In some implementations, the controller 1304 and 1306 can be combined in a single controller 1620. Likewise, in some implementations, the controller 1308 and 1310 can be combined in a single controller 1640. Furthermore controllers 1304, 1306, 1620, 1308, 1310, and 1640 can be implemented in a configuration similar to control and protection circuitry 176 and 178 discussed above.
In some implementations, the controllers 1620 and 1640 include a bidirectional manager. The bidirectional manager coordinates the configuration of different hardware and software components wireless power transfer device (e.g., either 1600a/1600b) according to the direction of power flow as indicated by an operating personality assigned to the device. For example, an operating personality of INV indicates that the inverter-rectifier is operating as an inverter and therefore the wireless power transfer device 1600a/1600b is operating as a transmitter. Similarly, for example, an operating personality of REC indicates that the inverter-rectifier is operating as a rectifier and therefore the wireless power transfer device 1600a/1600b is operating as a receiver. The bidirectional manager also coordinates transitions from one direction of power flow to the opposite direction of power flow. For example, the bidirectional manager of the VA side device 1600b can communicate with the bidirectional manager of the GA side device 1600a through a wireless communication link 1650 (e.g., a WiFi link) to coordinate a power reversal. The bidirectional manger can be can be implemented as separate controller within each device 1600a/1600b or in software.
More specifically, various hardware and software components of the system can have different operating setpoints, modes and/or ranges of operations depending on the direction of flow of power, and by extension, the operating personality of the wireless power transfer device 1600a/1600b. The various operating set points, modes and/or ranges of operation can be stored in memory or in hardware. Each component of the system (e.g. the inverter-rectifier 1602, TMN 106, and other components) including various controllers, filters, communication systems, and/or protection systems can assume a different “operating personality” depending on the direction of power flow.
The wireless power transfer device's bidirectional manager can assign an appropriate personality at system startup and/or during a power flow transition based on the expected direction of power flow through the wireless power transfer system 1600 as a whole. For example, upon receipt of a command to switch from one mode of operation for the system to another, (for example, by an operator interface, and/or user interface connected to either or all of the controllers, on either or both sides of the system or off system, such as on a network, the grid, or a mobile device), the bidirectional manager can assign the various component controllers (e.g., 1304, 1306, 1308, and 1310) a respective operating personality. Each controller can use the assigned operating personality to identify and load appropriate operating processes or software code to control associated components of the wireless power transfer device 1600a/1600b. For instance, when an inverter-rectifier controller is assigned an operating personality of an inverter (e.g., INV), the controller will load software code to generate PWM control signal patterns to operate the inverter-rectifier switching elements to generate AC output signals from a DC input signal. On the other hand, when an inverter-rectifier controller is assigned an operating personality of a rectifier (e.g., REC), the controller will load software code to generate PWM control signal patterns to operate the inverter-rectifier switching elements to rectify an AC input signal into a DC output signal.
Furthermore, the bidirectional manager can provide the power demand, the power flow direction, choose the appropriate software code blocks, and assign personalities to sub-controllers or other controller(s). The bidirectional manager can determine the errors that are recoverable or not recoverable, depending on the side the system the controller is located on, and the operating personality it assumes for components of the system. The operational personalities can be assigned based on the expected power flow direction, e.g. V2G—vehicle-to-grid power flow, or G2V—grid-to-vehicle power flow. Moreover, the bidirectional manager can determine the time and/or mode for recovery for those errors and/or clear errors when they are recovered so no user intervention is needed. The bidirectional manager can communicate with the user, the controller(s) of the other side of the system (e.g., the bidirectional manager on the other side of the system).
The bidirectional manager can receive notification of an error from a component of the wireless power transfer system and the error messages can be allocated to other components of the wireless power transfer system, either directly by the bidirectional manager or after a callback request from the components.
The bidirectional manager can receive communication from components of the wireless power transfer system (e.g., via WiFi from components from the other side of the system). The bidirectional manager can fulfill callback requests from components for messages related to the component, or can allocate the message to the relevant components. The bidirectional manager can control, including dynamically, the privileges of the components of the wireless power system to receive and send error and communication messages. The bidirectional manager can be responsible for controlling the components of the wireless power transfer system during the transition phases, including handling any error conduction arising from the change of power transfer direction (both V2G and G2V transitions). For example, the bidirectional manager can oversee turning down of power, confirm power has fully or partially turned off, and sequence the components of the system to turn on (while assigning personalities to the components).
As an example, the bidirectional manager on the GA controller receives a command to turn on power from idle, the bidirectional manager may assign G2V personality to the various controllers and hardware in the system. Upon receipt of a communication to change the power transfer direction, the bidirectional manager communicates between the GA and VA to change power transfer direction. The bidirectional manager can be responsible for handling any error arising from the change of power transfer direction, including during the power down of the first direction and the power up of the second direction. When the error is cleared, the bidirectional manager can assign personality to the controller(s), for example by selecting a subset of instructions from a non-transitory computer readable medium, or causing the controller(s) to select the subset of instructions.
In some implementations, each controller of the system (e.g., a dedicated inverter-rectifier processor, or a dedicated TMN processor, or a dedicated transmitter or receiver processor) can contain a bidirectional manager. The bidirectional manager can operate as a top-level manager.
Generally, assigning a personality to components/controllers can allow for modularity, non-redundant parts, code, and memory, allows for faster and on-the-fly switchover from G2V (grid-to-vehicle power flow) to V2G (vehicle-to-grid power flow) and back.
The master device initiates a power flow transition within the wireless power system. The initiation may be prompted by a user input, or in some implementations by an automatic power transition determination performed by the master device (1706). For example, the master device can determine to shift power flow based on various criteria including, but not limited to, state of charge of a battery, time of day, and availability and/or demand of grid-power. For example, a VA wireless power transfer device 1600b can be configured to initiate a power flow reversal process when a connected battery is above a threshold charge level and a loss of grid power occurs. As another example, a VA wireless power transfer device 1600b can be configured to initiate a power flow reversal process when a connected battery is above a threshold charge level and during a preset time of day. For instance, the VA wireless power transfer device 1600b can be configured reverse power flow in order to provide supplemental power to a home during peak load periods of a power grid (e.g., periods of high demand and/or high energy prices such as evenings). In some implementations, the slave device can determine when to initiate a power flow transition, but would perform an additional step of requesting initiation of the power flow transition from the master device.
The master device sends instructions to the slave device to reverse the direction of power flow (1708). In response to the instructions, the slave device reconfigures for operating in the opposite power flow direction from its current operations (1710). For example, if the slave device was operating as a transmitter it will reconfigure for operation as a receiver. If the slave device was operating as a receiver it will reconfigure for operation as a transmitter. For example, the slave device's bidirectional manager can coordinate controller operations within the slave device to shut down power flow in the present direction by, for example, securing operation of the inverter-rectifier, shifting switches to disconnect a load/power supply (as appropriate), toggling bypass switches to dissipate residual currents within the slave device, or a combination thereof.
The slave device assigns a new operating personality in accordance with the new power flow direction (1712). For example, the slave device's bidirectional manager assigns a new operating personality to respective controllers within the slave device as appropriate to the new direction of power flow. The bidirectional power manager can assign the new operating personality by toggling a flag bit (e.g., TMN_SIDE discussed in more detail below) to indicate operation as a transmitter/inverter or operation as a receiver/rectifier.
In response to the new operating personality assignment, the various slave device controllers can reconfigure their respective operations. For example, the controllers can load control algorithms (e.g., software code blocks) to perform operations according to the new power flow direction. For example, a TMN controller can reset a TMN and load control code for generating appropriate TMN control signals for operation in according to the new power flow direction. The TMN may need to adjust set points (e.g., impedance values, impedance adjustment step sizes, and/or protection schemes) to accommodate power transfer in the new direction or to prepare for power ramp up in the new direction or both. For example, power flow in a V2G mode may generally be lower than in a G2V mode, e.g., due to asymmetries between GA and VA side resonator coils and/or discharge constraints on a battery. Consequently, TMN and/or inverter-rectifier set points may be different for operating in a V2G mode vice a G2V mode.
The slave device (e.g., the slave device's inverter controller) can control the inverter-rectifier operation according to the new operating personality (1714). For example, an inverter-rectifier controller can load appropriate algorithms for generating PWM control signals for operating as an inverter when the slave device is a transmitter and operating as a rectifier when the slave device is a receiver. The specific inverter and rectifier operations are described in more detail below in reference to
The slave device sends a reply to the master device indicating its reconfiguration status (1716). When the slave device indicates that its reconfiguration is still in progress or is stalled, the master device waits and/or resends an instruction 1708. By the master device waiting for confirmation that the slave device has completed updating its operating personality the process 1700 may provide for safer and more robust operations. For example, it may prevent the power flow from commencing or reversing with mismatched personalities assigned to either the slave or master device. When the slave device indicates that its reconfiguration is complete, the master device reconfigures for operating in the opposite power flow direction from its current operations (1718). For example, if the master device was operating as a transmitter it will reconfigure for operation as a receiver. If the master device was operating as a receiver it will reconfigure for operation as a transmitter. For example, the master device's bidirectional manager can coordinate controller operations within the slave device to shut down power flow in the present direction by, for example, securing operation of the inverter-rectifier, shifting switches to disconnect a load/power supply (as appropriate), toggling bypass switches to dissipate residual currents within the slave device, or a combination thereof.
The master device assigns a new operating personality in accordance with the new power flow direction (1720). For example, the master device's bidirectional manager assigns a new operating personality to respective controllers within the master device as appropriate to the new direction of power flow. The bidirectional (power) manager can assign the new operating personality by toggling a flag bit (e.g., TMN_SIDE discussed in more detail below) to indicate operation as a transmitter/inverter or operation as a receiver/rectifier.
In response to the new operating personality assignment, the various master device controllers can reconfigure their respective operations. For example, the controllers can load control algorithms (e.g., software code blocks) to perform operations according to the new power flow direction. For example, a TMN controller can reset a TMN and load control code for generating appropriate TMN control signals for operation in according to the new power flow direction. The TMN may need to adjust set points (e.g., impedance values and/or protection schemes) to accommodate power transfer in the new direction or to prepare for power ramp up in the new direction or both.
The master device (e.g., the master device's inverter controller) can control the inverter-rectifier operation according to the new operating personality (1722). For example, an inverter-rectifier controller can load appropriate algorithms for generating PWM control signals for operating as an inverter when the slave device is a transmitter and operating as a rectifier when the slave device is a receiver. In some implementations, a TMN controller in the master device can control the TMN according to the new operating personality. For example, a TMN controller on the master device can load appropriate control algorithms for generating TMN adjustment signals for operating as a load coupled TMN in a first direction, or a power supply coupled TMN in a second direction.
The timing diagram 1802 illustrates the driving signal pattern for the switches Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4. The switches are grouped into two legs; Leg A (Q1, Q3) and Leg B (Q2, Q4). The corresponding switches in each leg are alternately switched on and off by respective PWM control signals. On time and off time, for each gate drive signal G1, G2, G3, and G4 are shown. The dead time td shown is when both gate drivers of the same leg are off. The off time may be larger than the on time for each driving signal in a period Ts.
The delay time tps between Leg A (Q1 and Q3) and Leg B (Q2 and Q4), when expressed in degrees, is known as the phase-shift angle and is a means for adjusting the overall power sourced by the inverter-rectifier when operating as an inverter. At start-up, output power VAB(t) from inverter-rectifier terminals VA and VB, can have an 11% duty cycle (leg phase-shift angle θps=20 degrees). At max power, VAB(t) can be at a 100% duty cycle (leg phase θps=180 degrees). Total power output is controlled by adjusting the delay time tPS between the Leg A and Leg B PWM signals.
Although a full bridge inverter is shown, in some implementations the inverter-rectifier switches can be arranged in a half-bridge configuration. In some implementations, the inverter-rectifier can implement zero-voltage switching operations to ensure the switches are operated when the voltage across them is zero or near-zero.
The synchronous rectifier can receive the zero-crossing of the I3s current (shown as I3d or I3s in
In some implementations, during a startup, the inverter-rectifier does not begin does not begin switching until the measured input power is above a threshold value that ensures continuous conduction of the 13 current. The threshold value can be, e.g., between 2 kW and 4 kW, and/or between 20-40% of a target power. During the low power operations below the threshold input power value, the input AC signal may be noisy, potentially resulting in inaccurate zero-crossing detections and possibly large transients for imprecise switching. For example, the 13 current that is used to generate the PWM synchronization may be discontinuous and noisy resulting in inaccurate zero-crossing detections and possibly large transients or even in a destructive shorting of the power stage. Instead, rectification can be performed passively when power is below the threshold value by conduction through the body-diodes of the switches. In such implementations, the switching operations performed above the threshold input power value can be considered an active rectification mode and the body-diode conduction below the threshold input power value can be considered a passive rectification mode.
In
The logic circuitry 2210 evaluates various system faults including DESAT_flg, UVLO_flg WIFI_FLT, TMN_FLT, and OC_FLT. DESAT_flg and UVLO_flg are flags that are used in some implementations to indicate proper operation of the rectifier-inverter switches. For example, they may indicate a desaturation condition in an IGBT switch. WIFI_FLT indicates that a WiFi fault has occurred. For example, if a fault occurs on one wireless power transfer device (e.g. a receiver) it may communicate the fault to another device (e.g., the transmitter) to allow the device to execute appropriate actions to maintain the safety of the system as a whole. TMN_FLT is discussed above, and indicates that a fault has occurred at the TMN (e.g., a TMN over and/or under current fault). OC_FLT indicates that an over current condition has occurred at the inverter-rectifier. The logic circuitry 2220 generally evaluates the same faults as logic circuitry 2210, but also may include an additional fault signal; OV_FLT. OV_FLT may indicate an over voltage fault at wireless power device. For example, when operating as a rectifier, the OV_FLT may serve as an indication of a load disconnect fault, as discussed below.
The control circuitry detects a fault condition (2002). For example, the control circuitry receives one of the fault signals shown in
The control circuitry identifies an operating personality and a hardware configuration of the wireless power transfer device (2004). For example, the particular protective action that the control circuitry will perform is executed based on the operating personality and hardware configuration of the wireless power transfer device. As discussed above, the operating personality can be indicated by a flag such as the TMN_SIDE flag shown in
The control circuitry identifies protection operations for protecting the wireless power transfer device from the fault condition based on the identified operating personality and hardware configuration (2006). The control circuitry controls the operations of the wireless power transfer device in accordance with the protection operations (2008). For example, as indicated by Truth Table 1, if the wireless power transfer device is operating as an inverter (e.g., a power transmitter) (TMN_SIDE=0) and is configured as a either a GA or a VA (INVREC_SIDE=0 or 1) the PWM control signals for the inverter-rectifier will be overridden and force to zero if any fault occurs that disables INV_ENBL, thereby, shutting down the inverter-rectifier. In addition, a component of the IMN 103 can be shorted to dissipate residual current in the resonator coil. For example, switches SW11608 of
If the operating personality indicates that the wireless power transfer device is operating as a rectifier (power receiver) (e.g., TMN_SIDE=1) and a fault occurs (e.g., as indicated by INV_ENBL falling low in Truth Table 1) the control circuitry can shutdown the inverter-rectifier by overriding the PWM control signals. In some implementations, the control circuitry can also short a component of the matching network to dissipate residual current in the resonator coil by, for example, closing switches SW11608 of
As indicated by Truth Tables 1 and 4, if the operating personality indicates that the wireless power transfer device is operating as a rectifier (power receiver) (e.g., TMN_SIDE=1) and the hardware configuration is as a VA (INVREC_SIDE=1) when a fault occurs (e.g., as indicated by REC_FLTS going high) the control circuitry can shutdown the inverter-rectifier by overriding the PWM control signals to short the AC side of the inverter-rectifier (e.g., gate drive signals G3, G4=1). For example,
In some implementations, shorting the AC side of the inverter-rectifier in response to a VA side fault (such as a load disconnect) during operation as a rectifier (power receiver) causes a corresponding fault to occur on the associated GA side device by initiating overcurrent and/or overvoltage transients on the GA side device, as discussed above in reference to
In some implementations, the assertion of REC_FLTS also causes the OC_CMD signal to be asserted. This signal drives the switch 2102 in
In some implementations, in the event of a grid-disconnect (e.g., when the hardware configuration is GA) the control circuitry can shutdown the inverter by turning all the transistors Q1-Q4 off.
In some implementations, the wireless power transfer devices can include a load disconnect sensor. For example, a load disconnect can be detected by an over voltage or an under current condition at the output (load side) of an inverter-rectifier when operating as a rectifier. For example, a VA side device operating as a receiver may detect a load disconnect by receiving an over voltage fault, an undercurrent fault, or both. In response, control and protection circuitry in the VA side device can shutdown the inverter-rectifier by shorting two or more rectifier protection switches (e.g., Q3 and Q4 of
In reference to
In some implementations, a communication link (e.g., a WiFi link) can be used to protect the system from failure. For example, if a load disconnect occurs the receiver can inform the transmitter of the fault via the communication link. During low power operation the shutdown operation of the receiver as described above may not induce a large enough transient current in the transmitter to produce a corresponding over current fault. Therefore, the fault communicated through the communication link may serve to trigger protective action by the transmitter. For example, the receiver side, upon detection of a fault, such as a load disconnect (over voltage), would communicate the fault information to the transmitter side via the WiFi or other out-of-band communication requiring the source side inverter to turn-off. In the meantime until the transmitter-side inverter turns off, protection mechanisms on the receiver side such as switching in resistor R1 and or shorting components of the TMN and or IMN can allow for reducing of coil currents.
In some implementations, upon detection of an overvoltage condition (e.g. because of load disconnect), upon detecting V(v_bus+) rising in the output capacitor, the resistor R1 parallel with the load, can be switched in, and/or the capacitor C2 in parallel with the load can be shorted in by the controller. Switching in the parallel resistor R1 can allow some or all the current to circulate in the resistor, and shorting the capacitor C2 can reduce excess coil current on the load-side coil. This can ensure the system is safe until an error message containing information regarding the fault can be communicated from the load side to the source side. The error message can include requiring the source side inverter to turn-off, or the error message can be interpreted by the source side inverter as a command to turn off. In some implementations (e.g., for an 11 kW system), the resistor R1 can be sized according to the power rating of the system and the communication channel latency (from the load side to the source side) time, and/or the time the source side takes to shut down power.
In some implementations, a load short fault can be detected by an under voltage fault at the output of the rectifier. For example, a VA side device operating as a receiver (e.g., inverter-rectifier operating as a rectifier) can detect a load short condition when the output voltage drops at the rectifier output. In response, the control and protection circuitry of the VA side device can short a protection switch coupled to a TMN on the VA side device. This may cause a corresponding current transient in the GA side device operating as a transmitter. In response, the control and protection circuitry on the GA side device may detect an overcurrent condition. In response, the control and protection circuitry on the GA side device can short a protection switch coupled to a TMN on the GA side device
In this disclosure, certain circuit or system components such as capacitors, inductors, resistors, are referred to as circuit “components” or “elements.” The disclosure also refers to series and parallel combinations of these components or elements as elements, networks, topologies, circuits, and the like. More generally, however, where a single component or a specific network of components is described herein, it should be understood that alternative implementations may include networks for elements, alternative networks, and/or the like.
As used herein, the term “direct connection” or “directly connected,” refers to a direct connection between two elements where the elements are connected with no intervening active elements between them. The term “electrically connected” or “electrical connection,” refers to an electrical connection between two elements where the elements are connected such that the elements have a common potential. In addition, a connection between a first component and a terminal of a second component means that there is a path between the first component and the terminal that does not pass through the second component.
As used herein, the term “coupled” when referring to circuit or system components is used to describe an appropriate, wired or wireless, direct or indirect, connection between one or more components through which information or signals can be passed from one component to another. Furthermore, the term “coupled” when used in reference to electric circuit components or electric circuits generally refers to an “electrical connection” unless otherwise stated.
Implementations of the subject matter and the operations described in this specification can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be realized using one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions, encoded on computer storage medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. Alternatively or in addition, the program instructions can be encoded on an artificially generated propagated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus for execution by a data processing apparatus. A computer storage medium can be, or be included in, a computer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory array or device, or a combination of one or more of them. Moreover, while a computer storage medium is not a propagated signal; a computer storage medium can be a source or destination of computer program instructions encoded in an artificially generated propagated signal. The computer storage medium can also be, or be included in, one or more separate physical components or media (e.g., multiple CDs, disks, or other storage devices).
The operations described in this specification can be implemented as operations performed by a data processing apparatus on data stored on one or more computer-readable storage devices or received from other sources.
The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all kinds of apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, a system on a chip, or multiple ones, or combinations, of the foregoing. The apparatus can include special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). The apparatus can also include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, a cross-platform runtime environment, a virtual machine, or a combination of one or more of them. The apparatus and execution environment can realize various different computing model infrastructures, such as web services, distributed computing and grid computing infrastructures.
A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative or procedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform actions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).
Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. Elements of a computer can include a processor for performing actions in accordance with instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a wireless power transmitter or receiver or a wirelessly charged or powered device such as a vehicle, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a game console, or a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, to name just a few. Devices suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.
While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any implementation of the present disclosure or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to example implementations. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.
Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.
This application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,045, filed on Jun. 29, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62/526,842, filed on Jun. 29, 2017; 62/608,052, filed on Dec. 20, 2017; 62/662,148, filed on Apr. 24, 2018; 62/662,462, filed on Apr. 25, 2018; and 62/662,486 filed on Apr. 25, 2018. The entire contents of each of these priority applications are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 645576 | Tesla | Mar 1900 | A |
| 649621 | Tesla | May 1900 | A |
| 787412 | Tesla | Apr 1905 | A |
| 1119732 | Tesla | Dec 1914 | A |
| 2133494 | Waters | Oct 1938 | A |
| 3517350 | Beaver | Jun 1970 | A |
| 3535543 | Dailey | Oct 1970 | A |
| 3780425 | Penn et al. | Dec 1973 | A |
| 3871176 | Schukei | Mar 1975 | A |
| 4088999 | Fletcher et al. | May 1978 | A |
| 4095998 | Hanson | Jun 1978 | A |
| 4180795 | Matsuda et al. | Dec 1979 | A |
| 4280129 | Wells | Jul 1981 | A |
| 4450431 | Hochstein | May 1984 | A |
| 4588978 | Allen | May 1986 | A |
| 5027709 | Slagle | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5033295 | Schmid et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5034658 | Hiering et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5053774 | Schuermann et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5070293 | Ishii et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5118997 | El-Hamamsy | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5216402 | Carosa | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5229652 | Hough | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5287112 | Schuermann | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5341083 | Klontz et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5367242 | Hulman | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5374930 | Schuermann | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5408209 | Tanzer et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5437057 | Richley et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5455467 | Young et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5493691 | Barrett | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5522856 | Reineman | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5528113 | Boys et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5541604 | Meier | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5550452 | Shirai et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5565763 | Arrendale et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5608276 | Suelzle | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5630835 | Brownlee | May 1997 | A |
| 5697956 | Bornzin | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5703461 | Minoshima et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5703573 | Fujimoto et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5710413 | King et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5742471 | Barbee, Jr. et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5821728 | Sshwind | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5821731 | Kuki et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5864323 | Berthon | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5898579 | Boys et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5903134 | Takeuchi | May 1999 | A |
| 5923544 | Urano | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5940509 | Jovanovich et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5957956 | Kroll et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5959245 | Moe et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5986895 | Stewart et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5993996 | Firsich | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5999308 | Nelson et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6012659 | Nakazawa et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6047214 | Mueller et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6066163 | John | May 2000 | A |
| 6067473 | Greeninger et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6108579 | Snell et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6127799 | Krishnan | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6176433 | Uesaka et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6184651 | Fernandez et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6207887 | Bass et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6232841 | Bartlett et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6238387 | Miller, III | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6252762 | Amatucci | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6301128 | Jang et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6436299 | Baarman et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6450946 | Forsell | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6452465 | Brown et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6459218 | Boys et al. | Oct 2002 | B2 |
| 6473028 | Luc | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6483202 | Boys | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6515878 | Meins et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6535133 | Gohara | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6561975 | Pool et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6563425 | Nicholson et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6597076 | Scheible et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6609023 | Fischell et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6631072 | Paul et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6650227 | Bradin | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6664770 | Bartels | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6673250 | Kuennen et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6683256 | Kao | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6696647 | Ono et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6703921 | Wuidart et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6731071 | Baarman | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6749119 | Scheible et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6772011 | Dolgin | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6798716 | Charych | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6803744 | Sabo | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6806649 | Mollema et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6812645 | Baarman | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6825620 | Kuennen et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6831417 | Baarman | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6839035 | Addonisio et al. | Jan 2005 | B1 |
| 6844702 | Giannopoulos et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6856291 | Mickle et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6858970 | Malkin et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6906495 | Cheng et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6917163 | Baarman | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6917431 | Soljacic et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6937130 | Scheible et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6960968 | Odendaal et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6961619 | Casey | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6967462 | Landis | Nov 2005 | B1 |
| 6975198 | Baarman | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6988026 | Breed et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 7027311 | Vanderelli et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7035076 | Stevenson | Apr 2006 | B1 |
| 7042196 | Ka-Lai et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7069064 | Govorgian et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7084605 | Mickle et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7116200 | Baarman et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7118240 | Baarman et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7126450 | Baarman et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7127293 | MacDonald | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7132918 | Baarman et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7147604 | Allen et al. | Dec 2006 | B1 |
| 7180248 | Kuennen et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7191007 | Desai et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7193418 | Freytag | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| D541322 | Garrett et al. | Apr 2007 | S |
| 7212414 | Baarman | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7233137 | Nakamura et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| D545855 | Garrett et al. | Jul 2007 | S |
| 7239110 | Cheng et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7248017 | Cheng et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7251527 | Lyden | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7288918 | DiStefano | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7340304 | MacDonald | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7375492 | Calhoon et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7375493 | Calhoon et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7378817 | Calhoon et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7382636 | Baarman et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7385357 | Kuennen et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7443135 | Cho | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7462951 | Baarman | Dec 2008 | B1 |
| 7466213 | Lobl et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7471062 | Bruning | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7474058 | Baarman | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7492247 | Schmidt et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7514818 | Abe et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7518267 | Baarman | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7521890 | Lee et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7525283 | Cheng et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7545337 | Guenther | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7554316 | Stevens et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7599743 | Hassler, Jr. et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7615936 | Baarman et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7639514 | Baarman | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7741734 | Joannopoulos et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7795708 | Katti | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7825543 | Karalis et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7825544 | Jansen et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7835417 | Heideman et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7843288 | Lee et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7844306 | Shearer et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7863859 | Soar | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7880337 | Farkas | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7884697 | Wei et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7885050 | Lee | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7919886 | Tanaka | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7923870 | Jin | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7932798 | Tolle et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7948209 | Jung | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7952322 | Partovi et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7963941 | Wilk | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7969045 | Schmidt et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7994880 | Chen et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7999506 | Hollar et al. | Aug 2011 | B1 |
| 8022576 | Joannopoulos et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8035255 | Kurs et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8076800 | Joannopoulos et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8076801 | Karalis et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8084889 | Joannopoulos et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8097983 | Karalis et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8106539 | Schatz et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8115448 | John | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8131378 | Greenberg et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8178995 | Amano et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8193769 | Azancot et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8212414 | Howard et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8260200 | Shimizu et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8304935 | Karalis et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8324759 | Karalis et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8334620 | Park et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8362651 | Hamam et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8395282 | Joannopoulos et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8395283 | Joannopoulos et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8400017 | Kurs et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8400018 | Joannopoulos et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8400019 | Joannopoulos et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8400020 | Joannopoulos et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8400021 | Joannopoulos et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8400022 | Joannopoulos et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8400023 | Joannopoulos et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8400024 | Joannopoulos et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8410636 | Kurs et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8441154 | Karalis et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8457547 | Meskens | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8461719 | Kesler et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8461720 | Kurs et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8461721 | Karalis et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8461722 | Kurs et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8461817 | Martin et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8466583 | Karalis et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8471410 | Karalis et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8476788 | Karalis et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8482157 | Cook et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8482158 | Kurs et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8487480 | Kesler et al. | Jul 2013 | B1 |
| 8497601 | Hall et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8552592 | Schatz et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8569914 | Karalis et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8587153 | Schatz et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8587155 | Giler et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8598743 | Hall et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8618696 | Karalis et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8629578 | Kurs et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8643326 | Campanella et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 11031818 | Danilovic | Jun 2021 | B2 |
| 11296557 | Masquelier | Apr 2022 | B2 |
| 20020032471 | Loftin et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020105343 | Scheible et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020118004 | Scheible et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020130642 | Ettes et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020167294 | Odaohhara | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20030038641 | Scheible | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030062794 | Scheible et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030062980 | Scheible et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030071034 | Thompson et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030124050 | Yadav et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030126948 | Yadav et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030160590 | Schaefer et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030199778 | Mickle et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030214255 | Baarman et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040000974 | Odenaal et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040026998 | Henriott et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040100338 | Clark | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040113847 | Qi et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040130425 | Dayan et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040130915 | Baarman | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040130916 | Baarman | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040142733 | Parise | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040150934 | Baarman | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040189246 | Bulai et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040201361 | Koh et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040222751 | Mollema et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040227057 | Tuominen et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040232845 | Baarman | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040233043 | Yazawa et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040267501 | Freed et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050007067 | Baarman et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050021134 | Opie | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050027192 | Govari et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033382 | Single | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050085873 | Gord et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050093475 | Kuennen et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050104064 | Hegarty et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050104453 | Vanderelli et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050116650 | Baarman | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050116683 | Cheng et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050122058 | Baarman et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050122059 | Baarman et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050125093 | Kikuchi et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050127849 | Baarman et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050127850 | Baarman et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050127866 | Hamilton et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050135122 | Cheng et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050140482 | Cheng et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050151511 | Chary | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050156560 | Shimaoka et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050189945 | Reiderman | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050194926 | DiStefano | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050253152 | Klimov et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050288739 | Hassler, Jr. et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050288740 | Hassler, Jr. et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050288741 | Hassler, Jr. et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050288742 | Giordano et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060001509 | Gibbs | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060010902 | Trinh et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060022636 | Xian et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060053296 | Busboom et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060061323 | Cheng et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060066443 | Hall | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060090956 | Peshkovskiy et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060132045 | Baarman | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060164866 | Vanderelli et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060181242 | Freed et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060184209 | John et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060184210 | Singhal et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060185809 | Elfrink et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060199620 | Greene et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060202665 | Hsu | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060205381 | Beart et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060214626 | Nilson et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060219448 | Grieve et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060238365 | Vecchione et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060270440 | Shearer et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060281435 | Shearer et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070010295 | Greene et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070013483 | Stewart | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070016089 | Fischell et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070021140 | Keyes, IV et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070024246 | Flaugher | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070064406 | Beart | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070069687 | Suzuki | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070096875 | Waterhouse et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070105429 | Kohl et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070117596 | Greene et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070126650 | Guenther | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070145830 | Lee et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070164839 | Naito | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070171681 | Baarman | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070176840 | Pristas et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070178945 | Cook et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070182367 | Partovi | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070208263 | John et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070222542 | Joannopoulos et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070257636 | Phillips et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070267918 | Gyland | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070276538 | Kjellsson et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080012569 | Hall et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080014897 | Cook et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080030415 | Homan et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080036588 | Iverson et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080047727 | Sexton et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080051854 | Bulkes et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080067874 | Tseng | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080132909 | Jascob et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080154331 | John et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080176521 | Singh et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080191638 | Kuennen et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080197710 | Kreitz et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080197802 | Onishi et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080211320 | Cook et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080238364 | Weber et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080255901 | Carroll et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080265684 | Farkas | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080266748 | Lee | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080272860 | Pance | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080273242 | Woodgate et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080278264 | Karalis et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080291277 | Jacobsen et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080300657 | Stultz | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080300660 | John | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090010028 | Baarmen et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090015075 | Cook et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090033280 | Choi et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090033564 | Cook et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090038623 | Farbarik et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090045772 | Cook et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090051224 | Cook et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090058189 | Cook et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090058361 | John | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090067198 | Graham et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090072627 | Cook et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090072628 | Cook et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090072629 | Cook et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090072782 | Randall | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090079268 | Cook et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090079387 | Jin et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090085408 | Bruhn | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090085706 | Baarman et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090096413 | Patovi et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090102292 | Cook et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090108679 | Porwal | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090108997 | Patterson et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090115628 | Dicks et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090127937 | Widmer et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090134712 | Cook et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090146892 | Shimizu et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090153273 | Chen | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090160261 | Elo | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090161078 | Wu et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090167449 | Cook et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090174263 | Baarman et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090179502 | Cook et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090188396 | Hofmann et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090189458 | Kawasaki | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090195332 | Joannopoulos et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090195333 | Joannopoulos et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090212636 | Cook et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090213028 | Cook et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090218884 | Soar | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090224608 | Cook et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090224609 | Cook et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090224723 | Tanabe | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090224856 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090230777 | Baarman et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090237194 | Waffenschmidt et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090243394 | Levine | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090243397 | Cook et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090251008 | Sugaya | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090261778 | Kook | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090267558 | Jung | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090267709 | Joannopoulos et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090267710 | Joannopoulos et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090271047 | Wakamatsu | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090271048 | Wakamatsu | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090273242 | Cook | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090273318 | Rondoni et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090281678 | Wakamatsu | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090284082 | Mohammadian | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090284083 | Karalis et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090284218 | Mohammadian et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090284220 | Toncich et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090284227 | Mohammadian et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090284245 | Kirby et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090284369 | Toncich et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090286470 | Mohammadian et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090286475 | Toncich et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090286476 | Toncich et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090289595 | Chen et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090299918 | Cook et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090308933 | Osada | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090322158 | Stevens et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090322280 | Kamijo et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100015918 | Liu et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100017249 | Fincham et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100033021 | Bennett | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100034238 | Bennett | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036773 | Bennett | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100038970 | Cook et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100045114 | Sample et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100052431 | Mita | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100052811 | Smith et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100060077 | Paulus et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100065352 | Ichikawa | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100066349 | Lin et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100076524 | Forsberg et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100081379 | Cooper et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100094381 | Kim et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100096934 | Joannopoulos et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100102639 | Joannopoulos et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100102640 | Joannopoulos et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100102641 | Joannopoulos et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100104031 | Lacour | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100109443 | Cook et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100109445 | Kurs et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100109604 | Boys et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100115474 | Takada et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100117454 | Cook et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100117455 | Joannopoulos et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100117456 | Karalis et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100117596 | Cook et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100123353 | Joannopoulos et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100123354 | Joannopoulos et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100123355 | Joannopoulos et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100123452 | Amano et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100123530 | Park et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100127573 | Joannopoulos et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100127574 | Joannopoulos et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100127575 | Joannopoulos et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100127660 | Cook et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100133918 | Joannopoulos et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100133919 | Joannopoulos et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100133920 | Joannopoulos et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100141042 | Kesler et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100148589 | Hamam et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100148723 | Cook et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100151808 | Toncich et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100156346 | Takada et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100156355 | Bauerle et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100156570 | Hong et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100164295 | Ichikawa et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100164296 | Kurs | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100164297 | Kurs et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100164298 | Karalis et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100171368 | Schatz et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100171370 | Karalis et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100179384 | Hoeg et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100181843 | Schatz et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100181844 | Karalis et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100181845 | Fiorello et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100181961 | Novak et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100181964 | Huggins et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100184371 | Cook et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100187911 | Joannopoulos et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100187913 | Sample | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100188183 | Shpiro | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100190435 | Cook et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100190436 | Cook et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100194206 | Burdo et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100194207 | Graham | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100194334 | Kirby et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100194335 | Kirby et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201189 | Kirby et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201201 | Mobarhan et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201202 | Kirby et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201203 | Schatz et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201204 | Sakoda et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201205 | Karalis et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201310 | Vorenkamp et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201312 | Kirby et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201313 | Vorenkamp et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201316 | Takada et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100201513 | Vorenkamp et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100207458 | Joannopoulos et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100210233 | Cook et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100213770 | Kikuchi | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100213895 | Keating et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217553 | Von Novak et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100219694 | Kurs et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100219695 | Komiyama et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100219696 | Kojima | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100222010 | Ozaki et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100225175 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100225270 | Jacobs et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100225271 | Oyobe et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100225272 | Kirby et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100231053 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100231163 | Mashinsky | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100231340 | Fiorello et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100234922 | Forsell | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100235006 | Brown | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100237706 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100237707 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100237708 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100237709 | Hall et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244576 | Hillan et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244577 | Shimokawa | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244578 | Yoshikawa | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244579 | Sogabe et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244580 | Uchida et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244581 | Uchida | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244582 | Yoshikawa | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244583 | Shimokawa | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244767 | Turner et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244839 | Yoshikawa | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100248622 | Lyell Kirby et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100253152 | Karalis et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100253281 | Li | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100256481 | Mareci et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100256831 | Abramo et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100259108 | Giler et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100259109 | Sato | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100259110 | Kurs et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100264745 | Karalis et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100264746 | Kazama et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100264747 | Hall et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100276995 | Marzetta et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100277003 | Von Novak et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100277004 | Suzuki et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100277005 | Karalis et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100277120 | Cook et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100277121 | Hall et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100289341 | Ozaki et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100289449 | Elo | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100295505 | Jung et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100295506 | Ichikawa | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100308939 | Kurs | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100314946 | Budde et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100327660 | Karalis et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100327661 | Karalis et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100328044 | Waffenschmidt et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110004269 | Strother et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110012431 | Karalis et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110018361 | Karalis et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110025131 | Karalis et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110031928 | Soar | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110043046 | Joannopoulos et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110043047 | Karalis et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110043048 | Karalis et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110043049 | Karalis et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110049995 | Hashiguchi | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110049996 | Karalis et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110049998 | Karalis et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110074218 | Karalis et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110074346 | Hall et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110074347 | Karalis et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110089895 | Karalis et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110095618 | Schatz et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110115303 | Baarman et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110115431 | Dunworth et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110121920 | Kurs et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110128015 | Dorairaj et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110140544 | Karalis et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110148219 | Karalis et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110162895 | Karalis et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110169339 | Karalis et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110181122 | Karalis et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110193416 | Campanella et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110193419 | Karalis et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110198939 | Karalis et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110215086 | Yeh | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110221278 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110227528 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110227530 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110241618 | Karalis et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110248573 | Kanno et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110254377 | Wildmer et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110254503 | Widmer et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110266878 | Cook et al. | Nov 2011 | A9 |
| 20110278943 | Eckhoff et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20120001492 | Cook et al. | Jan 2012 | A9 |
| 20120001593 | DiGuardo | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120007435 | Sada et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120007441 | John et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120025602 | Boys et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120032522 | Schatz et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120038525 | Monsalve Carcelen et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120062345 | Kurs et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120068549 | Karalis et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120086284 | Campanella et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120086867 | Kesler et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091794 | Campanella et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091795 | Fiorello et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091796 | Kesler et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091797 | Kesler et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091819 | Kulikowski et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091820 | Campanella et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091949 | Campanella et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091950 | Campanella et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120098350 | Campanella et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120112531 | Kesler et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120112532 | Kesler et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120112534 | Kesler et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120112535 | Karalis et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120112536 | Karalis et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120112538 | Kesler et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120112691 | Kurs et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120119569 | Karalis et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120119575 | Kurs et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120119576 | Kesler et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120119698 | Karalis et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120139355 | Ganem et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120146575 | Armstrong et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120153732 | Kurs et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120153733 | Schatz et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120153734 | Kurs et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120153735 | Karalis et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120153736 | Karalis et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120153737 | Karalis et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120153738 | Karalis et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120153893 | Schatz et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120184338 | Kesler et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120206096 | John | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120223573 | Schatz et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120228952 | Hall et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120228953 | Kesler et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120228954 | Kesler et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235500 | Ganem et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235501 | Kesler et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235502 | Kesler et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235503 | Kesler et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235504 | Kesler et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235505 | Schatz et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235566 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235567 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235633 | Kesler et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235634 | Hall et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120239117 | Kesler et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120242159 | Lou et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120242225 | Karalis et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120248884 | Karalis et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120248886 | Kesler et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120248887 | Kesler et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120248888 | Kesler et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120248981 | Karalis et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120256494 | Kesler et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120267960 | Low et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120280765 | Kurs et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120313449 | Kurs et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120313742 | Kurs et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130007949 | Kurs et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130020878 | Karalis et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130033118 | Karalis et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130038402 | Karalis et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130057364 | Kesler et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130062966 | Verghese et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130069441 | Verghese et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130069753 | Kurs et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130099587 | Lou et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130154383 | Kasturi et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130154389 | Kurs et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130159956 | Verghese et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130175874 | Lou et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130175875 | Kurs et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130200716 | Kesler et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130200721 | Kurs et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130221744 | Hall et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130278073 | Kurs et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130278074 | Kurs et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130278075 | Kurs et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130300353 | Kurs et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130307349 | Hall et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130320773 | Schatz et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20130334892 | Hall et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140002012 | McCauley et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140063666 | Kallal et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140070764 | Keeling | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140091634 | Mayo et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20150244176 | Van Den Brink | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150274023 | Houivet et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150372493 | Sankar | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20170214278 | Hosotani | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170217325 | DeBaun et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170256992 | Badr et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170361724 | Seong | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20180037136 | Nelson | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20190006836 | Danilovic et al. | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190006885 | Danilovic | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190255966 | Lee et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 142352 | Aug 1912 | CA |
| 102239633 | Nov 2011 | CN |
| 102439669 | May 2012 | CN |
| 103329397 | Sep 2013 | CN |
| 38 24 972 | Jan 1989 | DE |
| 100 29147 | Dec 2001 | DE |
| 200 16 655 | Mar 2002 | DE |
| 102 21 484 | Nov 2003 | DE |
| 103 04 584 | Aug 2004 | DE |
| 10 2005 036290 | Feb 2007 | DE |
| 10 2006 044057 | Apr 2008 | DE |
| 1 335 477 | Aug 2003 | EP |
| 1 521 206 | Apr 2005 | EP |
| 1 524 010 | Apr 2005 | EP |
| 2 357 716 | Aug 2011 | EP |
| 2546787 | Aug 2017 | GB |
| 02-097005 | Apr 1990 | JP |
| 4-265875 | Sep 1992 | JP |
| 6-341410 | Dec 1994 | JP |
| 9-182323 | Jul 1997 | JP |
| 9-298847 | Nov 1997 | JP |
| 10-164837 | Jun 1998 | JP |
| 11-75329 | Mar 1999 | JP |
| 11-188113 | Jul 1999 | JP |
| 2001-309580 | Nov 2001 | JP |
| 2002-010535 | Jan 2002 | JP |
| 2003-179526 | Jun 2003 | JP |
| 2004-166459 | Jun 2004 | JP |
| 2004-201458 | Jul 2004 | JP |
| 2004-229144 | Aug 2004 | JP |
| 2005-57444 | Mar 2005 | JP |
| 2005-149238 | Jun 2005 | JP |
| 2006-074848 | Mar 2006 | JP |
| 2007-505480 | Mar 2007 | JP |
| 2007-266892 | Oct 2007 | JP |
| 2007-537637 | Dec 2007 | JP |
| 2008-508842 | Mar 2008 | JP |
| 2008-206231 | Sep 2008 | JP |
| 2008-206327 | Sep 2008 | JP |
| 2011-072074 | Apr 2011 | JP |
| 2012-504387 | Feb 2012 | JP |
| 2013-543718 | Dec 2013 | JP |
| 10-2007-0017804 | Feb 2007 | KR |
| 10-2008-0007635 | Jan 2008 | KR |
| 10-2009-0122072 | Nov 2009 | KR |
| 10-2011-0050920 | May 2011 | KR |
| 112842 | Jul 2005 | SG |
| WO 9217929 | Oct 1992 | WO |
| WO 9323908 | Nov 1993 | WO |
| WO 9428560 | Dec 1994 | WO |
| WO 9511545 | Apr 1995 | WO |
| WO 9602970 | Feb 1996 | WO |
| WO 9850993 | Nov 1998 | WO |
| WO 0077910 | Dec 2000 | WO |
| WO 03092329 | Nov 2003 | WO |
| WO 03096361 | Nov 2003 | WO |
| WO 03096512 | Nov 2003 | WO |
| WO 2004015885 | Feb 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004038888 | May 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004055654 | Jul 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004073150 | Aug 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004073166 | Aug 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004073176 | Aug 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004073177 | Aug 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004112216 | Dec 2004 | WO |
| WO 2005024865 | Mar 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005060068 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005109597 | Nov 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005109598 | Nov 2005 | WO |
| WO 2006011769 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| WO 2007008646 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007020583 | Feb 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007042952 | Apr 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007084716 | Jul 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007084717 | Jul 2007 | WO |
| WO 2008109489 | Sep 2008 | WO |
| WO 2008118178 | Oct 2008 | WO |
| WO 2009009559 | Jan 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009018568 | Feb 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009023155 | Feb 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009023646 | Feb 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009033043 | Mar 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009062438 | May 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009070730 | Jun 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009126963 | Oct 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009140506 | Nov 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009149464 | Dec 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009155000 | Dec 2009 | WO |
| WO 2010030977 | Mar 2010 | WO |
| WO 2010036980 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| WO 2010039967 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| WO 2010090538 | Aug 2010 | WO |
| WO 2010090539 | Aug 2010 | WO |
| WO 2010093997 | Aug 2010 | WO |
| WO 2010104569 | Sep 2010 | WO |
| WO 2011061388 | May 2011 | WO |
| WO 2011061821 | May 2011 | WO |
| WO 2011062827 | May 2011 | WO |
| WO 2011112795 | Sep 2011 | WO |
| WO 2012037279 | Mar 2012 | WO |
| WO 2012170278 | Dec 2012 | WO |
| WO 2013013235 | Jan 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013020138 | Feb 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013036947 | Mar 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013059441 | Apr 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013067484 | May 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013113017 | Aug 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013142840 | Sep 2013 | WO |
| WO 2014004843 | Jan 2014 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| “Intel CTO Says Gap between Humans, Machines Will Close by 2050”, Intel News Release, (See intel.com/.../20080821comp.htm?iid=S . . . ) (Printed Nov. 6, 2009). |
| “Physics Update, Unwired Energy”, Physics Today, pp. 26, (Jan. 2007) (See http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0611063.). |
| “In pictures: A year in technology”, BBC News, (Dec. 28, 2007). |
| “Next Little Thing 2010 Electricity without wires”, CNN Money (See money.cnn.com/galleries/2009/smallbusiness/0911/gallery.next_little_thing_2010.smb/) (dated Nov. 30, 2009). |
| Abe et al. “A Noncontact Charger Using a Resonant Converter with Parallel Capacitor of the Secondary Coil”. IEEE, 36(2):444-451, Mar./Apr. 2000. |
| Ahmadian, M. et al., “Miniature Transmitter for Implantable Micro Systems”, Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cancun, Mexico, pp. 3028-3031 (Sep. 17-21, 2003). |
| Aoki, T. et al., “Observation of strong coupling between one atom and a monolithic microresonator”, Nature, vol. 443:671-674 (2006). |
| Apneseth et al. “Introducing wireless proximity switches” ABB Review Apr. 2002. |
| Aristeidis Karalis et al., “Efficient Wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer”, Annals of Physics, vol. 323, pp. 34-48 (2008). |
| Baker et al., “Feedback Analysis and Design of RF Power Links for Low-Power Bionic Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 1(1):28-38 (Mar. 2007). |
| Balanis, C.A., “Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design,” 3rd Edition, Sections 4.2, 4.3, 5.2, 5.3 (Wiley, New Jersey, 2005). |
| Berardelli, P., “Outlets Are Out”, ScienceNOW Daily News, Science Now, http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/ cgi/content/full/2006/1114/2, (Nov. 14, 2006) 2 pages. |
| Biever, C., “Evanescent coupling' could power gadgets wirelessly”, NewScientistsTech.com, http://www. newscientisttech.com/article.ns?id=dn1 0575&print=true, (Nov. 15, 2006) 2 pages. |
| Borenstein, S., “Man tries wirelessly boosting batteries”, (The Associated Press), USA Today, (Nov. 16, 2006) 1 page. |
| Borenstein, S., “Man tries wirelessly boosting batteries”, AP Science Writer, Boston.com, (See http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/11/15/man_tries_wirelessly_b . . . ) (Nov. 15, 2006). |
| Boyle, A., “Electro-nirvana? Not so fast”, MSNBC, http:/lcosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2007/06/08/4350760- electro-nirvana-not-so-fast, (Jun. 8, 2007) 1 page. |
| Budhia, M. et al., “A New IPT Magnetic Coupler for Electric Vehicle Charging Systems”, IECON 2010—36th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Glendale, AZ, pp. 2487-2492 (Nov. 7-10, 2010). |
| Budhia, M. et al., “Development and evaluation of single sided flux couplers for contactless electric vehicle charging”, 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Phoenix, AZ, pp. 614-621 (Sep. 17-22, 2011). |
| Budhia, M. et al.,“Development of a Single-Sided Flux Magnetic Coupler for Electric Vehicle IPT”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60:318-328 (Jan. 2013). |
| Bulkeley, W. M., “MIT Scientists Pave the Way For Wireless Battery Charging”, The Wall Street Journal (See http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118123955549228045.html?mod=googlenews_wsj), (Jun. 8, 2007) 2 pages. |
| Burri et al., “Invention Description”, (Feb. 5, 2008). |
| Cass, S., “Air Power—Wireless data connections are common—now scientists are working on wireless power”, Sponsored by IEEE Spectrum, http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/air-power, (Nov. 2006) 2 pages. |
| Castelvecchi, Davide, “The Power of Induction—Cutting the last cord could resonate with our increasingly gadget dependent lives”, Science News Online, vol. 172, No. 3, Jul. 21, 2007, 6 pages. |
| Chang, A., “Recharging The Wireless Way—Even physicists forget to recharge their cell phones sometimes.”, PC Magazine, ABC News Internet Ventures, (Dec. 12, 2006) 1 page. |
| Chinaview, ,“Scientists lightbulb with ‘wireless electricity’”,www.Chinaview.cn, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-06/08/content_6215681.htm,Jun. 2007,1 page. |
| Cooks, G., “The vision of an MIT physicist: Getting rid of pesky rechargers”, Boston.com, (Dec. 11, 2006) 1 page. |
| Derbyshire, D., “The end of the plug? Scientists invent wireless device that beams electricity through your home”, Daily Mail, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=4 . . . ), (Jun. 7, 2007) 3 pages. |
| Eisenberg, Anne, “Automatic Recharging, From a Distance”, The New York Times, (see www.nytimes.com/2012/03/11/business/built-in-wireless-chargeing-for-electronic-devices.html? r=0) (published on Mar. 10, 2012). |
| Esser et al., “A New Approach to Power Supplies for Robots”, IEEE, vol. 27(5):872-875, (Sep./Oct. 1991). |
| Fan, Shanhui et al., “Rate-Equation Analysis of Output Efficiency and Modulation Rate of Photomic-Crystal Light-Emitting Diodes”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 36(10):1123-1130 (Oct. 2000). |
| Fenske et al., “Dielectric Materials at Microwave Frequencies”, Applied Microwave & Wireless, pp. 92-100 (2000). |
| Fernandez, C. et al., “A simple dc-dc converter for the power supply of a cochlear implant”, IEEE, pp. 1965-1970 (2003). |
| Ferris, David, “How Wireless Charging Will Make Life Simpler (And Greener)”, Forbes (See forbes.com/sites/davidferris/2012/07/24/how-wireless-charging-will-make-life-simpler-and-greener/print/) (dated Jul. 24, 2012). |
| Fildes, J., “Physics Promises Wireless Power”, (Science and Technology Reporter), BBC News, (Nov. 15, 2006) 3 pages. |
| Fildes, J., “The technology with impact 2007”, BBC News, (Dec. 27, 2007) 3 pages. |
| Fildes, J., “Wireless energy promise powers up”, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6725955.stm, (Jun. 7, 2007) 3 pages. |
| Finkenzeller, Klaus, “RFID Handbook—Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards”, Nikkan Kohgyo-sya, Kanno Taihei, first version, pp. 32-37, 253 (Aug. 21, 2001). |
| Finkenzeller, Klaus, “RFID Handbook (2nd Edition)”, The Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, Ltd., pp. 19, 20, 38, 39, 43, 44, 62, 63, 67, 68, 87, 88, 291, 292 (Published on May 31, 2004). |
| Freedman, D.H., “Power on a Chip”, MIT Technology Review, (Nov. 2004). |
| Gary Peterson, “MIT WiTricity Not So Original After All”, Feed Line No. 9, (See http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/witricity.htm) printed Nov. 12, 2009. |
| Geyi, Wen, “A Method for the Evaluation of Small Antenna Q”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51(8):2124-2129 (Aug. 2003). |
| Hadley, F., “Goodbye Wires—MIT Team Experimentally Demonstrates Wireless Power Transfer, Potentially Useful for Power Laptops, Cell-Phones Without Cords”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Soldier D Nanotechnologies, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/wireless-0607.html, (Jun. 7, 2007) 3 pages. |
| Haus, H.A., “Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics,” Chapter 7 “Coupling of Modes—Reasonators and Couplers” (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1984). |
| Heikkinen et al., “Performance and Efficiency of Planar Rectennas for Short-Range Wireless Power Transfer at 2.45 GHz”, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 31(2):86-91, (Oct. 20, 2001). |
| Highfield, R., “Wireless revolution could spell end of plugs”,(Science Editor), Telegraph.co.uk, http://www. telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/07/nwireless1 07.xml, (Jun. 7, 2007) 3 pages. |
| Hirai et al., “Integral Motor with Driver and Wireless Transmission of Power and Information for Autonomous Subspindle Drive”, IEEE, vol. 15(1):13-20, (Jan. 2000). |
| Hirai et al., “Practical Study on Wireless Transmission of Power and Information for Autonomous Decentralized Manufacturing System”, IEEE, vol. 46(2):349-359, Apr. 1999. |
| Hirai et al., “Study on Intelligent Battery Charging Using Inductive Transmission of Power and Information”, IEEE, vol. 15(2):335-345, (Mar. 2000). |
| Hirai et al., “Wireless Transmission of Power and Information and Information for Cableless Linear Motor Drive”, IEEE, vol. 15(1):21-27, (Jan. 2000). |
| Hirayama, M., “Splashpower—World Leaders in Wireless Power”, PowerPoint presentation, Splashpower Japan, (Sep. 3, 2007) 30 pages. |
| Ho, S. L. et al., “A Comparative Study Between Novel Witricity and Traditional Inductive Magnetic Coupling in Wireless Charging”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 47(5):1522-1525 (May 2011). |
| Infotech Online, “Recharging gadgets without cables”, infotech.indiatimes.com, (Nov. 17, 2006) 1 page. |
| Jackson, J. D., “Classical Electrodynamics”, 3rd Edition, Wiley, New York, 1999, pp. 201-203. |
| Jackson, J.D., “Classical Electrodynamics,” 3rd Edition, Sections 1.11, 5.5, 5.17, 6.9, 8.1, 8.8, 9.2, 9.3 (Wiley, New York, 1999). |
| Jacob, M. V. et al., “Lithium Tantalate—A High Permittivity Dielectric Material for Microwave Communication Systems”, Proceedings of IEEE TENCON—Poster Papers, pp. 1362-1366, 2003. |
| Karalis, Aristeidis, “Electricity Unplugged”, Feature: Wireless Energy Physics World, physicsworld.com, pp. 23-25 (Feb. 2009). |
| Kawamura et al., “Wireless Transmission of Power and Information Through One High-Frequency Resonant AC Link Inverter for Robot Manipulator Applications”, IEEE, vol. 32(3):503-508, (May/Jun. 1996). |
| Kurs, A. et al., “Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances”, Science vol. 317, pp. 83-86 (Jul. 6, 2007). |
| Kurs, A. et al., “Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 96, No. 044102 (2010). |
| Kurs, A. et al.,“Optimized design of a low-resistance electrical conductor for the multimegahertz range”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 98:172504-172504-3 (Apr. 2011). |
| Lamb, Gregory M. ,“Look Ma—no wires!—Electricity broadcast through the air may someday run your home”,The Christian Science Monitor,http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1116/p14s01-stct.html,Nov. 15, 2006,2 pages. |
| Lee, “Antenna Circuit Design for RFID Applications,” Microchip Technology Inc., AN710, 50 pages (2003). |
| Lee, “RFID Coil Design,” Microchip Technology Inc., AN678, 21 pages (1998). |
| Liang et al., “Silicon waveguide two-photon absorption detector at 1.5 μm wavelength for autocorrelation measurements,” Applied Physics Letters, 81(7):1323-1325 (Aug. 12, 2002). |
| Markoff, J. ,“Intel Moves to Free Gadgets of Their Recharging Cords”, The New York Times—nytimes.com, Aug. 21, 2008, 2 pages. |
| Mediano, A. et al. “Design of class E amplifier with nonlinear and linear shunt capacitances for any duty cycle”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theor. Tech., vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 484-492, (2007). |
| Microchip Technology Inc., “microID 13.56 MHz Design Guide—MCRF355/360 Reader Reference Design,” 24 pages (2001). |
| Minkel, J R. ,“Wireless Energy Lights Bulb from Seven Feet Away—Physicists vow to cut the cord between your laptop battery and the wall socket—with just a simple loop of wire”,Scientific American,http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=wireless-energy-lights-bulb-from-seven-feet-away,Jun. 7, 2007,1 page. |
| Minkel, J R. ,“Wireless Energy Transfer May Power Devices at a Distance”,Scientific American,Nov. 14, 2006,1 page. |
| Morgan, J., “Lab report: Pull the plug for a positive charge”, The Herald, Web Issue 2680, (Nov. 16, 2006) 3 pages. |
| Moskvitch, Katia, “Wireless charging—the future for electric cars?”, BBC News Technology (See www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14183409) (dated Jul. 21, 2011). |
| O'Brien et al., “Analysis of Wireless Power Supplies for Industrial Automation Systems”, IEEE, pp. 367-372 (Nov. 2-6, 2003). |
| O'Brien et al., “Design of Large Air-Gap Transformers for Wireless Power Supplies”, IEEE, pp. 1557-1562 (Jun. 15-19, 2003). |
| Pendry, J. B., “A Chiral Route to Negative Refraction”, Science, vol. 306:1353-1355 (2004). |
| Physics Today, “Unwired energy questions asked answered”, Sep. 2007, pp. 16-17. |
| Powercast LLC. “White Paper” Powercast simply wire free, 2003. |
| PR News Wire, “The Big Story for CES 2007: The public debut of eCoupled Intelligent Wireless Power”, Press Release, Fulton Innovation LLC, Las Vegas, NV, (Dec. 27, 2006) 3 pages. |
| Press Release, ,“The world's first sheet-type wireless power transmission system: Will a socket be replaced by e-wall?”,Public Relations Office, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan,Dec. 12, 2006,4 pages. |
| Presstv, “Wireless power transfer possible”, http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/12754.html, Jun. 11, 2007, 1 page. |
| Reidy, C. (Globe Staff), “MIT discovery could unplug your iPod forever”, Boston.com, http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2007/06/mit_discovery_c.html, (Jun. 7, 2007) 3 pages. |
| Risen, C., “Wireless Energy”, The New York Times, (Dec. 9, 2007) 1 page. |
| Sakamoto et al., “A Novel Circuit for Non-Contact Charging Through Electro-Magnetic Coupling”, IEEE, pp. 168-174 (1992). |
| Scheible, G. et al., “Novel Wireless Power Supply System for Wireless Communication Devices in Industrial Automation Systems”, IEEE, pp. 1358-1363, (Nov. 5-8, 2002). |
| Schneider, D. “A Critical Look at Wireless Power”, IEEE Spectrum, pp. 35-39 (May 2010). |
| Schneider, David, “Electrons Unplugged. Wireless power at a distance is still far away”, IEEE Spectrum, pp. 35-39 (May 2010). |
| Schuder, J. C. et al., “An Inductively Coupled RF System for the Transmission of 1 kW of Power Through the Skin”, IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering, vol. BME-18, No. 4, pp. 265-273 (Jul. 1971). |
| Schuder, J. C., “Powering an Artificial Heart: Birth of the Inductively Coupled-Radio Frequency System in 1960”, Artificial Organs, vol. 26:909-915 (2002). |
| Schuder, J.C. et al., “Energy Transport Into the Closed Chest From a Set of Very-Large Mutually Orthogonal Coils”, Communication Electronics, vol. 64:527-534 (Jan. 1963). |
| Schutz, J. et al., “Load Adaptive Medium Frequency Resonant Power Supply”, IEEE, pp. 282-287 (Nov. 2002). |
| Sekitani et al. “A large-area wireless power-transmission sheet using printed organic transistors and plastic MEMS switches” www.nature.com/naturematerials. Published online Apr. 29, 2007. |
| Sekitani et al., “A large-area flexible wireless power transmission sheet using printed plastic MEMS switches and organic field-effect transistors”, IEDM '06, International Electron Devices Meeting, (Dec. 11-13, 2006) 4 pages. |
| Sekiya, H. et al., “FM/PWM control scheme in class DE inverter”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 51(7) (Jul. 2004). |
| Senge, M., “MIT's wireless electricity for mobile phones”, Vanguard, http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/features/gsm/gsm211062007.htm, (Jun. 11, 2007) 1 page. |
| Sensiper, S., “Electromagnetic wave propogation on helical conductors”, Technical Report No. 194 (based on PhD Thesis), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (May 16, 1951) 126 pages. |
| Soljacic, M. , “Wireless Non-Radiative Energy Transfer—PowerPoint presentation”. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (Oct. 6, 2005). |
| Soljacic, M. et al., “Wireless Energy Transfer Can Potentially Recharge Laptops Cell Phones Without Cords”, (Nov. 14, 2006) 3 pages. |
| Soljacic, M. et al., “Photonic-crystal slow-light enhancement of nonlinear phase sensitivity”, J. Opt. Soc. Am B, vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 2052-2059 (Sep. 2002). |
| Soljacic, M., “Wireless nonradiative energy transfer”, Visions of Discovery New Light on Physics, Cosmology, and Consciousness, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY pp. 530-542 (2011). |
| Someya, Takao. “The world's first sheet-type wireless power transmission system”. University of Tokyo, (Dec. 12, 2006). |
| Staelin, David H. et al., Electromagnetic Waves, Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 8, pp. 46-176 and 336-405 (Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 1998). |
| Stark III, Joseph C., “Wireless Power Transmission Utilizing a Phased Array of Tesla Coils”, Master Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2004). |
| Stewart, W., “The Power to Set you Free”, Science, vol. 317:55-56 (Jul. 6, 2007). |
| Tang, S.C. et al., “Evaluation of the Shielding Effects on Printed-Circuit-Board Transformers Using Ferrite Plates and Copper Sheets”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 17:1080-1088 (Nov. 2002). |
| Tesla, Nikola, “High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-Therapeutic and Other Purposes”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 87:1282-1292 (Jul. 1999). |
| Tesla, Nikola, “High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-Therapeutic and Other Purposes”, The Electrical Engineer, vol. XXVI, No. 50 (Nov. 17, 1898). |
| Texas Instruments, “HF Antenna Design Notes—Technical Application Report,” Literature No. 11-08-26-003, 47 pages (Sep. 2003). |
| Thomsen et al., “Ultrahigh speed all-optical demultiplexing based on two-photon absorption in a laser diode,” Electronics Letters, 34(19):1871-1872 (Sep. 17, 1998). |
| UPM Rafsec, “Tutorial overview of inductively coupled RFID Systems,” 7 pages (May 2003). |
| Valtchev et al. “Efficient Resonant Inductive Coupling Energy Transfer Using New Magnetic and Design Criteria”. IEEE, pp. 1293-1298, 2005. |
| Vandevoorde et al., “Wireless energy transfer for stand-alone systems: a comparison between low and high power applicability”, Sensors and Actuators, vol. 92:305-311 (2001). |
| Vilkomerson, David et al., “Implantable Doppler System for Self-Monitoring Vascular Grafts”, IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 461-465 (2004). |
| Villeneuve, Pierre R. et al., “Microcavities in photonic crystals: Mode symmetry, tunability, and coupling efficiency”, Physical Review B, vol. 54:7837-7842 (Sep. 15, 1996). |
| Yariv, Amnon et al., “Coupled-resonator optical waveguide: a proposal and analysis”, Optics Letters, vol. 24(11):711-713 (Jun. 1, 1999). |
| Yates, David C. et al., “Optimal Transmission Frequency for Ultralow-Power Short-Range Radio Links”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—1, Regular Papers, vol. 51:1405-1413 (Jul. 2004). |
| Yoshihiro Konishi, Microwave Electronic Circuit Technology, Chapter 4, pp. 145-197 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY 1998). |
| Ziaie, Babak et al., “A Low-Power Miniature Transmitter Using A Low-Loss Silicon Platform For Biotelemetry”, Proceedings—19th International Conference IEEE/EMBS, pp. 2221-2224, (Oct. 30-Nov. 2, 1997) 4 pages. |
| Zierhofer, Clemens M. et al., “High-Efficiency Coupling-Insensitive Transcutaneous Power and Data Transmission Via an Inductive Link”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 716-722 (Jul. 1990). |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for International Application No. PCT/US2018/040411 dated Oct. 1, 2018. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/US2018/040411 dated Jan. 9, 2020. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210296934 A1 | Sep 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62662486 | Apr 2018 | US | |
| 62662462 | Apr 2018 | US | |
| 62662148 | Apr 2018 | US | |
| 62608052 | Dec 2017 | US | |
| 62526842 | Jun 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16024045 | Jun 2018 | US |
| Child | 17340496 | US |
