Patent Application
20180030457
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jul. 27, 2017, is named ADR_1009_UT_SeqListing.txt and is 88 kilobytes in size.
The following discussion of the background of the invention is merely provided to aid the reader in understanding the invention and is not admitted to describe or constitute prior art to the present invention.
Pathogenic organisms are, by definition, capable of causing disease in an infected host. For clinical use of such organisms, attenuated vaccine strains are often created which exhibit reduced or eliminated virulence, but which still retain sufficient viability to stimulate a desired immune response against the pathogen or heterologous antigen(s) of interest. Attenuated vector platforms have been demonstrated to elicit protective responses specific for encoded heterologous antigens in a number of experimental models, including infectious and malignant diseases.
Although most attenuated vaccine vectors are viral, bacterial vaccine vector platforms have been developed for both prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Attenuated strains of many otherwise pathogenic bacteria are now available and the ease of manipulation for generating recombinant strains provides a means for using bacteria as efficacious delivery vehicles for a number of foreign proteins such as antigens associated with infectious diseases and cancer. Live attenuated bacterial vaccine strains have been developed from, inter alia, Listeria, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Lactobacillus, and Yersinia species.
Regulating the level of heterologous antigen expression can have a significant impact on the immunogenicity of the vaccine. In bacterial vaccine vectors, the heterologous gene encoding the vaccine antigen can be either integrated into the bacterial chromosome or expressed from a plasmid. Chromosomal integration allows maximum genetic stability. However, chromosomal integration usually results in a single copy of heterologous antigen per bacterium, and it is a challenge to ensure that sufficient antigen is expressed to confer protective immunity. In plasmid-based expression, spontaneous loss of plasmid can result in plasmid-less bacteria rapidly outgrowing plasmid-bearing bacteria and becoming the dominant population in tissues.
There remains a need in the art to provide systems and methods to provide bacterial vaccine strains with advantageous expression levels of heterologous antigens for use in the treatment or prevention of diseases.
The present invention provides nucleic acid and protein sequences which enhance the expression of fusion proteins by host cells, and in particular bacterial species, together with methods of use thereof. While described hereinafter in terms of expression of fusion proteins by Listeria monocytogenes, the present invention is applicable to expression of fusion proteins generally.
In a first aspect, the present invention relates to fusion proteins, to nucleic acid molecules encoding the fusion proteins, and to methods of expressing the fusion proteins from the nucleic acid molecules, wherein the fusion proteins have the following structure:
A-(B)n-C or A-C-(B)n, where:
A is a first polypeptide sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of a secretory signal sequence;
Each B is independently a second polypeptide, the sequence of which comprises ESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEY (SEQ ID NO: 1) or PASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEK (SEQ ID NO: 37) or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof; and
C is a third polypeptide sequence comprising an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide of interest, such as an antigenic sequence; and
n is a number between 1 and 10, and preferably between 2 and 5.
In some embodiments of the first aspect, A is linked to (B)n or C, and (B)n is linked to C with a peptide bond, or each linkage is independently one or more amino acids. In some embodiments, wherein the fusion protein is A-(B)n-C, the carboxy terminus of A is linked to the amino terminus of (B)n with a peptide bond, or with one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids, and the carboxy terminus of (B)n is linked to the amino terminus of C with a peptide bond, or with one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, wherein the fusion protein is A-C-(B)n, the carboxy terminus of A is linked to the amino terminus of C with a peptide bond, or with one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids, and the carboxy terminus of C is linked to the amino terminus of (B)n with a peptide bond, or with one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids.
In some embodiments of the first aspect, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, preferably 5, and each B further comprises an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence linked to each of the amino terminus and carboxy terminus of each B (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37). By way of example, a cleaver amino acid sequence linked to the carboxy terminus (Cv1′) of the first B (B1) is linked to the cleaver sequence linked to the amino terminus (Cv2) of the second B (B2) such that the linkage is -B1-Cv1′-Cv2-B2-, and so on. Thus, for example, (B)n where n=3 can be represented as Cv1-B1-Cv1′-Cv2-B2-Cv2′-Cv3-B3-Cv3′, where Cv1, Cv2, and Cv3 represent a cleaver amino acid sequence linked via its carboxy terminus to the amino terminus of B1, B2, and B3, respectively and Cv1′, Cv2′, and Cv3′ represent a cleaver amino acid sequence linked via its amino terminus to the carboxy terminus of B1, B2, and B3, respectively, wherein e.g. the carboxy terminus of Cv1′ is linked to the amino terminus of Cv2. Thus, when the fusion protein is A-(B)n-C, the amino terminus of Cv1 is linked to the carboxy terminus of A, and the carboxy terminus of Cvn′ (n representing the number of enhancer sequences B, i.e. the carboxy terminal sequence of B) is linked to the amino terminus of C, and when the fusion protein is A-C-(B)n, the amino terminus of Cv1 is linked to the carboxy terminus of C, and the carboxy terminus of Cvn′ is the carboxy terminus of the fusion protein, or may include an additional one or more amino acids at the carboxy terminus of the fusion protein, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. Each B1, B2 . . . Bn is independently SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37, or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and each Cv1, Cv1′, Cv2, Cv2′ . . . Cvn, Cvn′ is independently selected from the group consisting of ADGSVK (SEQ ID NO: 2), ASKVA (SEQ ID NO: 3), LSKVL (SEQ ID NO: 4), ASKVL (SEQ ID NO: 5), GDGSIK (SEQ ID NO: 6), ADGSV (SEQ ID NO: 7), LAKSL (SEQ ID NO: 8), ADLAVK (SEQ ID NO: 9), ASVVA (SEQ ID NO: 10), GIGSIA (SEQ ID NO: 11), GVEKI (SEQ ID NO: 12), NAANKG (SEQ ID NO: 13), DGSKKA (SEQ ID NO: 14), GDGNKK (SEQ ID NO: 15), KLSKVL (SEQ ID NO: 75), and GDGNK (SEQ ID NO: 76). In some embodiments, each Cv1, Cv1′, Cv2, Cv2′ . . . Cvn, Cvn′ is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, and SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, each Cv1, Cv2 . . . Cvn is independently SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, or SEQ ID NO: 5 and each Cv1′, Cv2′ . . . Cvn′ is independently SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, each carboxy terminus of Cv1′, Cv2′ . . . Cv(n−1)′ is linked to each amino terminus of Cv2, Cv3, . . . Cvn, respectively, independently with a peptide bond, or one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, each carboxy terminus of Cv1′, Cv2′ . . . Cv(n−1)′ is linked to each amino terminus of Cv2, Cv3, . . . Cvn, respectively, independently with a peptide bond, or 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, each carboxy terminus of Cv1′, Cv2′ . . . Cv(n−1)′ is linked to each amino terminus of Cv2, Cv3, . . . Cvn, respectively, independently with a peptide bond, or 1, 2 or 3 amino acids. In a preferred embodiment, the amino terminus of each Cv1′, Cv2′ . . . Cvn′ is linked to the carboxy terminus of B1, B2 . . . Bn, respectively with the three amino acid sequence GSC. In some embodiments, each B1, B2, . . . Bn is SEQ ID NO: 1, or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In some embodiments, each B1, B2, . . . Bn is SEQ ID NO: 37, or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In some embodiments, linked to, as used in this paragraph, unless indicated otherwise, is a peptide bond, or linkage with one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids.
In some embodiments of the first aspect, the third polypeptide sequence C comprises more than one independent antigenic sequences. In some embodiments C comprises one or more independent antigenic sequences, e.g. 1-50, 1-25, 1-20, 1-19, 1-18, 1-17, 1-16, 1-15, 1-14, 1-13, 1-12, 1-11, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 independent antigenic sequences. In some embodiments, each C further comprises an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence linked to each of the amino terminus and carboxy terminus of each of the one or more antigenic sequences. Thus, for example, where C comprises 3 antigenic sequences, C can be represented as Cv1-C1-Cv1′-Cv2-C2-Cv2′-Cv3-C3-Cv3′, where Cv1, Cv2, and Cv3 represent a cleaver amino acid sequence linked via its carboxy terminus to the amino terminus of C1, C2, and C3, respectively and Cv1′, Cv2′, and Cv3′ represent a cleaver amino acid sequence linked via its amino terminus to the carboxy terminus of C1, C2, and C3, respectively, wherein e.g. the carboxy terminus of Cv1′ is linked to the amino terminus of Cv2. In some embodiments, each Cv1, Cv1′, Cv2, Cv2′ . . . Cvx, Cvx′ (where x represents the total number of antigenic sequences) is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 75, and SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, each Cv1, Cv1′, Cv2, Cv2′ . . . Cvx, Cvx′ is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 75 and SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, each Cv1, Cv2 . . . Cvx is independently SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 14, or SEQ ID NO: 75 and each Cv1′, Cv2′ . . . Cvx′ is independently SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, each carboxy terminus of Cv1′, Cv2′ . . . Cv(x−1)′ is linked to each amino terminus of Cv2, Cv3, . . . Cvx, respectively, independently with a peptide bond, or one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, each carboxy terminus of Cv1′, Cv2′ . . . Cv(x−1)′ is linked to each amino terminus of Cv2, Cv3, . . . Cvx, respectively, independently with a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, each carboxy terminus of Cv1′, Cv2′ . . . Cv(x−1)′ is linked to each amino terminus of Cv2, Cv3, . . . Cvx, respectively, independently with a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, or 3 amino acids. In some embodiments, each antigenic sequence within C is independently 10-1,000, 10-500, 10-400, 10-300, 10-200, 10-100, 10-90, 10-80, 10-70, 10-60, 10-50, 10-40, or 10-30 amino acids in length.
In some embodiments, the fusion protein A-(B)n-C or A-C-(B)n is less than 3,000 amino acids, less than 2,000 amino acids, between 200 and 3,000 amino acids, between 200 and 2,000 amino acids, between 300 and 2,000 amino acids, between 300 and 1,500 amino acids or between 300 and 1,000 amino acids.
In a second aspect of the invention, the invention relates to nucleic acid molecules that encode a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises (i) a first amino acid sequence comprising one or more copies of an enhancer amino acid sequence, each enhancer amino acid sequence independently selected from the group consisting of ESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEY (SEQ ID NO: 1) and PASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEK (SEQ ID NO: 37), or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and (ii) a second amino acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest. In some embodiments, the second amino acid sequence is linked to the amino or carboxyl terminus of the first amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the polypeptide of interest comprises one or more independent antigenic sequences. In some embodiments, the second amino acid sequence comprises one or more cleaver amino acid sequences, wherein each cleaver sequence is independently selected and linked to at least one of the one or more independent antigenic sequences. In some embodiments, each independent antigenic sequence is linked to an independently selected cleaver sequence at its amino terminus and an independently selected cleaver sequence at its carboxy terminus. In some embodiments, the one or more copies of the enhancer amino acid sequence is one or more copies of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the one or more copies of the enhancer amino acid sequence is one or more copies of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the first amino acid sequence comprises 1 copy, 2 copies, 3 copies, 4 copies, or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first amino acid sequence comprises 1 copy, 2 copies, 3 copies, 4 copies, or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 37. In a preferred embodiment, the first amino acid comprises 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 37, more preferably 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In some embodiments of the second aspect, the one or more copies of the enhancer amino acid sequence is one or more copies of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the one or more copies of the enhancer amino acid sequence is one or more copies of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the first amino acid sequence comprises 1-5 copies, 2-5 copies, 3-5 copies, 4-5 copies, preferably 5 copies of the enhancer amino acid sequence. In some embodiments the first amino acid sequence comprises 1 copy, 2 copies, 3 copies, 4 copies, or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first amino acid sequence comprises 1 copy, 2 copies, 3 copies, 4 copies, or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 37. In a preferred embodiment, the first amino acid comprises 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 37, more preferably 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In some embodiments of the second aspect, each copy of the enhancer amino acid sequence is linked to the next copy of the enhancer amino acid sequence by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, the first amino acid sequence is linked to the second amino acid sequence by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises an in frame secretory signal sequence. In some embodiments, the carboxy terminus of said secretory signal sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the first amino acid sequence, and the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the second amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the carboxy terminus of said secretory signal sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the second amino acid sequence, and the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the first amino acid sequence. In these embodiments, the carboxy terminus of the secretory signal sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the first or second amino acid sequence by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids, and the first amino acid sequence is linked to the second amino acid sequence by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, the secretory signal sequence is a Listeria monocytogenes signal sequence, in some embodiments the ActA signal sequence. In some embodiments, the fusion protein of the present invention comprise an in-frame ActA signal sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 28, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to said sequence.
In certain embodiments of the second aspect, the first amino acid sequence comprises one or more cleaver amino acid sequences, wherein each cleaver sequence is independently selected and linked to at least one of the one or more enhancer amino acid sequences. In some embodiments, each enhancer amino acid sequence is linked to an independently selected cleaver sequence at its amino terminus and an independently selected cleaver sequence at its carboxy terminus. In some embodiments, each of the one or more cleaver sequences is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 75, and SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, each of the one or more cleaver sequences is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, and SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the amino terminus of each enhancer sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the cleaver sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5, and the carboxy terminus of each enhancer sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the cleaver sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, within a fusion protein of the invention, the amino terminus of the enhancer sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5 and the carboxy terminus of the enhancer sequence is linked to the amino terminus of SEQ ID NO: 2; or the amino terminus of the enhancer sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of SEQ ID NO: 3 and the carboxy terminus of the enhancer sequence is linked to the amino terminus of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked to an enhancer sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked to an enhancer sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked to an enhancer sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2 or 3 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked by its amino terminus to the carboxy terminus of the enhancer sequence is linked by its carboxy terminus to the adjacent cleaver sequence (i.e. the cleaver sequence linked by its carboxy terminus to the next enhancer sequence). In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked by its carboxy terminus to the amino terminus of the next cleaver sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked by its carboxy terminus to the amino terminus of the next cleaver sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked by its carboxy terminus to the amino terminus of the next cleaver sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2 or 3 amino acids.
In some embodiments of the second aspect, the second amino acid sequence comprises more than one independent antigenic sequence. In some embodiments the second amino acid sequence comprises one or more independent antigenic sequences, e.g. 1-50, 1-25, 1-20, 1-19, 1-18, 1-17, 1-16, 1-15, 1-14, 1-13, 1-12, 1-11, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 independent antigenic sequences. In some embodiments, the second amino acid sequence comprises one or more cleaver amino acid sequences, wherein each cleaver sequence is independently selected and linked to at least one of the one or more antigenic sequences. In some embodiments, each one or more independent antigenic sequence is linked to an independently selected cleaver sequence at its amino terminus and an independently selected cleaver sequence at its carboxy terminus. In some embodiments, each of the one or more cleaver sequences is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 75, and SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, each of the one or more cleaver sequences is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 75, and SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, the amino terminus of each antigenic sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the cleaver sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 14 and SEQ ID NO: 75, and the carboxy terminus of each antigenic sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the cleaver sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, within a fusion protein of the invention, the amino terminus of the antigenic sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of SEQ ID NO: 4 and the carboxy terminus of the antigenic sequence is linked to the amino terminus of SEQ ID NO: 7; or the amino terminus of the antigenic sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of SEQ ID NO: 14 and the carboxy terminus of the antigenic sequence is linked to the amino terminus of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 15 or SEQ ID NO: 76; or the amino terminus of the antigenic sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of SEQ ID NO: 75 and the carboxy terminus of the antigenic sequence is linked to the amino terminus of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked to an antigenic sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked to an antigenic sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked to an antigenic sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2 or 3 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked by its amino terminus to the carboxy terminus of the antigenic sequence is linked by its carboxy terminus to the adjacent cleaver sequence (i.e. the cleaver sequence linked by its carboxy terminus to the next antigenic sequence). In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked by its carboxy terminus to the amino terminus of the next cleaver sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked by its carboxy terminus to the amino terminus of the next cleaver sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, each cleaver sequence linked by its carboxy terminus to the amino terminus of the next cleaver sequence is linked by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2 or 3 amino acids. In some embodiments, each antigenic sequence within the second amino acid is independently 10-1,000, 10-500, 10-400, 10-300, 10-200, 10-100, 10-90, 10-80, 10-70, 10-60, 10-50, 10-40, or 10-30 amino acids in length.
In some embodiments of the second aspect, the fusion protein of the invention comprises a secretory signal sequence, wherein the amino terminus of the secretory sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid, and the amino terminus of the first amino acid is linked to the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid. In some embodiments, the fusion protein of the invention comprises a secretory signal sequence, wherein the amino terminus of the secretory sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids, and the amino terminus of the first amino acid is linked to the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fusion protein of the invention comprises a secretory signal sequence, wherein the amino terminus of the secretory sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids, and the amino terminus of the first amino acid is linked to the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fusion protein of the invention comprises a secretory signal sequence, wherein the amino terminus of the secretory sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2 or 3 amino acids, and the amino terminus of the first amino acid is linked to the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2 or 3 amino acids.
In some embodiments of the second aspect, the fusion protein of the invention comprises a secretory signal sequence, wherein the amino terminus of the secretory sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid, and the amino terminus of the second amino acid is linked to the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid. In some embodiments, the fusion protein of the invention comprises a secretory signal sequence, wherein the amino terminus of the secretory sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids, and the amino terminus of the second amino acid is linked to the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid by a peptide bond, or by one or more amino acids, e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fusion protein of the invention comprises a secretory signal sequence, wherein the amino terminus of the secretory sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids, and the amino terminus of the second amino acid is linked to the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fusion protein of the invention comprises a secretory signal sequence, wherein the amino terminus of the secretory sequence is linked to the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2 or 3 amino acids, and the amino terminus of the second amino acid is linked to the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid by a peptide bond, or by 1, 2 or 3 amino acids.
In some embodiments of the second aspect, the fusion protein is less than 3,000 amino acids, less than 2,000 amino acids, between 200 and 3,000 amino acids, between 200 and 2,000 amino acids, between 300 and 2,000 amino acids, between 300 and 1,500 amino acids or between 300 and 1,000 amino acids.
In related third aspect, the present invention relates to methods of expressing a polypeptide of interest from a host cell, comprising: introducing into the host cell an expression construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein is as described in the first and second aspects of the invention, including all embodiments thereof.
In some embodiments of the third aspect, the fusion protein comprises (i) a first amino acid sequence comprising one or more copies of an enhancer amino acid sequence, each enhancer amino acid sequence independently selected from the group consisting of ESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEY (SEQ ID NO: 1) and PASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEK (SEQ ID NO: 37), or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, wherein each copy is optionally flanked at each end by an amino acid sequence comprising a cleaver amino acid sequence as described hereinafter, and (ii) a second amino acid sequence of interest linked to the amino or carboxyl terminus of the first amino acid sequence, wherein the fusion protein is operably linked to one or more regulatory elements that mediate expression, and optionally secretion, of the fusion protein in the host cell.
In yet another related aspect, the present invention relates to a composition comprising a host cell that comprises a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, wherein the host cell expresses, and optionally secretes, the fusion protein.
In certain embodiments, these nucleic acid molecules can comprise one or more regulatory elements that mediate expression of the fusion protein in a host cell. Such a nucleic acid molecule is referred to herein as a “fusion protein expression construct.” The term “regulatory element” is intended to include promoters, enhancers, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES), and other expression control elements (e.g. transcription termination signals, such as polyadenylation signals and poly-U sequences). Such regulatory elements are described, for example, in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory elements include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those that direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). A tissue-specific promoter may direct expression primarily in a desired tissue of interest, such as muscle, neuron, bone, skin, blood, specific organs (e.g. liver, pancreas), or particular cell types (e.g. lymphocytes). Regulatory elements also include those that are inducible.
By way of example only, expression of genes under the actA promoter of Listeria is dependent upon a regulatory factor known as PrfA for transcriptional activation. Relative to broth-grown Listeria, gene expression under actA/PrfA regulation is induced approximately 200-fold when Listeria is present in host cells. Thus, in certain embodiments the regulatory sequences comprise a Listeria monocytogenes promoter that is PrfA-dependent. PrfA-dependent promoters may be selected from the group consisting of the inlA promoter, the inlB promoter, the inlC promoter, the hpt promoter, the hly promoter, the plcA promoter, the mpl promoter, and the actA promoter. Similar systems to induce gene expression in host organisms for other bacterial species are described hereinafter.
As noted above, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention comprise a first amino acid sequence comprising one or more copies of an enhancer amino acid sequence, wherein each enhancer amino acid sequence is independently selected from the group consisting of ESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEY (SEQ ID NO: 1) and PASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEK (SEQ ID NO: 37), or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. In various embodiments, the first amino acid sequence comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, or more copies of the enhancer amino acid sequence arranged in a single contiguous array, and the second amino acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest is linked either preceding or following the first amino acid sequence.
In various embodiments, the first amino acid sequence is ASKVLESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCADGSVK (SEQ ID NO: 31); or the first amino acid sequence is ASKVLPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVK (SEQ ID NO: 29); or the first amino acid sequence is ASKVLESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCADGSVKTSASKVAESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYG SCGDGSIK (SEQ ID NO: 69); or the first amino acid sequence is ASKVLPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVKTSASKVAPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKG SCGDGSIK (SEQ ID NO: 70); or the first amino acid sequence is ASKVLESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCADGSVKTSASKVAESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYG SCGDGSIKLSKVLESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCADGSVK (SEQ ID NO: 71); or the first amino acid sequence is ASKVLPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVKTSASKVAPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKG SCGDGSIKLSKVLPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVK (SEQ ID NO: 72); or the first amino acid sequence is ASKVLESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCADGSVKTSASKVAESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYG SCGDGSIKLSKVLESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCADGSVKASKVAESNQSVEDKHNEF MLTEYGSCGDGSIK (SEQ ID NO: 73); or the first amino acid sequence is ASKVLPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVKTSASKVAPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKG SCGDGSIKLSKVLPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVKASKVAPASRAVDDHHAQF LLSEKGSCGDGSIK (SEQ ID NO: 74); or the first amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 35; or the first amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 33. In one embodiment, the first amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 35, and SEQ ID NO: 33. In one embodiment, the first amino acid is SEQ ID NO: 35.
In a fourth aspect of the invention, a polypeptide is provided having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37, or an amino acid sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments the polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37, or an amino acid sequence having 1-3 conservative amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments the polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments the polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments the polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37.
In a fifth aspect of the invention, a polypeptide is provided wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37, or an amino acid sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions with SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37, or an amino acid sequence having 1-3 conservative amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the polypeptide is a fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37, or an amino acid sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions with SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37, or an amino acid sequence having 1-3 conservative amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37.
In a sixth aspect, a host cell is provided, wherein the host cell comprises a nucleic acid molecule of the invention, i.e. a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein, as described herein, and wherein the host cell expresses the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the host cell expresses and secretes the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is integrated into the genome of the host cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterium. In some embodiments, the bacterium is Listeria monocytogenes. In some embodiments, the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes and the nucleic acid molecule is integrated into a virulence gene of Listeria monocytogenes, wherein the integration of said nucleic acid molecule disrupts expression of the virulence gene or disrupts a coding sequence of the virulence gene. In some embodiments, the virulence gene is actA or inlB.
In a seventh aspect, a method of expressing a polypeptide of interest from a host cell is provided, said method comprising introducing into the host cell an expression construct comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the invention, i.e. a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein, as described herein, wherein the fusion protein is operably linked to one or more regulatory elements which mediate expression, and optionally secretion, of the fusion protein in the host cell. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is integrated into the genome of the host cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterium. In some embodiments, the bacterium is Listeria monocytogenes. In some embodiments, the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes and the nucleic acid molecule is integrated into a virulence gene of Listeria monocytogenes, wherein the integration of said nucleic acid molecule disrupts expression of the virulence gene or disrupts a coding sequence of the virulence gene. In some embodiments, the virulence gene is actA or inlB.
A number of bacterial species have been developed for use as vaccines, or for use as cancer immunotherapeutics, and the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can find use in expression of fusion proteins in such species. By way of example, preferred bacterial genuses are selected from the group consisting of Listeria, Escherichia, Neisseria, Mycobacterium, Francisella, Bacillus, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Burkholderia, Brucella, Legionella, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia. This list is not meant to be limiting. Most preferably, the bacterium is a facultative intracellular bacterium such as Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella, Francisella, Mycobacterium, Legionella, Burkholderia and Brucella. In certain exemplary embodiments described hereinafter, the bacterium is Listeria monocytogenes, including, e.g., modified Listeria monocytogenes ΔactA/ΔinlB (a L. monocytogenes in which the native actA and inlB genes have been deleted or rendered functionally deleted by mutation). This list is not meant to be limiting. See, e.g., WO04/006837; WO04/084936; WO04/110481; WO05/037233; WO05/092372; WO06/036550; WO07/103225; WO07/117371; WO08/109155; WO08/130551; WO08/140812; WO09/143085; WO09/143167; WO10/040135; WO11/060260; and WO14/074635, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures, and claims. The bacterial species may be a facultative, intracellular bacterial vector. The bacterium may be used to deliver a polypeptide of interest (e.g., an antigen) as part of the fusion protein for use therapeutically or prophylactically, e.g. as a vaccine, or as a cancer immunotherapeutic. The bacterium may be used to deliver such a polypeptide of interest to antigen-presenting cells in the host organism.
In various embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention may be provided to a host cell on a vector. In general, and throughout this specification, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. Vectors include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules that are single-stranded, double-stranded, or partially double-stranded; nucleic acid molecules that comprise one or more free ends, no free ends (e.g. circular); nucleic acid molecules that comprise DNA, RNA, or both; and other varieties of polynucleotides known in the art. One type of vector is a “plasmid,” which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be inserted, such as by standard molecular cloning techniques. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein virally-derived DNA or RNA sequences are present in the vector for packaging into a virus (e.g. retroviruses, replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses, replication defective adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses). Viral vectors also include polynucleotides carried by a virus for transfection into a host cell. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g. bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention may be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Such a nucleic acid molecule may be integrated into a virulence gene of a bacterium, and the integration of said nucleic acid sequence disrupts expression of the virulence gene or disrupts a coding sequence of the virulence gene. By way of example only, such a virulence gene may be Listeria monocytogenes actA or inlB.
In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is expressed as a fusion protein comprising an in frame secretory signal sequence, thereby resulting in the fusion protein being secreted as one or more soluble polypeptide(s) by the bacterium. Numerous exemplary signal sequences are known in the art for use in bacterial, mammalian, and plant expression systems. In the case where the bacterium is Listeria monocytogenes, it is preferred that the secretory signal sequence is a Listeria monocytogenes signal sequence, most preferably the ActA signal sequence. Additional ActA or other linker amino acids may also be expressed fused to the immunogenic polypeptide(s). In preferred embodiments, the fusion protein of the present invention comprise an in-frame ActA signal sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 28, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to said sequence.
In preferred embodiments, the present invention provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein, comprising:
(a) an ActA signal sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 28, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to said sequence;
(b) a first amino acid sequence comprising (i) a plurality (2, 3, 4, 5, or more copies) of a protein expression enhancer amino acid sequence that is independently ESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEY (SEQ ID NO: 1) or PASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEK (SEQ ID NO: 37) or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and (ii) a linker amino acid sequence flanking each protein expression enhancer amino acid sequence, wherein each linker amino acid sequence is independently selected and configured for proteasomal cleavage; and
(c) a polypeptide sequence of interest, such as a polypeptide sequence encoding an antigenic sequence, and most preferably comprising one or more tumor antigens or infectious disease antigens;
wherein the fusion protein is expressed from a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a Listeria monocytogenes ActA promoter.
In certain embodiments the nucleic acid sequences encoding the antigenic polypeptide(s) are codon optimized for expression by the bacterium (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes). As described hereinafter, different organisms often display “codon bias”; that is, the degree to which a given codon encoding a particular amino acid appears in the genetic code varies significantly between organisms. In general, the more rare codons that a gene contains, the less likely it is that the heterologous protein will be expressed at a reasonable level within that specific host system. These levels become even lower if the rare codons appear in clusters or in the N-terminal portion of the protein. Replacing rare codons with others that more closely reflect the host system's codon bias without modifying the amino acid sequence can increase the levels of functional protein expression. Methods for codon optimization are described hereinafter.
In some embodiments, the polypeptide sequence of interest, such as the polypeptide sequence encoding an antigenic sequence as described herein, comprises one or more independent antigenic sequences. The term “independent antigenic sequences” refers to a polypeptide sequence that comprises an antigenic epitope (e.g., a predicted T-cell epitope) and that is different in sequence from the other polypeptide sequences present in the longer polypeptide. By way of example only, the polypeptide sequence of interest may comprise 50 independent antigenic sequences, 25 independent antigenic sequences, 20 independent antigenic sequences, 19 independent antigenic sequences, 18 independent antigenic sequences, 17 independent antigenic sequences, 16 independent antigenic sequences, 15 independent antigenic sequences, 14 independent antigenic sequences, 13 independent antigenic sequences, 12 independent antigenic sequences, 11 independent antigenic sequences, 10 independent antigenic sequences, 9 independent antigenic sequences, 8 independent antigenic sequences, 7 independent antigenic sequences, 6 independent antigenic sequences, 5 independent antigenic sequences, 4 independent antigenic sequences, 3 independent antigenic sequences, 2 independent antigenic sequences or 1 antigenic sequence. In some embodiments, the one or more independent antigenic sequences comprise one or more neoantigenic sequences. In some embodiments, the one or more neoantigenic sequences are one or more neoantigenic sequence expressed by one or more tumor cells in an individual suffering from a cancer. In some embodiments, the one or more neoantigenic sequences are expressed by one or more colorectal cancer cells in an individual suffering from a colorectal cancer.
In one aspect, the nucleic acid sequences of the invention, i.e. the nucleic acid sequences encoding the fusion protein as described herein, are used in a personalized live, attenuated, double-deleted Listeria monocytogenes (pLADD) based immunotherapy. In one embodiment of this aspect, the Listeria monocytogenes is a ΔactA/ΔinlB strain that comprises the nucleic acid sequence encoding the fusion protein, which comprises the polypeptide of interest, as described herein. In some embodiments, the pLADD is administered to an individual having a cancer, wherein the polypeptide of interest comprises one or more tumor-associated antigens expressed by one or more tumor cells in the individual. In some embodiments, the individual has a colorectal cancer.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of embodiments in addition to those described and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract, are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The present invention relates to compositions and methods for preparing and using attenuated bacterial species modified to increase the expression of one or more heterologous antigens. The present invention can provide attenuated bacterial vaccine strains or attenuated bacterial strains for use as cancer immunotherapeutics, with advantageous safety profiles for use in the treatment or prevention of diseases having a risk-benefit profile not appropriate for live non-attenuated vaccines.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of embodiments in addition to those described and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract, are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Abbreviations used to indicate a mutation in a gene, or a mutation in a bacterium comprising the gene, are as follows. By way of example, the abbreviation “L. monocytogenes ΔactA” means that part, or all, of the actA gene was deleted. The delta symbol (Δ) means deletion. An abbreviation including a superscripted minus sign (Listeria ActA−) means that the actA gene was mutated, e.g., by way of a deletion, point mutation, or frameshift mutation, but not limited to these types of mutations.
“Administration” as it applies to a human, mammal, mammalian subject, animal, veterinary subject, placebo subject, research subject, experimental subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid, refers without limitation to contact of an exogenous ligand, reagent, placebo, small molecule, pharmaceutical agent, therapeutic agent, diagnostic agent, or composition to the subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid, and the like. “Administration” can refer, e.g., to therapeutic, pharmacokinetic, diagnostic, research, placebo, and experimental methods. Treatment of a cell encompasses contact of a reagent to the cell, as well as contact of a reagent to a fluid, where the fluid is in contact with the cell. “Administration” also encompasses in vitro and ex vivo treatments, e.g., of a cell, by a reagent, diagnostic, binding composition, or by another cell.
An “agonist,” as it relates to a ligand and receptor, comprises a molecule, combination of molecules, a complex, or a combination of reagents, that stimulates the receptor. For example, an agonist of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor can encompass GM-CSF, a mutein or derivative of GM-CSF, a peptide mimetic of GM-CSF, a small molecule that mimics the biological function of GM-CSF, or an antibody that stimulates GM-CSF receptor.
An “antagonist,” as it relates to a ligand and receptor, comprises a molecule, combination of molecules, or a complex, that inhibits, counteracts, downregulates, and/or desensitizes the receptor. “Antagonist” encompasses any reagent that inhibits a constitutive activity of the receptor. A constitutive activity is one that is manifest in the absence of a ligand/receptor interaction. “Antagonist” also encompasses any reagent that inhibits or prevents a stimulated (or regulated) activity of a receptor. By way of example, an antagonist of GM-CSF receptor includes, without implying any limitation, an antibody that binds to the ligand (GM-CSF) and prevents it from binding to the receptor, or an antibody that binds to the receptor and prevents the ligand from binding to the receptor, or where the antibody locks the receptor in an inactive conformation.
As used herein, an “analog” or “derivative” with reference to a peptide, polypeptide or protein refers to another peptide, polypeptide or protein that possesses a similar or identical function as the original peptide, polypeptide or protein, but does not necessarily comprise a similar or identical amino acid sequence or structure of the original peptide, polypeptide or protein. An analog preferably satisfies at least one of the following: (a) a proteinaceous agent having an amino acid sequence that is at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% identical to the original amino acid sequence (b) a proteinaceous agent encoded by a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleotide sequence encoding the original amino acid sequence; and (c) a proteinaceous agent encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding the original amino acid sequence.
“Antigen sequence” or “antigenic sequence” as used herein refers to an amino acid sequence comprising at least a minimal peptide (e.g. a peptide predicted to be immunogenic and bind the subject MHC molecules when flanked by the cleaver sequences as described herein) intended to induce an immune response when the fusion proteins of the invention delivered to a subject, e.g. by administration of a bacteria engineered to express and secrete the fusion protein. The antigenic sequence can comprise a tumor antigen, or an infectious disease antigen. The antigen sequences include known antigens as described herein, including any antigenic fragments thereof. In instances where the antigenic sequences comprise tumor antigens, the sequences include neoantigen sequences, e.g. a sequence determined for a particular individual by assessing antigens expressed by a cancer cell using methods known in the art (e.g. sequencing a biopsy of one or more cancer cells from the individual). In general, the antigenic sequence can include a full length gene sequence, or any antigenic fragment thereof, including a minimal peptide. Typically the antigenic sequence is at least about 8 amino acids, e.g. 8-1,000, 8-500, 8-400, 8-300, 8-200, 8-100, 8-90, 8-80, 8-70, 8-60, 8-50, 8-40, 8-30, 10-1,000, 10-500, 10-400, 10-300, 10-200, 10-100, 10-90, 10-80, 10-70, 10-60, 10-50, 10-40, or 10-30 amino acids in length. In some instances, the fusion protein can include more than one antigenic sequence fragment from a full length sequence, e.g. one or more epitopes from within a full length antigen. In some instances, the fusion protein can include more than one antigenic sequence fragments from different full length sequences, e.g. one or more epitopes from within different full length antigens. In some instances, the antigenic sequence comprises additional amino acids to alter the hydropathy of the peptide, or to enhance the T-cell response to include both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Methods for improving the MHC binding of the antigenic sequence can be found in, e.g., Andreatta and Nielsen, (2016) Bioinformatics 32(4):511-7; and Nielsen et al., (2003) Protein Sci., 12:1007-17. In some instances, the antigenic sequence comprises a minimal peptide sequence and further comprises additional amino acids on either or both of the amino and carboxy terminus thereof, e.g. amino acids intended to alter the hydropathy of the antigenic sequence to improve predicted MHC binding of the antigenic sequence, or to improve the overall response to the antigenic sequence to induce both a CD4 and CD8 response.
“Antigen presenting cells” (APCs) are cells of the immune system used for presenting antigen to T cells. APCs include dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, marginal zone Kupffer cells, microglia, Langerhans cells, T cells, and B cells. Dendritic cells occur in at least two lineages. The first lineage encompasses pre-DC1, myeloid DC1, and mature DC1. The second lineage encompasses CD34+CD45RA− early progenitor multipotent cells, CD34+CD45RA+ cells, CD34+CD45RA+CD4+IL-3Ra+ pro-DC2 cells, CD4+CD11c-plasmacytoid pre-DC2 cells, lymphoid human DC2 plasmacytoid-derived DC2s, and mature DC2s.
“Attenuation” and “attenuated” encompasses a bacterium, virus, parasite, infectious organism, prion, tumor cell, gene in the infectious organism, and the like, that is modified to reduce toxicity to a host. The host can be a human or animal host, or an organ, tissue, or cell. The bacterium, to give a non-limiting example, can be attenuated to reduce binding to a host cell, to reduce spread from one host cell to another host cell, to reduce extracellular growth, or to reduce intracellular growth in a host cell. Attenuation can be assessed by measuring, e.g., an indicum or indicia of toxicity, the LD50, the rate of clearance from an organ, or the competitive index (see, e.g., Auerbuch, et al. (2001) Infect. Immunity 69:5953-5957). Generally, an attenuation results an increase in the LD50 and/or an increase in the rate of clearance by at least 25%; more generally by at least 50%; most generally by at least 100% (2-fold); normally by at least 5-fold; more normally by at least 10-fold; most normally by at least 50-fold; often by at least 100-fold; more often by at least 500-fold; and most often by at least 1000-fold; usually by at least 5000-fold; more usually by at least 10,000-fold; and most usually by at least 50,000-fold; and most often by at least 100,000-fold.
“Attenuated gene” encompasses a gene that mediates toxicity, pathology, or virulence, to a host, growth within the host, or survival within the host, where the gene is mutated in a way that mitigates, reduces, or eliminates the toxicity, pathology, or virulence. The reduction or elimination can be assessed by comparing the virulence or toxicity mediated by the mutated gene with that mediated by the non-mutated (or parent) gene. “Mutated gene” encompasses deletions, point mutations, and frameshift mutations in regulatory regions of the gene, coding regions of the gene, non-coding regions of the gene, or any combination thereof.
A “cleaver sequence” or “cleaver amino acid sequence” refers to an amino acid sequence that is configured to be cleaved by a host cell proteasome. By way of example, without limitation, such cleaver sequences can be independently selected from the group consisting of ADGSVK (SEQ ID NO: 2), ASKVA (SEQ ID NO: 3), LSKVL (SEQ ID NO: 4), ASKVL (SEQ ID NO: 5), GDGSIK (SEQ ID NO: 6), ADGSV (SEQ ID NO: 7), LAKSL (SEQ ID NO: 8), ADLAVK (SEQ ID NO: 9), ASVVA (SEQ ID NO: 10), GIGSIA (SEQ ID NO: 11), GVEKI (SEQ ID NO: 12), NAANKG (SEQ ID NO: 13), DGSKKA (SEQ ID NO: 14), GDGNKK (SEQ ID NO: 15), KLSKVL (SEQ ID NO: 75), and GDGNK (SEQ ID NO: 76). In some embodiments, the fusion proteins of the invention comprise the enhancer sequence linked to a cleaver sequence at both the amino and carboxy terminus of the enhancer sequence, e.g. the fusion protein can comprise, for example, one or more of SEQ ID NO: 5↓SEQ ID NO: 2; SEQ ID NO: 3↓SEQ ID NO: 6; SEQ ID NO: 4↓SEQ ID NO: 2; SEQ ID NO: 8↓SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ ID NO: 10↓SEQ ID NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 12↓SEQ ID NO: 13; and SEQ ID NO: 14↓SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein ↓ represents the enhancer sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 37, or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, linked to the cleaver sequence as indicated. This list is not meant to be limiting. In some embodiments, the fusion proteins of the invention comprise multiple antigenic sequences linked to a cleaver sequence at both the amino and carboxy terminus of the antigenic sequence, e.g. the fusion protein can comprise, for example, one or more of SEQ ID NO: 5SEQ ID NO: 2; SEQ ID NO: 3
SEQ ID NO: 6; SEQ ID NO: 4
SEQ ID NO: 2; SEQ ID NO: 4
SEQ ID NO: 7; SEQ ID NO: 8
SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ ID NO: 10
SEQ ID NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 12
SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 14
SEQ ID NO: 15; SEQ ID NO: 14
SEQ ID NO: 2; SEQ ID NO: 14
SEQ ID NO: 76; SEQ ID NO: 75
SEQ ID NO: 2; and SEQ ID NO: 75
SEQ ID NO: 76, wherein
represents the antigenic sequence linked to the cleaver sequence as indicated. This list is not meant to be limiting.
“Conservatively modified variants” applies to both amino acid and nucleic acid sequences. With respect to particular nucleic acid sequences, a conservatively modified variant refers to nucleic acids encoding identical amino acid sequences, or amino acid sequences that have one or more conservative substitutions. In some embodiments, the enhancer sequence as described herein include said sequence having 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof. An example of a conservative substitution is the exchange of an amino acid in one of the following groups for another amino acid of the same group (U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,063 issued to Lee, et al.; Kyte and Doolittle (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 157:105-132).
(2) Neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr;
(5) Residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro;
(7) Small amino acids: Gly, Ala, Ser.
“Effective amount” encompasses, without limitation, an amount that can ameliorate, reverse, mitigate, prevent, or diagnose a symptom or sign of a medical condition or disorder. Unless dictated otherwise, explicitly or by context, an “effective amount” is not limited to a minimal amount sufficient to ameliorate a condition.
The term “enhancer sequence” or “enhancer amino acid sequence” is used to describe the unique amino acid sequences as described herein (e.g., a sequence independently selected from the group consisting of ESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEY (SEQ ID NO: 1) and PASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEK (SEQ ID NO: 37), or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof), that have been found to significantly enhance the expression and/or secretion from a bacteria or other organism of a fusion protein comprising one or more of these enhancer amino acid sequences. Such enhancer sequences are particularly useful for increasing the expression and/or secretion of antigenic sequences contained within the fusion protein. For example, when a bacterium comprising a nucleic acid sequence of the invention is used as a vaccine or cancer immunotherapeutic, the increased expression/secretion due to the enhancer sequence provides an improved immune response to the antigenic sequences as compared to a fusion protein lacking such an enhancer amino acid sequence.
An “extracellular fluid” encompasses, e.g., serum, plasma, blood, interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, secreted fluids, lymph, bile, sweat, fecal matter, and urine. An “extracelluar fluid” can comprise a colloid or a suspension, e.g., whole blood or coagulated blood.
The term “fragments” in the context of polypeptides include a peptide or polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 15 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 20 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 25 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 40 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 50 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 60 contiguous amino residues, at least 70 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 80 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 90 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 100 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 125 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 150 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 175 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 200 contiguous amino acid residues, or at least 250 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of a larger polypeptide.
“Gene” refers to a nucleic acid sequence encoding an oligopeptide or polypeptide. The oligopeptide or polypeptide can be biologically active, antigenically active, biologically inactive, or antigenically inactive, and the like. The term gene encompasses, e.g., the sum of the open reading frames (ORFs) encoding a specific oligopeptide or polypeptide; the sum of the ORFs plus the nucleic acids encoding introns; the sum of the ORFs and the operably linked promoter(s); the sum of the ORFS and the operably linked promoter(s) and any introns; the sum of the ORFS and the operably linked promoter(s), intron(s), and promoter(s), and other regulatory elements, such as enhancer(s). In certain embodiments, “gene” encompasses any sequences required in cis for regulating expression of the gene. The term gene can also refer to a nucleic acid that encodes a peptide encompassing an antigen or an antigenically active fragment of a peptide, oligopeptide, polypeptide, or protein. The term gene does not necessarily imply that the encoded peptide or protein has any biological activity, or even that the peptide or protein is antigenically active. A nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-expressable sequence is generally considered a pseudogene. The term gene also encompasses nucleic acid sequences encoding a ribonucleic acid such as rRNA, tRNA, or a ribozyme.
“Growth” of a bacterium such as Listeria encompasses, without limitation, functions of bacterial physiology and genes relating to colonization, replication, increase in protein content, and/or increase in lipid content. Unless specified otherwise explicitly or by context, growth of a Listeria encompasses growth of the bacterium outside a host cell, and also growth inside a host cell. Growth related genes include, without implying any limitation, those that mediate energy production (e.g., glycolysis, Krebs cycle, cytochromes), anabolism and/or catabolism of amino acids, sugars, lipids, minerals, purines, and pyrimidines, nutrient transport, transcription, translation, and/or replication. In some embodiments, “growth” of a Listeria bacterium refers to intracellular growth of the Listeria bacterium, that is, growth inside a host cell such as a mammalian cell. While intracellular growth of a Listeria bacterium can be measured by light microscopy or colony forming unit (CFU) assays, growth is not to be limited by any technique of measurement. Biochemical parameters such as the quantity of a Listerial antigen, Listerial nucleic acid sequence, or lipid specific to the Listeria bacterium, can be used to assess growth. In some embodiments, a gene that mediates growth is one that specifically mediates intracellular growth. In some embodiments, a gene that specifically mediates intracellular growth encompasses, but is not limited to, a gene where inactivation of the gene reduces the rate of intracellular growth but does not detectably, substantially, or appreciably, reduce the rate of extracellular growth (e.g., growth in broth), or a gene where inactivation of the gene reduces the rate of intracellular growth to a greater extent than it reduces the rate of extracellular growth. To provide a non-limiting example, in some embodiments, a gene where inactivation reduces the rate of intracellular growth to a greater extent than extracellular growth encompasses the situation where inactivation reduces intracellular growth to less than 50% the normal or maximal value, but reduces extracellular growth to only 1-5%, 5-10%, or 10-15% the maximal value. The invention, in certain aspects, encompasses a Listeria attenuated in intracellular growth but not attenuated in extracellular growth, a Listeria not attenuated in intracellular growth and not attenuated in extracellular growth, as well as a Listeria not attenuated in intracellular growth but attenuated in extracellular growth.
A “hydropathy analysis” refers to the analysis of a polypeptide sequence by the method of Kyte and Doolittle: “A Simple Method for Displaying the Hydropathic Character of a Protein”. J. Mol. Biol. 157(1982)105-132. In this method, each amino acid is given a hydrophobicity score between 4.6 and −4.6. A score of 4.6 is the most hydrophobic and a score of −4.6 is the most hydrophilic. Then a window size is set. A window size is the number of amino acids whose hydrophobicity scores will be averaged and assigned to the first amino acid in the window. The calculation starts with the first window of amino acids and calculates the average of all the hydrophobicity scores in that window. Then the window moves down one amino acid and calculates the average of all the hydrophobicity scores in the second window. This pattern continues to the end of the protein, computing the average score for each window and assigning it to the first amino acid in the window. The averages are then plotted on a graph. The y axis represents the hydrophobicity scores and the x axis represents the window number. The following hydrophobicity scores are used for the 20 common amino acids.
A composition that is “labeled” is detectable, either directly or indirectly, by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, isotopic, or chemical methods. For example, useful labels include 32P, 33P, 35S, 14C, 3H, 1251, stable isotopes, epitope tags, fluorescent dyes, electron-dense reagents, substrates, or enzymes, e.g., as used in enzyme-linked immunoassays, or fluorettes (see, e.g., Rozinov and Nolan (1998) Chem. Biol. 5:713-728).
“Linked to” as it is used herein with respect to fusion protein products, refers to two amino acid sequences of the invention (e.g. a secretary signal sequence and a first amino acid sequence as described herein) within a fusion protein that are linked either directly via the peptide bond of the carboxy terminus of one sequence and the amino terminus of the other sequence, or can be linked via peptide bonds of a “linker sequence” of one or more amino acids (e.g. 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 amino acids). One skilled in the art can readily provide the nucleic acid sequence necessary to produce the fusion protein of interest, e.g. where the one or more amino acid sequence that links e.g. a signal sequence to a first amino acid sequence comprising the enhancer sequence, as described herein. In some instances the one or more amino acid sequence linking two amino acid sequences of the invention are the result of restriction sites used in preparing the nucleic acids of the invention. Upon ligation of the restriction enzyme products, the resulting nucleic acid sequence translate a residual amino acid sequence into the fusion protein, such sequences may be referred to herein as a “restriction fragment residual”. Such a restriction fragment residual is well known in the art, and is typically 2 amino acids. For example, where a BamHI restriction sequence is used, the resulting ggatcc sequence of the nucleic acid results in a residual GS linkage between the two amino acid components expressed as the protein fusion sequence. Similarly, SpeI restriction sequence actagt results in a residual TS linkage.
“Ligand” refers to a small molecule, peptide, polypeptide, or membrane associated or membrane-bound molecule that is an agonist or antagonist of a receptor. “Ligand” also encompasses a binding agent that is not an agonist or antagonist, and has no agonist or antagonist properties. By convention, where a ligand is membrane-bound on a first cell, the receptor usually occurs on a second cell. The second cell may have the same identity (the same name), or it may have a different identity (a different name), as the first cell. A ligand or receptor may be entirely intracellular, that is, it may reside in the cytosol, nucleus, or in some other intracellular compartment. The ligand or receptor may change its location, e.g., from an intracellular compartment to the outer face of the plasma membrane. The complex of a ligand and receptor is termed a “ligand receptor complex.” Where a ligand and receptor are involved in a signaling pathway, the ligand occurs at an upstream position and the receptor occurs at a downstream position of the signaling pathway.
“Nucleic acid” refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single stranded, double-stranded form, or multi-stranded form. Non-limiting examples of a nucleic acid are a, e.g., cDNA, mRNA, oligonucleotide, and polynucleotide. A particular nucleic acid sequence can also implicitly encompasses “allelic variants” and “splice variants.”
A “neoantigen” or “neoantigenic sequence” refers to a newly formed antigen that has not been previously recognized by the immune system of the individual in which the neoantigen has formed. Neoantigens are often associated with oncogenic or virally-infected cells. Neoantigens can be formed when a protein undergoes further modification within a biochemical pathway such as glycosylation, phosphorylation or proteolysis, or by mutation at the nucleic acid level. By altering the structure of an otherwise normal protein, this process can produce new epitopes (called “neoantigenic determinants”) as they give rise to new antigenic determinants. Such antigens are new and can be specific to the tumor cells or virally infected cells in an individual (e.g. as the result of a mutation within a gene in the tumor cells), and provide a target for immunotherapy directed against the tumor or virus. In the context of the present invention, an individual suffering from a cancer will preferably express one or more neoantigens on the cancer cells. The individual's cancer, i.e. tumor cells, can be biopsied and assayed to determine the identity of any neoantigens, which can be engineered into the fusion protein constructs of the present invention for purposes of immunotherapy. Thus the fusion proteins as described herein can comprise one or more independently selected neoantigens, e.g. 1-50, 1-25, 1-20, 1-19, 1-18, 1-17, 1-16, 1-15, 1-14, 1-13, 1-12, 1-11, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 independently selected neoantigenic sequences.
“Operably linked” in the context of a promoter and a nucleic acid encoding a mRNA means that the promoter can be used to initiate transcription of that nucleic acid.
The terms “percent sequence identity” and “% sequence identity” refer to the percentage of sequence similarity found by a comparison or alignment of two or more amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. Percent identity can be determined by a direct comparison of the sequence information between two molecules by aligning the sequences, counting the exact number of matches between the two aligned sequences, dividing by the length of the shorter sequence, and multiplying the result by 100. An algorithm for calculating percent identity is the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm (see, e.g., Kann and Goldstein (2002) Proteins 48:367-376; Arslan, et al. (2001) Bioinformatics 17:327-337).
A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” or “diagnostically acceptable excipient” refers to an excipient that can be used with (i.e. in the formulation of) e.g. the bacteria comprising the nucleic acids as described herein for therapeutic or diagnostic use, Such excipients include, but is not limited to, sterile distilled water, saline, phosphate buffered solutions, amino acid based buffers, or bicarbonate buffered solutions. An excipient selected and the amount of excipient used will depend upon the use, e.g. the mode of administration for therapeutic or diagnostic use (e.g. oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, dermal, intradermal, intramuscular, mucosal, parenteral, intraorgan, intralesional, intranasal, inhalation, intraocular, intramuscular, intravascular, intranodal, by scarification, rectal, intraperitoneal, or any one or combination of a variety of well-known routes of administration).
By “purified” and “isolated” is meant, when referring to a polypeptide or nucleic acid, that the polypeptide is present in the substantial absence of the other biological macromolecules with which it is associated in nature. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules and fusion proteins of the inventions as described herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules or fusion proteins. The term “purified” as used herein means that an identified polypeptide or nucleic acid often accounts for at least 50%, more often accounts for at least 60%, typically accounts for at least 70%, more typically accounts for at least 75%, most typically accounts for at least 80%, usually accounts for at least 85%, more usually accounts for at least 90%, most usually accounts for at least 95%, and conventionally accounts for at least 98% by weight, or greater, of the polypeptides present. The weights of water, buffers, salts, detergents, reductants, protease inhibitors, stabilizers (including an added protein such as albumin), and excipients, and molecules having a molecular weight of less than 1000, are generally not used in the determination of polypeptide purity. See, e.g., discussion of purity in U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,611 issued to Covacci, et al.
“Peptide” refers to a short sequence of amino acids, where the amino acids are connected to each other by peptide bonds. A peptide may occur free or bound to another moiety, such as a macromolecule, lipid, oligo- or polysaccharide, and/or a polypeptide. Where a peptide is incorporated into a polypeptide chain, the term “peptide” may still be used to refer specifically to the short sequence of amino acids. A “peptide” may be connected to another moiety by way of a peptide bond or some other type of linkage. A peptide is at least two amino acids in length and generally less than about 25 amino acids in length, where the maximal length is a function of custom or context. The terms “peptide” and “oligopeptide” may be used interchangeably.
“Protein” generally refers to the sequence of amino acids comprising a polypeptide chain. Protein may also refer to a three dimensional structure of the polypeptide. “Denatured protein” refers to a partially denatured polypeptide, having some residual three dimensional structure or, alternatively, to an essentially random three dimensional structure, i.e., totally denatured. The invention encompasses reagents of, and methods using, polypeptide variants, e.g., involving glycosylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, disulfide bond formation, deamidation, isomerization, cleavage points in signal or leader sequence processing, covalent and non-covalently bound cofactors, oxidized variants, and the like. The formation of disulfide linked proteins is described (see, e.g., Woycechowsky and Raines (2000) Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 4:533-539; Creighton, et al. (1995) Trends Biotechnol. 13:18-23).
“Recombinant” when used with reference, e.g., to a nucleic acid, cell, animal, virus, plasmid, vector, or the like, indicates modification by the introduction of an exogenous, non-native nucleic acid, alteration of a native nucleic acid, or by derivation in whole or in part from a recombinant nucleic acid, cell, virus, plasmid, or vector. Recombinant protein refers to a protein derived, e.g., from a recombinant nucleic acid, virus, plasmid, vector, or the like. “Recombinant bacterium” encompasses a bacterium where the genome is engineered by recombinant methods, e.g., by way of a mutation, deletion, insertion, and/or a rearrangement. “Recombinant bacterium” also encompasses a bacterium modified to include a recombinant extra-genomic nucleic acid, e.g., a plasmid or a second chromosome, or a bacterium where an existing extra-genomic nucleic acid is altered.
“Sample” refers to a sample from a human, animal, placebo, or research sample, e.g., a cell, tissue, organ, fluid, gas, aerosol, slurry, colloid, or coagulated material. The “sample” may be tested in vivo, e.g., without removal from the human or animal, or it may be tested in vitro. The sample may be tested after processing, e.g., by histological methods. “Sample” also refers, e.g., to a cell comprising a fluid or tissue sample or a cell separated from a fluid or tissue sample. “Sample” may also refer to a cell, tissue, organ, or fluid that is freshly taken from a human or animal, or to a cell, tissue, organ, or fluid that is processed or stored.
A “selectable marker” encompasses a nucleic acid that allows one to select for or against a cell that contains the selectable marker. Examples of selectable markers include, without limitation, e.g.: (1) A nucleic acid encoding a product providing resistance to an otherwise toxic compound (e.g., an antibiotic), or encoding susceptibility to an otherwise harmless compound (e.g., sucrose); (2) A nucleic acid encoding a product that is otherwise lacking in the recipient cell (e.g., tRNA genes, auxotrophic markers); (3) A nucleic acid encoding a product that suppresses an activity of a gene product; (4) A nucleic acid that encodes a product that can be readily identified (e.g., phenotypic markers such as beta-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), cell surface proteins, an epitope tag, a FLAG tag); (5) A nucleic acid that can be identified by hybridization techniques, for example, PCR or molecular beacons.
“Specifically” or “selectively” binds, when referring to a ligand/receptor, nucleic acid/complementary nucleic acid, antibody/antigen, or other binding pair (e.g., a cytokine to a cytokine receptor) indicates a binding reaction that is determinative of the presence of the protein in a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics. Thus, under designated conditions, a specified ligand binds to a particular receptor and does not bind in a significant amount to other proteins present in the sample. Specific binding can also mean, e.g., that the binding compound, nucleic acid ligand, antibody, or binding composition derived from the antigen-binding site of an antibody, of the contemplated method binds to its target with an affinity that is often at least 25% greater, more often at least 50% greater, most often at least 100% (2-fold) greater, normally at least ten times greater, more normally at least 20-times greater, and most normally at least 100-times greater than the affinity with any other binding compound.
In a typical embodiment an antibody will have an affinity that is greater than about 109 liters/mol, as determined, e.g., by Scatchard analysis (Munsen, et al. (1980) Analyt. Biochem. 107:220-239). It is recognized by the skilled artisan that some binding compounds can specifically bind to more than one target, e.g., an antibody specifically binds to its antigen, to lectins by way of the antibody's oligosaccharide, and/or to an Fc receptor by way of the antibody's Fc region.
“Spread” of a bacterium encompasses “cell to cell spread,” that is, transmission of the bacterium from a first host cell to a second host cell, as mediated, for example, by a vesicle. Functions relating to spread include, but are not limited to, e.g., formation of an actin tail, formation of a pseudopod-like extension, and formation of a double-membraned vacuole.
The term “subject” as used herein refers to a human or non-human organism. Thus, the methods and compositions described herein are applicable to both human and veterinary disease. In certain embodiments, subjects are “patients,” i.e., living humans that are receiving medical care for a disease or condition. This includes persons with no defined illness who are being investigated for signs of pathology.
The “target site” of a recombinase is the nucleic acid sequence or region that is recognized, bound, and/or acted upon by the recombinase (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,943 issued to Graham, et al.; Smith and Thorpe (2002) Mol. Microbiol. 44:299-307; Groth and Cabs (2004) J. Mol. Biol. 335:667-678; Nunes-Duby, et al. (1998) Nucleic Acids Res. 26:391-406).
“Therapeutically effective amount” is defined as an amount of a reagent or pharmaceutical composition that is sufficient to show a patient benefit, i.e., to cause a decrease, prevention, or amelioration of the symptoms of the condition being treated. When the agent or pharmaceutical composition comprises a diagnostic agent, a “diagnostically effective amount” is defined as an amount that is sufficient to produce a signal, image, or other diagnostic parameter. Effective amounts of the pharmaceutical formulation will vary according to factors such as the degree of susceptibility of the individual, the age, gender, and weight of the individual, and idiosyncratic responses of the individual (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,530 issued to Netti, et al.).
“Treatment” or “treating” (with respect to a condition or a disease) is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including and preferably clinical results. For purposes of this invention, beneficial or desired results with respect to a disease include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: improving a condition associated with a disease, curing a disease, lessening severity of a disease, delaying progression of a disease, delaying relapse of a disease, alleviating one or more symptoms associated with a disease, increasing the quality of life of one suffering from a disease, and/or prolonging survival. Likewise, for purposes of this invention, beneficial or desired results with respect to a condition include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: improving a condition, curing a condition, lessening severity of a condition, delaying progression of a condition, delaying relapse of a condition, alleviating one or more symptoms associated with a condition, increasing the quality of life of one suffering from a condition, and/or prolonging survival.
“Vaccine” encompasses preventative vaccines, including vaccines for prevention of the relapse of a disease. Vaccine also encompasses therapeutic vaccines, e.g., a vaccine administered to a mammal that comprises a condition or disorder associated with the antigen or epitope provided by the vaccine.
By “immunogenic” as that term is used herein is meant that the antigen is capable of eliciting an antigen-specific humoral or T-cell response (CD4+ and/or CD8+). Selection of one or more antigens or derivatives thereof for use in the vaccine compositions of the present invention may be performed in a variety of ways, including an assessment of the ability of a bacterium of choice to successfully express and secrete the recombinant antigen(s); and/or the ability of the recombinant antigen(s) to initiate an antigen specific CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cell response. As discussed hereinafter, in order to arrive at a final selection of antigen(s) for use with a particular bacterial delivery vehicle, these attributes of the recombinant antigen(s) are preferably combined with the ability of the complete vaccine platform (meaning the selected bacterial expression system for the selected antigen(s)) to initiate both the innate immune response as well as an antigen-specific T cell response against the recombinantly expressed antigen(s). An initial determination of suitable antigens may be made by selecting antigen(s) or antigen fragment(s) that are successfully recombinantly expressed by the bacterial host of choice (e.g., Listeria), and that are immunogenic.
Direct detection of expression of the recombinant antigen by Western blot may be performed using an antibody that detects the antigenic sequence being recombinantly produced, or using an antibody that detects an included sequence (a “tag”) that is expressed with the antigen as a fusion protein. For example, the antigen(s) may be expressed as fusions with an N-terminal portion of the Listeria ActA protein, and an anti-ActA antibody raised against a synthetic peptide (ATDSEDSSLNTDEWEEEK (SEQ ID NO: 77)) corresponding to the mature N terminal 18 amino acids of ActA can be used to detect the expressed protein product.
Assays for testing the immunogenicity of antigens are described herein and are well known in the art. As an example, an antigen recombinantly produced by a bacterium of choice can be optionally constructed to contain the nucleotide sequence encoding an eight amino SIINFEKL (SEQ ID NO: 38) peptide (also known as SL8 and ovalbumin 257-264), positioned in-frame at the carboxyl terminus of the antigen. Compositions such as the C-terminal SL8 epitope serve as a surrogate (i) to demonstrate that the recombinant antigen is being expressed in its entirety from N-terminal to C-terminal, and (ii) to demonstrate the ability of antigen presenting cells to present the recombinant antigen via the MHC class I pathway, using an in vitro antigen presentation assay. Such a presentation assay can be performed using the cloned C57BL/6-derived dendritic cell line DC2.4 together with the B3Z T cell hybridoma cell line as described hereinafter.
Alternatively, or in addition, immunogenicity may be tested using an ELISPOT assay as described hereinafter. ELISPOT assays were originally developed to enumerate B cells secreting antigen-specific antibodies, but have subsequently been adapted for various tasks, especially the identification and enumeration of cytokine-producing cells at the single cell level. Spleens may be harvested from animals inoculated with an appropriate bacterial vaccine, and the isolated splenocytes incubated overnight with or without peptides derived from the one or more antigens expressed by the bacterial vaccine. An immobilized antibody captures any secreted IFN-γ, thus permitting subsequent measurement of secreted IFN-γ, and assessment of the immune response to the vaccine.
A number of bacterial species have been developed for use as vaccines and can be used in the present invention, including, but not limited to, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi or Mycobacterium species, preferably Listeria monocytogenes. This list is not meant to be limiting. See, e.g., WO04/006837; WO07/103225; and WO07/117371, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures, and claims. The bacterial vector used in the vaccine composition may be a facultative, intracellular bacterial vector. The bacterium may be used to deliver a polypeptide described herein to antigen-presenting cells in the host organism. As described herein, L. monocytogenes provides a preferred vaccine platform for expression of the antigens of the present invention.
Recombinant vectors are prepared using standard techniques known in the art, and contain suitable control elements operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the target antigen. See, for example, Plotkin, et al. (eds.) (2003) Vaccines, 4th ed., W.B. Saunders, Co., Phila., Pa.; Sikora, et al. (eds.) (1996) Tumor Immunology Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; Hackett and Harn (eds.) Vaccine Adjuvants, Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.; Isaacson (eds.) (1992) Recombinant DNA Vaccines, Marcel Dekker, NY, NY; Morse, et al. (eds.) (2004) Handbook of Cancer Vaccines, Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.), Liao, et al. (2005) Cancer Res. 65:9089-9098; Dean (2005) Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2:227-236; Arlen, et al. (2003) Expert Rev. Vaccines 2:483-493; Dela Cruz, et al. (2003) Vaccine 21:1317-1326; Johansen, et al. (2000) Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50:413-417; Excler (1998) Vaccine 16:1439-1443; Disis, et al. (1996) J. Immunol. 156:3151-3158). Peptide vaccines are described (see, e.g., McCabe, et al. (1995) Cancer Res. 55:1741-1747; Minev, et al. (1994) Cancer Res. 54:4155-4161; Snyder, et al. (2004) J. Virology 78:7052-7060.
Antigen expression platforms may also be provided using naked DNA vectors and naked RNA vectors. These vaccines containing nucleic acids may be administered by a gene gun, electroporation, bacterial ghosts, microspheres, microparticles, liposomes, polycationic nanoparticles, and the like (see, e.g., Donnelly, et al. (1997) Ann. Rev. Immunol. 15:617-648; Mincheff, et al. (2001) Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 39:125-132; Song, et al. (2005) J. Virol. 79:9854-9861; Estcourt, et al. (2004) Immunol. Rev. 199:144-155). Reagents and methodologies for administration of naked nucleic acids, e.g., by way of a gene gun, intradermic, intramuscular, and electroporation methods, are available. The nucleic acid vaccines may comprise a locked nucleic acid (LNA), where the LNA allows for attachment of a functional moiety to the plasmid DNA, and where the functional moiety can be an adjuvant (see, e.g., Fensterle, et al. (1999) J. Immunol. 163:4510-4518; Strugnell, et al. (1997) Immunol. Cell Biol. 75:364-369; Hertoughs, et al. (2003) Nucleic Acids Res. 31:5817-5830; Trimble, et al. (2003) Vaccine 21:4036-4042; Nishitani, et al. (2000) Mol. Urol. 4:47-50; Tuting (1999) Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 1:216-225). Nucleic acid vaccines can be used in combination with reagents that promote migration of immature dendritic cells towards the vaccine, and a reagent that promotes migration of mature DCs to the draining lymph node where priming can occur, where these reagents encompass MIP-lalpha and Flt3L (see, e.g., Kutzler and Weiner (2004) J. Clin. Invest. 114:1241-1244; Sumida, et al. (2004) J. Clin. Invest. 114:1334-1342).
Both attenuated and commensal microorganisms have been successfully used as carriers for vaccine antigens, but bacterial carriers for the antigens are optionally attenuated or killed but metabolically active (KBMA). The genetic background of the carrier strain used in the formulation, the type of mutation selected to achieve attenuation, and the intrinsic properties of the immunogen can be adjusted to optimize the extent and quality of the immune response elicited. The general factors to be considered to optimize the immune response stimulated by the bacterial carrier include: selection of the carrier; the specific background strain, the attenuating mutation and the level of attenuation; the stabilization of the attenuated phenotype and the establishment of the optimal dosage. Other antigen-related factors to consider include: intrinsic properties of the antigen; the expression system, antigen-display form and stabilization of the recombinant phenotype; co-expression of modulating molecules and vaccination schedules.
A preferred feature of the vaccine platform is the ability to initiate both the innate immune response as well as an antigen-specific T cell response against the recombinantly expressed antigen(s). For example, L. monocytogenes expressing the antigen(s) described herein can induce intrahepatic Type 1 interferon (IFN-α/β) and a downstream cascade of chemokines and cytokines. In response to this intrahepatic immune stimulation, NK cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) are recruited to the liver. In certain embodiments, the vaccine platform of the present invention induces an increase at 24 hours following delivery of the vaccine platform to the subject in the serum concentration of one or more, and preferably all, cytokines and chemokines selected from the group consisting of IL-12p70, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF α, and MCP-1; and induces a CD4+ and/or CD8+ antigen-specific T cell response against one or more antigens expressed by the vaccine platform. In other embodiments, the vaccine platform of the present invention also induces the maturation of resident immature liver NK cells as demonstrated by the upregulation of activation markers such as DX5, CD11b, and CD43 in a mouse model system, or by NK cell-mediated cytolytic activity measured using 51Cr-labeled YAC-1 cells that were used as target cells.
In various embodiments, the vaccines and immunogenic compositions of the present invention can comprise Listeria monocytogenes configured to express the fusion protein of the invention. The ability of L. monocytogenes to serve as a vaccine vector has been reviewed in Wesikirch, et al., Immunol. Rev. 158:159-169 (1997). A number of desirable features of the natural biology of L. monocytogenes make it an attractive platform for application to a therapeutic vaccine. The central rationale is that the intracellular lifecycle of L. monocytogenes enables effective stimulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity. Multiple pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors including TLRs (TLR2, TLRS, TLR9) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NOD) are triggered in response to interaction with L. monocytogenes macromolecules upon infection, resulting in the pan-activation of innate immune effectors and release of Th-1 polarizing cytokines, exerting a profound impact on the development of a CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response against the expressed antigens.
Strains of L. monocytogenes have recently been developed as effective intracellular delivery vehicles of heterologous proteins providing delivery of antigens to the immune system to induce an immune response to clinical conditions that do not permit injection of the disease-causing agent, such as cancer and HIV. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,237; Gunn et al., J. Immunol., 167:6471-6479 (2001); Liau, et al., Cancer Research, 62: 2287-2293 (2002); U.S. Pat. No. 6,099,848; WO 99/25376; WO 96/14087; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,702), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures, and claims. A recombinant L. monocytogenes vaccine expressing an lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) antigen has also been shown to induce protective cell-mediated immunity to the antigen (Shen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92: 3987-3991 (1995).
Attenuated and killed but metabolically active forms of L. monocytogenes useful in immunogenic compositions have been produced (WO04/006837; WO04/084936; WO04/110481; WO05/037233; WO05/092372; WO06/036550; WO07/103225; WO07/117371; WO08/109155; WO08/130551; WO08/140812; WO09/143085; WO09/143167; WO10/040135; WO11/060260; and WO14/074635), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures, and claims. The ActA protein of L. monocytogenes is sufficient to promote the actin recruitment and polymerization events responsible for intracellular movement. A human safety study has reported that oral administration of an actA/plcB-deleted attenuated form of L. monocytogenes caused no serious sequelae in adults (Angelakopoulos et al., Infection and Immunity, 70:3592-3601 (2002)). Other types of attenuated forms of L. monocytogenes have also been described (see, for example, WO 99/25376 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,099,848, which describe auxotrophic, attenuated strains of Listeria that express heterologous antigens).
In certain embodiments, the L. monocytogenes used in the vaccine compositions of the present invention is a live-attenuated strain that comprises an attenuating mutation in actA and/or inlB, and preferably a deletion of all or a portion of actA and inlB (referred to herein as “Lm ΔactA/ΔinlB”), and contains recombinant DNA encoding for the expression of the fusion protein comprising the antigen(s) of interest. The fusion protein containing the antigen(s) is preferably under the control of bacterial expression sequences and are stably integrated into the L. monocytogenes genome. Such a L. monocytogenes vaccine strain therefore employs no eukaryotic transcriptional or translational elements.
The invention also contemplates a Listeria attenuated in at least one regulatory factor, e.g., a promoter or a transcription factor. The following concerns promoters. ActA expression is regulated by two different promoters (Vazwuez-Boland, et al. (1992) Infect. Immun. 60:219-230). Together, InlA and In1B expression is regulated by five promoters (Lingnau, et al. (1995) Infect. Immun. 63:3896-3903). The transcription factor prfA is required for transcription of a number of L. monocytogenes genes, e.g., hly, plcA, ActA, mpl, prfA, and iap. PrfA's regulatory properties are mediated by, e.g., the PrfA-dependent promoter (PinlC) and the PrfA-box. The present invention, in certain embodiments, provides a nucleic acid encoding inactivated, mutated, or deleted in at least one of ActA promoter, inlB promoter, PrfA, PinlC, PrfA box, and the like (see, e.g., Lalic Mullthaler, et al. (2001) Mol. Microbiol. 42:111-120; Shetron-Rama, et al. (2003) Mol. Microbiol. 48:1537-1551; Luo, et al. (2004) Mol. Microbiol. 52:39-52). PrfA can be made constitutively active by a Gly145Ser mutation, Gly155Ser mutation, or Glu77Lys mutation (see, e.g., Mueller and Freitag (2005) Infect. Immun. 73:1917-1926; Wong and Freitag (2004) J. Bacteriol. 186:6265-6276; Ripio, et al. (1997) J. Bacteriol. 179:1533-1540).
Attenuation can be effected by, e.g., heat-treatment or chemical modification. Attenuation can also be effected by genetic modification of a nucleic acid that modulates, e.g., metabolism, extracellular growth, or intracellular growth, genetic modification of a nucleic acid encoding a virulence factor, such as Listerial prfA, actA, listeriolysin (LLO), an adhesion mediating factor (e.g., an internalin such as inlA or inlB), mpl, phosphatidylcholine phospholipase C (PC-PLC), phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI PLC; plcA gene), any combination of the above, and the like. Attenuation can be assessed by comparing a biological function of an attenuated Listeria with the corresponding biological function shown by an appropriate parent Listeria.
The present invention, in other embodiments, provides a Listeria that is attenuated by treating with a nucleic acid targeting agent, such as a cross linking agent, a psoralen, a nitrogen mustard, cis platin, a bulky adduct, ultraviolet light, gamma irradiation, any combination thereof, and the like. Typically, the lesion produced by one molecule of cross linking agent involves cross linking of both strands of the double helix. The Listeria of the invention can also be attenuated by mutating at least one nucleic acid repair gene, e.g., uvrA, uvrB, uvrAB, uvrC, uvrD, uvrAB, phrA, and/or a gene mediating recombinational repair, e.g., recA. Moreover, the invention provides a Listeria attenuated by both a nucleic acid targeting agent and by mutating a nucleic acid repair gene. Additionally, the invention encompasses treating with a light sensitive nucleic acid targeting agent, such as a psoralen, and/or a light sensitive nucleic acid cross linking agent, such as psoralen, followed by exposure to ultraviolet light.
Attenuated Listeria useful in the present invention are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Publ. Nos. 2004/0228877 and 2004/0197343, and in PCT publications WO04/006837; WO04/084936; WO04/110481; WO05/037233; WO05/092372; WO06/036550; WO07/103225; WO07/117371; WO08/109155; WO08/130551; WO08/140812; WO09/143085; WO09/143167; WO10/040135; WO11/060260; and WO14/074635, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Various assays for assessing whether a particular strain of Listeria has the desired attenuation are provided, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Publ. Nos. 2004/0228877, 2004/0197343, and 2005/0249748, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In other embodiments, the L. monocytogenes used in the vaccine compositions of the present invention is a killed but metabolically active (KBMA) platform derived from Lm ΔactA/ΔinlB, and also is deleted of both uvrA and uvrB, genes encoding the DNA repair enzymes of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, and contains recombinant DNA encoding for the expression of the fusion protein. The antigen(s) of interest are preferably under the control of bacterial expression sequences and are stably integrated into the L. monocytogenes genome. The KBMA platform is exquisitely sensitive to photochemical inactivation by the combined treatment with the synthetic psoralen, S-59, and long-wave UV light. While killed, KBMA L. monocytogenes vaccines can transiently express their gene products, allowing them to escape the phagolysosome and induce functional cellular immunity and protection against wild-typeWT Lm and vaccinia virus challenge.
In certain embodiments, an attenuated or KBMA L. monocytogenes vaccine strain comprise a constitutively active prfA gene (referred to herein as PrfA* mutants). PrfA is a transcription factor activated intracellularly that induces expression of virulence genes and encoded heterologous antigens (Ags) in appropriately engineered vaccine strains. As noted above, expression of the actA gene is responsive to PrfA, and the actA promoter is a PrfA responsive regulatory element. Inclusion of a prfA G155S allele can confer significant enhanced vaccine potency of live-attenuated or KBMA vaccines. Preferred PrfA mutants are described in WO2009/143085, entitled COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING PRFA* MUTANT LISTERIA AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF, filed May 18, 2009, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety including all tables, figures, and claims.
The antigenic portion of the fusion proteins of the present invention preferably comprises a nucleic acid encoding a secretory sequence operable within the vaccine platform to support secretion, one or more enhancer sequences of the present invention, and the antigen(s) to be expressed. In the case of a bacterial platform, the resulting fusion protein may be operably linked to regulatory sequences (e.g., a promoter) necessary for expression of the fusion protein by the bacterial vaccine platform. The present invention is not to be limited to polypeptide and peptide antigens that are secreted, but also embraces polypeptides and peptides that are not secreted or cannot be secreted from a Listeria or other bacterium. But preferably, the antigen(s) are expressed in a soluble, secreted form by a bacterial vaccine strain when the strain is inoculated into a recipient.
Examples of antigens that may find use in the invention, without limitation, are listed in the following table. The target antigen may also be a fragment or fusion polypeptide comprising an immunologically active portion of several antigens listed in the following Table 1. The fusion proteins of the present invention may comprise more than one antigenic sequence. This list is not meant to be limiting.
Francisella tularensis antigens
Francisella tularensis
F. tularensis include, e.g., 80 antigens, including 10 kDa and 60 kDa
P. falciparum; and
Other organisms for which suitable antigens are known in the art include, but are not limited to, Chlamydia trachomatis, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep), Streptococcus agalactia (Group B Strep), Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrheae, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella species (including typhi, typhimurium), enterica (including Helicobactor pylori Shigella flexneri and other Group D shigella species), Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Klebsiella pneumonia, Clostridium species (including C. difficile), Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. This list is not meant to be limiting.
The following Table 2 discloses a number of non-limiting examples of signal peptides for use in expressing and secreting a fusion protein polypeptide of interest such as an antigenic sequence. Signal peptides tend to contain three domains: a positively charged N-terminus (1-5 residues long); a central hydrophobic comain (7-15 residues long); and a neutral but polar C-terminal domain.
Listeria monocytogenes
Lactococcus lactis
Bacillus anthracis
Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes
Bacillus anthracis
Staphylococcus aureus
Listeria monocytogenes
Bacillus subtillis
In certain exemplary embodiments described hereinafter, the fusion protein is fused at its amino terminal end to an amino-terminal portion of the L. monocytogenes ActA or LLO protein that permits expression and secretion of a fusion protein from the bacterium within the vaccinated host. The ActA signal sequence is MGLNRFMRAMMVVFITANCITINPDIIFA (SEQ ID NO: 41); the LLO signal sequence is MKKIMLVFIT LILVSLPIAQQTE (SEQ ID NO: 42). Preferably, the native signal sequence used is not modified in the construct.
Antigens may be expressed as a single polypeptide fused to an amino-terminal portion of the L. monocytogenes ActA protein that comprises its secretory signal sequence and permits expression and secretion of a fusion protein from the bacterium within the host cell. This ActA fragment may comprise at least the first 59 amino acids of ActA, or a sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity, at least about 85% sequence identity, at least about 90% sequence identity, at least about 95% sequence identity, or at least about 98% sequence identity to at least the first 59 amino acids of ActA. In some embodiments, the modified ActA comprises at least the first 100 amino acids of ActA, or a sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity, at least about 85% sequence identity, at least about 90% sequence identity, at least about 95% sequence identity, or at least about 98% sequence identity to the first 100 amino acids of ActA. A 100-residue N-terminal fragment of ActA has the following sequence (SEQ ID NO: 25):
In this sequence, the first residue is depicted as a valine; the polypeptide is synthesized by Listeria with a methionine in this position. Thus, the Val1Met substituted form may also be used.
The fusion proteins of the present invention may comprise one or more additional amino acid residues that are not associate with ActA (or other secretory signal sequence, such as LLO), an enhancer sequence, a cleaver sequence or an antigenic sequence. Thus, for example, the secretory signal sequence may be linked to the first amino acid sequence (comprising enhancer sequences) or the second amino acid sequence (comprising antigenic sequences) and the first amino acid sequence may be linked to the second amino acid sequence by amino acid residues that are not relevant to the expression or secretion, cleavage or antigenic nature of the fusion protein. Each of these optional amino acid residues linking these sequences can be one or more amino acids, such as 1-100, 1-50, 1-25, 1-20, 1-25, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. Also, wherein the fusion protein comprises more than on enhancer sequence, and each enhancer sequence is described as linked to a cleaver sequence at both the amino terminus and carboxy terminus, the linkage of the cleaver sequence to the enhancer sequence can be a peptide bond, or one or more amino acids, such as 1-100, 1-50, 1-25, 1-20, 1-25, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. Also, wherein the fusion protein comprises more than on antigenic sequence, and each antigenic sequence is described as linked to a cleaver sequence at both the amino terminus and carboxy terminus, the linkage of the cleaver sequence to the antigenic sequence can be a peptide bond, or one or more amino acids, such as 1-100, 1-50, 1-25, 1-20, 1-25, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. By way of example, the fusion proteins of the invention comprising a secretory signal sequence, a first amino acid sequence comprising one or more enhancer amino acid sequences linked to a cleaver sequence at both its amino terminus and carboxy terminus, and a second amino acid sequence comprising one or more antigenic sequence linked to a cleaver sequence at both its amino terminus and carboxy terminus can be represented as comprising the polypeptide structure of (secretory signal sequence)-L1-[first amino acid sequence]-L2-[second amino acid sequence] or (secretory signal sequence)-L3-[second amino acid sequence]-L4-[first amino acid sequence]. Further by way of example, wherein the fusion protein includes two enhancer amino acid sequences and two antigenic sequences, this can be represented as (secretory signal sequence)-L1-[(cleaver sequence 1)-L5-(enhancer sequence 1)-L6-(cleaver sequence 1′)-L7-(cleaver sequence 2)-L8-(enhancer sequence 2)-L9-(cleaver sequence 2′)]-L2-[(cleaver sequence 3)-L10-(antigenic sequence 1)-L11-(cleaver sequence 3′)-L12-(cleaver sequence 4)-L13-(antigenic sequence 2)-L14-(cleaver sequence 4′)], or (secretory signal sequence)-L3-[(cleaver sequence 3)-L10-(antigenic sequence 1)-L11-(cleaver sequence 3′)-L12-(cleaver sequence 4)-L13-(antigenic sequence 2)-L14-(cleaver sequence 4′)]-L4-[(cleaver sequence 1)-L5-(enhancer sequence 1)-L6-(cleaver sequence 1′)-L7-(cleaver sequence 2)-L8-(enhancer sequence 2)-L9-(cleaver sequence 2′)]. In these examples, each L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, L11, L12, L13 and L14 is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond (i.e. peptide bond), or one or more additional linker amino acid residues that are not associated with the secretory signal sequence, the enhancer sequences, the cleaver sequences or the antigenic sequences. In some embodiments, each L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, L11, L12, L13 and L14 is a direct bond or 1-100, 1-50, 1-25, 1-20, 1-25, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acids. In some embodiments, each L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, L11, L12, L13 and L14 is a direct bond, 1 or 2 amino acids. In some embodiments, any one or more of these linkages are the result of a restriction site used in preparing the nucleic acid sequences encoding the fusion protein. It is understood that this example can be applied to a fusion protein having additional enhancer or antigenic sequences, i.e. can comprise L1, L2 . . . Lm such linkages, where numbering is sequential to Lm as needed to describe the fusion proteins. In some embodiments, the entire fusion protein as described herein is less than 3,000 amino acids, less than 2,000 amino acids, between 200 and 3,000 amino acids, between 200 and 2,000 amino acids, between 300 and 2,000 amino acids, between 300 and 1,500 amino acids or between 300 and 1,000 amino acids.
The constructs of the present invention may also comprise one or more additional, non-ActA, residues lying between the C-terminal residue of the modified ActA and the antigen sequence, or between the C-terminal residue of the modified ActA and the first amino acid sequence when the antigen sequence is fused to the amino terminus of the first amino acid sequence. In the following sequences, ActA-N100 is extended by two residues (Gly-Ser) added by inclusion of a BamH1 site (again, the Val1Met substituted form may also be used) (SEQ ID NO: 26):
A modified ActA known as ActAN100* may comprise or consist of the following sequence SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 28, respectively, which differ only in the first amino acid, per discussion of Val1Met substitution when expressed by Listeria (dashes indicate deletions and bold text indicates substitutions relative to ActAN100):
The DNA and protein sequences used in the antigenic construct are as follows: DNA (SEQ ID NO: 36) expressing the ActAn100* protein SEQ ID NO: 28 when expressed in Listeria (lowercase, not underlined: actA promoter; lowercase, underlined: restriction sites; uppercase, bold: ActAN100* sequence, following which the tested constructs were inserted):
ggtaccgggaagcagttggggttaactgattaacaaatgttagagaaaaa
TGCGATGATGGTAGTTTTCATTACTGCCAACTGCATTACGATTAACCCCG
ACATAATATTTGCAGCGACAGATAGCGAAGATTCCAGTCTAAACACAGAT
GAATGGGAAGAAGAATACGAAACTGCACGTGAAGTAAGTTCACGTGATAT
TGAGGAACTAGAAAAATCGAATAAAGTGAAAAATACGAACAAAGCAGACC
AAGATAATAAACGTAAAGCAAAAGCAGAGAAAGGT
Fusion to 5 copies of Syn1 yields the following sequence (SEQ ID NO: 43) (lowercase, not underlined: actA promoter; uppercase, bold: ActAN100* sequence; lowercase, underlined: restriction sites; uppercase underlined: Syn1×5):
GATGGTAGTTTTCATTACTGCCAACTGCATTACGATTAACCCCGACATAA
TATTTGCAGCGACAGATAGCGAAGATTCCAGTCTAAACACAGATGAATGG
GAAGAAGAATACGAAACTGCACGTGAAGTAAGTTCACGTGATATTGAGGA
ACTAGAAAAATCGAATAAAGTGAAAAATACGAACAAAGCAGACCAAGATA
ATAAACGTAAAGCAAAAGCAGAGAAAGGT
ggatctGCAAGCAAAGTATTG
CCAGCTAGTCGTGCAGTGGATGATCATCACGCGCAGTTTCTATTATCCGA
AAAAGGATCGTGTGCCGATGGCTCAGTAAAGACTAGCGCGAGCAAAGTGG
CCCCTGCATCACGAGCAGTAGACGACCACCATGCTCAATTCTTACTAAGC
GAGAAAGGTAGCTGCGGAGATGGTTCAATTAAATTATCAAAAGTCTTACC
AGCATCTAGAGCTGTGGACGATCACCACGCTCAGTTCCTACTATCCGAGA
AAGGAAGTTGTGCTGACGGAAGTGTTAAAGCGTCGAAAGTAGCTCCAGCT
TCTCGCGCAGTAGATGACCATCATGCGCAATTTTTATTAAGCGAAAAAGG
TAGTTGTGGTGATGGCTCGATCAAATTGTCAAAAGTTCTACCGGCTTCTC
GTGCGGTGGATGATCACCATGCTCAGTTTCTACTAAGCGAGAAAGGCTCT
TGCGCGGATGGTTCCGTTAAA
This translates to the following protein sequence when expressed in Listeria (SEQ ID NO: 44) (uppercase, bold: ActAN100* sequence; lowercase, underlined: residues added by restriction sites; uppercase underlined: Syn1×5):
MGLNRFMRAMMVVFITANCITINPDIIFAATDSEDSSLNTDEWEEEYETA
REVSSRDIEELEKSNKVKNTNKADQDNKRKAKAEKG
gsASKVLPASRAVD
DHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVKTSASKVAPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCGD
GSIKLSKVLPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVKASKVAPASRAVDDH
HAQFLLSEKGSCGDGSIKLSKVLPASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVK
Fusion to 5 copies of Syn2 yields the following sequence (SEQ ID NO: 45) (lowercase, not underlined: actA promoter; uppercase, bold: ActAN100* sequence; lowercase, underlined: restriction sites; uppercase underlined: Syn2×5):
GATGGTAGTTTTCATTACTGCCAACTGCATTACGATTAACCCCGACATAA
TATTTGCAGCGACAGATAGCGAAGATTCCAGTCTAAACACAGATGAATGG
GAAGAAGAATACGAAACTGCACGTGAAGTAAGTTCACGTGATATTGAGGA
ACTAGAAAAATCGAATAAAGTGAAAAATACGAACAAAGCAGACCAAGATA
ATAAACGTAAAGCAAAAGCAGAGAAAGGT
ggatctGCAAGCAAAGTATTG
CCAGCTAGTCGTGCAGGATCGTGTGCCGATGGCTCAGTAAAGACTAGCGC
GAGCAAAGTGGCCCCTGCATCACGAGCAGGTAGCTGCGGAGATGGTTCAA
TTAAATTATCAAAAGTCTTACCAGCATCTAGAGCTGGAAGTTGTGCTGAC
GGAAGTGTTAAAGCGTCGAAAGTAGCTCCAGCTTCTCGCGCAGGTAGTTG
TGGTGATGGCTCGATCAAATTGTCAAAAGTTCTACCGGCTTCTCGTGCGG
GCTCTTGCGCGGATGGTTCCGTTAAA
This translates to the following protein sequence when expressed in Listeria (SEQ ID NO: 46) (uppercase, bold: ActAN100* sequence; lowercase, underlined: residues added by restriction sites; uppercase underlined: Syn2×5):
MGLNRFMRAMMVVFITANCITINPDIIFAATDSEDSSLNTDEWEEEYETA
REVSSRDIEELEKSNKVKNTNKADQDNKRKAKAEKG
gsASKVLPASRAGS
CADGSVKTSASKVAPASRAGSCGDGSIKLSKVLPASRAGSCADGSVKASK
VAPASRAGSCGDGSIKLSKVLPASRAGSCADGSVK
Fusion to 5 copies of Syn18 yields the following sequence (SEQ ID NO: 47) (lowercase, not underlined: actA promoter; uppercase, bold: ActAN100* sequence; lowercase, underlined: restriction sites; uppercase underlined: Syn18×5):
GATGGTAGTTTTCATTACTGCCAACTGCATTACGATTAACCCCGACATAA
TATTTGCAGCGACAGATAGCGAAGATTCCAGTCTAAACACAGATGAATGG
GAAGAAGAATACGAAACTGCACGTGAAGTAAGTTCACGTGATATTGAGGA
ACTAGAAAAATCGAATAAAGTGAAAAATACGAACAAAGCAGACCAAGATA
ATAAACGTAAAGCAAAAGCAGAGAAAGGT
ggatctGCAAGCAAAGTATTG
GAATCTAATCAAAGCGTAGAGGACAAGCACAATGAGTTCATGTTGACGGA
GTACGGTTCATGTGCCGATGGCTCAGTAAAGACTAGCGCGAGCAAAGTGG
CCGAGTCAAATCAGTCTGTTGAGGACAAACATAATGAGTTCATGTTAACG
GAGTATGGTAGCTGTGGAGATGGTTCAATTAAATTATCAAAAGTCTTAGA
ATCTAATCAGAGCGTTGAGGACAAGCATAATGAGTTCATGTTGACGGAGT
ACGGTTCATGTGCTGACGGAAGTGTTAAAGCGTCGAAAGTAGCTGAATCA
AATCAATCTGTAGAGGACAAACACAATGAATTTATGCTAACAGAATACGG
CAGCTGCGGTGATGGCTCGATCAAATTGTCAAAAGTTTTAGAATCTAACC
AGAGCGTTGAAGATAAGCACAACGAATTTATGTTAACGGAGTACGGTTCA
TGCGCGGATGGTTCCGTTAAA
This translates to the following protein sequence when expressed in Listeria (SEQ ID NO: 48) (uppercase, bold: ActAN100* sequence; lowercase, underlined: residues added by restriction sites; uppercase underlined: Syn18×5):
MGLNRFMRAMMVVFITANCITINPDIIFAATDSEDSSLNTDEWEEEYETA
REVSSRDIEELEKSNKVKNTNKADQDNKRKAKAEKG
gsASKVLESNQSVE
DKHNEFMLTEYGSCASGSVKTSASKVAESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCGD
GSIKLSKVLESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCADGSVKASKVAESNQSVEDK
HNEFMLTEYGSCGDGSIKLSKVLESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCADGSVK
Alternatively, antigen sequence(s) are preferably expressed fused to a modified amino-terminal portion of the L. monocytogenes LLO protein that permits expression and secretion of a fusion protein from the bacterium within the vaccinated host. In these embodiments, the antigenic construct may be a polynucleotide comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises (a) modified LLO and (b) one or more antigenic epitopes to be expressed as a fusion protein following the modified LLO sequence. The LLO signal sequence is MKKIMLVFIT LILVSLPIAQ QTEAK (SEQ ID NO: 39). In some embodiments, the promoter is hly promoter. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises (c) one or more copies of an enhancer amino acid sequence, each enhancer amino acid sequence independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 37, or a sequence having at least 90% identity or homology thereto, or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.
In some embodiments, the modified LLO comprises a modified form of about the first 441 amino acids of LLO, referred to herein as LLO-N441. LLO-N441 has the following sequence (SEQ ID NO: 40):
In this sequence, the PEST motif (KENSISSMAPPASPPASPK, SEQ ID NO: 67) may be functionally deleted by replacement with the following sequence (dashes indicate deletions and bold text indicates substitutions):
KE----------------, or by its complete deletion. This is intended to be exemplary only.
As sequences encoded by one organism are not necessarily codon optimized for optimal expression in a chosen vaccine platform bacterial strain, the present invention also provides nucleic acids that are altered by codon optimized for expressing by a bacterium such as L. monocytogenes.
In various embodiments, at least one percent of any non-optimal codons are changed to provide optimal codons, more normally at least five percent are changed, most normally at least ten percent are changed, often at least 20% are changed, more often at least 30% are changed, most often at least 40%, usually at least 50% are changed, more usually at least 60% are changed, most usually at least 70% are changed, optimally at least 80% are changed, more optimally at least 90% are changed, most optimally at least 95% are changed, and conventionally 100% of any non-optimal codons are codon-optimized for Listeria expression (Table 3).
Listeria codon
Listeria codon
The invention supplies a number of Listeria species and strains for making or engineering a vaccine platform of the present invention. The Listeria of the present invention is not to be limited by the species and strains disclosed in the following table.
Strains of Listeria suitable for use in the present invention, e.g., as a vaccine or as a source of nucleic acids.
L. monocytogenes 10403S wild type.
L. monocytogenes DP-L4056 (phage cured).
L. monocytogenes DP-L4027, which is
L. monocytogenes DP-L4029, which is DP-
L. monocytogenes DP-L4042 (delta PEST)
L. monocytogenes DP-L4097 (LLO-S44A).
L. monocytogenes DP-L4364 (delta lplA;
L. monocytogenes DP-L4405 (delta inlA).
L. monocytogenes DP-L4406 (delta inlB).
L. monocytogenes CS-L0001 (delta ActA-delta
L. monocytogenes CS-L0002 (delta ActA-delta
L. monocytogenes CS-L0003 (L461T-delta
L. monocytogenes DP-L4038 (delta ActA-LLO
L. monocytogenes DP-L4384 (S44A-LLO
L. monocytogenes. Mutation in lipoate protein
L. monocytogenes DP-L4017 (10403S
L. monocytogenes EGD.
L. monocytogenes EGD-e.
L. monocytogenes strain EGD, complete
L. monocytogenes.
L. monocytogenes DP-L4029 deleted in uvrAB.
L. monocytogenes DP-L4029 deleted in uvrAB
L. monocytogenes delta actA delta inlB delta
L. monocytogenes delta actA delta inlB delta
L. monocytogenes delta actA delta inlB delta
L. monocytogenes delta actA delta inlB delta
L. monocytogenes ActA−/inlB− double mutant.
L. monocytogenes lplA mutant or hly mutant.
L. monocytogenes DAL/DAT double mutant.
L. monocytogenes str. 4b F2365.
Listeria ivanovii
Listeria innocua Clip11262.
Listeria innocua, a naturally occurring
Listeria seeligeri.
Listeria innocua with L. monocytogenes
Listeria innocua with L. monocytogenes
Targeting antigens to endocytic receptors on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) also represents an attractive strategy to enhance the efficacy of vaccines. Such APC-targeted vaccines have an exceptional ability to guide exogenous protein antigens into vesicles that efficiently process the antigen for major histocompatibility complex class I and class II presentation. Efficient targeting not only requires high specificity for the receptor that is abundantly expressed on the surface of APCs, but also the ability to be rapidly internalized and loaded into compartments that contain elements of the antigen-processing machinery. In these embodiments, the antigens of the present invention are provided as fusion constructs that include an immunogenic polypeptide and a desired endocytic receptor-targeting moiety. Suitable APC endocytic receptors include DEC-205, mannose receptor, CLEC9, Fc receptor. This list is not meant to be limiting. A receptor-targeting moiety may be coupled to an antigen polypeptide by recombinant or using chemical crosslinking.
The compositions described herein, e.g. bacteria engineered to express the fusion protein as described herein for use as a vaccine or cancer immunotherapeutic, can be administered to a host, either alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, in an amount sufficient to induce an appropriate immune response. The immune response can comprise, without limitation, specific immune response, non specific immune response, both specific and non specific response, innate response, primary immune response, adaptive immunity, secondary immune response, memory immune response, immune cell activation, immune cell proliferation, immune cell differentiation, and cytokine expression. The vaccines or cancer immunotherapeutics of the present invention can be stored, e.g., frozen, lyophilized, as a suspension, as a cell paste, or complexed with a solid matrix or gel matrix.
In certain embodiments, before or after the subject has been administered an effective dose of a vaccine containing an immunogenic fusion protein of the present invention to prime the immune response, a second vaccine is administered. This is referred to in the art as a “prime-boost” regimen, i.e. where the first administered vaccine primes the immune response, and the second administered vaccine boosts the response. In such a regimen, the compositions and methods of the present invention may be used as the “prime” delivery, as the “boost” delivery, or as both a “prime” and a “boost.”
As an example, a first vaccine comprised of killed but metabolically active Listeria that encodes and expresses the antigen polypeptide(s) may be delivered as the “prime,” and a second vaccine comprised of attenuated (live or killed but metabolically active) Listeria that encodes the antigen polypeptide(s) may be delivered as the “boost.” It should be understood, however, that each of the prime and boost need not utilize the methods and compositions of the present invention. Rather, the present invention contemplates the use of other vaccine modalities together with the bacterial vaccine methods and compositions of the present invention. The following are examples of suitable mixed prime-boost regimens: a DNA (e.g., plasmid) vaccine prime/bacterial vaccine boost; a viral vaccine prime/bacterial vaccine boost; a protein vaccine prime/bacterial vaccine boost; a DNA prime/bacterial vaccine boost plus protein vaccine boost; a bacterial vaccine prime/DNA vaccine boost; a bacterial vaccine prime/viral vaccine boost; a bacterial vaccine prime/protein vaccine boost; a bacterial vaccine prime/bacterial vaccine boost plus protein vaccine boost; etc. This list is not meant to be limiting
The prime vaccine and boost vaccine may be administered by the same route or by different routes. The term “different routes” encompasses, but is not limited to, different sites on the body, for example, a site that is oral, non-oral, enteral, parenteral, rectal, intranode (lymph node), intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intratumor, peritumor, infusion, mucosal, nasal, in the cerebrospinal space or cerebrospinal fluid, and so on, as well as by different modes, for example, oral, intravenous, and intramuscular.
An effective amount of a prime or boost vaccine may be given in one dose, but is not restricted to one dose. Thus, the administration can be two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, or more, administrations of the vaccine. Where there is more than one administration of a vaccine or vaccines in the present methods, the administrations can be spaced by time intervals of one minute, two minutes, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more minutes, by intervals of about one hour, two hours, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 hours, and so on. In the context of hours, the term “about” means plus or minus any time interval within 30 minutes. The administrations can also be spaced by time intervals of one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, seven days, eight days, nine days, ten days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, 20 days, 21 days, and combinations thereof. The invention is not limited to dosing intervals that are spaced equally in time, but encompass doses at non-equal intervals, such as a priming schedule consisting of administration at 1 day, 4 days, 7 days, and 25 days, just to provide a non-limiting example.
In certain embodiments, administration of the boost vaccination can be initiated at about 5 days after the prime vaccination is initiated; about 10 days after the prime vaccination is initiated; about 15 days; about 20 days; about 25 days; about 30 days; about 35 days; about 40 days; about 45 days; about 50 days; about 55 days; about 60 days; about 65 days; about 70 days; about 75 days; about 80 days, about 6 months, and about 1 year after administration of the prime vaccination is initiated. Preferably one or both of the prime and boost vaccination comprises delivery of a composition of the present invention.
A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” or “diagnostically acceptable excipient” includes but is not limited to, sterile distilled water, saline, phosphate buffered solutions, amino acid based buffers, or bicarbonate buffered solutions. An excipient selected and the amount of excipient used will depend upon the mode of administration. Administration may be oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, dermal, intradermal, intramuscular, mucosal, parenteral, intraorgan, intralesional, intranasal, inhalation, intraocular, intramuscular, intravascular, intranodal, by scarification, rectal, intraperitoneal, or any one or combination of a variety of well-known routes of administration. The administration can comprise an injection, infusion, or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, administration is intravenous administration.
Administration of the vaccine and cancer immunotherapeutics of the present invention by a non oral route can avoid tolerance. Methods are known in the art for administration intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, orally, mucosally, by way of the urinary tract, by way of a genital tract, by way of the gastrointestinal tract, or by inhalation.
An effective amount for a particular patient may vary depending on factors such as the condition being treated, the overall health of the patient, the route and dose of administration and the severity of side effects. Guidance for methods of treatment and diagnosis is available (see, e.g., Maynard, et al. (1996) A Handbook of SOPs for Good Clinical Practice, Interpharm Press, Boca Raton, Fla.; Dent (2001) Good Laboratory and Good Clinical Practice, Urch Publ., London, UK).
The bacteria of the present invention can be administered in a dose, or dosages, where each dose comprises at least 100 bacterial cells/kg body weight or more; in certain embodiments 1000 bacterial cells/kg body weight or more; normally at least 10,000 cells; more normally at least 100,000 cells; most normally at least 1 million cells; often at least 10 million cells; more often at least 100 million cells; typically at least 1 billion cells; usually at least 10 billion cells; conventionally at least 100 billion cells; and sometimes at least 1 trillion cells/kg body weight. The present invention provides the above doses where the units of bacterial administration is colony forming units (CFU), the equivalent of CFU prior to psoralen treatment, or where the units are number of bacterial cells.
The bacteria of the present invention can be administered in a dose, or dosages, where each dose comprises between 107 and 2×1015 CFU per 70 kg body weight (or per 1.7 square meters surface area; or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 107 and 1011 CFU per 70 kg body weight (or per 1.7 square meters surface area; or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 108 and 1010 CFU per 70 kg body weight (or per 1.7 square meters surface area; or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 107 and 108 CFU per 70 kg body weight (or per 1.7 square meters surface area; or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 2×107 and 2×108 CFU per 70 kg body weight (or per 1.7 square meters surface area; or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 5×107 and 5×108 CFU per 70 kg body weight (or per 1.7 square meters surface area; or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 108 and 109 CFU per 70 kg body weight (or per 1.7 square meters surface area; or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 2×108 and 2×109 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 5×108 to 5×109 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 109 and 1010 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 2×109 and 2×1010 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 5×109 and 5×1010 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 1011 and 1012 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 2×1011 and 2×1012 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 5×1011 and 5×1012 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 1012 and 1013 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area); between 2×1012 and 2×1013 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 5×1012 and 5×1013 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 1013 and 1014 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 2×1013 and 2×1014 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); 5×1013 and 5×1014 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 1014 and 1015 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); between 2×1014 and 2×1015 CFU per 70 kg (or per 1.7 square meters surface area, or per 1.5 kg liver weight); and so on, wet weight.
Also provided is one or more of the above doses, where the dose is administered by way of one injection every day, one injection every two days, one injection every three days, one injection every four days, one injection every five days, one injection every six days, or one injection every seven days, where the injection schedule is maintained for, e.g., one day only, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, seven days, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, five weeks, or longer. The invention also embraces combinations of the above doses and schedules, e.g., a relatively large initial bacterial dose, followed by relatively small subsequent doses, or a relatively small initial dose followed by a large dose.
A dosing schedule of, for example, once/week, twice/week, three times/week, four times/week, five times/week, six times/week, seven times/week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once every four weeks, once every five weeks, and the like, is available for the invention. The dosing schedules encompass dosing for a total period of time of, for example, one week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, five weeks, six weeks, two months, three months, four months, five months, six months, seven months, eight months, nine months, ten months, eleven months, and twelve months.
Provided are cycles of the above dosing schedules. The cycle can be repeated about, e.g., every seven days; every 14 days; every 21 days; every 28 days; every 35 days; 42 days; every 49 days; every 56 days; every 63 days; every 70 days; and the like. An interval of non dosing can occur between a cycle, where the interval can be about, e.g., seven days; 14 days; 21 days; 28 days; 35 days; 42 days; 49 days; 56 days; 63 days; 70 days; and the like. In this context, the term “about” means plus or minus one day, plus or minus two days, plus or minus three days, plus or minus four days, plus or minus five days, plus or minus six days, or plus or minus seven days.
The present invention encompasses a method of administering bacteria, e.g. Listeria that is oral. Also provided is a method of administering Listeria that is intravenous. Moreover, what is provided is a method of administering Listeria that is oral, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal and/or subcutaneous. The invention supplies a Listeria bacterium, or culture or suspension of Listeria bacteria, prepared by growing in a medium that is meat based, or that contains polypeptides derived from a meat or animal product. Also supplied by the present invention is a Listeria bacterium, or culture or suspension of Listeria bacteria, prepared by growing in a medium that does not contain meat or animal products, prepared by growing on a medium that contains vegetable polypeptides, prepared by growing on a medium that is not based on yeast products, or prepared by growing on a medium that contains yeast polypeptides.
Methods for co-administration with an additional therapeutic agent are well known in the art (Hardman, et al. (eds.) (2001) Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.; Poole and Peterson (eds.) (2001) Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Phila., Pa.; Chabner and Longo (eds.) (2001) Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Phila., Pa.).
Additional agents that are beneficial to raising a cytolytic T cell response may be used as well. Such agents are termed herein carriers. These include, without limitation, B7 costimulatory molecule, interleukin-2, interferon-γ, GM-CSF, CTLA-4 antagonists, OX-40/OX-40 ligand, CD40/CD40 ligand, sargramostim, levamisol, vaccinia virus, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), liposomes, alum, Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant, detoxified endotoxins, mineral oils, surface active substances such as lipolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, and oil or hydrocarbon emulsions. Carriers for inducing a T cell immune response that preferentially stimulate a cytolytic T cell response versus an antibody response are preferred, although those that stimulate both types of response can be used as well. In cases where the agent is a polypeptide, the polypeptide itself or a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide can be administered. The carrier can be a cell, such as an antigen presenting cell (APC) or a dendritic cell. Antigen presenting cells include such cell types as macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells. Other professional antigen-presenting cells include monocytes, marginal zone Kupffer cells, microglia, Langerhans' cells, interdigitating dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, and T cells. Facultative antigen-presenting cells can also be used. Examples of facultative antigen-presenting cells include astrocytes, follicular cells, endothelium and fibroblasts. The carrier can be a bacterial cell that is transformed to express the polypeptide or to deliver a polynucleoteide that is subsequently expressed in cells of the vaccinated individual. Adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate, can be added to increase the ability of the vaccine to trigger, enhance, or prolong an immune response. Additional materials, such as cytokines, chemokines, and bacterial nucleic acid sequences, like CpG, a toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonist as well as additional agonists for TLR 2, TLR 4, TLR 5, TLR 7, TLR 8, TLR9, including lipoprotein, LPS, monophosphoryl lipid A, lipoteichoic acid, imiquimod, resiquimod, and other like immune modulators used separately or in combination with the described compositions are also potential adjuvants. Other representative examples of adjuvants include the synthetic adjuvant QS-21 comprising a homogeneous saponin purified from the bark of Quillaja saponaria and Corynebacterium parvum (McCune et al., Cancer, 1979; 43:1619). It will be understood that the adjuvant is subject to optimization. In other words, the skilled artisan can engage in routine experimentation to determine the best adjuvant to use.
In an embodiment of the invention, a bacteria of the invention is administered in association with one or more additional pharmaceutically active components selected from the group consisting of an immune checkpoint inhibitor (e.g. CTLA-4, PD-1, Tim-3, Vista, BTLA, LAG-3 and TIGIT pathway antagonists; PD-1 pathway blocking agents; PD-L1 inhibitors; including without limitation anti-PD-1 antibodies nivolumab, pembrolizumab or pidilizumab; PD-1 inhibitor AMP-224; anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab; and anti-PD-L1 antibodies BMS-936559, MPDL3280A, MEDI4736, or avelumab); a TLR agonist (e.g. CpG or monophosphoryl lipid A); an inactivated or attenuated bacteria that induce innate immunity (e.g., inactivated or attenuated Listeria monocytogenes); a composition that mediates innate immune activation via Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), via (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), via Retinoic acid inducible gene-based (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs), via C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), or via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs); and a chemotherapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of a CTLA-4 pathway antagonist, a PD-1 pathway antagonist, a Tim-3 pathway antagonist, a Vista pathway antagonist, a BTLA pathway antagonist, a LAG-3 pathway antagonist, and a TIGIT pathway antagonist. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, an anti-TIM-3 antibody, an anti-BTLA antibody, an anti-B7-H3 antibody, an anti-CD70 antibody, an anti-CD40 antibody, an anti-CD137 antibody, an anti-GITR antibody, an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-KIR antibody or an anti-LAG-3 antibody. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, PDR001, MEDI0680, REGN2810, AMP-224, ipilimumab, BMS-936559, MPDL3280A, MEDI4736, and avelumab. In some embodiments, the TLR agonist is CpG or monophosphoryl lipid A.
In an embodiment of the invention, a bacteria of the invention is administered in association with a STING agonist. This administration may be separate, or may be preferably as part of a single pharmaceutical composition. The cyclic-di-nucleotides (CDNs) cyclic-di-AMP (produced by Listeria monocytogenes and other bacteria) and its analogs cyclic-di-GMP and cyclic-GMP-AMP are recognized by the host cell as a pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), which bind to the pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) known as Stimulator of INterferon Genes (STING). STING is an adaptor protein in the cytoplasm of host mammalian cells that activates the TANK binding kinase (TBK1)-IRF3 and the NF-κB signaling axis, resulting in the induction of IFN-β and other gene products that strongly activate innate immunity. It is now recognized that STING is a component of the host cytosolic surveillance pathway (Vance et al., 2009), that senses infection with intracellular pathogens and in response induces the production of IFN-β, leading to the development of an adaptive protective pathogen-specific immune response consisting of both antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as pathogen-specific antibodies. Examples of cyclic purine dinucleotides are described in some detail in, for example: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,709,458 and 7,592,326; PCT Publication Nos. WO2007/054279, WO2014/093936, WO2014/179335, WO2014/189805, WO2015/185565, WO2016/096174, WO2016/145102, WO2017/027645, WO2017/027646, and WO2017/075477; and Yan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem Lett. 18:5631-4, 2008.
In an embodiment of the invention, a bacteria of the invention is administered in association with one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors selected from the group consisting of an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, an anti-TIM-3 antibody, an anti-BTLA antibody, an anti-B7-H3 antibody, an anti-CD70 antibody, an anti-CD40 antibody, an anti-CD137 antibody, an anti-GITR antibody, an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-KIR antibody or an anti-LAG-3 antibody. In some embodiments, the bacteria of the invention is administered in association with an anti-CTLA-4 antibody and/or an anti-PD-1 antibody.
An effective amount of a therapeutic agent is one that will decrease or ameliorate the symptoms normally by at least 10%, more normally by at least 20%, most normally by at least 30%, typically by at least 40%, more typically by at least 50%, most typically by at least 60%, often by at least 70%, more often by at least 80%, and most often by at least 90%, conventionally by at least 95%, more conventionally by at least 99%, and most conventionally by at least 99.9%.
The reagents and methods of the present invention provide a vaccine comprising only one vaccination; or comprising a first vaccination; or comprising at least one booster vaccination; at least two booster vaccinations; or at least three booster vaccinations. Guidance in parameters for booster vaccinations is available. See, e.g., Marth (1997) Biologicals 25:199-203; Ramsay, et al. (1997) Immunol. Cell Biol. 75:382-388; Gherardi, et al. (2001) Histol. Histopathol. 16:655-667; Leroux-Roels, et al. (2001) ActA Clin. Belg. 56:209-219; Greiner, et al. (2002) Cancer Res. 62:6944-6951; Smith, et al. (2003) J. Med. Virol. 70: Suppl. 1: S38-541; Sepulveda-Amor, et al. (2002) Vaccine 20:2790-2795).
Formulations of therapeutic agents may be prepared for storage by mixing with physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers in the form of, e.g., lyophilized powders, slurries, aqueous solutions or suspensions (see, e.g., Hardman, et al. (2001) Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.; Gennaro (2000) Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, New York, N.Y.; Avis, et al. (eds.) (1993) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Parenteral Medications, Marcel Dekker, NY; Lieberman, et al. (eds.) (1990) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets, Marcel Dekker, NY; Lieberman, et al. (eds.) (1990) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems, Marcel Dekker, NY; Weiner and Kotkoskie (2000) Excipient Toxicity and Safety, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.).
“Vaccine” encompasses preventative vaccines. Vaccine also encompasses therapeutic vaccines, e.g., a vaccine administered to a mammal that comprises a condition or disorder associated with the antigen or epitope provided by the vaccine. A number of bacterial species have been developed for use as vaccines and can be used in the present invention, including, but not limited to, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi or mycobacterium species. This list is not meant to be limiting. See, e.g., WO04/006837; WO04/084936; WO04/110481; WO05/037233; WO05/092372; WO06/036550; WO08/109155; WO08/130551; WO08/140812; WO09/143085; WO09/143167; WO10/040135; WO11/060260; WO07/103225; WO07/117371; and WO14/074635, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all tables, figures, and claims. The bacterial vector used in the vaccine composition may be a facultative, intracellular bacterial vector. The bacterium may be used to deliver a polypeptide described herein to antigen-presenting cells in the host organism. As described herein, L. monocytogenes provides a preferred vaccine platform for expression of the antigens of the present invention.
The following are preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are exemplary in nature.
A nucleic acid molecule that encodes a fusion protein, wherein said fusion protein comprises (i) a first amino acid sequence comprising one or more copies of an enhancer amino acid sequence, each enhancer amino acid sequence independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof and SEQ ID NO: 37 or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and (ii) a second amino acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest linked to the amino terminus or carboxyl terminus of the first amino acid sequence.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 1, further comprising one or more regulatory elements that mediate expression, and optionally secretion, of the fusion protein in a host cell.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 2, wherein the regulatory elements comprise a Listeria monocytogenes actA promoter.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 1, wherein the polypeptide of interest comprises a tumor antigen.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 1, wherein the first amino acid sequence comprises one or more cleaver amino acid sequences, wherein each cleaver amino acid sequence is independently selected and linked to at least one of the one or more enhancer amino acid sequences.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 5, wherein each enhancer amino acid sequence is linked to an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence at its amino terminus and an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence at its carboxy terminus.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 6 wherein the first amino acid sequence comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 37.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 7, wherein each cleaver amino acid sequence linked to an enhancer amino acid sequence is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 75, and SEQ ID NO: 76.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 1, wherein the first amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 35, and SEQ ID NO: 33.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 1, wherein the first amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 35.
The nucleic acid molecule according to one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the second amino acid sequence comprises one or more independent antigenic sequences.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 11, wherein the second amino acid sequence comprises one or more cleaver amino acid sequences, wherein each cleaver amino acid sequence is independently selected and linked to at least one of the one or more antigenic sequences.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 12, wherein each independent antigenic sequence is linked to an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence at its amino terminus and an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence at its carboxy terminus.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 13, wherein each cleaver amino acid sequence linked to an antigenic sequence is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 75, and SEQ ID NO: 76.
The nucleic acid molecule according to one of embodiments 1-14, wherein the fusion protein comprises a secretory signal sequence.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 15, wherein the carboxy terminus of said secretory signal sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the first amino acid sequence, and the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the second amino acid sequence.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 15, wherein the carboxy terminus of said secretory signal sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the second amino acid sequence, and the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the first amino acid sequence.
The nucleic acid molecule according to one of embodiments 16 or 17, wherein the secretory signal sequence is a Listeria monocytogenes secretory signal sequence.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 18, wherein the secretory signal sequence is an ActA or LLO secretory signal sequence.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 19, wherein the ActA signal sequence is encoded by a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 28, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity thereto, or the LLO signal sequence is encoded by a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 40 from which the sequence SEQ ID NO: 67 is deleted, and SEQ ID NO: 40 in which the sequence SEQ ID NO: 67 is replaced with KE, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity thereto.
The nucleic acid molecule according to embodiment 19, wherein the secretory signal sequence is SEQ ID NO:28, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity thereto.
A host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of one of embodiments 1-21 integrated into the genome of the host cell, wherein the host cell expresses the fusion protein.
The host cell of embodiment 22, wherein the host cell is a bacterium.
The host cell of embodiment 23, wherein the bacterium is Listeria monocytogenes.
The host cell of embodiment 24, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is integrated into a virulence gene of Listeria monocytogenes, wherein the integration of said nucleic acid molecule disrupts expression of the virulence gene or disrupts a coding sequence of the virulence gene.
The host cell of embodiment 25, wherein the virulence gene is actA or inlB.
A composition comprising the host cell according to one of embodiments 22-26 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
A method of expressing a polypeptide of interest from a host cell, comprising:
introducing into the host cell an expression construct comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to one of embodiments 1-21, wherein the fusion protein is operably linked to one or more regulatory elements which mediate expression, and optionally secretion, of the fusion protein in the host cell.
The method according to embodiment 28, wherein the host cell is a bacterium.
The method according to embodiment 29, wherein the host cell is a Listeria monocytogenes bacterium.
The method according to embodiment 30, wherein the expression construct is integrated into the genome of the Listeria monocytogenes.
The method according to embodiment 31, wherein the expression construct is integrated into a virulence gene of the Listeria monocytogenes, and the integration of said nucleic acid molecule disrupts expression of the virulence gene or disrupts a coding sequence of the virulence gene.
A method according to embodiment 32, wherein the virulence gene is Listeria monocytogenes actA or inlB.
A fusion protein comprising:
a first amino acid sequence comprising one or more copies of an enhancer amino acid sequence, each enhancer amino acid sequence independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof and SEQ ID NO: 37 or a sequence having 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions thereof, and (ii) a second amino acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest linked to the amino terminus or carboxyl terminus of the first amino acid sequence.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 34, wherein the polypeptide of interest comprises a tumor antigen.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 34, wherein the first amino acid sequence comprises one or more cleaver amino acid sequences, wherein each cleaver amino acid sequence is independently selected and linked to at least one of the one or more enhancer amino acid sequences.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 36, wherein each enhancer amino acid sequence is linked to an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence at its amino terminus and an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence at its carboxy terminus.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 37, wherein the first amino acid sequence comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 copies of SEQ ID NO: 37.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 38, wherein each cleaver amino acid sequence linked to an enhancer amino acid sequence is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 75, and SEQ ID NO: 76.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 34, wherein the first amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 35, and SEQ ID NO: 33.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 34, wherein the first amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 35.
The fusion protein according to one of embodiments 34-41, wherein the second amino acid sequence comprises one or more independent antigenic sequences.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 42, wherein the second amino acid sequence comprises one or more cleaver amino acid sequences, wherein each cleaver amino acid sequence is independently selected and linked to at least one of the one or more antigenic sequences.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 43, wherein each independent antigenic sequence is linked to an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence at its amino terminus and an independently selected cleaver amino acid sequence at its carboxy terminus.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 44, wherein each cleaver amino acid sequence linked to an antigenic sequence is independently selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 75, and SEQ ID NO: 76.
The fusion protein according to one of embodiments 34-45, wherein the fusion protein comprises a secretory signal sequence.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 46, wherein the carboxy terminus of said secretory signal sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the first amino acid sequence, and the carboxy terminus of the first amino acid sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the second amino acid sequence.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 46, wherein the carboxy terminus of said secretory signal sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the second amino acid sequence, and the carboxy terminus of the second amino acid sequence is linked to the amino terminus of the first amino acid sequence.
The fusion protein according to one of embodiments 47 or 48, wherein the secretory signal sequence is a Listeria monocytogenes secretory signal sequence.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 49, wherein the secretory signal sequence is an ActA or LLO secretory signal sequence.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 50, wherein the ActA signal sequence is encoded by a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 28, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity thereto, or the LLO signal sequence is encoded by a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 40 from which the sequence SEQ ID NO: 67 is deleted, and SEQ ID NO: 40 in which the sequence SEQ ID NO: 67 is replaced with KE, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity thereto.
The fusion protein according to embodiment 50, wherein the secretory signal sequence is SEQ ID NO:28, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity thereto.
A method of treating cancer or a viral disease in an individual in need thereof, comprising:
expressing a fusion protein according to one of embodiments 34-52 within the individual, wherein the polypeptide of interest comprises one or more independent antigenic sequences present on cancer cells or virally infected cells present in the individual.
The method according to embodiment 53, wherein the fusion protein is expressed from a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule of one of claims 1-21.
The method according to embodiment 54, wherein the host cell is a host cell of one of claims 22-26.
The following examples serve to illustrate the present invention. These examples are in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention.
All synthetic expression/secretion enhancers were engineered as translational fusions downstream of the modified amino terminal domain of the Listeria protein ActA termed ActAN100* and under the control of the ActA promoter. These full length (five copy) promoter-enhancer sequences were synthesized and codon optimized for expression in Listeria by DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, Calif.). These full length leader sequences were subcloned into a derivative of the pPL2 shuttle vector using standard restriction enzyme-based cloning methods as translational fusions to a set of previously sequence-confirmed antigens; Ig1C, PAP (33-386), mesothelin (35-622), mesothelin (35-609), and the fusion of two HBV antigens, Pol (1-300) and X-Ag. Initial cloning steps were performed in XL1-Blue cells (Agilent, Santa Clara, Calif.) using T4 DNA ligase (NEB, Ipswich, Mass.). The pINT vector allows conjugation from the E. coli strain SM10 (competent cells prepped in house, Zymo Research, Irvine Calif.) into Listeria and facilitates site specific integration at the tRNAArg locus. All enhancers were assessed in the Listeria vaccine strain Lm11 (ΔactAΔinlB). For enhancers with fewer copies, PCR was used to amplify the appropriate length product (Phusion polymerase, NEB, Ipswich Mass.). PCR products were cleaned up through purification columns (Qiagen, Germantown, Md.), cloned using restriction enzymes and sequence confirmed. All strains assessed for expression/secretion and immunogenicity are shown in Table 1.
Overnight cultures (1 ml) of Listeria strains inoculated from glycerol stocks were grown without shaking in Brain Heart Infusion broth (BD) at 30° C. DC2.4 cells were stored in 10% DMSO in fetal bovine serum (FBS) in liquid nitrogen. One day prior to infection, DC2.4 cells (4×106 cells per vial) were thawed, rinsed once with complete RPMI media (RPMI, 10% FBS, non-essential amino acids, L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate, HEPES buffer and 2-mercaptoethanol) without antibiotics, resuspended in the same media, seeded at 1.5×105 cells per well in 24 well plates and incubated at 37° C. (5% CO2) overnight.
The overnight bacterial cultures described above were diluted 1:200 (5 μl in 1 ml) in complete RPMI media without antibiotics and mixed well by repeated pipetting. Media from DC2.4 cells plated the previous day was aspirated, and overnight culture dilutions (300 μl; 3×106 bacteria) were used to infect individual wells containing DC2.4 cells (multiplicity of infection of 20). Infections were allowed to proceed at 37° C. (5% CO2) for 1 hour, supernatants were removed by aspiration, wells were rinsed one time with PBS (2 ml) and complete RPMI media containing 50 μg/ml gentamycin was added (2 ml). Infections were incubated seven additional hours at 37° C. (5% CO2).
For Western blotting, used in the examples below unless otherwise indicated, media was removed by aspiration and cells were washed with PBS (1 ml) and collected by the addition of lysis buffer (100 μl 1×LDS buffer with reducing agent; Life Technologies) and physical disruption. Lysates were transferred to 1.5 ml tubes, incubated at 95° C. for 10 min, vortexed and stored at −20° C. For broth-based Western blot analysis, as indicated in the examples below, overnight cultures (1 ml) of Listeria strains were grown in yeast media (YNG) broth at 37° C. shaking ˜200 rpm overnight. The culture media was then isolated by centrifugation of the bacteria. An aliquot of media (50 μl) was transferred to a separate tube and 4× loading dye (20 μl; Novex) and 10× reducing agent (8 μl; Novex) were added. Samples were incubated at 95° C. for 10 min, vortexed and stored at −20° C.
Aliquots (20 μl) were run on 4-12% Bis-Tris PAGE gels in 1×MES buffer (Invitrogen) and transferred to 0.45 μm nitrocellulose membranes for detection. Membranes were blocked for 1 hour at room temperature in Odyssey blocking buffer (Li-Cor). Heterologous antigens were detected using the A18K polyclonal rabbit antibody (1:4,000 dilution) that recognizes the mature 18 amino acid amino terminus of the ActA protein, which is fused to the N-terminus of each antigen. The constitutively expressed Listeria p60 protein was used as a control for the number of bacteria loaded per sample and was detected using a mouse monoclonal p60 antibody (1:4,000; AdipoGen Life Sciences). Differentially labeled goat anti-mouse and goat anti-rabbit (IRDyes 800CW and 680RD, respectively; Odyssey) secondary antibodies were used at 1:10,000 dilutions. All antibodies were diluted in Odyssey blocking buffer with 0.2% Tween. Membranes were incubated with both primary antibodies overnight at 4° C., washed three times for five minutes each wash with PBS containing 0.1% Tween, then incubated with secondary antibodies for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were washed a further four times, the last wash with PBS only, then scanned using a Li-Cor Odyssey system.
Western blots were quantitated with Li-Cor Image Studio software. Individual antigen or p60 bands were boxed on images representing the appropriate signal (i.e., 680 nm or 800 nm wavelength scans for ActAN100* or p60, respectively), and the total intensity within each box was determined. Intensity measurements were exported to Excel where the ratio of ActAN100* intensity to p60 intensity was calculated.
Bacterial cultures were grown in YNG media overnight shaking at 37° C. to stationary phase. The following day, cultures were diluted in sterile HBSS to an approximate concentration of 2.5×107 CFU/mL. 6-8 week old Balb/c mice (n=5) received approximate dose as indicated in the examples below (e.g. 5×106 CFU) by intravenous injection with 200 μL volume in the lateral tail vein. Seven days post immunization, spleens were harvested and single cell suspensions were prepared for T-cell analysis by IFNγ ELISpot analysis. 4×105 splenocytes per well were stimulated overnight with a PAP peptide pool composed of 94 15mer peptides overlapping by 11 amino acids or with media only (unstimulated control). The following day, PAP-specific T-cell responses were quantified by IFNγ ELISpot and statistical significance was determined using GraphPad Prism to perform two-tailed unpaired t test analysis where P<0.05. A similar assay was used to assess immunogenicity of HBV Pol1-300-HBxAg expressing strains, where stimulation with HBV-Pol140-148 to assess HBV-Pol140-148 specific T-cell responses by IFNγ ELISpot.
Single repeat units of an EGFRvIII sequence, and synthetic syn1, syn2, and syn18 modifications thereof were used in the following examples. Underlined is a complete EGFRvIII repeat unit used as a control sequence in the EGFRvIII sequence and the remaining portions in syn1, syn2 and syn18. The EGFRvIII neo-antigen HLA-A2 restricted T cell epitope is shown in bold. Syn1 alters 13 of 21 amino acids in the repeat unit that span the entire EGFRvIII T cell epitope. Syn2 deletes the same 13 amino acids (depicted as dashes) from the basic repeat. Syn18 alters 15 of 21 amino acids in the repeat unit. The variants were designed to avoid significant homology to any proteins in the human genome, as determined by BLASTp searches. Included in these sequences are amino terminal (ASKVL) (SEQ ID NO: 5) and carboxy terminal (ADGSVK) (SEQ ID NO: 2) proteasome cleavage sequences (italics).
ASKVL
PASRALEEKKGNYVVTDHGSC
ADGSVK
ASKVL
PASRAVDDHHAQFLLSEKGSCADGSVK
ASKVL
PASRA-------------GSCADGSVK
ASKVLESNQSVEDKHNEFMLTEYGSCADGSVK
Alignment of “5 copy” Syn1 (SEQ ID NO: 33), Syn 2 (SEQ ID NO: 34) and Syn18 (SEQ ID NO: 35) sequence to a 5 copy EGFRvIII construct (SEQ ID NO: 32):
As shown in the following example, expression of the cancer antigen prosthetic acid phosphatase (PAP) is dramatically enhanced when fused to EGFRvIII, syn1, and syn18 expression enhancer sequences.
The following constructs were tested. As shown in
BH2869: No enhancer sequence
BH4703: 5× EGFRvIII (brick pattern)
BH5144: 5× syn1 (diagonal cross hatch)
BH5150: 5× syn2 (horizontal cross hatch),
BH5337: 5× syn18 (checker pattern).
PAP33-386 nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 51):
PAP33-386 protein sequence (SEQ ID NO: 52):
The mouse dendritic cell line DC2.4 was infected with Lm ΔactA/ΔinlB in which the fusion protein was inserted into the chromosomal tRNAArg locus. Seven hours later, cells were washed, lysed, run on SDS-PAGE, and transferred to nitrocellulose. The Western blot was probed with a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised to the amino terminus of the ActA protein and expression level was normalized to the Listeria P60 protein, which correlates with bacterial counts in infected cells. High levels of the fusion construct were expressed by both the research and clinical strains. Expression was normalized using P60 expression, which correlates with bacterial counts in infected cells. Relative expression is set arbitrarily at 1 for the lowest expressing construct; n.a.: not applicable; n.d.: not detected.
As shown in the following example, expression of the infectious disease antigen Ig1C from Francisella tularensis is also enhanced when fused to EGFRvIII, syn1, and syn18 expression enhancer sequences.
The PAP sequence used in Example 2 does not normally express well in the ActAN100* fusion system. This example was carried out as in Example 2; however, Ig1C replaced PAP as a test of the expression enhancement with an antigen that normally expresses well in the ActAN100* fusion system.
Ig1C Nucleic Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 49):
Ig1C Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 50):
ActAN100* was fused in-frame to five copies of four different repeats including EGFRvIII, syn1, syn2, syn18, and the infectious disease antigen Ig1C from Francisella tularensis.
Increasing the copy number of the syn1 repeat results in step-wise increases in the level when fused to PAP. This example was carried out as in Example 2; however, the number of copies of the syn1 enhancer sequence was varied from 0 to 5.
Increasing the copy number of the syn18 repeat results in step-wise increases in the level when fused to PAP. This example was carried out as in Example 2; however, the number of copies of the syn18 enhancer sequence was varied from 0 to 5.
Increasing the copy number of the syn1 repeat results in step-wise increases in the level when fused to PAP. This example was carried out as in Example 2.
HBV Pol1-300-HBxAg dual antigen with C-terminal SL8 peptide nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 53):
HBV Pol1-300-HBxAg dual antigen with C-terminal SL8 peptide protein sequence (SEQ ID NO: 54):
Female B10.Br mice (n=5 per group) were vaccinated intravenously with 5×106 cfu of BH2869 (ActAN100-PAP only), BH4703 (ActAN100*-EGFRvIII×5-PAP), BH5144 (ActAN100*-Syn1×5-PAP), and BH5337 (ActAN100*-Syn18×5-PAP) (per schematics in
Female mice (n=5 per group) were vaccinated intravenously with 1×106 cfu of BH5687 (ActAN100*-HBV Pol1-300-HBxAg), BH5689 (ActAN100*-syn1×1-HBV Pol1-300-HBxAg), BH5691 (ActAN100*-syn1×5-HBV Pol1-300-HBxAg), BH5693 (ActAN100*-syn18×1-HBV Pol1-300-HBxAg), and BH5695 (ActAN100*-syn18×5-HBV Pol1-300-HBxAg) (per schematics in
The syn18×5 or syn1×5 sequence enhances expression whether it is linked to the amino terminus or the carboxy terminus of the antigen. This example was carried out as in Example 2; however, the syn18×5 or syn1×5 enhancer sequence was linked to either the amino terminus or the carboxy terminus of the PAP33-386 antigen sequence.
Mesothelin antigen is increased with syn18×5 linked to the amino terminus or carboxy terminus of mesothelin35-609, and with syn1×5 linked to the amino terminus of mesothelin35-609. This example was carried out as in Example 2.
Mesothelin35-622 Nucleic Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 55):
Mesothelin35-622 Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 56):
Mesothelin35-609 Nucleic Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 57):
Mesothelin35-609 Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 58):
Plasmids encoding recombinant proteins with or without tags were transformed into T7 Express competent E. coli (NEB). Proteins included FopC tagged with 6×His at the carboxy terminus, without an amino terminal fusion partner, or with a SUMO tag or syn18×5 tag at the amino terminus. Resulting colonies were used to inoculate LB broth (1 ml) with antibiotic, and cultures were incubated with shaking at 37° C. until they reached an OD600 of ˜0.5. Uninduced samples were collected by centrifuging an aliquot (100 μl) of the culture. Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was added (0.5 mM), and the cultures were incubated with shaking at 37° C. for an additional two hours. Induced samples were collected by centrifuging an aliquot (50 μl) of the culture. Both uninduced and induced samples were resuspended in lysis buffer (100 μl 1×LDS buffer with reducing agent; Novex), incubated at 95° C. for 10 min, vortexed and stored at −20° C.
Aliquots (5 μl) were run on 4-12% Bis-Tris PAGE gels in 1×MES buffer (Invitrogen) and transferred to a 0.45 μm nitrocellulose membrane for detection. Following transfer, membrane was rinsed briefly in water, incubated with REVERT Total Protein Stain for 5 min (5 ml; Li-Cor), rinsed briefly two times with Wash Solution then scanned using a Li-Cor Odyssey system. Following imaging, the membrane was rinsed briefly with water then blocked for 1 hour at room temperature in Odyssey blocking buffer (Li-Cor). 6×His-tagged recombinant proteins were detected using a polyclonal anti-polyHis antibody (1:4,000 dilution; Sigma #H1029). Goat anti-mouse (IRDye 680RD; Odyssey) secondary antibody was used at a 1:10,000 dilution. All antibodies were diluted in Odyssey blocking buffer with 0.2% Tween. Membranes were incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4° C., washed three times for five minutes each wash with PBS containing 0.1% Tween, then incubated with secondary antibody(s) for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were washed a further four times, the last wash with PBS only, then scanned using a Li-Cor Odyssey system.
Western blots were quantitated with Li-Cor Image Studio software. Individual His-containing bands were boxed on images representing the 800 nm signal, and the total intensity within each box was determined. Untagged fopC-6×His nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59):
Untagged fopC-6×his Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 60):
SUMO fopC-6×his Nucleic Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 61):
SUMO fopC-6×his Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 62):
Syn18×5 fopC-6×his Nucleic Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 63):
Syn18×5 fopC-6×his Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 64):
The syn18×5 sequence enhances expression of FopC antigen in E. coli.
This example was carried out similarly as described in Example 2. Constructs were prepared for expression in Listeria, where the fusion protein comprises ActAN100*, a polypeptide comprising 9 separate predicted neoantigenic sequences from a subject, and with or without the syn18×5 enhancer sequence. These constructs are shown in
Additional constructs were prepared for expression in Listeria, where the fusion protein comprises ActAN100* linked to the syn18×5 enhancer sequence, which is linked to a polypeptide comprising up to 19 separate predicted neoantigenic sequences from one subject (BH6609-19 neoantigens, BH6619-16 neoantigens, BH6613-14 neoantigens, BH6615-12 neoantigens and BH6617-10 neoantigens), and 9 separate predicted neoantigenic sequences from another subject (BH6035). These constructs are shown in
One skilled in the art readily appreciates that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The examples provided herein are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention.
It will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations that is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein any of the terms “comprising”, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The terms and expressions that have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.
Other embodiments are set forth within the following claims.
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/369,663, filed Aug. 1, 2016, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/373,297, filed Aug. 10, 2016, each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety including all tables, figures, and claims.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62369663 | Aug 2016 | US | |
| 62373297 | Aug 2016 | US |
