The invention relates to a protective element for connecting to a concrete element of a tunnel lining, which protective element has a protective section which has a first side which faces the concrete element and on which at least one connecting element for establishing a retentive connection of the protective section to the concrete element is provided, the protective section consisting of at least one plastic.
Concrete elements and/or protective elements of this type are known, inter alia, from WO 2005/024183 A1 and from WO 2011/085734 A1. An alternative embodiment is known from JP 2004132002.
Concrete elements of this type are also known as “segments” in technical terminology and are used, for example, in the case of machine tunnel construction by means of shield drive. Here, for example, tunnel boring machines are used which comprise a drilling head, behind which a cylindrical shield with a shield skin and a shield tail is arranged. The shield has a smaller external diameter than the drilling head, with the result that there is no direct contact between the tunnel wall and the shield. If the tunnel boring machine is advanced a certain distance, the concrete elements are positioned in the shield tail at the shield edge. They are pressed counter to the advancing direction onto the adjacent, most recently attached concrete elements and are connected to the latter. A plurality of concrete elements together form a ring over the entire circumference of the tunnel.
The gap between the ring and the tunnel wall is possibly filled with mortar, for example in order to prevent settlements. For this purpose, WO 2005/0241863 A1 discloses an injection hole in the center of the concrete element, which injection hole is configured as a hole which connects the outer surface of the concrete element to the inner surface of the concrete element. After the individual concrete element is positioned and connected to its adjacent concrete elements, mortar is injected between the concrete element and the tunnel wall via the injection hole. In this way, settlements in the ground which surrounds the concrete element are prevented. In addition, the concrete element can be moved and positioned by means of the injection hole by way of a suitable tool being engaged into it.
This type of tunnel construction is also used, inter alia, for the construction of sewers, in particular of relatively large collecting mains. Here, as is also the case in other possible uses, increased requirements are made of the sealed nature of the lining of the tunnel. The inner side of the segments is sealed by way of a lining, with the result that no sewage and no gases which rise from the sewage can pass via the tunnel walls into the concrete and can damage the latter (corrosion).
In the case of a tunnel which is lined by way of concrete elements according to WO 2005/0241863 A1 or WO 2011/085734 A1, the protective layer comprising protective elements protects the concrete of the concrete element against the action of aggressive (for example, corrosive) gases or liquids. Together with seals, the protective elements of the concrete elements of the lining therefore seal the tunnel from the inside. The concrete element is produced in a prefabricated manner with the protective element, as a result of which sealing of the lining as a separate work step in tunnel construction, for example the welding of the joints between the protective elements/protective layers of adjacent concrete elements, is dispensed with.
WO 2005/024183 A1, WO 2011/085734 A1 and likewise JP2004132002 have disclosed that the segments which are used for the tunnel lining are prefabricated, and that a lining is already arranged on the inner side of the segments during the production of the segments, by way of which lining sealing of the tunnel wall against water, sewage and gases takes place in the assembled state of the individual segments to form rings.
Here, a protective layer is provided on the concrete element, which protective layer covers an inner surface of the segment, which inner surface lies opposite a convex outer surface. Said protective layer consists of glass fiber reinforced plastic or polyethylene (PE) according to WO 2005/024183 A1, of polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD) according to WO 2011/085734 A1, or of a synthetic resin according to JP2004132002 and here, in particular, of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), PVC, polyester or vinyl ester, and is anchored fixedly in the concrete by means of mechanical anchoring, with the result that an inseparable connection of the protective layer to the concrete is produced. Here, the protective layer is designed in such a way that only the inner side of the segment element is covered (JP2004132002) or else a side face of the concrete element is partially likewise enclosed (WO 2005/024183 A1, WO 2011/085734 A1).
According to WO 2005/024183 A1 and WO 2011/085734 A1, a seal which projects beyond the protective layer is subsequently provided on the side face. The seal is produced from an elastic material, with the result that the joints between the adjacent concrete elements are closed by way of the seal during assembly of the individual segments to form the tunnel lining. As an alternative, the closure of the joints can take place by way of welding of the individual protective layers which are provided on the inner side of the concrete elements.
According to WO 2005/024183 A1, the concrete element itself is produced by means of a formwork. A protective layer is placed into the formwork onto the formwork bottom. Furthermore, if provided, protective layer elements are likewise placed onto the side walls of the formwork. Furthermore, if provided, the formwork has a cutout, into which the seal is inserted. Subsequently, the concrete is introduced into the formwork in conjunction with reinforcement. After hardening of the concrete, the segment is used as a tunnel lining.
It has resulted in practice that leaks can always occur in the transition between the protective layer and the seal according to WO 2005/024183 A1 if sufficient care has not been taken during the production of the concrete element during the insertion of the seal into the formwork and/or during the arrangement of the seal in relation to the protective layer. To counteract this, WO 2011/085734 A1 proposes that the protective element is produced from an injection moldable plastic, and that a single-piece connection is provided between the seal and the protective element by the seal being connected to the protective element during the production of said protective element by being injection molded around it.
If, for example, there is groundwater in the region of the tunnel, there is the risk that said groundwater is under pressure or a corresponding pressure arises according to the depth of the tunnel. If there are cracks in the concrete and/or the water penetrates through the concrete, said water is present on the inner side of the protective layer/the protective elements, with the result that said protective layers/said protective elements is/are pressurized and has/have to be of corresponding dimensions in order to counteract a failure of the protective layer.
This occurred, in particular, in the case of tunnels with segments according to WO 2005/024183 A1, in which the anchorages were released from the concrete. To counteract this, WO 2011/085734 A1 provided different dimensioning of the anchors. This is secure, but possibly leads to an increased complexity during the production of the protective elements and/or the finished concrete elements.
If the protective elements are welded to one another, which usually takes place by hand, a corresponding quality of the welded seams has to be ensured.
In the case of a double-shell construction, in which an inner shell is applied on site to the segments, the entire ring is possibly not lined with a protective layer, but rather the protective layer is cut out in the bed region, in that region which does not dry out. The prevailing water can then flow out toward the bed on the side which faces toward the concrete elements, and can then enter into the tunnel there and can flow out via said tunnel. This is possible if said region does not dry out, with the result that no corrosion of the concrete is produced. A construction of this type is not possible if the effluents per se must not be diluted or if the effluents per se are already so aggressive that the concrete is impaired.
It is an object of the invention to provide a protective element by way of which corrosion of the concrete as a result of gases and liquids can be reliably avoided, and detaching of the protective element from the concrete is avoided at the same time.
With regard to the protective layer element, the object according to the invention is achieved by virtue of the fact that the protective section has at least one drainage element, through which a liquid can pass from the first side of the protective section toward the opposite side of the protective section which faces away from the concrete element.
It has surprisingly arisen during an attempt to improve the above-described protective element that it is possible, instead of reinforcing the anchorage of the protective element with respect to the concrete element, to instead discharge the prevailing groundwater in a targeted manner and, as a result, to prevent pressure-induced detachment and, at the same time, to ensure the impermeability of the protective layer with regard to possible corrosion of the concrete. It has been assumed up to now that it will not be possible that groundwater which penetrates the concrete from the outside as far as the protective element can be discharged in a targeted manner. However, regions are formed in extensive sections between the protective element and the concrete, which regions are not connected fixedly to the concrete, and through which regions the groundwater can flow, in particular toward at least one drainage element which is provided.
A further teaching of the invention provides that the drainage element has at least one opening in the protective element. A further teaching of the invention provides that the drainage element has a closure element and preferably a receptacle for a closure element for closing the drainage element with respect to the opposite side of the protective element, preferably for closing the opening. In this way, it becomes possible in a simple way to ensure sufficient security against corrosion and, at the same time, to avoid a detachment of the protective elements.
A further teaching of the invention provides that the closure element is arranged in the opening in a prestressed manner, a spring element or an elastic element preferably being provided for producing the prestress. Prestressing can ensure that the drainage takes place only if defined limit pressures are reached, from which there is a critical value with regard to the anchorage of the protective element in the concrete.
A further teaching of the invention provides that the drainage element has a hollow body, preferably in the form of a sleeve, in a manner which corresponds to the opening. A further teaching of the invention provides that the hollow body is an erector dowel. The provision of a hollow body ensures that sufficient discharge of the groundwater in the region of the protective element is ensured. A further teaching of the invention provides that at least one hollow body opening is provided in a wall of the hollow body, through which hollow body opening the liquid can pass from the first side into the sleeve. A further teaching of the invention provides that a closure body is provided in and/or in front of the at least one hollow body opening, which closure body is preferably designed in such a way that the hollow body opening can be opened after a limit pressure is exceeded. This can also be a diaphragm.
A further teaching of the invention provides that the protective section has at least one bottom section or has at least one bottom section and at least one wall section. It becomes possible in this way to achieve a particularly high sealing action of the protective element in conjunction with the concrete element.
A further teaching of the invention provides that the protective element has at least one seal which is connected in one piece to the protective section, the connection being gas-tight and liquid-tight.
A further teaching of the invention provides that the at least one drainage element is provided on the at least one bottom section and/or on the at least one wall section.
A further teaching of the invention provides that the single-piece connection of the seal to the protective section is produced by way of injection molding with the at least one plastic. It becomes possible as a result to limit the injection molding substantially to the direct connection of the bottom section to the seal. A liquid-tight and gas-tight connection is produced in a particularly simple way as a result of the single-piece connection of the seal and the connecting elements to the protective section. The injection molding can ensure that the protective elements are produced with a consistently high quality, with the result that, in relation to the finished concrete element, the protective action of the protective element is particularly high and of consistently high quality, independently of the production process of the concrete element. Here, the protective element is formed in such a way that, in relation to the seal, an enclosure of the seal material with the injection molding material is provided, which enclosure is provided at least on three sides.
A further teaching of the invention provides that the bottom section has at least one region in the form of a second made from at least one plastic, that the second section consists substantially of a film, a plate or a web which is preferably connected to connecting elements, and/or that the second section is formed from a further plastic. It is possible as a result to connect at least one prepared section of the protective element to the injection moldable plastic in such a way that a sufficient impermeability of the protective element can be achieved. At the same time, the production costs of the protective element can be lowered in a simple way as a result, since it becomes possible firstly to reduce the injection molding quantity and, as a result, to simplify the production and the injection mold.
Here, injection molding is understood to mean all methods which can be included in injection molding, that is to say methods, in which one or more thermoplastics/thermosets/elastomers, for example as polymers or else monomers, are introduced directly into a mold on their own, individually, one after another or at the same time (for example, overmolding or multiple-component injection molding), or in which monomers are processed which only become polymers in the injection mold (for example, reaction overmolding).
A further teaching of the invention provides that the connecting element is an anchor structure, a honeycomb structure, a web, a pin and/or a panel element with openings. A further teaching of the invention provides that the connecting element is projections which preferably consist of the same plastic as the bottom section and/or wall section. Furthermore, it is advantageous that the protective section is connected in one piece to the at least one connecting element, the single-piece connection preferably being produced by way of injection molding of the plastic. Panel elements, in particular, such as honeycomb structures or panel sections with continuous openings, permit particularly satisfactory anchorage of the protective element to the concrete element over the entire area of the protective element. The additional provision of pins or the like which possibly reach further into the concrete of the concrete element can achieve an increased punctiform retention force increase.
In this context, a further teaching of the invention provides that, furthermore, a roof element is also provided, with the result that a hollow body is produced, into which hollow body the concrete and, possibly already during the injection molding, reinforcement are then subsequently introduced. This is advantageous, in particular, if the concrete element also has to be protected on its outer sides against aggressive bodies of water in mountain regions.
A further teaching of the invention provides that the plastic is polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD), preferably in a highly temperature-resistant form, or a resin, reinforcing elements, such as glass fibers, possibly being added to the synthetic resin. A high product speed can be achieved by way of said plastic on account of the rapid processing properties. At the same time, there is a particularly high resistance during use. A further teaching of the invention provides that the plastic of the panel element is a thermoplastic, preferably PE. These are particularly inexpensive plastics. Components made from said plastics, such as plates, webs or films, can be produced directly on site in a decentralized manner, with the result that considerable transport expenditure and possibly also storage expenditure for the finished products are dispensed with.
With regard to the concrete element for producing a tunnel lining, the teaching of the invention provides that an above-described protective element is used. This is then a concrete element for producing a tunnel lining with a convex outer surface and an opposite inner surface, a protective element being connected via at least one connecting element to the inner surface, characterized in that the protective element is an above-described protective element.
In the following text, the invention will be described in greater detail using drawings, in which:
A concrete element 10 according to the invention (
As an alternative, the concrete element can also have only a protective element 20 with a bottom section 21 (not shown). A seal 30 can be provided but does not have to be provided. If no seal is provided, the joints between the individual protective elements 20 of the concrete elements 10 are welded to one another.
As shown in
The seal 30 is arranged in a receiving region 29. The seal 30 consists of an elastic plastic. The seal 30 has a sealing face 31 which comes into contact either with another concrete face or another sealing face 31 of a seal 30 during assembly of the individual concrete elements. The seal 30 has chambers 32 in the interior. During the assembly of the concrete elements 10, the elastic plastic of the seal 30 is deformed, and the chambers 32 are compressed. Holding projections 33 which engage into the plastic of the side wall 22, 23 of the protective element 20 are arranged so as to lie opposite the sealing face 31. Said holding projections 33 and the side walls of the seal 30 which lie close to them are connected during injection molding with the plastic of the protective element and/or are enclosed in a gas-tight manner by said plastic.
A protective element 20, as shown in
Embodiments of the drainage element are shown in
Here,
A depression 55 which is, for example, of circumferential configuration here is provided on the inner wall 48. A further possible embodiment would be that the depression 55 is provided only in sections on the inner wall 48. The depression 55 serves for receiving at least one section 56 of the closure element 49 in a retentive manner. Here, the closure element 49 is of cover-shaped configuration with a cavity 57. It has a bottom section 58 and a wall 59. An embodiment as a solid body is likewise possible, for example. Via the section 56, the closure element 49 is arranged in the interior space 44 of the hollow body 42 in the depression 55 in such a way that the opening 41 is closed. The closure element 49 is clamped in the depression 55 via the section 56. As an alternative, the closure element can also be screwed via a thread into the opening 41 or into the hollow body 42 or into the openings 50. After a limit pressure is exceeded, the groundwater presses the closure element 49 out of the hollow body 42 or out of the opening 41, with the result that the groundwater can pass to the interior space. The closure element 49 is detached from the drainage element 40 and in the process passes into the tunnel.
Furthermore, a depression 70 is provided circumferentially for receiving the abutment element 62 in the inner wall 48.
A further embodiment according to the invention is shown in
In
The at least one opening 50 is provided in the connector element 51 here. Furthermore, a sealing element 71, for example in the form of a rubber element, is provided which closes the at least one opening 50. Here, the sealing element 71 can be arranged on the hollow body 42′, for example by way of adhesive bonding or the like, or is provided on the connector element 51, as shown in
A spacing 74 which can be utilized in a channel-like manner for dewatering purposes is situated between the connector element 51 and the hollow body 42′. The spacing is closed by way of the sealing element 71 in the region of the at least one opening 50. A further sealing element 75 is provided above it, for example in the form of an O-ring here, by way of which further sealing element 75 a permanent seal of the spacing 74 between the connector element 51 and the hollow body 42′ is achieved, in order to prevent an uncontrolled exit of gases or liquids here.
The prevailing liquid passes through the at least one opening 50 counter to the sealing element 71. The latter is prestressed as it were as a result of its material property. If the pressure becomes greater than the abutment force/spring force of the sealing element 71, the sealing element 71 is deformed and is released from the inner wall 48 (
If the pressure of the prevailing liquid decreases, the sealing element 71 expands again and bears against the inner wall 48 again, with the result that the gap D closes again and the sealing element is closed again in a gas-tight and liquid-tight manner.
A further embodiment according to the invention is shown in
A closure element 49 is provided in a retentive manner in the sealing element 71, preferably in conjunction with the depression. Here, said closure element 49 has by way of example projections 77 which engage into the depression and therefore hold the closure element in the hollow body 42. Dewatering takes place as described above. The prevailing liquid passes through the at least one opening 50 counter to the sealing element 71. The latter is prestressed as it were as a result of its material property. If the pressure becomes greater than the abutment force/spring force of the sealing element 71, the sealing element 71 is deformed and is released from the inner wall 48 (
In addition, the closure element is pressed downward toward the interior space in the arrow direction E. As a result, an additional sealing action is brought about within the depression in the region of the horizontal sections 78 of the depression 76. If the liquid in the concrete element 10 increases further and the pressure increases further beyond a magnitude, such that the prevailing liquid cannot be discharged via the opening 50, then the closure element 49 can be pressed out of the sealing element 71 and the depression 76 and then out of the hollow body 42 into the interior space in the arrow direction E, in order to make a more pronounced liquid exit possible and in order to prevent damage of the protective element 20.
10 Concrete element 55 Depression
11 Top side 56 Section
12 Bottom side 57 Cavity
16 Concrete 59 Wall
17 Pin element 60 Closure element
20 Protective element 62 Abutment
21 Bottom section 63 Rod section
22 Wall section 64 Blind bore
23 Wall section 65 Rest face
25 Section 67 Outer section
28 Section 68 Connecting section
29 Receiving region 69 Opening
30 Seal 70 Depression
31 Sealing face 71 Sealing element
32 Chamber 72 Connector element
40 Drainage element 74 Spacing
41 Opening 75 Sealing element
42 Hollow body 76 Depression
42′ Hollow body 77 Projection
43 Lower end 78 Horizontal section
43′ Welded seam
44 Interior space A Inner side
45 Wall B Outer side
46 Cover element C Outflow direction
47 Depression D Gap
48 Inner wall E Outflow direction
49 Closure element
50 Hollow body bore
51 Connector elements
52 Internal thread section
53 Outer wall
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
10 2015 009 063.1 | Jul 2015 | DE | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2016/001245 | 7/15/2016 | WO | 00 |