Pump, pump components and method

Abstract

A pump, pump components and method for pumping high pressure fluid with an unobstructed inlet passage during return strokes of the piston and an improved near spherical interface between a piston and a slipper.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to pumps, pump components, and pumping methods, particularly high pressure piston pumps of the type where a slipper is located between the piston and a drive member. Pumps of this type may be used to pressurize engine oil used in a Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector (HEUI) diesel engine fuel system.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

Slipper type piston pumps are well known. In these pumps a piston is fitted in a piston bore and is moved back and forth along the bore by a cylindrical eccentric on a crankshaft. A slipper is located between the piston and the eccentric and is held against the eccentric by a spring in the bore. The slipper has a partial cylindrical surface that engages the eccentric and a recess that receives an end of the piston. Retraction of the piston during an inlet stroke draws fluid into the pumping chamber. Extension of the piston along a pumping stroke flows pumped fluid from the assembly, typically past a spring backed check valve.

In these pumps the pistons are commonly made of hardened steel and the slippers are made of softer bronze. The spherical end of the piston and the spherical recess in the bronze that receives the piston end are carefully manufactured to exacting tolerances in order to assure proper engagement between the piston and the slipper. The thickness of the oil film between the spherical surfaces is taken into account in sizing the spherical surfaces. Manufacture of pistons and slippers with exactly mating spherical surfaces is expensive and difficult. Failure to manufacture the pistons and slippers with mating surfaces increases wear.

Diesel engines using HEUI fuel injectors are well known. A HEUI injector includes an actuation solenoid which, in response to a signal from the diesel engine electronic control module, opens a valve for an interval to permit high pressure engine oil supplied to the injector to extend a fuel plunger and inject fuel into the combustion chamber.

HEUI injectors are actuated by oil drawn from the sump of the diesel engine by the diesel engine oil pump and flowed to a high pressure pump assembly driven by the diesel engine. The pump assembly pumps engine oil at high pressure into an oil manifold or compression chamber. The manifold or chamber is connected to the HEUI injectors. Except for large engines, the high pressure pump assembly typically includes a swash plate pump using axial pistons and having an output dependent upon the speed of the diesel engine. The pistons have spherical ends that engage spherical slippers with flat faces. The slippers and pistons are extended and retracted by rotation of a cylinder barrel containing the piston bores. The flat faces of the slippers bear and slide against a flat swash plate at a fixed angle with respect to the axis of rotation of the cylinder barrel. Large engines sometimes use a variable angle swash plate pump where the output can be varied independently of engine speed.

In conventional swash plate pumps the pistons are made of hardened steel and the slippers are made of a softer material, typically bronze. The spherical surface on the inner end of each piston has a radius only slightly smaller than the radius of the spherical surface in the slipper to permit maintenance of an oil film between the piston and slipper as the slipper moves angularly relative to the piston during each pumping stroke. Friction, lubrication, and wear between the spherical surface of the piston and the spherical surface of the slipper are complex phenomena, commonly described as contact between the piston and slipper spherical surfaces, although the surfaces are separated by an oil film.

Manufacture of precisely matched spherical surfaces in conventional swash plate pumps is typically accomplished by deforming the softer slipper spherical surface to conform to the harder spherical surface of the piston. Pistons and slippers with spherical surfaces that do not match within the thickness of an oil film have high bearing contact pressure and experience high wear.

Therefore, there is a need for an improved high pressure pump, pump components and method. The pump, pump components and method are particularly useful in a HEUI diesel engine but are also useful in other types of pumps and pumping applications. A pump according to the invention used in a HEUI diesel engine can pump engine oil into a high pressure oil manifold or chamber in a variable amount sufficient to maintain the desired instantaneous pressure in the manifold without substantial overpumping. In a HEUI system, return of pressurized high pressure oil to the sump should be minimized to avoid unnecessary energy loss.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is an improved slipper type high pressure pump; components for a slipper type pump and method for operating a slipper type pump.

The pump is useful in pressurizing fluid, particularly oil used to actuate HEUI fuel injectors for diesel engines. The high pressure pump includes a crank which reciprocates pistons in bores. A slipper is positioned between the crank and pistons. A spring in the piston bore keeps a spherical end of the piston in a slipper recess and keeps the slipper against the crank. The piston is hardened steel and the slipper is formed from bronze, a material softer than hardened steel. The slipper end of the piston is spherical and extends into a specially shaped, nearly spherical recess formed in the top of the slipper. This recess has a radius of curvature greater than the radius of curvature of the piston end and has an opening at the top of the slipper that is larger than the piston diameter.

When the piston is first seated in the recess in the slipper the spherical surface on the piston engages the surface in the slipper at a circular line of engagement. During initial operation of the pump the pressure exerted on the slipper by the piston during pumping at the narrow line contact deforms the softer bronze to increase the area of contact and form a wider circular band. The circular band has sufficient width to support the piston without additional deformation.

The spherical surface on the end of the piston and the near spherical surface on the slipper reduce the cost of manufacturing the piston and slipper. Both the surfaces may be manufactured with dimensional tolerances greater than the tolerances required for matching the radii of the pistons and slipper with an allowance for an oil film.

The pump includes a crankshaft having two spaced cylindrical eccentrics with each eccentric driving two separate slipper type piston pumps. In each pump, fluid flows through an unobstructed inlet passage extending from an inlet throttle valve through a crank chamber surrounding the crank, through the eccentric and through openings in the slippers and pistons and into the pumping chamber to fill the pumping chamber during return strokes. During pumping strokes the inlet passage through the slipper is closed and the piston is moved through a pumping stroke to pressurize the fluid in the pumping chamber and flow the pressurized fluid past check valve and from the pump. On both pumps, the inlet passages into the pumping chambers are unobstructed during return strokes of the pumps to facilitate filling when the pumped fluid does not flow readily, typically when the fluid is cold and viscous. This feature is important in HEUI pumping systems during startup of diesel engines when the engine oil is cold and viscous and must be drawn from a reservoir at engine crankcase pressure before lube oil pressure at the inlet builds up.

Other objects and features of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings illustrating the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a representational view illustrating a pump assembly, pressure chamber and injectors;

FIG. 2 is a side view of the pump assembly;

FIGS. 3 , 4 and 5 are views taken along lines 3 — 3 , 4 — 4 and 5 — 5 of FIG. 2 respectively;

FIGS. 6 , 7 and 8 are sectional views taken along lines 6 — 6 , 7 — 7 and 8 — 8 of FIG. 3 respectively;

FIG. 9 is a sectional view taken along line 9 — 9 of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 9 a is an enlarges view of a portion of FIG. 9 ;

FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along line 10 — 10 of FIG. 9 ;

FIG. 11 is a sectional view taken along line 11 — 11 of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 12 is a sectional view taken along line 12 — 12 of FIG. 3 ;

FIG. 13 is a side view of the inlet throttle valve spool;

FIG. 14 is a view of the surface of the inlet throttle valve spool unwound;

FIG. 14 a is a sectional view taken along line 14 a — 14 g of FIG. 13 showing the circumferential locations of flow openings;

FIG. 15 is a diagram of the hydraulic circuitry of the pump assembly;

FIGS. 16 and 17 are views illustrating manufacture of a first check valve assembly;

FIGS. 18 and 19 are views illustrating a second check valve assembly and its manufacture, and

FIG. 20 is an enlarged sectional view through the piston, slipper and crank eccentric of a second embodiment pump.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Inlet throttle controlled pump assembly 10 is mounted on a diesel engine, typically a diesel engine used to power an over-the-road vehicle, and supplies high pressure engine oil to solenoid actuated fuel injectors 12 . Input gear 14 on pump assembly 10 is rotated by the engine to power the pump assembly. Engine lubricating oil is drawn from sump 16 by engine lubrication oil pump 18 . and flowed to start reservoir 19 and pump assembly inlet port 20 . The oil pump also flows engine oil through line 260 to engine bearings and cooling jets. Reservoir 19 is located above assembly 10 .

The pump assembly 10 displaces the oil and flows the oil from outlet port 22 along flow passage 24 to injectors 12 . Flow passage 24 may include a manifold attached to the diesel engine. High pressure compression chamber 26 is joined to flow passage 24 . The chamber may be external to the diesel engine. Alternatively, the oil manifold may have sufficient volume to eliminate the need for an external chamber.

Pump assembly 10 includes a cast iron body 28 having a mounting face 30 with mounting holes 32 extending through face 30 to facilitate bolting pump of assembly 10 to the diesel engine. Mounting collar 34 extends outwardly from face 30 and into a cylindrical opening formed in a mounting surface on the diesel engine with gear 14 engaging a gear in the engine rotated by the engine crankshaft. An O-ring seal on collar 34 seals the opening in the engine.

Crank chamber 36 is formed in the lower portion of body 28 and extends between the interior of collar 34 and opposed closed end 38 . Crankshaft 40 is fitted in chamber 36 . A journal at the inner end of the crankshaft is supported by sleeve bearing 42 mounted in body 28 adjacent the blind end of the crank chamber. A journal at the opposite end of the crankshaft is supported by sleeve bearing 44 carried by bearing block 46 . Block 46 is pressed into collar 34 . Shaft seal 48 is carried on the outer end of block 46 and includes a lip engaging a cylindrical surface on the outer end of the crankshaft. The lip extends away from crank chamber 36 to permit flow of engine oil from annular space 49 behind the seal, past the seal and back into the diesel engine.

During operation of pump assembly 10 engine oil is flowed into crank chamber 36 and is in contact with the inner bearing surfaces between the crank journals and sleeve bearings 42 and 44 . When the pressure in the crank chamber is greater than the pressure at the remote ends of the bearing surfaces between the journals and the sleeve bearings a small lubricating flow of oil seeps through the bearing surfaces and into end chamber 66 and annular space 49 . This flow of oil from the crank chamber lubricates the sleeve bearings. The oil collected in chamber 66 flows through passage 64 extending through the crankshaft to space 49 where it joins oil from the other bearing. The oil in space 49 lifts lip seal 48 and flows out of the pump assembly and back to the sump of the diesel engine. The two sleeve bearings 44 and 46 form effective pressure seals for the crank chamber 36 and permit the lip of shaft seal 48 to face outwardly on the crankshaft so that it may be lifted to permit oil to flow outwardly from space 49 . The position of shaft seal 48 is opposite the position of a normal shaft seal which would normally have an inwardly facing lip which prevents outward flow.

During inlet throttling the flow of oil into the crank chamber is reduced and the pressure in the crank chamber may be lowered below the pressure inside the diesel engine. This can occur because the pumps draw a vacuum in the crank chamber. In this case, oil may seep into the crank chamber from space 49 and chamber 66 . Inward or outward seep flow of oil through the bearings lubricates the bearings but does not influence operation of the pumps.

Threadable fastener 50 secures gear 14 on the end of the crankshaft extending outwardly from the bearing block.

Crankshaft 40 carries two axially spaced cylindrical eccentrics 52 , 54 which are separated and joined by a larger diameter disc 56 located on the axis of the crank. The disc strengthens the crankshaft. Each eccentric 52 , 54 is provided with an undercut slot 58 located between adjacent sides of the eccentric and extending about 130° around the circumference of the eccentric. Passage 60 extends from the bottom of slot 58 to two cross access passages 62 extending parallel to the axis of the crankshaft and through the eccentric and disc 56 . The cylindrical eccentrics 52 and 54 are oriented 180° out of phase on the crankshaft so that passages 62 for eccentric 52 are located diametrically across the crankshaft axis from passages 62 for eccentric 54 . See FIG. 4 .

Axial passage 64 extends along the length of the crankshaft. At the inner end of the crankshaft passage 64 opens into end chamber 66 formed in closed end 38 of the crank chamber. A cross passage 68 communicates the outer end of passage 64 with annular space 49 behind seal 48 .

Pump assembly 10 includes four first embodiment high pressure. check valve, slipper type piston pumps 74 arranged in two 90° oriented banks 70 and 72 . Each bank includes two pumps 74 . As shown in FIG. 3 , bank 70 extends to the left of the crankshaft and bank 72 extends above the crankshaft so that the pump assembly has a Vee-4 construction. One pump 74 in each bank is in alignment with and driven by eccentric 52 and the other pump in each bank is in alignment with and driven by eccentric 54 . The four check valve pumps are identical.

Each check valve piston pump 74 includes a piston bore 76 formed in one of the banks and extending perpendicularly to the axis of the crankshaft. A hollow cylindrical piston 78 has a sliding fit within the inner end of bore 76 . The piston has a spherical inner end 80 adjacent the crankshaft. End 80 is fitted in a spherical recess in a slipper socket or slipper 82 located between the piston and the eccentric actuating the pump. The inner concave surface of the slipper socket is cylindrical and conforms to the surface of the adjacent cylindrical eccentric. Central passage or opening 84 in the spherical end of the piston and passage, 86 in the slipper communicate the surface of the eccentric with variable volume pumping chamber 88 in piston 78 and bore 76 . The variable volume portion of the pumping chamber is located in bore 76 .

A check valve assembly 90 is located in the outer end of each piston bore 76 . Each assembly 90 includes a sleeve 92 tightly fitted in the end of bore 76 . A cylindrical seat 94 is fitted in the lower end of the sleeve. Plug or closure 96 is fitted in the sleeve to close the outer end of bore 76 . Poppet disc or valve member 98 is normally held against the outer end of seat 94 by poppet spring 100 fitted in plug 96 . A central boss 99 projects above valve member 98 and is fitted in spring 100 .

A piston spring 102 is fitted in each piston 78 and extends between the spherical inner end of the piston 78 and a seat 94 . Spring 102 holds the piston against pump slipper 82 and the slipper against an eccentric 52 , 54 . Rotation of crankshaft 40 moves the slots 58 in the surfaces of the eccentrics into and out of engagement with slipper passages or openings 86 to permit unobstructed flow of engine oil from the crank chamber into the pumping chambers 88 . Rotation of the crankshaft also moves the pistons 78 up and down in bores 76 to pump oil past the check valves. During rotation of the crankshaft the piston springs 102 hold the pistons against the slippers and the slippers against the eccentrics while the slippers oscillate on the spherical end of the pistons.

The diesel engine rotates crankshaft 40 in the direction of arrow 256 shown in FIGS. 3 , 4 and 5 . FIG. 4 shows the position of piston 78 in bank 72 when fully extended into bore 76 at the end of a pumping stroke. Upon further rotation of the crank spring 102 and internal pressure move piston 78 away from the fully extended position. The energy of the trapped, pressurized oil is thereby recovered, and the pressure of the trapped oil drops. Continued rotation of the crank moves slot 58 into communication with passage 86 in the slipper socket 82 to permit flow of oil into the opened pumping chamber 86 during the return stroke of the piston. FIG. 5 illustrates the return stroke with uninterrupted communication between slot 58 and the pumping chamber of pump 74 in bank 70 .

Inlet port 20 opens into inlet throttle valve 104 located in body 28 . See FIG. 12 . Valve. 104 controls the volume of engine oil pumped by the four pumps 74 by throttling the flow of oil flowed from oil pump 18 , through passage 110 , to the crank chamber 36 and into the check valve pumps 74 .

The inlet throttle valve 104 includes a bore or passage 106 extending into the body from mounting face 30 to closed end 108 . Oil inlet passage 110 surrounds the center of bore 106 and communicates the bore with crank chamber 36 . See FIG. 4 . Hollow cylindrical spool 112 has a close sliding fit in the bore permitting movement of the spool along the bore. Outer end 114 of the spool is open and inner end 116 is closed to form a piston. A cylindrical wall extends between the ends of the spool. Retainer ring 118 is fitted in the outer end of bore 106 . Inlet throttle spring 120 is confined between the ring 118 and the inner end 116 of the spool to bias the spool toward the closed end 108 of the bore. Locating post 122 extends inwardly from the closed end of the spool to the end of the bore. Chamber 125 surrounds post 122 at the closed end of the bore. Passage 124 communicates injector pressure regulator valve 192 , described below, with chamber 125 at the inner end of bore 106 . Post 122 prevents spool 112 from closing passage 124 . Closed spool end 116 prevents flow between chamber 125 and the interior of the spool. The spool at all times extends past passage 110 .

As shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 , four large diameter flow openings 128 extend through the wall of the spool adjacent open end 114 . Four pairs of diametrically opposed and axially offset flow control openings 130 - 136 are formed through the wall of the spool at short distances inwardly from flow openings 128 . Small diameter flow control opening 130 a is diametrically opposed to small diameter flow opening 130 b . As indicated by line 138 , the outer edge of opening of 130 a lies on line 138 at the inner edge of openings 128 . Opening 130 b is shifted a short distance inwardly from opening 130 a . The shift difference may be slightly more than ¼ the diameter of the openings so that the openings overlap each other along the length of the spool. A second set of small diametrically opposed openings 132 a and 132 b are formed through the spool. Opening 132 a is shifted the same distance inwardly from opening 130 b and opening 132 b is located inwardly slightly more than ¼ the diameter of opening 132 a . A third set of small diametrically opposed openings 134 a and 134 b are formed through the spool with opening 134 a located inwardly from opening 132 b slightly more than ¼ the, diameter of the opening and opposed small diameter opening 134 b located inwardly from opening 134 a slightly more than ¼ the diameter of the opening. Likewise, small diameter flow passage or opening 136 a is located inwardly from opening 134 b slightly more than ¼ the diameter of the opening and diametrically opposed small diameter flow opening 136 b is located inwardly from small diameter opening 136 a by slightly more than ¼ the diameter of the opening.

During opening and closing movement of the spool 112 in bore 106 the flow openings 128 - 136 move past inlet passage 110 . During initial closing movement of the spool from the fully open position shown in FIG. 12 large flow openings 128 are rapidly closed. Further closing movement moves the small diameter flow openings 130 a - 134 a past and 134 b - 136 b partially past the oil inlet passage 110 to reduce the area of the opening flowing oil into the crank chamber. Travel of spool 104 is stopped when it contacts retainer 118 , allowing minimum flow through the pumps for cooling and lubrication. The overlapping positions of the small diameter flow passages assures that the flow opening is reduced smoothly.

The opposed pairs of passages 130 a , 130 b ; 132 a , 132 b ; 134 a , 134 b ; and 136 a , 136 b ; reduce frictional loading or hysteresis on the spool during shifting as the spool is moved back and forth in bore 106 . Each of the pairs of openings are diametrically opposed and are either open or closed except when the openings are crossing the edge of oil inlet passage 110 . The diametrical opposition of the slightly axially offset pairs of openings effectively balances radial pressure forces and reduces binding or hysteresis during movement of the spool. Reduction of binding or hysteresis assures that the spool moves freely and rapidly along the bore in response to a pressure differential across inner end 116 . The opening of passage 110 completely surrounds spool 112 and helps reduce hysteresis. The circumferentially spaced and opposed openings 128 also help reduce hysteresis.

Binding or hysteresis is further reduced by locating axially adjacent pairs of diametrically opposed flow openings circumferentially apart as far as possible. For instance, as shown in FIG. 14 a , openings 132 a and 132 b are located at 90 degrees to openings 130 a and 130 b and openings 136 a and 136 b are located 90 degrees to openings 134 a and 134 b . Openings 132 a and 132 b are, of necessity, located at 45 degrees to openings 134 a and 134 b . Further, all of the “a” openings are located on one side of the spool and all of the “b” openings are located on the opposite side of the spool valve. This arrangement reduces binding and hysteresis by assuring that the side loadings exerted on the spool as the small diameter flow passages are opened or closed are balanced and offset each other.

In one valve 104 , bore 106 has a diameter of 0.75 inches with the spool having an axial length from outer end 114 to inner 116 of about 1.65 inches. The large diameter flow openings 126 have a diameter of 0.312 inches and the small diameter flow openings 132 a - 136 b each have a diameter of 0.094 inches. The small diameter flow openings are axially offset, as described, with adjacent openings offset approximately 0.025 inches, slightly more than ¼ the diameter of the openings.

When the engine is shut off valve spool 112 is held against closed bore end 108 by spring 120 , as shown in FIG. 12 , and large holes 128 and a few of the small diameter passages open into inlet passage 110 . During starting of the diesel engine an electric starter rotates the crankshaft of the engine and auxiliary components including the oil pump 18 and pumps assembly 10 relatively slowly. In order for the engine to start it is necessary for pump 10 to provide flow to increase the pressure of oil in the flow passage 24 to a sufficient high level to fire the injectors 12 , despite the slow rotational speed and corresponding limited capacity of pump 10 . At this time, the inlet throttle valve is fully open and passages 128 open into passage 110 . Oil from the oil pump 18 flows with minimum obstruction into the crank chamber and is pumped into passage 24 .

The rotational speed of the diesel engine increases when the engine starts to increase the pressure of the oil in passages 156 and 232 . When pressure reaches a desired level as determined by current to solenoid 220 , pilot relief valve 195 will open, allowing flow into passage 124 and chamber 125 and shift spool 112 to the left from the position shown in FIG. 12 to an operating position where large diameter openings 128 are closed and oil from pump 18 flows into the crank chamber through the small diameter passages jig 132 - 136 which open into inlet passage 110 . Increased pressure in chamber 125 shifts the spool further to the left to a partially closed position in which the small diameter passages 132 - 134 a have moved past the inlet opening 110 and passages 134 b , 136 a , 136 b are partially open and only minimal flow of oil to the crank chamber is allowed.

Pressure shifting of spool 112 moves the flow control openings or holes 128 - 134 a past inlet passage 110 to reduce the cross sectional flow area through valve 104 and reduce or throttle the volume of oil flowed into the crank chamber.

Oil flowed into the crank chamber is pumped by the check valve pumps 74 into outlet openings 150 extending through sleeves 92 . Openings 150 in the pumps 74 in bank 70 communicate the spaces in the pumps above the poppet discs with high pressure outlet passage 152 . The outlet opening 150 in the pumps 74 in bank 72 communicate the spaces above the poppet discs with high pressure outlet passage 154 . Angled high pressure outlet passage 156 joins passages 152 and 154 , as shown in FIG. 9 .

A makeup ball check valve 158 is located between passage 156 and passage 160 opening into crank chamber 36 . See FIG. 6 . Gravity and the pressure of oil in the outlet passages normally hold valve 158 closed. Spring 162 is fitted in a cross passage above the check valve to prevent dislodgement of the ball of valve 158 . When the diesel engine is shut off and cools, pressure drops and oil in the high pressure flow passages and manifold 24 cools and contracts. Engine crank case pressure acting on the fluid in reservoir 19 lifts the ball of valve 158 and supplies makeup oil from the crank chamber to the high pressure flow passages to prevent formation of voids in the passages.

High pressure mechanical relief valve 168 shown in FIG. 8 is located between banks 70 and 72 and extends parallel to the axis of the crankshaft. The valve 168 includes a passage 170 extending from mounting face 30 to high pressure outlet passage 156 . Valve seat 172 is held against step 173 in passage 170 by press fit sleeve 175 . The step faces away from passage 156 . Valve member 174 normally engages the seat to close the valve. Retainer sleeve 176 is press fitted into passage 170 at face 30 . Spring 178 is confined between the retainer and the valve member 174 to hold the valve member against the seat under high pressure so that valve 168 is normally closed. When pump assembly 10 is mounted on a diesel engine the outlet opening 180 in sleeve 176 is aligned with a passage leading to the engine oil sump. An O-ring seal is fitted in groove 182 to prevent leakage. Opening of the mechanical relief valve 168 flows high pressure oil from the outlet passage 156 back into the engine sump. Valve 168 has a high cracking pressure of about 4,500 pounds per square inch.

The cross sectional area between sleeve 175 and valve member 174 is selected so that when the valve is open the force from pressurized oil acts on the cross sectional area of valve member 174 . Increased flow through the relief valve requires increased displacement of valve member 174 from seat 172 , thereby requiring greater force as spring 178 is deflected against its spring gradient. The flow restriction between valve member 174 and sleeve 175 is chosen so that the supplemental force from increasing flow will offset the increased spring force, and relief pressure will be relatively independent of flow rate through the relief valve.

High pressure outlet passage 156 opens into stepped bore 166 extending into body 28 above the inlet throttle valve 104 and transversely to the axis of crankshaft 40 . See FIG. 9 . Drain passage 190 extends from the outer large diameter portion of stepped bore 166 to chamber 66 . See FIG. 11 .

Injection pressure regulator (IPR) valve 192 is threadably mounted in the outer portion of stepped bore 166 . The valve 192 is an electrically modulated, two stage, relief valve and may be Navistar International Transportation Corporation of Melrose Park, Ill. Part No. 18255249C91, manufactured by FASCO of Shelby, N.C.

IPR valve 192 , shown in FIG. 9 , has an elongated hollow cylindrical body 193 threadably mounted in the large diameter portion of stepped bore 166 and a base 196 on the outer end of body 193 . The IPR valve includes a main stage mechanical relief valve 194 located on the inner end of body 193 and a pilot stage electrically modulated relief valve 195 located in the outer end of body 193 . Body 193 retains spring 162 in place. An o-ring and a backup ring 198 seal the inner end of body 193 against the reduced diameter portion of the bore. A cylindrical valve seat 200 is mounted inside body 193 adjacent base 196 and includes an axial flow passage 202 .

Main stage valve 194 includes a cylindrical spool 204 slideably mounted in body 193 and having an axial passage including restriction 206 . Spring 208 , confined between valve seat 200 and spool 204 , biases the spool toward the inner end of bore 166 to the position shown in FIG. 9 . The spring holds the spool against a stop in body 193 (not illustrated). Oil from high pressure outlet passage 156 flows into the inner end of body 193 .

Collar 212 is fixedly mounted on body 193 and separates the large diameter portion of bore 166 into inner cylindrical chamber 214 extending from the step to the collar and outer cylindrical chamber 216 extending from the collar to base 196 . A narrow neck 218 on the collar spaces the collar from the base. Small diameter bleed passage 219 extends through collar 212 to communicate chambers 214 and 216 . See FIG. 9 A.

If a transient over pressure occurs in the high pressure passages, the pressure of the oil shifts the spool 204 of the main stage valve 194 to the left or toward seat 200 against spring 208 . Movement of the spool is sufficient to move the end of the spool and past a number of discharge passages 210 extending through body 193 . High pressure oil then flows through passages 210 , into the chamber 214 , through drain passage 190 to chamber 66 and then back to the sump of the diesel engine, as previously described.

The pilot stage valve 195 includes a solenoid 220 on base 196 . The solenoid surrounds an armature 222 axially aligned with base 196 . The left hand end of the armature engages retention block 224 retained by a tube affixed to body 193 . Solenoid leads 226 are connected to the electronic control module for the diesel engine. A valve pin 228 contacting armature 222 extends toward the flow passage 202 in valve seat 200 and has a tapered lead end which engages the seat to close the passage when the armature is biased towards the seat by solenoid 220 .

High pressure oil from passage 156 flows into body 193 , through restriction 206 , and through passage 202 in seat 200 to the end closed by valve pin 228 . The electronic control module sends a current signal to the solenoid to vary the force of the pin against the valve seat and control bleed flow of oil through the passage 202 and internal passages in the IPR valve, including slot 230 in the threads mounting the IPR valve on body 28 and leading to chamber 216 . The oil from chamber 216 flows through restriction 219 to chamber 214 and thence to the engine sump as previously described. Chamber 216 is connected to chamber 125 by passage 124 so that the oil in chamber 216 pressurizes the oil in chamber 125 of the inlet throttle valve. IPR valve 192 is shown in detail in FIG. 9 and diagrammatically in FIGS. 10 and 11 .

FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate a method of assembling check valve assembly 90 in the outer end of a piston bore 76 during manufacture of assembly 10 . First, piston 78 is extended into open bore 76 and spring 102 is fitted in the piston. The piston engages a slipper 82 on an eccentric 52 , 54 . Then, sleeve 92 , having a tight fit in bore 76 , is pressed into the bore.

As illustrated in FIG. 17 , the interior surface 91 at the inner wall of sleeve 92 is tapered inwardly and increases the thickness of the sleeve. The outer wall of seat 94 is correspondingly tapered outwardly. The seat 94 is extended into the sleeve so that the tapered surfaces on the end of the sleeve and on the seat engage each other. The seat is then driven to the position shown in FIG. 16 to form a tight wedged connection with the sleeve. This connection deforms the sleeve against the wall of the bore and strengthens the connection between the sleeve and the bore 76 . Reduced diameter collar 101 on the inner end of the seat extends into the center of spring 102 to locate the spring radially within pumping chamber 88 .

Next, poppet disc 98 is positioned on spring 100 , the spring is fitted in plug 96 and the plug is driven into the open outer end of sleeve 92 . Driving of plug 96 into the sleeve forms a strong closed joint between the plug and the sleeve and strengthens the joint between the sleeve and the wall of bore 76 . A circular boss 99 on the top of poppet disc 98 extends into the spring 100 so that the spring holds the poppet disc in proper position against seat 94 .

FIG. 18 illustrates an alternative check valve assembly 240 which may be used in check valve pumps 74 in place of check valve assembly 90 . Assembly 240 includes a sleeve 242 driven in the outer end of a bore 76 as previously described. Sleeve 242 includes a tapered lower end which receives a seat 244 , with a tapered driven connection between the seat and sleeve, as shown in FIG. 19 . The outer end 246 of the sleeve extends above the top of body 28 when the sleeve is fully positioned in the bore 76 .

Plug 248 of assembly 240 is longer than plug 96 and includes an angled circumferential undercut 250 at the outer end of the plug extending out from body 28 . The interior opening of plug 248 has the same depth as the corresponding opening of plug 96 .

After sleeve 242 and seat 244 have been driven into the passage, poppet disc 252 , like disc 98 , is mounted on spring 254 , like spring 100 , the outer end of the spring is extended into the bore in plug 248 and the plug is driven into the sleeve to the position shown in FIG. 18 . Undercut groove 250 is located above the surface of body 28 . The upper end of the sleeve is then formed into the undercut groove to make a strong connection closing the outer end of the bore.

Gear 14 rotates crankshaft 40 in the direction of arrow 256 shown in FIGS. 3 , 4 and 5 , or in a counterclockwise direction when viewing mounting face 30 . Rotation of the crank rotates eccentrics 52 and 54 to reciprocate the pistons 78 in bores 76 . In each high pressure pump 74 spring 102 holds the inner spherical end of piston 78 against a slipper 82 to hold the slipper against a rotating eccentric as the piston is reciprocated in bore 76 . During return or suction movement of the piston toward the crankshaft the inlet passage leading from crank chamber 36 to the pumping chamber 88 is unobstructed. There are no check valves in the inlet passage. The unobstructed inlet passage extends through passages 62 , passage 60 , slot 58 and passages 86 and 84 in the slipper and inner end of the piston 78 . The unobstructed inlet passage permits available engine oil in the crank chamber to flow freely into the pumping chambers during return strokes. The inlet passage is opened after piston 78 returns sufficiently to allow trapped oil to expand near the beginning of the return stroke and is closed at the end of the return stroke.

FIG. 4 illustrates check valve pump 74 in bank 72 at top dead center. Oil in chamber 88 has been flowed past poppet valve 98 and the valve has closed. The closed pumping chamber 88 remains filled with oil under high pressure. Passage 86 in slipper 82 is closed and remains closed until the crank rotates an additional 18 degrees beyond top dead center and slot 58 communicates with passage 86 . During the 18 degree rotation from top dead center piston 78 travels from top dead center down two percent of the return stroke and the pumping chamber and compressed fluid in the chamber expand to recover a large portion of the energy of compression in the fluid. The recovered energy assists in rotating the crankshaft. Recovery of the compressed energy of the fluid in the pumping chamber reduces the pressure of the fluid in the chamber when the pumping chamber opens to the crank chamber so that the fluid does not flow outwardly into the slot 58 in the crankshaft at high velocity. Recapture of the energy in the compressed fluid in the pumping chamber improves the overall efficiency of the pump by approximately two percent.

If the slot in the crank were moved over opening 86 at or shortly after top dead center, the high pressure fluid in the pumping chamber would flow through the opening and into the slot at a high velocity. This velocity is sufficient to risk flow damage to the surfaces of passage 84 and 86 and slot 58 . Opening of the pumping chamber at approximately 18 degrees after top dead center permits reduction of the pressure in the pumping chamber before opening and eliminates high flow rate damage to the surfaces in the pump. The pumping chamber opens sufficiently early in the return stroke to allow filling before closing at bottom dead center.

It is important that the inlet passage is unobstructed during cold startup. While the passage is open, available engine oil, which may be cold and viscous, in the crank chamber flows into the pumping chambers during return strokes as the volume of the pumping chambers increases. The circumferential length of slots 58 and the diameter of passages 86 are adjusted so that the pumping chambers in the pistons are open to receive oil from the crank chamber during substantially all of the return stroke.

The poppet valve for the pump is held closed during the return stroke by a spring 100 and high pressure oil in the outlet passages. In FIG. 5 , pump 74 in bank 72 is at the bottom of the return stroke. Oil has flowed into pumping chamber 88 and the inlet passage communicating with the crank chamber is closed at bottom dead center. Pump 74 in bank 70 has moved through part of its return stroke and the inlet passage to the pumping chamber 88 is in unobstructed communication with the crank chamber. Oil may flow from the crank chamber directly into slot 58 to either side of a slipper 82 or may flow into the slot through passages 60 and 62 .

The unobstructed inlet passage is open to flow available oil into the pumping chamber during the entire return stroke of the piston, with the exception of the first two percent of the stroke following top dead center. Provision of an unobstructed inlet passage to the pumping chamber during essentially the entire return stroke increases the capacity of the pump and facilitates flowing cold, viscous oil into the pumping chamber during starting.

After each piston completes its return stroke the pumping chamber is filled or partially filled with available oil from chamber 36 , depending upon the volume of oil flowed to the crank chamber through inlet throttle valve 104 . Continued rotation of the crankshaft then moves the piston outwardly through a pumping stroke. During the pumping stroke slot 58 on the eccentric driving the piston is away from passage 86 in the pump slipper and the inlet passage leading to the pumping chamber is closed at the eccentric. Outward movement of the piston by the eccentric reduces the volume of the pumping chamber and increases the pressure of oil in the chamber. A void in a partially filled chamber is collapsed as volume decreases after which pressure builds. When the pressure of the oil in the chamber exceeds the pressure of the oil in the high pressure side of the poppet disc 98 the disc lifts from seat 94 and the oil in the pumping chamber is expelled through the opening in the seat into the high pressure passages. Pumping continues until the piston reaches top dead center at the end of the pumping stroke and commences the return stroke. At this time, spring 100 closes the poppet valve and the pressure in the pumping chamber decreases below the pressure of the oil in the high pressure passages.

During operation of pump assembly 10 sleeve bearings 42 and 44 are lubricated by bleed flows of oil from crank chamber 36 . The oil flowing through bearing 44 collects in the space 49 behind seal 48 , lifts the seal, flows past the seal and drains into the sump of the diesel engine. Oil flowing through bearing 42 collects in end chamber 66 , together with any oil flowing through passage 190 and into the chamber from the pilot and main stages of the IPR valve. The oil in chamber 66 flows through the axial bore 64 in the crankshaft, through cross passage 68 , lifts and passes the seal 48 and then drains into the sump of the diesel engine. The bearings 42 and 44 may be lubricated by oil flowing into chamber 66 under conditions of inlet throttling when pressure on the crank chamber 36 is below atmospheric pressure.

Second embodiment high pressure slipper type pumps 306 illustrated in FIG. 20 may be used in pump assembly 10 . Pumps 306 pump oil in the same way as pumps 74 . Pumps 306 are identical to pumps 74 except for an improved interface between the pistons and slippers.

FIG. 20 is a sectional view through the inner end of a hollow cylindrical piston 300 , slipper 302 and crank eccentric 304 of the second embodiment. Pump 306 includes a spring, like spring 88 , which biases the lower end of the piston 300 against the slipper 302 and the slipper against the eccentric 304 . Eccentric 304 is like either of the previously described cylindrical eccentrics 52 and 54 and is part of a crankshaft located in the crank chamber of an assembly body like previously described body 28 .

Piston 300 is preferably manufactured from hardened steel and includes a hollow cylindrical wall 308 that has a sliding fit in the piston bore of pump 306 . The spherical end of the piston is fitted in a nearly spherical recess 328 in slipper 302 to define a generally spherical interface 303 between the piston and slipper. A partial cylindrical surface 312 on the side of the slipper away from the piston engages the cylindrical surface 314 of eccentric 304 , as previously described. Central inlet passages 316 and 318 extend through piston end 310 and slipper 302 , like passages 84 and 86 of pump 74 . Rotation of the eccentric past the slipper brings the inlet passage in the eccentric into and out of engagement with passage 318 during pumping movement of piston 300 . The inlet passage leading to the pumping chamber is unobstructed during return strokes, as previously described.

Piston end 310 has a convex spherical surface 320 having a center 322 located on central axis 324 and a radius 326 that may be about 0.45 inches. Piston end 310 is fitted in concave nearly spherical surface 328 formed on the side of the slipper away from the eccentric. This surface is symmetrical around the central axis when the piston is at the top or the bottom of its pumping stroke and the slipper and piston are oriented as shown in FIG. 20 .

Surface 328 is generated by rotating a circular arc located in a plane passing through axis 324 around an arc axis 330 , parallel to axis 324 , and located in the plane a short distance to the side of axis 324 away from the arc. The axes 330 used to generate the nearly spherical surface 328 lie on a small diameter cylinder 332 surrounding axis 324 . Surface 328 is referred to as a revolved positive offset surface. The radius for the nearly spherical surface 328 , the distance from point 334 on cylinder 332 and the circular arcs forming surface 328 , is slightly greater than the radius 326 of piston spherical surface 320 . The radius of curvature of surface 328 is greater than the radius of curvature of surface 320 .

When the piston is first seated in the slipper the spherical surface 320 engages nearly spherical surface 328 in a line of contact 324 extending around the piston and slipper in a circle. The remainder of surface 320 is spaced from surface 328 .

During pumping the slipper rotates back and forth relative to the piston to move the circle of contact along spherical surface 320 . Pumping exerts considerable force between the piston and the slipper, resulting in deformation in the softer bronze slipper at the circle of contact. This deformation reduces the radius of curvature of the portion of the slipper contacting surface 320 to conform to the radius 326 of surface 320 and form a partial spherical circular band 336 in surface 328 conforming to the spherical surface 320 of the piston.

During deformation, the width of the initial contact circle increases to form the band. As illustrated in FIG. 20 , band 336 may extend about 8 degrees to either side of the initial contact circle 324 between the piston and slipper and have a total angular width 338 of about 16 degrees. For a pump having a piston end with a spherical radius of about 0.45 inches, band 336 may extend ⅛ inch or less from top to bottom along surface 328 . Band 336 has sufficient area to support the piston 310 during pumping without appreciable additional deformation.

In pump 306 the arc axes 330 for surface 328 are offset from central axis 324 a small distance of from 0.002 to 0.003 inches and revolved offset surface 328 is very nearly spherical. The radius for surface 328 is only slightly greater than the radius 326 of surface 320 . For a piston with a surface 320 having a radius 326 of about 0.45 inches, surface 328 may have a revolved offset radius, as described of about 0.453 inches. In FIG. 20 , the offset of axes 330 from axis 328 and the divergence of surface 328 from surface 320 have been exaggerated for purposes of clarity.

Manufacture of pistons 300 and slippers 302 with surfaces 320 and 328 as described is facilitated by nearly spherical surface 328 because it is no longer necessary to manufacture nearly identical spherical surfaces for proper seating between the piston and slipper. Tolerances for surfaces 320 and 328 can be relaxed somewhat.

If both surfaces 320 and 328 are spherical, bearing pressure will be distributed over the interface only if spheres are precisely matched. If the piston sphere is slightly larger, bearing pressure will be highest where the cylindrical diameter of the piston contacts the slipper diameter. If the piston sphere is smaller by more than oil film thickness, bearing pressure will be highest at the end of the piston. Tolerances required for spherical piston and slipper surfaces are stricter than for the spherical and nearly spherical surfaces.

In pump 306 the radius of spherical surface 320 may vary slightly and the radius of the nearly spherical recess 328 may also vary slightly. The result of these variations is to move the initial point of contact 324 up or down slight distances along surface 328 . After initial contact at the line circle, as described, loading of the piston against the slipper will form a deformed band 336 supporting the piston in the slipper. The band not extend to the end of surface 320 at the top of the interface or to the end of surface 328 at passage 318 .

Piston 300 is made from hardened steel, and slipper 302 is made from softer bronze. The end of the piston is spherical and fitted into a nearly spherical concave surface in the slipper. This slipper surface has a radius of curvature greater than the radius of curvature of the spherical end of the piston so that initial contact between the piston and slipper is a line circle extending around the two surfaces. During initial operation of the pump loading and relative movement between the piston and the slipper deform the softer slipper material to form a partially spherical band in the slipper, the area of which is sufficient to allow oil film to carry the piston load.

The invention also includes a pump with a piston-slipper interface where the slipper is formed from a material, such as steel, which is harder than the material forming the end of the piston, which may be bronze. In this pump the concave surface in the slipper is spherical. The convex surface on the end of the piston is nearly spherical having a radius of curvature less than the radius of curvature of the slipper recess. The surface on the end of the piston is generated by rotating a circular arc located in a plane passing through the central axis around an arc axis, parallel to the central axis, and located a short distance to the side of the central axis towards the arc. The axes used to generate the nearly spherical surface lie on a small diameter cylinder surrounding the central axis. This nearly spherical surface is referred to as a revolved negative offset surface.

Initial engagement between the piston and the slipper of his pump is at a circle extending around the central axis. During initial operation of the pump the relatively softer material at the end of the piston is deformed to create a partial spherical band extending around the piston end and providing a continuous surface for support of an oil film to carry the piston load. The band supports the piston during pumping.

The invention is not limited to piston pumps where the slipper engages a cylindrical eccentric, which rotates relative to the slipper to move the piston through pumping and return strokes. The invention includes pumps of the piston and slipper type where the slippers engage a drive member other than an eccentric. For instance, the invention includes swash plate pumps where the plate moves the slippers and the slippers move the pistons through pumping strokes.

FIG. 15 illustrates the hydraulic circuitry of pump assembly 10 . The components of injection pressure regulator valve 192 are shown in the dashed rectangle to the right of the figure. The remaining components of pump assembly 10 are shown in the dashed rectangle to the left of the figure.

The diesel engine oil pump 18 flows engine oil from sump 16 to start reservoir 19 , inlet port 20 and, through line 260 , to bearings and cooling jets in the diesel engine. The start reservoir 19 is located above the pump assembly 10 . The reservoir includes a bleed orifice 21 at the top of the reservoir. When the reservoir is empty the bleed orifice vents air from the enclosed reservoir to the engine crank case permitting pump 18 to fill the reservoir with engine oil. During operation of the engine reservoir 19 is filled with engine oil and the bleed orifice spills a slight flow of oil to the sump. When the engine stops, the pressure of the oil in the reservoir 19 falls and the bleed orifice allows air at engine crankcase pressure to permit gravity and suction flow of oil from the reservoir through inlet port 20 and into the crank chamber 36 . In this way, oil from reservoir 19 is available for initial pumping to the injectors during cranking and startup of the diesel engine, before the oil pump 18 draws oil from sump 16 and flows the oil to the pump assembly.

Oil flows from port 20 to the inlet throttle valve 104 . Oil from the inlet throttle valve 104 flows to the four check valve pumps 74 , indicated by pump assembly 241 . Rotation of pump crankshaft 40 flows pressurized oil from assembly 241 to high pressure outlet passage 156 and through high pressure outlet port 22 to flow passage 24 and fuel injectors 12 .

The high pressure outlet passage 156 is connected to the inlet of pump assembly 241 by makeup ball check valve 158 and passage 160 . The high pressure outlet line 156 is connected to high pressure mechanical relief valve 168 which, when opened, returns high pressure oil to sump 16 to limit maximum pressure.

Two stage injection pressure regulator valve 192 includes main stage mechanical pressure relief valve 194 and pilot stage electrically modulated relief valve 195 . The mechanical pressure relief valve 194 is shown in a closed position in FIG. 9 . In the closed position, spool 204 closes discharge passages 210 . Shifting of the spool shown in FIG. 9 to the left opens passages 210 to permit high pressure oil from passage 156 to flow through passages 210 , passage 190 and thence back to the diesel engine sump, as previously described.

The pressurized oil in passage 156 biases spool 204 in valve 194 toward the open positioned and is opposed by spring 208 and the pressure of fluid in chamber 232 in the IPR valve. Chamber 232 is connected to high pressure passage 156 through internal flow restriction 206 in the spool.

The pressure of the oil in chamber 232 acts over the area of the hole in seat 200 on one end of the valve pin 228 of pilot stage of valve 195 to bias the pin toward an open position. Solenoid 220 biases the pin toward the closed position against seat 200 . A pilot flow of oil from valve 195 flows through slot 230 in the threads mounting base 196 in the outer portion of bore 166 , into chamber 216 , through orifice 219 into the chamber 214 and then to the engine sump. Pressurized oil in chamber 216 is conducted by passage 124 to chamber 125 of the inlet throttle valve 104 to bias spool 112 to the left as shown in FIG. 12 , away from closed end 108 of bore 106 . Spring 120 and pressure of the oil from pump 18 bias the spool in the opposite direction. The position of the spool depends on the resultant force balance.

Operation of inlet throttled control pump assembly 10 will now be described.

At startup of the diesel engine start reservoir 19 contains sufficient oil to supply pump 10 until oil is replenished by the diesel engine oil pump. Bleed orifice 21 allows the reservoir to be at engine crank case pressure. The oil may be cold and viscous. The high pressure manifold 24 is full of oil at low pressure. Spring 120 in inlet throttle valve 104 has extended spool 112 to the fully open position shown in FIG. 12 .

Actuation of the starter motor for the diesel engine rotates gear 14 and crankshaft 40 . Engine oil pump 18 is also rotated but does not flow oil into the pump assembly immediately.

During starting, gravity and engine crank case pressure flow engine oil from reservoir 19 into port 20 , through the open inlet throttle valve and into crank chamber 36 . The oil in the crank chamber is drawn by vacuum freely into pumping chambers 88 through the unobstructed inlet passages in the crankshaft, slippers and inner ends of the piston 78 , despite the viscosity of the oil. During starting, the pump assembly flows oil into manifold 24 . Pressure increases to a starting pressure to actuate injectors 12 . The starting pressure may be 1,000 psi. The reservoir 19 has sufficient volume to supply oil to the pump assembly until the oil pump establishes suction and flows oil to the assembly. During starting and initial pressurization of manifold 24 , valves 194 and 195 are closed.

When the diesel engine is running pump assembly 10 maintains the pressure of the oil in manifold 24 in response to current signals to solenoid 220 from the electronic control module. The signals are proportional to the desired instantaneous pressure in the high pressure outlet passage and manifold 24 . Pump assembly 10 pumps a volume of oil slightly greater than the volume of oil required to maintain the desired instantaneous pressure in manifold 24 . When the pressure in manifold 24 must be reduced quickly, excess high pressure oil is returned to the sump through valve 194 . For instance, significant flow may have to be returned to the sump through valve 194 when the engine torque command is rapidly decreased.

During operation of the engine a bleed flow of high pressure oil flows through restriction 206 and into chamber 232 at a reduced pressure and acts on the inner end of the main stage valve spool 204 . When the pressure in passage 156 is increased sufficiently to cause a transient over pressure, the force exerted on the high pressure end of spool 204 by oil in high pressure passage 156 is greater than the force exerted on the low pressure end of the spool by spring 208 and the oil in chamber 232 , and the spool shifts to the left as shown in FIG. 9 to open cross passages 210 and allow high pressure oil to flow through the crankshaft and back to sump 16 , reducing the pressure in passage 156 .

The solenoid force in pilot stage valve 195 is opposed by the pressure of oil in chamber 232 acting on the pin 228 over the area of the opening in seat 200 . When the electronic control module requires an increase of pressure in the manifold 24 the current flow to solenoid 220 is increased to reduce the pilot flow of oil through valve 195 , through orifice 219 and then through the shaft to the engine sump. Reduction of pressure in chamber 125 permits spring 120 to shift spool 112 to the right toward the open position as shown in FIG. 14 . Oil expelled from chamber 125 flows through passage 124 into chamber 216 , through orifice 219 and through the crankshaft to the engine sump.

Shifting of spool 112 toward the open position increases the flow openings leading into the crank chamber to correspondingly increase the volume of oil flowed into the crank chamber and pumped by the high pressure poppet valve pumps into manifold 24 . The inlet throttle valve will open at a rate determined by the forces acting on spool 112 . The pressure of the oil in bore 106 acting on the area of the spool and spring 120 bias the spool toward the open position. These forces are opposed by the pressure of the oil in chamber 125 acting on the area of the spool which biases the spool in the opposite direction. The spool moves toward the open position until a force balance or equilibrium position is established. When an equilibrium position of the spool is established, the pilot flow rate through bleed passage 219 is too low to develop a differential pressure across orifice 206 sufficient to shift spool 204 against spring 208 and open valve 194 . Increased flow of pumped oil into the manifold increases the pressure of oil in the manifold.

If the main stage IPR valve 194 is closed when solenoid current is increased, valve 194 will remain closed. If the main stage valve 194 is partially open, the increase in solenoid current will partially close valve 195 , increase the pressure in chamber 232 and close valve 194 .

When the pressure of oil in manifold 24 is increased the pressure in chamber 232 will increase, pilot flow through passage 219 will resume and resulting pressure increase in chamber 125 will stop opening movement of the inlet throttle spool. If the inlet throttle spool overshoots the equilibrium position and the pressure of the oil in the manifold exceeds the commanded level, the main stage IPR valve 194 may open to flow oil from the manifold and reduce pressure in the manifold to the commanded level.

A sharp decrease in the solenoid current decreases the force biasing the valve pin 228 toward seat 200 to permit rapid increase in pilot flow and flow to inlet throttle valve chamber 125 . The increased pressure on the closed end of the spool shifts the spool in a closing direction or to the left as shown in FIG. 12 , reducing flow of oil into the crank chamber. The pumping chambers do not fill completely and output of high pressure oil flowed into the manifold is decreased.

Inlet throttle response may lag behind a step drop in solenoid current because of the time required to consume oil in the crank chamber when solenoid current is decreased. In this event, the opening of pilot valve 195 decreases the pressure in chamber 232 and the main stage IPR valve 194 opens to permit limited flow from the manifold to the sump and reduction of the pressure of the oil in the manifold.

During equilibrium operation of the diesel engine solenoid 220 receives an essentially constant amperage signal and pilot oil flows through valve 194 to chamber 214 through orifice 219 uniformly, but is influenced by pressure fluctuations from injection and piston pulsations. The resulting pressure in chamber 125 , fed by passage 124 , acts on the closed end of spool 112 and is opposed by the force of spring 120 and inlet pressure acting on spool 112 . An equilibrium balance of forces occurs so that the flow of oil into the crank chamber is sufficient to maintain the desired pressure in manifold 24 .

Inlet throttle controlled pump assembly 10 flows the required volume of engine oil into manifold 24 to meet HEUI injector requirements throughout the operating range of the diesel engine. During starting, when the engine is cranked by a starter, the inlet throttle valve is fully open and the high pressure check valve piston pumps 74 pump at full capacity to increase the pressure of the oil in the manifold to the starting pressure for the engine. During idling of the engine, at a low speed of about 600 rpm, the spool in the inlet throttle valve is shifted to the closed position where only flow control openings 134 b , 136 a and 136 b are partially open and a low volume of oil is pumped to maintain a low idle manifold pressure of 600 psi. If the minimum flow allowed by the inlet throttle spool is not utilized by the injectors, the main stage IPR valve 194 opens to allow the excess oil to return to the sump.

Pump assembly 10 flows the high pressure oil into manifold 24 and compression chamber 26 , if provided. The high pressure oil is compressed sufficiently so that the flow requirements of the injectors 12 are met by expansion of the oil. The flow requirements for the injectors vary depending upon the duration of the electrical firing signal or injection event for the injectors. The control module may vary the timing of the injection event relative to top dead center of the engine piston, according to the desired operational parameters of the engine. The large volume of oil compressed by assembly 10 assures that a sufficient volume of compressed oil is always available for expansion whenever an injection event occurs, independent of the timing of the event signal.

Large volume manifolds and compression chambers increase the cost of diesel engines. The volume of the internal manifold may be reduced and external chamber may be eliminated by providing the diesel engine with a HEUI pump assembly 10 having a number of high pressure pumps 74 sufficient to provide a high pressure pumping stroke during the occurrence of each injection event for each engine cylinder. For instance, the pumping stroke for each high pressure pump may be timed so that a sufficient volume of high pressure oil is flowed into a pressure line leading to the injectors when an injection event occurs so that a sufficient volume of pressurized pumped oil is available to fire the injector. As an example, assembly 10 includes four high pressure pumps 74 each having an approximately 180 degree pumping stroke with the strokes occurring one after the other during each rotation of crankshaft 40 . The pump assembly could be mounted on an eight cylinder diesel engine with rotation of the assembly crankshaft timed so that output flow into a line leading to the injectors peaks when each ejector is fired. In this way, it is possible to provide a flow pulse in the line at the proper time and of a sufficient volume to fire the injectors, without the necessity of a large volume manifold or compression chamber. In other four stroke cycle engines, one high pressure pump may pump oil during injection events for each pair of cylinders.

Control pump assembly 10 includes an inlet throttle valve and a hydraulic system, including electrically modulated valve 195 , for controlling the inlet throttle valve to throttle inlet flow of oil to pump assembly 241 shown in FIG. 15 . If desired, the hydraulic regulator may be replaced by an electrical regulator including a fast response pressure transducer mounted in high pressure outlet passage 156 to generate a signal proportional to the pressure in the passage, a comparator for receiving the output signal from the pressure transducer and a signal from the diesel engine electronic control module proportional to the desired pressure in the high pressure passage and for generating an output signal proportional to the difference between the two signals. The electrical system would also include an electrical actuator, typically a proportional solenoid, for moving the spool in the inlet throttle valve to increase or decrease flow of oil into the pump assembly 241 as required to increase or decrease the pressure in the high pressure passage. The electrical control system would include a pressure relief valve, like valve 194 , to flow oil from passage 156 in response to transient overpressures and a mechanical relief valve like valve 168 . The electrical regulator would control the output pressure as previously described.

Pump assembly 10 is useful in maintaining the desired pressure of oil flowed to HEUI injectors in a diesel engine. The assembly may, however, be used for different applications. For instance, the pump may be rotated at a fixed speed and the inlet throttle valve used to control the pump to flow liquid at different rates determined by the position of the spool in the inlet throttle valve. The spool could be adjusted manually or by an automatic regulator. The pumped liquid could flow without restriction or could be pumped into a closed chamber with the pressure of the chamber dependent upon the flow rate from the chamber.

While I have illustrated and described a preferred embodiment of my invention, it is understood that this is capable of modification, and I therefore do not wish to be limited to the precise details set forth, but desire to avail myself of such changes and alterations as fall within the purview of the following claims.

Claims

1. A pump comprising, a body; a crank chamber in the body; a crankshaft rotatably mounted on the body and including a drive end located outwardly of the body and a cylindrical eccentric in the crank chamber; a piston bore in the body, the bore extending from one side of the body to the crank chamber adjacent the eccentric; a closure sealing the bore at the side of the body; an outlet check valve located in the piston bore inwardly from said closure; a high pressure outlet passage in the body opening into the bore between the check valve and the closure; a hollow, cylindrical piston moveably mounted in the piston bore between the crank chamber and the check valve, the piston having a convex inner end adjacent the crank chamber and an inlet opening extending through said end, said piston and bore defining a variable volume pumping chamber; a spring in the pumping chamber, said spring including a spring end engaging said piston end; a slipper located between the piston end and the eccentric, the slipper including a partial cylindrical surface engaging the eccentric and a concave surface engaging the convex surface of the end of the piston to permit rotation of the slipper about the piston, the spring biasing the end of the piston against the slipper and the slipper against the eccentric; the slipper including a slipper opening communicating with the piston opening during return strokes of the piston, a recess in the eccentric, said recess communicating with the slipper opening during return strokes of the piston; a source of fluid to be pumped, and an inlet passage extending from the source of fluid, through the body, the crank chamber, the recess, the slipper opening and the piston opening to the pumping chamber, said inlet passage unobstructed during return strokes of the piston.

2. The pump as in claim 1 including a sleeve in the end of the bore adjacent said body wall, said sleeve having a tapered inner surface; a cylindrical seat having a tapered outer surface, said seat driven into said sleeve with said tapered surfaces engaging each other to deform the sleeve against the bore; a poppet disk on the side of the seat away from the pumping chamber; said closure comprising a plug in the bore; and a poppet valve spring biasing the disk against the seat.

3. The pump as in claim 2 including a first sleeve opening extending through the sleeve between the plug and the seat, said high pressure passage extending through said first opening.

4. The pump as in claim 3 including a second sleeve opening extending through the sleeve between the plug and the seat, a second eccentric on said crankshaft, pumping means driven by said second eccentric, said high pressure outlet passage extending to said pumping means through said first and second sleeve openings.

5. The pump as in claim 1 wherein said source of fluid to be pumped comprises an inlet throttle valve.

6. The pump as in claim 5 wherein said inlet throttle valve comprises a throttle bore, a spool in the throttle bore moveable between opened and closed positions; and an inlet throttle valve spring biasing the spool toward the open position.

7. The pump as in claim 6 wherein said spool comprises a wall and a closed end; and including a plurality of flow openings extending through said wall and spaced along said wall.

8. The pump as in claim 7 wherein the inlet passage surrounds the spool.

9. The pump as in claim 8 wherein said wall is cylindrical and said flow openings overlap each other.

10. The pump as in claim 8 wherein said flow openings include an opposed pair of openings.

11. The pump as in claim 1 wherein said piston and slipper define a generally spherical interface, the interface including a spherical surface on the end of the piston, a nearly spherical surface in the slipper, such surfaces engaging each other only at a circumferential band formed in the slipper surface, such surfaces gradually separating from each other to either side of the band, the band extending around the piston opening and the slipper opening.

12. The pump as in claim 11 wherein the slipper is formed from a material softer than the material forming the piston.

13. The pump as in claim 12 wherein the slipper is formed from bronze and the piston is formed from steel.

14. The pump as in claim 11 wherein said nearly spherical surface is a revolved positive offset surface.

15. The pump as in claim 11 wherein said spherical surface is convex and said nearly spherical surface is concave.

16. A pump comprising, a body; a crank chamber in the body; a crankshaft rotatably mounted on the body and including a rotary drive member in the crank chamber; a piston bore in the body, the bore extending from one side of the body to the crank chamber adjacent the drive member; a closure in the bore at the side of the body; an outlet check valve located in the piston bore inwardly from said closure; a high pressure outlet passage opening into the bore; a hollow, cylindrical piston moveably mounted in the piston bore between the crank chamber and the check valve, the piston having an inner end adjacent the crank chamber and an inlet opening at said end, said piston and bore defining a variable volume pumping chamber; a drive connection between the drive member and the piston to move the piston through pumping and return strokes; a source of fluid to be pumped, and an inlet passage extending from the source of fluid, through the body, the crank chamber and the piston opening to the pumping chamber, said inlet passage unobstructed during return strokes of the piston.

17. The pump as in claim 16 wherein the source of fluid to be pumped comprises an inlet throttle valve.

18. The pump as in claim 17 wherein the inlet throttle valve includes a bore, and a valving member moveable along the bore between opened and closed positions.

19. The pump as in claim 18 wherein the inlet throttle valve includes a spring biasing the valving member toward the open position.

20. The pump as in claim 18 wherein the valving member comprises a spool having a wall, a closed end and at least one flow opening extending through the wall.

21. The pump as in claim 20 wherein the inlet passage at the inlet throttle valve surrounds the inlet throttle valve bore.

22. The pump as in claim 20 wherein said spool includes a plurality of flow openings, such openings overlapping each other along the wall.

23. The pump as in claim 20 wherein said wall is cylindrical; said flow openings are arranged in opposed pairs of openings; and said inlet passage surrounds the spool.

24. The pump as in claim 16 wherein said drive connection includes a slipper located between the piston and the rotary drive member and including a slipper opening engageable with said inlet opening and said inlet passage extending through the slipper opening during return strokes of the piston.

25. The pump as in claim 24 including a generally spherical interface between the piston and slipper, the interface including a spherical surface on the end of the piston, a nearly spherical surface in the slipper, such surfaces engaging each other only at a circumferential band deformed in the slipper surface, such surfaces gradually separating from each other away from the band, the band extending around the inlet opening and the slipper opening.

26. The pump as in claim 25 wherein said slipper is formed from a material softer than the material forming said piston.

27. The pump as in claim 25 wherein said nearly spherical surface is a revolved positive offset surface.

28. The combination of a pump slipper and a pump piston moveable by the slipper through repetitive pumping strokes, one of said slipper and piston formed from a material harder than the material forming the other of said piston and slipper; a generally spherical interface between the slipper and piston, the interface including a spherical surface on one of said slipper and piston, and a nearly spherical surface on the other said slipper and piston, one of said surfaces being convex and the other of said surfaces being concave, the convex surface extending into the concave surface, said surfaces engaging each other only at a circumferential band in the nearly spherical surface and extending around the interface, the surfaces gradually separating from each other away from the band, said interface permitting movement of the slipper relative to the piston during pumping strokes of the piston while maintaining surface-to-surface engagement between the slipper and piston at the circumferential band.

29. The combination of claim 28 wherein the radius of curvature of the spherical surface is less than the radius of curvature of the nearly spherical surface.

30. The combination of claim 29 wherein the spherical surface is on the piston and the nearly spherical surface is on the slipper.

31. The combination of claim 30 wherein the piston is formed from material harder than the material forming the slipper.

32. The combination of claim 31 wherein the slipper is formed from bronze.

33. The combination of claim 32 wherein the piston is formed from steel.

34. The combination of claim 28 including an opening in the piston at the interface.

35. The combination of claim 34 including an opening in the slipper at the interface, said openings cooperating to form part of an inlet passage, each surface surrounding one of said openings.

36. The combination of claim 28 wherein said nearly spherical surface is a revolved offset surface.

37. The combination of claim 36 wherein said nearly spherical surface has a positive offset.

38. The combination of claim 28 wherein the band is deformed in the nearly spherical surface.

39. The combination of claim 38 wherein the spherical surface is on the piston.

40. The combination of claim 39 wherein the piston is formed from steel and the slipper is formed from bronze.

41. The combination of a pump piston and a slipper for moving the piston through repetitive pumping strokes, said piston formed from a material harder than the material forming said slipper, and including a convex spherical end, a piston passage extending through the spherical end of the piston, said slipper including a concave nearly spherical recess, said piston spherical end seated in said slipper recess to form a generally spherical interface between the piston and slipper, said piston end engaging the slipper only at a circular band in the interface and being gradually spaced apart to either side of the band, said band surrounding said passage.

42. The combination of claim 41 wherein the nearly spherical surface is a revolved offset surface.

43. The combination of claim 42 wherein said nearly spherical surface has a positive offset.

44. The combination of claim 41 wherein the band has a width less than 16 degrees.

45. The combination of claim 41 wherein the slipper is formed from bronze.

46. The combination of claim 45 wherein the piston is formed from steel.

47. The combination of claim 41 including a slipper passage in the slipper, said piston passage and said slipper passage cooperating to form an unobstructed passage during return strokes.

48. The combination of a pump piston and a slipper for moving the piston through repetitive pumping strokes, said piston including a first surface at one end thereof, said slipper including a second surface adjacent said first surface, one of said piston and slipper formed from a metal softer than the metal forming the other of said piston and slipper, one of said first and second surfaces being spherical and the other of said first and second surfaces being nearly spherical with one of the surfaces being convex and the other of the surfaces being concave, said convex surface seated in said concave surface to form a generally spherical interface between the piston and slipper, said piston and slipper engaging each other only at a circular band extending around the interface and being spaced apart to either side of the band, said band formed in said softer metal.

49. The combination of claim 48 wherein the nearly spherical surface has a revolved offset.

50. The combination of claim 49 wherein said nearly spherical surface has a positive offset.

51. The combination of claim 49 wherein said nearly spherical surface has a negative offset.

52. The combination of claim 48 wherein said band has a width less than about 16 degrees.

53. The combination of claim 48 wherein the nearly spherical surface is concave.

54. The combination of claim 48 wherein the nearly spherical surface is convex.