Patent Application
20190075806
The present invention relates to proteinase B, and a lactase solution and a method for producing the same using properties of proteinase B, and dairy products using the lactase solution, and the like.
Lactose intolerance is a condition, which shows various symptoms such as abdominal pains and diarrhea due to lactose in food such as dairy products because lactose cannot be congenitally decomposed. Lactose is a disaccharide formed from galactose and glucose. In order to deal with lactose intolerance, lactose contained in e.g. milk is decomposed into galactose and glucose beforehand with an enzyme lactase in the food manufacturing industry.
A lactase solution used to decompose lactose in e.g. milk has been conventionally produced by culturing a lactase-producing microorganism, extracting lactase from cells, removing foreign substances derived from cultures for purification, then adding a stabilizer and carrying out filtration sterilization.
Patent Literature 1 (JP 60-18394 B) discloses an invention relating to a method for producing lactase from cultures of a strain of Kluyveromyces lactis. According to this method, a crude enzyme solution obtained after autolysis of yeast bodies is applied to a DEAE cellulose column and eluted by salt concentration gradient to obtain two active fractions (lactase A and lactase B). It is also disclosed that in these two active fractions, various properties including temperature stability are almost same except that pH stability is slightly different, and an enzyme preparation can be formed from a mixture thereof. In addition, according to the gene analysis of lactase of Kluyveromyces lactis, this lactase is a polypeptide including 1025 amino acids and is estimated to have a molecular weight of 117,618 (Non Patent Literature 1).
It is further described that the lactase described in Patent Literature 1 has an optimum temperature of 40 to 50° C., and is deactivated by 45% at 50° C. for 10 minutes and by 100% at 55° C. for 10 minutes at pH 7.0.
In practice, however, a phenomenon in which lactase products have different heat stability occurs, and it has been found that the previously reported stability of lactase is not necessarily applied to all products. Following this, there is often a problem in that stability during storage is different in lactase products. Accordingly, a factor to influence heat stability of lactase is to be present in lactase products; however, this factor is not described in these patent literatures at all.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to identify a factor to influence heat stability of lactase in lactase products, and to provide a lactase solution with good heat stability as desired by using such factor as an index.
Commercially available lactase products contain foreign proteins other than lactase. In order to remove these, it is common to carry out various purification treatments. When comparing long-term stability, however, highly purified lactase products have not necessarily had high stability.
When these commercially available lactase products are applied to SDS-PAGE, lactase has mainly a high molecular weight band (about 120 kDa). However, those in which the band of lactase is fragmented and several bands (80, 50, 33 and 32 kDa) are observed, are frequently found. It has been revealed that this lactase having several fragmented bands tends to have low heat stability.
Therefore, the present inventors succeeded in newly identifying proteinase B (which can be described as PrB hereinafter) contained in lactase products, which is a factor to fragment lactase. The present inventors found that a product in which lactase is not easily fragmented and which has high stability as desired could be produced by adjusting the amount and activity of such PrB, thereby completing the present invention.
Thus, the followings are provided by the present invention.
[1] Proteinase B having the following enzymatic properties,
1) having an optimum temperature of about 40° C.,
2) having an optimum pH of about 8.0,
3) being stable at pH 5.0 to 8.0,
4) having high substrate specificity to FITC-casein and lactase,
5) having a neutral lactase-fragmenting action, and
6) having a molecular weight of about 29,700 to 30,000 (by SDS-PAGE);
[2] The proteinase B according to [1], satisfying the following (a) or (b),
(a) a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO:1 in the sequence listing, and
(b) a polypeptide derived from the polypeptide of (a) by deletion, substitution or addition of one or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1 in the sequence listing, wherein its amino acid sequence has a homology of not less than 70% to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, and having a neutral lactase-fragmenting action at pH 5.0 to 8.0;
[3] A precursor of proteinase B, satisfying the following (a) or (b),
(a) a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO:2 in the sequence listing, and
(b) a polypeptide derived from the polypeptide of (a) by deletion, substitution or addition of one or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2 in the sequence listing, wherein its amino acid sequence has a homology of not less than 70% to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, and its mature protein is a polypeptide having a neutral lactase-fragmenting action at pH 5.0 to 8.0;
[4] A polynucleotide coding for an amino acid sequence forming proteinase B according to [1] or [2], or the precursor of proteinase B according to [3];
[5] The polynucleotide according to [4], selected from the group consisting of the following (A) to (D),
(A) a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO:3 in the sequence listing, or
(B) a polynucleotide which hybridizes with the polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO:3 in the sequence listing under stringent condition, and which codes for a polypeptide having a neutral lactase-fragmenting action at pH 5.0 to 8.0,
(C) a polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO:4 in the sequence listing, or
(D) a polynucleotide which hybridizes with the polynucleotide whose nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO:4 in the sequence listing under stringent condition, and which codes for a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence whose mature protein is a polypeptide having a neutral lactase-fragmenting action at pH 5.0 to 8.0;
[6] A lactase solution containing less than 11.5 ng of proteinase B according to [1] or [2] per unit of neutral lactase activity;
[7] The lactase solution according to [6], containing not less than 0.01 ng of proteinase B according to [1] or [2] per unit of neutral lactase activity;
[8] The lactase solution according to [6] or [7], which contains a protease inhibitor;
[9] The lactase solution according to any one of [6] to [8], which contains a stabilizer;
[10] The lactase solution according to any one of [6] to [9], for use in UHT milk or yogurt;
[11] A method for producing a lactase solution according to any one of [6] to [10],
the method including the steps of removing the proteinase B from the lactase solution and/or reducing the action of the proteinase B;
[12] The method for producing a lactase solution according to [11], wherein the step of removing the proteinase B is carried out by weakly basic anion-exchange column chromatography or hydrophobic interaction chromatography to the lactase solution;
[13] The method for producing a lactase solution according to [11], wherein the step of removing the proteinase B is carried out by treating the lactase solution with activated carbon;
[14] The method for producing a lactase solution according to any one of [11] to [13], wherein the step of reducing the action of the proteinase B is carried out by treating the lactase solution with heat; and
[15] A method for evaluating the heat stability of lactase comprising measuring an amount of the proteinase B protein according to [1] or [2] and a lactase activity thereof, contained in a lactase solution, and using the amount of proteinase B protein per unit of lactase activity as an index.
[16] An antibody that binds specifically to the polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is represented by SEQ ID No.1.
[17] The antibody according to [16], which is a polyclonal antibody against the peptide whose amino acid sequence is a portion of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID No.1, from positions 27 to position 45.
According to the present invention, there is provided proteinase B, as well as a lactase solution and a method for producing the same, using properties of proteinase B, in which the lactase protein is not easily fragmented and has good stability as desired.
The lactase solution involved in the present invention is a lactase solution having a small amount of proteinase B and/or a reduced lactase protein-fragmenting activity. The lactase solution may contain also a stabilizer and a protease inhibitor. The present invention will now be described in the order of (1) the properties of proteinase B, (2) the properties of a lactase solution, (3) a method for producing the lactase solution, and (4) the uses of the lactase solution.
The proteinase B (PrB), which is contained in the lactase solution of the present invention and expected to be an enzyme having the lactase-fragmenting activity, will now be described in detail. It is expected that by removing this proteinase B from the lactase solution and/or suppressing the activity, the fragmentation of lactase can be suppressed. It should be noted that proteinase B contained in lactase was identified for the first time in the present invention, and has not been able to be detected by a conventional technique, a measurement method using casein as a substrate.
The amino acid sequence of a protein having the lactase-fragmenting activity, purified from cell extract of Kluyveromyces lactis was analyzed by LC-MS/MS, and was subjected to Mascot search. The underlined parts of the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) shown in
We revealed the properties shown in Table 1 using purified PrB of the present invention. This enzyme is believed to be a neutral protease as with PrB derived from S. cerevisiae. As shown in Table 2, the different rate of reaction to Azocoll and higher substrate specificity to lactase of the enzyme showed that the substrate specificity of the enzyme were different from those of PrB derived from S. cerevisiae.
Besides, the enzyme has various enzymological properties and substrate specificity as shown in Tables 1 and 2 below. The enzyme has an optimum temperature of about 40° C. and an optimum pH of about 8.0, and is stable at pH 5.0 to 8.0. The enzyme also has high substrate specificity to FITC-casein and lactase, and the molecular weight thereof is about 29,700 to 30,000 (by SDS-PAGE).
K. lactis
S. cerevisiae
K. lactis
S. cerevisiae
The neutral protease genes generally have a long prepro-sequence. The pre-sequence is required to transport a protein, while the pro-sequence is an unnecessary sequence when the activated conformation of an enzyme is formed. The present inventors found the full gene sequence coding for a neutral protease precursor containing the prepro-sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4 in the sequence listing, and found the amino acid sequence of the precursor shown in SEQ ID NO:2. Finally, from this neutral protease precursor, the present inventors found the amino acid sequence of the neutral protease of the present invention, shown in SEQ ID NO:1, i.e. the amino acid sequence of the mature enzyme, that is produced outside the cells, and the gene sequence coding for this, shown in SEQ ID NO:3.
The proteinase B derived from Kluyveromyces lactis which is preferred for the present invention, is a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence forming the mature enzyme, shown in SEQ ID NO:1, or the same amino acid sequence except that one or several amino acids are deleted, substituted or added, wherein the amino acid sequence has a homology of not less than 70% to such sequence, and more preferably a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence forming the mature enzyme, shown in SEQ ID NO:1, or the same amino acid sequence except that one or several amino acids are deleted, substituted, inverted, added or inserted.
Another preferred aspect of proteinase B of the present invention is a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence forming a precursor of proteinase B, shown in SEQ ID NO:2, or the same amino acid sequence except that one or several amino acids are deleted, substituted or added, wherein the amino acid sequence has a homology of not less than 70% to such sequence, and more preferably a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence forming the mature enzyme, shown in SEQ ID NO:1, or the same amino acid sequence except that one or several amino acids are deleted, substituted, or added. This precursor functions as a mature protein with a molecular weight of about 30,000 Da through the maturation process due to the properties as a protease.
The genes including a gene coding for an amino acid sequence of the neutral protease of the present invention or a precursor thereof are nucleotide sequences corresponding to this.
The gene coding for an amino acid sequence of preferred proteinase B of the present invention or a precursor thereof is specifically a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of the following (A) to (D):
(A) a polynucleotide including the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:3 in the sequence listing, or
(B) a polynucleotide which hybridizes with the polynucleotide including the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:3 in the sequence listing under stringent conditions, and which codes for the polypeptide having a neutral lactase-fragmenting action at pH 5.0 to 8.0,
(C) a polynucleotide including the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4 in the sequence listing, or
(D) a polynucleotide which hybridizes with the polynucleotide including the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4 in the sequence listing under stringent conditions, and which codes for the polypeptide including an amino acid sequence whose mature protein is a polypeptide having a neutral lactase-fragmenting action at pH 5.0 to 8.0.
With respect to the amino acid sequence of a peptide, the “polypeptide including an amino acid sequence except that one or several amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added” used in the description means a variant of the polypeptide including the amino acid sequence shown in a sequence number, which has a lactase-fragmenting action with a degree equal or similar to that of the polypeptide including the amino acid sequence shown in the sequence number (e.g. not less than 50%, preferably not less than 80%, and more preferably not less than 100%). Such variant polypeptide can be also a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence having a sequence homology of not less than 70%, preferably not less than 80%, and further preferably not less than 90% to the amino acid sequence shown in the sequence number.
In addition, the “stringent conditions” in the description include conditions described in for example “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd ed.” (T. Maniatis et al., published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989) and the like, and include more specifically a condition that hybridization is carried out by storage with a probe at a temperature 50 to 65° C. for one night in a solution including for example 6×SSC (the composition of 1×SSC: 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0), 0.5% SDS, 5×Denhardt, and 100 μg/mL heat-denatured herring sperm DNA, and the like.
The sequence homology in the description refers to, when two amino acid sequences are aligned by introducing gaps or without introducing gaps so that the sequence identity will be greatest, the percentage (%) of the number of identical amino acid residues to the total number of amino acids including gaps. The sequence homology % can be determined using known algorithms such as BLAST and FASTA released by NCBI, USA.
The proteinase B of the present invention includes a fragment of the proteinase B retaining a neutral lactase-fragmenting action. The fragment may have any length as long as it retains the ability to fragment neutral lactase. The fragment length is preferably a length of at least 20 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 25 residues, e.g. 30, 35 or 40 residues, or more.
In addition, the “lactase-fragmenting action” in the claims and description can be an action by which the neutral lactase around 120 kDa in SDS-PAGE is fragmented, and preferably the fragments of the fragmented lactase show the neutral lactase activity.
The PrB of the present invention has the above-described enzymological properties as a mature protein, and preferably includes a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence selected from the amino acid sequences (i) to (v) shown below, or having an amino acid sequence of the amino acid sequences (i) to (v) shown below except that one or several amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added. The PrB of the present invention is a polypeptide more preferably including two or more amino acid sequences of the amino acid sequences (i) to (v) mentioned below, or these amino acid sequences except that one or several amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added, further preferably including three or more amino acid sequences or these amino acid sequences except that one or several amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added, particularly preferably including 4 or more amino acid sequences or these amino acid sequences except that one or several amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added, and most preferably including all the amino acid sequences mentioned below or these amino acid sequences except that one or several amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added. Preferably, among the above, the PrB of the present invention is one including a larger number of amino acid residues of the amino acid sequences (i) to (v) mentioned below, or includes them in descending order of amino acid residue:
The method for obtaining PrB of the present invention is not particularly limited, and, for example, PrB can be purified from microorganism extract. More specifically, the supernatant obtained by centrifugal separation after crushing cells with ultrasonic treatment is applied as a crude enzyme solution to DEAE-Sepharose (manufactured by GE Healthcare) column chromatography. The obtained active fraction can be collected, and then applied to Butyl-Toyopearl (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) column chromatography, and the active fraction obtained by elution with linear gradient can be collected. It should be noted that the active fraction obtained by hydroxyapatite column chromatography is confirmed to be electrophoretically single.
It is believed that because the PrB of the present invention has a lactase protein-fragmenting activity as described above, when contained in a lactase solution, the heat stability thereof is lost, but using its characteristic substrate specificity, PrB can be also used for various uses. The uses for modifying the physical properties of e.g. low-allergy food, seasonings, dairy products are for example thought.
The properties of the lactase solution of the present invention will now be described in detail.
The lactases used in the present invention are lactases derived from yeasts (Kluyveromyces genus). Almost all of them are so-called neutral lactases with an optimum pH of pH 6 to pH 8. Examples of lactase producing yeasts among Kluyveromyces genus include Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces fragillis, Kluyveromyces marxianus and the like.
The lactase solution of the present invention desirably has a lactase activity of 10 to 100,000 NLU/g. The “NLU” means Neutral Lactase Unit. The method for measuring activity is as follows. The NLU is measured using the hydrolysis of a substrate, o-nitrophenyl-β-galactopyranoside (ONPG), into o-nitrophenol and galactose.
The reaction is finished by adding sodium carbonate. The color of the formed o-nitrophenol turns into yellow in an alkaline medium and changes in absorbance are used to measure enzyme activity (represented by NLU/g). This procedure is published in Lactase (neutral) (β-galactosidase) activity on pages 801 to 802 in Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) 4th Edition, Jul. 1, 1996.
Herein, it was found that when the band by SDS-PAGE is fragmented as described below, the heat stability of lactase tended to be low. It can be said that the lactase solution of the present invention is one in which the fragmentation of lactase is suppressed by reducing the fragmentation activity of PrB to improve heat stability.
First, the state of fragmentation of lactase in a lactase solution can be confirmed by SDS-PAGE using 10% polyacrylamide gel. For example, a lactase solution is diluted with purified water as needed, and mixed with Sample Buffer for SDS-PAGE at 1:1, and electrophoresis samples are prepared by heat treatment at 100° C. for 3 minutes. Next, the standard and electrophoresis samples are applied to 10% acrylamide gel, and subjected to electrophoresis. The molecular weight of lactase can be also roughly estimated by comparison with the standard. As the standard, CLEARLY Stained Protein Ladder (Takara #3454A) and the like are used. The gel after electrophoresis is subjected to protein staining using a CBB staining solution (BIO-RAD #161-0786).
The gel after staining was scanned as a grayscale image with a scanner GT-X820 manufactured by Seiko Epson Corporation. Furthermore, the concentration of each band (protein amount) can be also measured by Image J software (NIH, Bethesda, Md.). The fragmentation of lactase can be considered in more detail by analyzing the concentration of each band with the software.
In the lactase solution of the present invention, the amount of PrB contained is preferably small. The fragmentation of lactase is believed to reduce the heat stability of lactase eventually, and thus PrB is believed to contribute to the fragmentation of lactase. That is to say, as the amount of PrB contained decreases, the heat stability of a lactase solution tends to increase. As the amount in the lactase solution of the present invention, less than 11.5 ng of proteinase B of the present invention is preferably contained per unit of neutral lactase activity (1 NLU) in terms of improvement in heat stability, more preferably not more than 3.0 ng, and further preferably not more than 0.30 ng.
The lower limit of the amount of PrB contained in the lactase solution of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is 0.01 ng/NLU. The effect on the stability of lactase hardly improves even when the amount is less than 0.01 ng/NLU, and thus decreasing less than 0.01 ng/NLU is not economical.
PrB can be confirmed by Western blotting. A PrB solution purified by the above-mentioned method was 10-fold diluted using ×1 SDS-PAGE Sample buffer, and was further subjected to two-fold serial dilution. Each diluted solution was treated with heat at 100° C. for 3 minutes to prepare electrophoresis samples. A lactase product was diluted with ×1 SDS-PAGE Sample buffer so that the concentration was 200 NLU/mL to prepare electrophoresis samples in the same manner. To SDS-PAGE, 10 μL of each electrophoresis sample was applied, and was subjected to electrophoresis at a constant current of 20 mA. One of the gel after electrophoresis was subjected to protein staining using a CBB staining solution in the same manner as above, and another one was applied to Western blot. As the transfer membrane for Western blot, Immun-Blot PVDF Membrane For Protein Blotting (BIO-RAD #162-0174) was used, and the protein was transferred by a semi-dry type. The membrane after transfer was blocked with a 6% skim milk solution, and then washed with Tween-PBS.
As the primary antibody, an anti-PrB polyclonal antibody was prepared by immunizing rabbit with a synthetic peptide (CNKYLYDDDAGKGVTAYVVD) as an antigen. As the second antibody, Goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate (BIO-RAD #170-6515) was used. After washing with Tween-PBS, detection was carried out by a chemiluminescent method using Chemi-Lumi One Super (nacalai tesque #02230-30). The membrane was exposed to an X-ray film for 5 minutes, which was then developed. The film after development was scanned as a grayscale image with a scanner GT-280 manufactured by Seiko Epson Corporation, and the concentration of each band (protein amount) was measured by Image J software (NIH, Bethesda, Md.). For a quantitative analysis, a software attached to iMark Microplate reader (BIO-RAD) was used. The band area of PrB was plotted along the ordinate and the amount of PrB protein was plotted along the abscissa to obtain a regression equation y=−0.366/(1+(x/32.3)3.474)+0.366. Therefore, the amount of protein per lane was calculated by substituting the band area of a sample for y in the equation.
Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an antibody that binds specifically to PrB. The term “specifically binding” of an antibody means that the antibody binds to a target substance, but does not bind to other substances. Whether or not an antibody binds to a target substance, and/or does not bind to other substances, may be confirmed by any methods that detect antigen-antibody reactions such as southern hybridization, PCR, western blotting, and ELISA. The phrase “does not bind to” means that the binding of the non-binding protein or peptide is lower than that of the target substance in a sufficiently distinguishable manner. For example, comparing to PrB of the present invention, a cross-reactivity to PrB derived from S. cerevisiae may be lower than 1%, lower than 0.5%, lower than 0.3%, lower than 0.1%, lower than 0.05% and lower than 0.03%.
In a preferable embodiment, the above-prepared primary antibody is a polyclonal antibody against the peptide whose amino acid sequence is a portion of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID No.1, from position 27 to position 45. The polyclonal antibody, as described in the following examples, is capable of detecting residual PrB efficiently in each purification step of lactase.
As a method for evaluating an influence on the fragmentation activity of PrB, the “lactase-fragmenting activity” can be also used as its index. This “lactase-fragmenting activity” indicates the enzyme activity of fragmenting the lactase protein, and an actual index can be defined as follows. When the band strength around 120 kDa of a sample to which PrB is not added is regarded as 100%, the band area relative value around 120 kDa of samples obtained by adding 1 to 4 mACU of PrB is found as a relative value (1 ACU means the amount of enzyme which raises the absorbance at 428 nm by 1 at 30° C. for an hour using azocasein as a substrate). Next, the amount of enzyme added when the lactase band after reaction at 30° C. for an hour decreases by 20% compared to when PrB is not added is regarded as 1 LDU (Lactase Degradation Unit) of lactase-fragmenting activity.
It should be noted that proteinase B contained in lactase and/or the amount of protein in a fragment thereof and lactase activity are measured, and the heat stability of lactase can be also evaluated using proteinase B per unit of lactase activity and/or the amount of protein in the fragment thereof as an index.
About a lactase solution before and after heat treatment, the activity of the lactase solution is measured in the above-described method, and heat stability can be confirmed by comparing the activity before and after heat treatment. About the effect of each treatment step, for example an untreated sample and a post-treatment sample are allowed to react under the same condition, and the effect can be confirmed by comparing the remaining activity.
The lactase solution of the present invention can be one which is collected from a microorganism and purified and in which PrB activity is adjusted in the following method.
One example of the method for producing the lactase solution of the present invention includes the following 5 steps:
(1) the step of culturing a microorganism,
(2) the step of collecting lactase from the microorganism,
(3) the step of purifying the lactase,
(4) the step of adjusting the lactase-fragmenting activity of PrB, and
(5) the step of adjusting the lactase activity.
The details of the above-mentioned 5 steps will now be described. It should be noted however that the present invention is not limited to these methods as long as the effect of the present invention is produced.
For the step of culturing a microorganism, a known medium is used, and a known strain can be used. The culture conditions are also known, and can be appropriately selected as needed.
(2) Step of Collecting Lactase from Microorganism
In the case of intracellular enzyme, the step of collecting lactase from a microorganism is required to include the step of extracting lactase. This extraction step is not particularly limited as long as the step is a method by which lactase can be transferred outside cells, and a known extraction method can be used. On the other hand, in the case of lactase which is an enzyme secreted outside cells by e.g. gene introduction and variation, lactase is contained in the culture fluid, and thus the extraction step is not required.
The step of purifying lactase is important to obtain the lactase solution of the present invention. Patent Literature 1, Patent Literature 2 and Patent Literature 3 are common in the purification of the lactase solution by chromatography. By this chromatography, the purification of lactase proceeds and the lactase activity can be improved thereby. It turned out however that when lactase is purified using chromatography (e.g. partition chromatography or molecular sieve chromatography, adsorption chromatography or ion-exchange chromatography), there is the possibility that lactase, originally 120 kDa, can be decomposed to lactases with 80 kDa and 50 kDa when using some techniques. Although lactases with both molecular weights have the lactase activity, when the proportion of, particularly, a fraction with not more than 80 kDa increases by decomposition of lactase, the heat stability of lactase is reduced. Accordingly, there is the possibility to cause a problem in that lactose is difficult to decompose at a relatively high temperature.
The lactase of the present invention can be also obtained using salting-out and demineralization treatment in the purification step. That is, lactase is precipitated by salting-out, and the precipitates are then collected and redissolved to remove salts contained in the precipitates. The salting-out, and collection, redissolution and demineralization of precipitates may be successively carried out. As long as the lactase of the present invention can be obtained, other purification means can be also used in combination.
Salting-out agents for salting-out include ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride, and one or two or more of these agents can be used.
When ammonium sulfate is added as a salting-out agent to a solution containing lactase, 10 to 90% saturation is preferred and 30 to 70% saturation is further preferred. When other salting-out agents are used, an amount corresponding to such amount of ammonium sulfate added can be used.
Lactase can be precipitated from a solution containing lactase by adding a salting-out agent such as ammonium sulfate. As the conditions that lactase is precipitated by adding a salting-out agent, the solution is preferably left to stand at 1 to 40° C. for 1 to 80 hours. The pH condition is preferably 4 to 9 at this time. Further preferably, the conditions are 4 to 25° C. (room temperature), 1 to 48 hours, and pH 5 to 8. It should be noted that the lower limit of temperature condition can be a temperature at which a solution containing lactase is not solidified. After a solution which had contained lactase and precipitates containing lactase are subjected to solid-liquid separation by filtration, solid lactase is redissolved in e.g. water and a buffer solution, and demineralization treatment is carried out by dialysis and concentration with ultrafiltration.
It is preferred that the method for producing the lactase of the present invention separately include the step of adjusting the amount of PrB and/or the activity thereof to improve its heat stability. However, when the fragmentation activity (action) of PrB can be sufficiently reduced by the above-mentioned purification step, the above-mentioned purification step can double as such adjustment step. These steps can be also applied to a finished product, a lactase solution. Several steps can be combined simultaneously. Each of the specific steps will now be described.
In these adjustment steps described below, preferably the lactase activity is not reduced before and after a step. For example, when the lactase activity before a step is regarded as 100%, the remaining activity of lactase after such step is preferably not less than 40%, and more preferably not less than 80%.
It is estimated that PrB is easily decomposed or deactivated with heat treatment. By heat treatment under the conditions that the lactase activity is not lost, and the conditions of heat treatment that the fragmentation activity of PrB can be reduced, the lactase solution of the present invention can be obtained. Such heat treatment conditions are preferably at 35 to 60° C. for 10 or more to less than 180 minutes, and more preferably at 35 to 50° C. for 30 minutes or more to 150 minutes or less.
The method for producing the lactase solution of the present invention preferably includes the step of adding a protease inhibitor. The PrB activity can be suppressed by adding a protease inhibitor having the action of inhibiting PrB to a lactase solution, and consequently the lactase-fragmenting activity can be suppressed, and a lactase solution with higher heat stability can be obtained.
The type of protease inhibitor which can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include serine protease inhibitors and SH modifying reagents. The serine protease inhibitors include, as inhibitors for the sulfonylation of active centers, PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride), AEBSF (aminoethyl benzylsulfonyl fluoride), and, as inhibitors for alkylation, TLCK (tosyl lysine chloromethylketone), and TPCK (tosyl phenylalanine chlorometylketone). Other serine protease inhibitors are benzamidine, and peptide compounds such as aprotinin and ovomucoid. The SH modifying reagents include PCMB (p-chloromercuribenzoate), p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and HgCl2. A commercially available protease inhibitor cocktail (e.g. protease inhibitor cocktail #P8340-1 ML manufactured by SIGMA-ALDRICH) can be also used. Furthermore, these protease inhibitors can be used alone or two or more inhibitors can be mixed and used.
The amount of protease inhibitor added is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is produced, and the amount added is preferably for example 0.1 to 1000 mM for AEBSF, 0.8 to 800 μM for aprotinin.
The method for producing the lactase solution of the present invention preferably includes the step of activated carbon treatment. By the activated carbon treatment, PrB can be removed, and consequently the lactase-fragmenting activity is suppressed, and a lactase solution with higher heat stability can be obtained. It should be noted that “removing PrB” in the description encompasses reducing the amount of PrB protein in lactase as described above to a preferred range or a range acceptable as a product.
The activated carbon treatment is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is produced. For example, the step can be the step of obtaining a liquid treated with activated carbon by adding activated carbon at any timing in the process of the step of producing lactase solution (neutral lactase solution). The activated carbon to be used is not particularly limited, and the treatment is preferably carried out using TAIKO (manufactured by Futamura Chemical Co., Ltd.), Fuji Activated Carbon (manufactured by SERACHEM Co., Ltd.), SHIRASAGI (manufactured by Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd.), Hokuetsu (manufactured by Ajinomoto Fine-Techno Co., Inc.) and the like. These activated carbons can be used alone or can be also used as a liquid treated with activated carbon by mixing two or more activated carbons.
(Step of Treatment with Chromatography)
As described above, treatment with chromatography can be used, in which PrB can be removed without causing the fragmentation of lactase (or the breakage of molecular chains). Examples of such treatment can include weakly basic anion-exchange column chromatography having diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) group, hydrophobic interaction chromatography having e.g. butyl group and phenyl group, and gel permeation chromatography. With respect to base materials for chromatography, those which are commonly used can be used.
(Step of Treatment with Resin)
The method for producing the lactase solution of the present invention preferably includes the step of adsorbing PrB by mixing each resin with any lactase solution between the collection of lactase from a microorganism and the purification process. As the mixing method, a known method can be used. The resin is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is produced, and examples thereof include IRA96SB, IRA904CL, HPA25L, FPL3500, XAD1180N, XAD7HP and the like.
In these methods for removing PrB, the removal of PrB and simultaneously the fragmentation of lactase can proceed. It is believed that this is because, for example, among the treatments with activated carbon and a resin, in a batch type in which a lactase solution and the resin are mixed to adsorb PrB, PrB adsorbed on the surface of activated carbon and a resin does not lose activity even after adsorption and contributes to the progression of the fragmentation of lactase. Therefore, it is believed that, in a method in which, for example, a reactive group such as an ion-exchange group is immobilized on a membrane and a lactase solution is transported across the membrane to adsorb PrB, the contact time of the lactase liquid and adsorbed PrB is slight, and the fragmentation of lactase can be suppressed. In terms of the contact time of PrB and a lactase solution, it is believed that the ion-exchange membrane treatment is also preferred for the present invention.
The step of adjusting lactase activity is not limited as long as the activity of lactase can be adjusted. Examples are the addition of an aqueous solution containing water and a salt, and the addition of a stabilizer, and the like.
The method for producing the lactase solution of the present invention preferably includes, as needed, the step of adding a stabilizer contributing to the stabilization of lactase activity. The lactase solution of the present invention can contain various components like this. The stabilizer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof can include metal salts, various saccharides, ascorbic acid, glycerin and the like which contribute to the stabilization of lactase, starch and dextrin which are filler to improve the ease of use, inorganic salts having a buffer action and the like. Among these, glycerin is more preferred because of not only a stabilizing effect but also a bacteriostatic effect.
The amount of stabilizer added is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is produced, and is, for example, 10 to 50 mass % on the basis of a lactase solution.
In the present invention, a lactase solution with good heat stability can be obtained by adjusting the fragmentation activity of PrB as described above. However, high heat stability is not required depending on e.g. the uses of a lactase solution, and cost-effectiveness can be lowered by unnecessary steps, e.g. purification. In such case, high cost-effectiveness can be also produced by using the protein amount and/or fragmentation activity (LDU) of newly identified PrB as an index, and appropriately selecting the method for producing a lactase solution. Therefore, the method for removing PrB contained in a lactase solution (or reducing the action) and conditions and the like are determined based on the uses and the like depending on required stability, and cost-effectiveness can be maximized without purification (adjustment) beyond the level required thereby.
More specifically, first, the amount of PrB contained in a lactase extraction liquid is measured (as needed, in each stage of the production method). The purification method for obtaining a lactase solution of the present invention, the method for adjusting (reducing) the amount of PrB as the method for adjusting the lactase-fragmenting activity and condition setting, and the method for reducing PrB activity and condition setting, and the like are selected depending on a degree of heat stability required for desired uses (e.g. long-life milk), and the production method can be optimized thereby.
Milk for raw materials is a target to which a lactase solution is added. In the present invention, known source milk can be used. The source milk includes one before sterilization and one after sterilization. The source milk is only required to be one using milk. Ingredients forming source milk include water, raw milk, sterilized milk, skim milk, whole milk powder, powdered skim milk, buttermilk, butter, cream, whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), α (alpha)-La, β (beta)-Lg and the like.
By adding the lactase solution of the present invention to source milk, lactose contained in such source milk can be decomposed. The decomposition temperature is 1 to 60° C., and the decomposition time is 10 minutes to 168 hours.
As the specific form of use, the lactase solution is used for e.g. producing dairy products. The methods for producing dairy products in which lactose is decomposed include 1. a method in which lactase is added to milk before sterilization to decompose lactose, and lactase is then deactivated simultaneously with the heat sterilization of milk (JP 5-501197 A), 2. a method in which lactase is added to sterilized milk to decompose lactose, and dairy products are then produced after lactase is deactivated by heat treatment, 3. a method in which by adding lactase to sterilized milk to decompose lactose at the distribution stage, heat treatment is not carried out and dairy products are produced without deactivating lactase, 4. a method in which lactose in milk is decomposed with immobilized lactase and dairy products are then produced (JP 46-105593 A, JP 59-162833 A), and 5. a method in which dairy products are produced using a raw ingredient, in which lactose is decomposed or lactose is removed in advance, for sterilized milk, and the like.
The lactase solution involved in the present invention is particularly suitable for producing dairy products. Here, dairy products mean, for example, milks such as ice cream and long-life milk, yogurt, fresh cream, sour cream, and cheese. In particular, the lactase solution involved in the present invention can be preferably used when applying heat load with 40° C. or higher. Particularly, a lactase solution more suitable for heat load is easily obtained by adjusting the amount and/or activity of proteinase B of the present invention newly identified. Examples of such uses include milks, yogurt or UHT milk (long-life milk).
The present invention will now be described in more detail by way of examples thereof. It should be noted however that the present invention is not limited to these examples.
As prior consideration, the following test was carried out about a relationship between the fragmentation and heat stability of lactase. Using a commercially available lactase solution, GODO-YNL2 (manufactured by GODO SHUSEI CO., LTD., 5,000 NLU/g of neutral lactase activity), the fragmentation of lactase was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and the heat stability test was carried out by measuring the remaining activity of lactase. It should be noted that two GODO-YNL2 products with different lots (YNL A, YNL B) were tested. As the conditions of the heat stability test, using an enzyme solution (lactase solution) diluted to 0.25 NLU/g, the activity after treatment at 50° C. for 10 minutes was calculated as the remaining activity (%) to that of an untreated sample. The results of SDS-PAGE were shown in
YNL A was applied to gel permeation chromatography (HiPrep Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution manufactured by GE Healthcare) to prepare a lactase substrate containing only a high molecular fraction and not being fragmented (F-1). A sample obtained by adding purified PrB to this unfragmented lactase (F-1) to react (F-1+purified enzyme), and a sample obtained by adding a protease inhibitor cocktail (SIGMA-ALDRICH #P8340-1 ML) thereto (F-1+purified enzyme+inhibitor) were prepared. These were subjected to SDS-PAGE and the heat stability test (the conditions are the same as above). The results of SDS-PAGE and the results of the heat stability test are shown in
The fragmentation of lactase is estimated to depend on the amount of PrB in lactase preparation. Therefore, the unit of PrB at which lactase is not fragmented even when PrB (the unit to be reduced by purification) is present in YNL (neutral lactase solution) was considered. Specifically, PrB with a predetermined amount of protein (0.0113, 0.113, 1.13, 11.3 or 113 ng) was added to =fragmented lactase (F-1) to react at 30° C. for 20 hours, and the states of fragmentation were confirmed by SDS-PAGE. The results are shown in
When a crude extraction liquid (including 200 LDU/mL of PrB) obtained by carrying out ultrasonic treatment and removing the insoluble fraction by centrifugal separation was applied to DEAE-Sepharose (weakly basic anion-exchange column chromatography) and Butyl-Toyopearl (hydrophobic interaction column chromatography), lactase and PrB could be separated even when using either resin. The states of separation were shown in
5. Effect of Removing PrB by Mixing with Resin
Industrial resins and a crude extraction liquid obtained in the same manner as above were mixed to react. The supernatant was collected after completion of the reaction, and lactase activity was measured. Subsequently, PrB was detected by Western blotting. The results are shown in
A sample (1) in which TAIKO S was added to a crude extraction liquid obtained in the same manner as above at a final concentration of 0.05%, and a sample (2) in which TAIKO S was added thereto at a final concentration of 2% were prepared and used as liquids treated with activated carbon. The supernatant was collected, and PrB was detected by Western blotting. The results of PrB detection by Western blotting are shown in
7. Reduction in PrB Before and after Heat Treatment
A crude extraction liquid obtained in the same manner as above was used as a sample, and PrB was detected by Western blotting. Consequently, PrB was significantly reduced by heat treatment (43° C., 2 hours). The results are shown in
A commercial available neutral lactase solution (YNL A) was used as a sample, and PrB was detected by Western blotting. Consequently, the YNL solution contained 11.5 ng/NLU as PrB per NLU of lactase activity. The results are shown in Table 7.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-053138 | Mar 2016 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2017/010356 | 3/15/2017 | WO | 00 |
