Wells are generally drilled into the ground or ocean bed to recover natural deposits of oil and gas, as well as other desirable materials, that are trapped in geological formations in the Earth's crust. A well is typically drilled using a drill bit attached to the lower end of a “drill string.” Drilling fluid, or “mud,” is typically pumped down through the drill string to the drill bit. The drilling fluid lubricates and cools the drill bit, and it carries drill cuttings back to the surface in the annulus between the drill string and the borehole wall.
For successful oil and gas exploration, it is necessary to have information about the subsurface formations that are penetrated by a borehole. For example, one aspect of standard formation evaluation relates to the measurements of the formation pressure and formation permeability. These measurements are essential to predicting the production capacity and production lifetime of a subsurface formation.
One technique for measuring formation properties includes lowering a “wireline” tool into the well to measure formation properties. A wireline tool is a measurement tool that is suspended from a wire as it is lowered into a well so that is can measure formation properties at desired depths. A typical wireline tool may include a probe that may be pressed against the borehole wall to establish fluid communication with the formation. This type of wireline tool is often called a “formation tester.” Using the probe, a formation tester measures the pressure of the formation fluids, generates a pressure pulse, which is used to determine the formation permeability. The formation tester tool also typically withdraws a sample of the formation fluid for later analysis.
In order to use any wireline tool, whether the tool be a resistivity, porosity or formation testing tool, the drill string must be removed from the well so that the tool can be lowered into the well. This is called a “trip” downhole. Further, the wireline tools must be lowered to the zone of interest, generally at or near the bottom of the hole. A combination of removing the drill string and lowering the wireline tools downhole are time-consuming measures and can take up to several hours, depending upon the depth of the borehole. Because of the great expense and rig time required to “trip” the drill pipe and lower the wireline tools down the borehole, wireline tools are generally used only when the information is absolutely needed or when the drill string is tripped for another reason, such as changing the drill bit. Examples of wireline formation testers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,934,468; 4,860,581; 4,893,505; 4,936,139; and 5,622,223.
As an improvement to wireline technology, techniques for measuring formation properties using tools and devices that are positioned near the drill bit in a drilling system have been developed. Thus, formation measurements are made during the drilling process and the terminology generally used in the art is “MWD” (measurement-while-drilling) and “LWD” (logging-while-drilling). A variety of downhole MWD and LWD drilling tools are commercially available. Further, formation measurements can be made in tool strings that do not include a drill bit at a lower end thereof, but which are used to circulate mud in the borehole.
MWD typically refers to measuring the drill bit trajectory as well as borehole temperature and pressure, while LWD refers to measuring formation parameters or properties, such as resistivity, porosity, permeability, and sonic velocity, among others. Real-time data, such as the formation pressure, allows the drilling company to make decisions about drilling mud weight and composition, as well as decisions about drilling rate and weight-on-bit, during the drilling process. The distinction between LWD and MWD is not germane to this disclosure.
Formation evaluation while drilling tools capable of performing various downhole formation testing typically include a small probe or pair of packers that can be extended from a drill collar to establish hydraulic coupling between the formation and pressure sensors in the tool so that the formation fluid pressure may be measured. Some existing tools use a pump to actively draw a fluid sample out of the formation so that it may be stored in a sample chamber in the tool for later analysis. Such a pump may be powered by a generator in the drill string that is driven by the mud flow down the drill string.
However, as one can imagine, multiple moving parts involved in any formation testing tool, either of wireline or MWD, can result in equipment failure or less than optimal performance. Further, at significant depths, substantial hydrostatic pressure and high temperatures are experienced thereby further complicating matters. Still further, formation testing tools are operated under a wide variety of conditions and parameters that are related to both the formation and the drilling conditions.
The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.
It is to be understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of various embodiments. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. Moreover, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact.
This disclosure relates to fluid pumps and sampling systems described below and illustrated in
Those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure will appreciate that the disclosed apparatuses and methods have application during operation other than drilling and that drilling is not necessary to practice one or more aspects of the present disclosure. While this disclosure relates mainly to sampling, the disclosed apparatus and method can be applied to other operations including injection techniques.
The phrase “formation evaluation while drilling” refers to various sampling and testing operations that may be performed during the drilling process, such as sample collection, fluid pump out, pretests, pressure tests, fluid analysis, and resistivity tests, among others. It is noted that “formation evaluation while drilling” does not necessarily mean that the measurements are made while the drill bit is actually cutting through the formation. For example, sample collection and pump out are usually performed during brief stops in the drilling process. That is, the rotation of the drill bit is briefly stopped so that the measurements may be made. Drilling may continue once the measurements are made. Even in embodiments where measurements are only made after drilling is stopped, the measurements may still be made without having to trip the drill string.
In this disclosure, “hydraulically coupled” is used to describe bodies that are connected in such a way that fluid pressure may be transmitted between and among the connected items. The term “in fluid communication” is used to describe bodies that are connected in such a way that fluid can flow between and among the connected items. It is noted that “hydraulically coupled” may include certain arrangements where fluid may not flow between the items, but the fluid pressure may nonetheless be transmitted. Thus, fluid communication is a subset of hydraulically coupled.
At the surface 13, the return mud is filtered and conveyed back to the mud pit 22 for reuse. The lower end of the drill string 14 includes a bottom-hole assembly (“BHA”) 23 that includes the drill bit 15, as well as a plurality of drill collars 24, 25 that may include various instruments, such as LWD or MWD sensors and telemetry equipment. A formation evaluation while drilling instrument may, for example, may also include or be disposed within a centralizer or stabilizer 26.
The stabilizer 26 comprises blades that are in contact with the borehole wall as shown in
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Power to the pump motor 35 is supplied from a dedicated turbine 37 which drives and alternator 38. The pump 41, in one embodiment, includes two pistons 42, 43 connected by a shaft 44 and disposed within corresponding cylinders 45, 46 respectively. The dual piston 42, 43/cylinder 45, 46 arrangement works through positive volume displacement. The piston 42, 43 motion is actuated via the planetary roller-screw 47 also detailed in
The motor 35 may be part or integral to the pump 41, but alternatively may be a separate component. The planetary roller screw 47 comprises a nut 39 and a threaded shaft 49. In a preferred embodiment, the motor 35 is a servo motor. The power of the pump 41 should be at least 500 W, which corresponds to about 1 kW at the alternator 38 of the tool 32, and preferably at least about 1 kW, which corresponds to at least about 2 kW at the alternator 38.
In lieu of the planetary roller-screw 47 arrangement shown in
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From the fluid identification unit 54, the fluid enters the fluid displacement unit (FDU) or pump 41 via the set of valves in the valve block 53 which is explained in greater detail in connection with
During a pretest, the sampling isolation valve 205 to the tool 32 is closed, the pretest isolation valve 206 to the pretest piston 207 is open, and the equalization valve 208 is closed. The probe 201 is extended toward the formation is indicated by the arrow 209 and, when extended, is hydraulically coupled to the formation (not shown). The pretest piston 207 is retracted in order to lower the pressure in the flow line 204 until the mud cake is breached. The pretest piston 207 is then stopped and the pressure in the flow line 204 increases as it approaches the formation pressure. The formation pressure data can be collected during the pretest. The data collected during the pretest (or other analogous test) may become one of the parameters used in part 85 of
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During a sample collecting operation, fluid gets initially pumped to the module 32 and exits the module 32 via the fluid routing and equalization valve 61 to the borehole 18. This action flushes the flow-line 75 from residual liquid prior to actually filling a sample bottle 62-64 with new or fresh formation fluid. Opening and closing of a bottle 62-64 is performed with sets of dedicated seal valves, shown generally at 76 which are linked to the controller 36 or other device. The pressure sensor 77 is useful, amongst other things, as a indicative feature for detecting that the sample chambers 62-64 are all full. Relief valve 74 is useful, amongst other things, as a safety feature to avoid over pressuring the fluid in the sample chamber 62-64. Relief valve 74 may also be used when fluid needs to be dumped to the borehole 18.
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The method 80 is capable of operating the pumping system 41 of the tool 32 with no or minimal operator interference. Typically, the surface operator may initiate the sampling operation when the tool string 14 has stopped rotating (during a stand pipe connection for example), by sending a command to one or more of the downhole tools 31-33 by telemetry. The tool 32 will operate the pumping system 41 according to the method 80. Any one or more of the tools 31-33 may periodically send information to the surface operator about the status of the sampling process, thereby assisting the surface operator in making decisions such as aborting the sampling, instructing the tool 33 to store a sample in a chamber, etc. The decision of the surface operator may be communicated to the downhole tools 31-33 by mud pulse telemetry. The tools 31, 32 may share downhole clock information.
Beginning at the left in
The following are examples that may be collected or assimilated in part 85 and sent to the tool in part 86: a hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore, a circulating pressure in the wellbore, a mobility of the fluid, which may be characterized as the ratio of the formation permeability to the fluid viscosity, and formation pressure. The pressure differential between the hydrostatic pressure and the formation pressure is also called the overbalance pressure. A pretest, or any other pressure test, may give more information, such as mudcake permeability, that can also be sent to tool 32. Also, fewer or other parameters may be sent to tool 32, for example if the parameters listed above are not available.
In part 87, two operations are performed—87a and 87b. In 87a a desired pump parameter is determined based on information obtained about the formation parameter(s) determined in part 85. In one embodiment, the desired pump parameter may be a “sampling protocol/sequence,” which refers to a control sequence for the sampling pump. The sequence may be formulated as prescribed pressure levels, pressure variations, and/or flow rates of the pump and/or the flowlines. These formulations may be expressed as a function of time, volume, etc.
In one embodiment, this sequence contains: (1) an investigation phase where the formation/wellbore model is confirmed, refined or completed, where the pump rate is fine tuned and where the mud filtrate is usually pumped out of the formation; and (2) a storage phase, usually stationary or “low shock”, where the fluid is pumped into a sample chamber.
In another example, the sampling protocol/sequence is derived from the mobility in part 85. If the mobility is low, the sampling protocol corresponds to increasing the pump flow rate (“Q”) monotonically at a low rate, e.g., Q=0.1 cc/s after 1 min, Q=0.2 cc/s after 2 min, etc. If the mobility is high, the sampling protocol corresponds to increasing the pump flow rate monotonically at a high rate, e.g., Q=1 cc/s after 1 min, Q=2 cc/s after 2 min, etc. The reader will note that these values are for illustrative purposes only, and the actual values will depend typically upon probe inlet diameter among other system variables. The increase in flow rate may continue until system drive limits (power, mechanical load, electrical load) are approached in part 89. The tool 32 may then continue to pump at that level arrived at in part 89 until sufficient mud filtrate is pumped out of the formation and a sample is taken.
In another example, the sampling protocol/sequence is derived by achieving an optimum balance between minimum pump drawdown pressure and maximum fluid volume pumped in a given time. The formation/wellbore model uses a cost function to determine an ideal/optimum/desired pump flow rate Q and its corresponding drawdown pressure differential for the storage phase. The cost function may penalize large drawdown pressure and low pump flow rate. The values or the shape of cost function may be adjusted from data collected during prior sampling operations by the tool 32, and/or from data generated by modeling of sampling operations. Ideally, the ideal/optimum/desired pump flow rate Q and its corresponding drawdown pressure differential lie inside the system capabilities. Optionally, the formation/wellbore model includes a prediction of the contamination level of the sampled fluid by mud filtrate and the cost function includes a contamination level target. The ramping to this ideal/optimum/desired pump flow rate Q may further be determined by minimizing the time taken to investigate formation fluid prior to sample storage. The sampling protocol/sequence may further include variations around the ideal/optimum/desired pump flow rate Q used to confirm or further improve the value of the ideal/optimum/desired pump flow rate Q.
In yet another example, an Artificial Intelligence engine is used to learn proper protocol/sequences, preferably the system capabilities. Artificial Intelligence is used to combine previous sampling operation by the tool and real time measurements to determine a sampling protocol/sequence. The Artificial Intelligence engine uses a down-hole database storing previous run scenarios.
In 87b, an expected formation response is calculated based on the formation parameters of part 85 and the corresponding pump parameters of part 87a. For example, a formation/wellbore model may be generated that provides a prediction of the formation response to sampling by the tool 32. In one example, the formation/wellbore model is an expression that expresses the drawdown pressure differential, the difference between the hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore and the pressure in the flow line, as a function of the formation flow rate. In particular, this expression is parameterized by the overbalance and the mobility. In another example, the formation/wellbore model comprises a parameter that describes the depth of invasion by the mud filtrate, and the model is capable of predicting the evolution of a fluid property, such as the gas oil ratio, or a contamination level for various sampling scenarios. In yet another example, models known in the art and derived to analyze a pretest (sandface pressure measurement) are adapted to analyze sampling operations (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,263,880) and to predict of the formation response to sampling by the tool 32 under various sampling scenarios. In yet another example, empirical models based on curve fitting techniques or neural network and techniques can also be used.
Note that the formation flow rate and pump flow rate are not always the same. These flow rate usually are predictable from each other with a tool or flow line model, as is well known in the art. In some cases, the formation flow rate is close to the pump flow rate. For simplicity it will be assumed that these two quantity are equals in the rest of the disclosure, but it should be understood that it may be necessary to use a tool or flow line model to compute one from the other one.
Referring now to the right side of
As mentioned previously, the pump 41 is powered by mud flowing downward through a work pipe, in this case through a turbine. The maximum power available for the pump 41 depends on the mudflow rate. The mudflow rate is dependent upon borehole parameters such as depth, diameter, hole deviation, upon the type of mud that is used and upon the local drilling rig. Thus, the mudflow rate is not known in advance and may change for various reasons.
The maximum available power determined in part 81 may be predicted using a model for the turbine 37 and/or turbo-alternator 37, 38. This model may comprise power curves. For example, each power curve expresses the power generated by the turbo-alternator as a function of the turbine angular velocity.
As shown in the example of
The maximum of this curve determines the maximum power available downhole in part 81. Note that variations using values of the turbine angular velocity and the generated power over a time period may also be used. These methods may involve regressions techniques, for examples to determine the power curve corresponding to the current mudflow rate from data points collected over a period, and/or to track variations of the mudflow rate over a time period.
The calculated maximum power available downhole computed in part 81 may be used as a pump operation limit. The operation of the pump 41 may be limited based on this and/or other operation limits, as described below with respect to part 89. In one example, the measured operational power by the turbo-alternator 37, 38 POP is compared to the maximum power Pmax. When the measured generated power approaches the maximum power, the pump flow rate and/or the differential pressure across the pump may be prevented to increase further. Limiting the pumping power, and consequently the power drawn from the turbo-alternator 37, 38, may prevent the turbine from stalling. Preferably, the operating point (“L”) may be limited when the measured generated power by the turbo-alternator 37, 38 is around 80% of maximum power available downhole.
In part 82, the control of the pump 41 is further based upon electrical load limitations. Specifically, the motor driver peak current is limited. The peak current is related to the torque required from the motor 35. The motor 35 may thus be controlled by a feedback loop based upon the torque requirement. The driving value of the torque may be limited in part 89 as not to exceed the driver peak current.
In part 83, the pump 41 is further controlled based upon mechanical load limitations. For example, the torque applied on the roller screw 39 may be limited. The motor 35 may be controlled by a feedback loop based upon the torque. The driving value of the torque may be limited as not to exceed the torque load on the roller screw 39 in part 89.
In another example, other mechanical parts, such as the FDU pistons 42, 43 may have limitations in position, tension, or in linear speed. The motor 35 may be controlled by a feedback loop on the torque, rotation speed or number of revolution in order to satisfy these limitations.
In part 84, the control of the pump is further based upon losses in the pumping system or the system loss(es). The maximum available power at the pump output is estimated, tracked or predicted as a function of the maximum available power downhole and losses in the pumping system in part 84. For example, the high power electronics and the electrical driver losses vary with the motor angular velocity, the motor torque, and the temperature. Other losses such as friction losses may also take place in the system. The losses may be predicted by a loss model, that can be continuously adapted as part of the method 80. The motor 35 may be controlled such that the product of motor torque and actual pump rate (the pump output power), does not exceed the maximum available power at the pump output.
Turning to part 89, the pump parameters are updated. Briefly returning to
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In part 90, the formation/wellbore response to sampling by the tool 32 is measured. Specifically, the flow line pressure is measured along with the pump flow rate. Then, the formation flow rate is computed with a tool model. As mentioned before, the formation flow rate may be approximated by pump flowrate.
In addition to the measured formation/wellbore response to sampling by the tool 32, the fluid analysis module 54 may be used to provide feedback to the algorithm. The fluid analysis module 54 may provide optical densities at different wavelength that can be used for example to compute the gas oil ratio of the sampled fluid, to monitor the contamination of the drawn fluid by the mud filtrate, etc. Other uses include the detection bubbles or sand in the flow line which may be indicated by scattering of optical densities.
Part 92a relates to comparing the formation/wellbore response measured in part 90 to the expected formation response of part 87b. This comparison may be used to fine tune the sampling protocol/sequence 92b. In one example, the drawdown differential pressure and the formation flow rate may be compared to a linear model. A pressure drop with respect to a linear trend or a rise less than proportional may indicate a lost seal, gas in the flow line, etc. These events may be confirmed by monitoring a flowline property (such as optical property) in the fluid analysis module.
Furthermore, part 92a may include comparing the evolution of a fluid property as measured in part 90 to an expected trend, for example part of model of part 87b. For example, a fluid property related to the contamination (such as gas oil ratio) can be monitored and any deviation from an expected trend (known in the art as a clean-up trend) may be interpreted as a lost seal. A lost seal may require an adjustment of the sampling protocol/sequence (92b), for example reducing the pump flow rate in order to reduce the pressure differential across the probe packer. Other events may require an adjustment of the sampling protocol/sequence.
In another example, a fluid property is monitored in part 90 to detect if the sample fluid that enters the tool comes in single phase, that is that the sampling pressure is not below the bubble point or the dew precipitation of the reservoir fluid. The fluid property should be sensitive to the presence of bubbles or of solids in a fluid. Fluid optical densities, fluid optical fluorescence, and fluid density or viscosity are properties that can be used for early gas or solid detection when the drawdown pressure drops inadvertently too low in part 90.
In yet another example, the evolution of a fluid property may also be used to calibrate a contamination model. The updated model can be used to predict the time required to achieve a target contamination level, by using methods derived from the art. In another example, a fluid property is monitored and its stationarity is detected and used to inform the surface operator that the pumped fluid is likely uncontaminated and that a sample may be stored.
In part 91, the critical temperatures of pump system are measured, which may include the alternator 38 temperature, the high power electronics temperature and the electrical motor temperature, among others. In part 93, the temperature measured in part 91 is compared to limit values, for example predetermined limit values. Assume for illustration purposes that the alternator temperature was measured in part 91. If this temperature is too high, the motor speed limit may be reduced in part 93b in order to reduce the amount of power drawn from the alternator 38 and the heat generated in the alternator 38. In another example, the motor driver temperature may have been measured in part 91. If this temperature is too high, the motor speed limit may be reduced in order to reduce the torque required from the motor 35 and thus the heat generated by the current used to drive the motor 35.
In part 94, data that may be sent to the surface operator include formation pressure and calculated pump rate and/or actual value. The transmission to the surface is usually achieved by mud telemetry. Other values that may be transmitted to the surface include fluid flow data cumulative sampling volume, one or more fluid properties from the fluid analyzer 54, and tool status. The data sent by telemetry are encoded/compressed to optimize communication bandwidth between tools 31/32 and surface during a sampling operation. Operational data may also stored downhole on non-volatile memory (flash memory) for later retrieval upon return to the surface and use.
The inner layer regulates the torque at measured positions; the outer layer regulates the motor speed and thus the pump rate. The actuators in the control loops operate with very fast dynamic response. The dynamic behavior of the formation is much slower than the pump control.
The sampling rate optimizer 105 sets an ideal sampling rate protocol/sequence, and reacts to any change in the behavior of the formation, such as flow line pressure drops detected by the sensor 57, or to any change in the properties of the drawn fluid, such as gas in the flow line detected by optical fluid analyzer 55. The sampling rate analyzer 105 may also continuously adapt the formation model. The sampling rate optimizer 105 feeds the speed limiter 104 with an ideal/optimum/desired flow rate.
The speed limiter 104 tracks temperatures of the system, and predicts the maximum available power from mud circulation. The speed number 104 limits the ideal/optimum/desired flow rate so that the power used by the pumping system does not exceed the maximum available power (within a safety factor of 0.8 for example) and so that the system does not overheats. The PID (proportional integral derivative) regulator 109 adjusts the value of the set torque τset from the difference between the pump rate set value Qset and the calculated pump rate actual value Qact. The torque limiter 110 insures that the torque required to match the set sampling rate does not exceed the roller screw peak torque and the torque corresponding to the motor driver peak current. The PID (proportional integral derivative) regulator 112 compares the motor torque set value Qset with the calculated pump rate actual value Qact.
The symbols used in
Finally,
The mud check-valve is shown at 61a and a flowmeter at the outlet to the borehole is shown at 124. Sample fluid is communicated from the pump 41a through a valve 53a, which in this case is another solenoid valve similar to that shown at 122. The flowline 75a leads to the sample chambers indicated schematically by the arrow 62a-64a. The probe inlet is shown at 31a with a rubber packer 134. A sensor (not shown) would also be included that monitors properties such as optical densities, fluorescence, resistance, pressure and temperature of the fluid drawn into the tool.
As an alternative, the gearbox 48a may be a continuously variable transmission (“CVT”), for example one made with rollers in the transmission ratio controlled by tool embedded software. The gearbox 48a may also allow reversing the direction of flow using a continuously variable transmission. The tool of
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The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
The Abstract at the end of this disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b) to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/616,520, entitled “PUMP CONTROL FOR FORMATION TESTING,” filed Dec. 27, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/366,741, entitled “PUMP CONTROL FOR FORMATION TESTING,” filed Feb. 6, 2009, which is a divisional of the above-identified application.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11616520 | Dec 2006 | US |
Child | 12500725 | US |