Purkinjie image-based alignment of suction ring in ophthalmic applications

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method and system for aligning and attaching a suction ring to an eye of a patient during an ophthalmic application.

BACKGROUND

A well centered anterior capsulotomy is an important factor in obtaining an optimal refractive outcome in intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, particularly for accommodating or pseudo accommodating IOLs, IOLs used to correct spherical aberration, or toric IOLs. The reason for this is that surgeons use the position of the capsular opening as a visual landmark to center the IOL. The centration is important both optically and mechanically. Optically, if the IOL, center of curvature of the cornea and fovea are not in proper alignment, image quality suffers from aberrations and mechanically, if the IOL is not centered with respect to the lens capsule equator, the lens may, over time, tilt or become more easily displaced, leading to optical aberrations or necessity of a secondary procedure to explant or re-center the IOL.

Currently, the anterior capsular opening is torn manually using a procedure known as continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC). In the absence of any other visual landmark, the opening is centered as well as can be accomplished manually, using the dilated pupil as the reference. Since the pupil is known to, on the average, dilate significantly asymmetrically, the current procedure, if successfully accomplished, tends to leave the IOL systematically off center with respect to the line of sight and the optic axis of the eye.

Ideally, the IOL should be centered on the visual axis; however, this cannot be determined intraoperatively. An alternative placement which can be determined and which allows IOL placement close to the natural state is to center the IOL such that the optical axes of the IOL and cornea be collinear. If the anterior capsulotomy cut can be positioned concentrically around the optic axis of the cornea and crystalline lens, i.e. such that the optic axis of the eye is maintained after implantation, then an IOL implanted and centered on the capsular opening would be close to optimally positioned.

BRIEF SUMMARY

One aspect of the present invention regards an alignment device including means for releasably attaching a suction ring and means for applying a pattern of light to an eye of a patient. The alignment device further including means for detecting light reflected from the eye and determining whether the suction ring is aligned relative to the eye based on the detected light.

A second aspect of the present invention regards an alignment device that includes a housing having a mechanism that releasably engages a suction ring and a light source connected to multiple light emitters that are arranged in a pattern so that the light emitters apply light in the pattern of light to an eye of a patient. The device further includes a detector that detects light reflected from the eye and determines whether the suction ring is centered on the eye based on the detected light.

A third aspect of the present invention regards a method of aligning a suction ring on an eye, the method including positioning a suction ring over an eye of a patient and applying a pattern of light to the eye. The method further includes detecting light reflected from the eye and determining whether the suction ring is aligned relative to the eye based on the detected light.

One or more aspects of the present invention allow for improved visual outcomes of cataract surgery by allowing more accurate and stabile placement of an IOL to reduce optical aberrations of the eye.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and constitute part of this specification and, together with the general description given above and the detailed description given below, serve to explain features of the present invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of an embodiment of an alignment device in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2A-I show various possible off-axis images formed by the alignment device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3A shows a possible on-axis image formed by the alignment device of FIG. 1; and

FIGS. 3B-D show the individual images of the fourth, first and third Purkinjie images, respectively, formed by the alignment device of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention regards a method and system for aligning and attaching a suction ring to an eye of a patient during an ophthalmic application that involves the use of a laser system. Examples of possible laser systems with which the present invention can be used are the laser systems described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/337,127; 12/217,285; 12/217,295; 12/509,412; 12/509,021; 12/509,211 and 12/509,454, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Such laser systems may employ an associated disposable Patient Interface Device (PID) which is used to register and immobilize the patient's eye relative to the laser, allow efficient delivery of the treatment laser to the cornea and crystalline lens and allow images of the lasing process to be provided to the user to monitor progress in the procedure. Like other ophthalmic ultrashort pulse lasers used for cutting corneal or crystalline lens tissue, the PID has two parts: a suction ring which is applied manually to the patient's eye and a docking part which is attached to the laser and then guided, via a joystick-controlled 3-axis motion control system, to dock the laser with the suction ring on the eye.

In accordance with the present invention, a Purkinjie reflection-based alignment device 100 is used with a laser system, such as those described previously, which allows the suction ring 102 to be centered about the optic axis of the eye. As noted above, such a centration will allow optimal placement of the implanted IOL. As shown in FIG. 1, the device 100 includes a two part handle 102 that houses built in batteries 104 and a syringe 106 for applying vacuum to the suction ring 134. The batteries 104 power up a semi-circular light source that includes several light generators, such as LEDs (light emitting diodes) 112, that are activated when a switch (not shown) is turned on. Ideally, the LEDs 112 are infrared so that they cannot be seen by the patient but visible LEDs could also be used. A holder 114 for the LEDs 112 has a flange 120 with mounting holes 124 to hold the LEDs 112 in their correct positions, aimed through the center of a conical holding device 130 and suction ring 134 which is attached to the distal end of the conical holding device 130 at the beginning of the procedure. The conical holding device 134 has an upper edge 132 that is attached to the underside of the semi-circular housing 122 that holds the LEDs 112. A viewing device, such as a camera 128 or a viewing lens, can be used to view an image of the eye of the patient as will be described hereinafter. In the case of using a camera 128, the camera and its associated camera lens are mounted so that the camera lens axis is collinear with the axis defined by the center of the suction ring 134 and the center of the semi-circular ring of LEDs 122. The camera image of the eye as viewed through the opening 116 of the holder 114 and through the center of suction ring 134 is displayed on a separate monitor (not shown).

In use, the device is held by the handle 102 and is positioned over the eye as the surgeon watches the image of the eye on the monitor. The patient, if not subjected to a retrobulbar block or other means to immobilize the eye, would be instructed to stare straight ahead or at a distant fixation light (not shown in diagram) visually located within the open circle defined by the semi-circular Purkinjie light source but not connected to the device 100. This is to maintain the patient's fixation in a relatively constant direction so that the device 100 can be positioned properly relative to that fixation direction. If the LEDs 112 emit visible light, it is helpful to have the fixation light (not shown) be of a different color so that the patient can more easily stare at the fixation light without distraction from the LEDs 112.

When the device is close enough to the eye, Purkinjie reflections from the posterior lens surface (fourth Purkinjie image), anterior cornea surface (first Purkinjie image), and anterior crystalline lens surface (third Purkinjie image) will be formed and imaged on the monitor as shown in FIGS. 3B-D, respectively. When the suction ring 134 is perfectly aligned, that is, the camera axis is collinear with optic axis of the eye, the Purkinjie reflections corresponding to the first, third and fourth Purkinjie's images will appear simultaneously as shown in FIG. 3A. Each of the three Purkinjie reflections of FIGS. 3B-D appears as a semi-circle. The first Purkinjie reflection and the fourth reflection appear as semi-circular arrays of reflected LEDs “facing” each other; the opposite (convex rather than concave) curvature of the cornea compared to the posterior lens surface causes the inversion of one of the images such that it “faces” the other. The third Purkinjie image is oriented similarly to the first Purkinjie reflection since these two surfaces have the same direction of curvature. The sizes of the individual LED images in the various Purkinjie reflections as well as the different diameters of the semi-circles are functions of the geometry of the measurement angle, i.e. distances and angles between LEDs 112 and the various eye surfaces and the radii of curvature of the cornea, anterior lens surface and posterior lens surface. However the positions and orientations of the semi-circular reflections are what are of interest for the alignment, not the diameters of the semi-circles or the appearances of the individual LED reflections. To make clear how the Purkinjie reflections help the surgeon correctly align the suction ring to the eye, FIGS. 2A-I show the Purkinjie reflections when the eye is looking off to the left, right, up and down, relative to the axis of the suction ring. With experience, by looking at the orientation and position of the Purkinjie reflections shown on the camera monitor, the surgeon can adjust the position and angle of the handheld device 100 of FIG. 1 to properly align the suction ring 134 with the optical axis of the eye. When the Purkinje reflections of FIG. 3A are shown, it indicates that the optic axis of the suction ring 134 is collinear with the optic axis of the eye. When proper alignment is achieved, the suction ring 134 is pressed onto the eye by actuating a latch (not shown) outside the body of the handle 102 to allow a spring (not shown) to actuate a spring-loaded syringe 106. In particular, prior to actuating the latch, the syringe 106 is compressed (syringe plunger all the way in). Upon actuation of the latch the spring pushes the syringe plunger outward creating a vacuum inside the syringe 106 and, via a piece of tubing (not shown), in the suction ring 134. Creation of the vacuum in the suction ring 134 results in the clamping of the suction ring onto the eye. The handheld device 100 of FIG. 1 is then released from the suction ring 134 and removed. The release can be accomplished simply by pulling the handheld device 100 from the suction ring 134 which is now attached to the eye, if there is only a light friction fit between the suction ring 134 and the conical holding device 130. Alternatively, the conical holding device 130 could include a mechanism (not shown) which releasably engages the suction ring 134. A release lever (not shown) on the handle 102 could be in mechanical communication with the release mechanism so that when it is activated, the suction ring 134 is released.

Following the alignment and attachment of the suction ring to the eye, the surgeon moves the joystick to dock a locking snap ring at a distal end of the arm with the suction ring 134. When the locking ring and suction ring 134 are docked, they constitute in combination a patient interface device (PID). The PID registers and immobilizes the patient's eye during treatment with a laser and thus the PID allows for efficient delivery of the treatment laser to the cornea and crystalline lens and allows images of the lasing process to be provided to the user to monitor progress in the procedure. An example of the above described PID is disclosed in Applicants' provisional applications filed on Jan. 29 and Feb. 1, 2010 having attorney docket numbers 12212/66 and /69, respectively, and each having the title of “Servo Controlled Docking Force Device for Use in Ophthalmic Applications,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Note that the application of a patient interface device with any form of planar or curved applanation perturbs the shape and axis of the cornea, thereby eliminating any possibility of determining the optic axis of the eye once the patient interface device is applied. Therefore if the suction ring 134 is to be applied such that it is centered on the optic axis, the determination of the optic axis must be made before applying the suction ring 134.

While the above described process regards device 100 being handheld, the Purkinjie-based device could also be built into the joystick controlled 3-axis of motion optical head of an ophthalmic laser. In this case, the image of the Purkinjie reflections would still be used to judge when the suction ring was centered, however, the patient's eye or head and optical head of the laser would need to be manipulated to get the best positioning of the suction ring on the eye.

Note that for cutting an anterior capsulotomy with a laser, the position of the crystalline lens capsule must be determined since the capsulotomy cut is made through the capsule. A Scheimpflug camera based measuring system could be used to make this determination. Optical coherence tomography or other methods could equally be used for the measurement. If the suction ring 134 is well centered on the optic axis, the apex of the crystalline lens, i.e. the point at highest elevation along the optic axis of the laser, will fall on the optic axis of the lens. The circular anterior capsulotomy can then be cut around the apex.

If the suction ring 134 is not centered, and assuming that the crystalline lens is, to a good approximation, spherical over the central region, the apex of the lens will not fall on the optic axis. In this latter case, there is no good way to determine where the anterior capsulotomy should be cut. If the circular cut is centered about the apex of the crystalline lens, which is tilted with respect to the axis of the laser, the cut will be centered off the optic axis of the eye and the IOL will be subsequently de-centered if it is, as is general practice, centered by reference to the capsulotomy.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. An alignment device comprising: means for releasably attaching a suction ring;means for applying a pattern of light to an eye of a patient; andmeans for detecting light reflected from said eye and determining whether said suction ring is aligned relative to said eye based on said detected light, wherein said detecting comprises detecting an image from the group consisting of reflection from a posterior lens surface of said eye, reflection from an anterior cornea surface of said eye and reflection of an anterior crystalline lens surface.
2. The alignment device of claim 1, further comprising a control system having a joystick to control 3-axis motion of said alignment device.
3. The alignment device of claim 1, further comprising a means for applying a vacuum to said suction ring.
4. The alignment device of claim 1, wherein said pattern of light is semi-circular in shape.
5. The alignment device of claim 1, wherein said means for applying said pattern of light comprises an infrared light source.
6. The alignment device of claim 1, wherein said detecting comprises detecting an image from reflection from a posterior lens surface of said eye.
7. The alignment device of claim 1, wherein said detecting comprises detecting an image from reflection from an anterior cornea surface of said eye.
8. The alignment device of claim 1, wherein said detecting comprises detecting an image from reflection from an anterior crystalline lens surface.
9. An alignment device comprising: a housing comprising a mechanism that releasably engages a suction ring;a light source comprising multiple light emitters that are arranged in a pattern so that the light emitters apply light in a said pattern of light to an eye of a patient; anda detector that detects light reflected from said eye and determines whether said suction ring is centered on said eye based on said detected light, wherein said light detected by said detector comprises an image from the group consisting of reflection from a posterior lens surface of said eye, reflection from an anterior cornea surface of said eye and reflection of an anterior crystalline lens surface.
10. The alignment device of claim 9, further comprising a control system having a joystick to control 3-axis motion of said alignment device.
11. The alignment device of claim 9, further comprising a means for applying a vacuum to said suction ring.
12. The alignment device of claim 9, wherein said pattern of light is semicircular in shape.
13. The alignment device of claim 9, wherein each of said multiple light emitters is an infrared light source.
14. The alignment device of claim 9, wherein said light detected by said detector comprises an image from reflection from a posterior lens surface of said eye.
15. The alignment device of claim 9, wherein said light detected by said detector comprises an image from reflection from an anterior cornea surface of said eye.
16. The alignment device of claim 9, wherein said light detected by said detector comprises an image from reflection from an anterior crystalline lens surface.
17. A method of aligning a suction ring on an eye, the method comprising: positioning a suction ring over an eye of a patient;applying a pattern of light to said eye, wherein said pattern of light is generated from multiple light emitters; anddetecting light reflected from said eye and determining whether said suction ring is aligned relative to said eye based on said detected light, wherein said detecting comprises detecting an image from the group consisting of reflection from a posterior lens surface of said eye, reflection from an anterior cornea surface of said eye and reflection of an anterior crystalline lens surface.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying a vacuum to said suction ring.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein said pattern of light is semi-circular in shape.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein said applying comprising applying a pattern of infrared light to said eye.
21. The method of claim 17, wherein said detecting comprises simultaneously detecting an image of reflection from a posterior lens surface of said eye, an image of reflection from an anterior cornea surface of said eye and an image reflection of anterior crystalline lens surface, wherein said simultaneously detecting indicates said suction ring is correctly aligned on said eye.
22. The method of claim 17, wherein said detecting comprises detecting an image from reflection from a posterior lens surface of said eye.
23. The method of claim 17, wherein said detecting comprises detecting an image from reflection from an anterior cornea surface of said eye.
24. The method of claim 17, wherein said detecting comprises detecting an image from reflection from an anterior crystalline lens surface.

Parent Case Info

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/300,125 titled Purkinjie Image-Based Alignment of Suction Ring in Ophthalmic Applications, filed Feb. 1, 2010, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

US Referenced Citations (493)

Number	Name	Date	Kind
3074407	Moon et al.	Jan 1963	A
3971382	Krasnov	Jul 1976	A
3982541	L'Esperance, Jr.	Sep 1976	A
4024852	L'Esperance et al.	May 1977	A
4263893	Pavlak et al.	Apr 1981	A
4309998	Aron nee Rosa et al.	Jan 1982	A
4334736	Herbert	Jun 1982	A
4381007	Doss	Apr 1983	A
4394144	Aoki	Jul 1983	A
4461294	Baron	Jul 1984	A
4477159	Mizuno et al.	Oct 1984	A
4502816	Creter, Jr. et al.	Mar 1985	A
4517980	Tagnon	May 1985	A
4537193	Tanner	Aug 1985	A
4538608	L'Esperance, Jr.	Sep 1985	A
4554917	Tagnon	Nov 1985	A
4561436	Munnerlyn	Dec 1985	A
4565197	Daly	Jan 1986	A
4573778	Shapiro	Mar 1986	A
4576160	Tanaka	Mar 1986	A
4579430	Bille	Apr 1986	A
4580559	L'Esperance	Apr 1986	A
4582405	Muller et al.	Apr 1986	A
4583539	Karlin et al.	Apr 1986	A
4588505	Walley et al.	May 1986	A
4601037	McDonald	Jul 1986	A
4601288	Myers	Jul 1986	A
4607622	Fritch et al.	Aug 1986	A
4628416	Dewey	Dec 1986	A
4633866	Peyman et al.	Jan 1987	A
4638801	Daly et al.	Jan 1987	A
4644948	Lang et al.	Feb 1987	A
4648400	Schneider et al.	Mar 1987	A
1657013	Hoerenz et al.	Apr 1987	A
4665913	L'Esperance, Jr.	May 1987	A
4669466	L'Esperance, Jr.	Jun 1987	A
4669839	Muchei	Jun 1987	A
4682595	Hoerenz et al.	Jul 1987	A
4686979	Gruen et al.	Aug 1987	A
4686992	Dewey et al.	Aug 1987	A
4702245	Schroder et al.	Oct 1987	A
4702576	Magnante	Oct 1987	A
4711540	Yoshino et al.	Dec 1987	A
4711541	Yoshino et al.	Dec 1987	A
4712543	Baron	Dec 1987	A
4715703	Cornsweet et al.	Dec 1987	A
4718418	L'Esperance, Jr.	Jan 1988	A
4719912	Wienberg	Jan 1988	A
4721379	L'Esperance	Jan 1988	A
4724522	Belgorod	Feb 1988	A
4729372	L'Esperance, Jr.	Mar 1988	A
4729373	Peyman	Mar 1988	A
4732148	L'Esperance, Jr.	Mar 1988	A
4732460	Kele et al.	Mar 1988	A
4736744	Koike et al.	Apr 1988	A
4741612	Birngruber et al.	May 1988	A
4744362	Gründler	May 1988	A
4758081	Barnes	Jul 1988	A
4765336	Blaha et al.	Aug 1988	A
4770162	L'Esperance et al.	Sep 1988	A
4770172	L'Esperance, Jr.	Sep 1988	A
4770486	Wang et al.	Sep 1988	A
4772116	Schroder et al.	Sep 1988	A
4773414	L'Esperance, Jr.	Sep 1988	A
4775361	Jacques et al.	Oct 1988	A
4776687	Nakanishi et al.	Oct 1988	A
4798204	L'Esperance, Jr.	Jan 1989	A
4820264	Matsui et al.	Apr 1989	A
4830483	Kohayakawa et al.	May 1989	A
4832043	Ichihashi	May 1989	A
4837857	Scheller et al.	Jun 1989	A
4838266	Koziol et al.	Jun 1989	A
4840175	Peyman	Jun 1989	A
4846172	Berlin	Jul 1989	A
4848340	Bille et al.	Jul 1989	A
4854693	Ichihashi et al.	Aug 1989	A
4856513	Muller	Aug 1989	A
4862888	Yessik	Sep 1989	A
4863261	Flammer	Sep 1989	A
4865029	Pankratov	Sep 1989	A
4865441	Reis	Sep 1989	A
4866243	Sakane et al.	Sep 1989	A
4870952	Martinez	Oct 1989	A
4881808	Bille et al.	Nov 1989	A
4883351	Weiss	Nov 1989	A
4884884	Reis	Dec 1989	A
4887019	Reis et al.	Dec 1989	A
4887592	Loertscher	Dec 1989	A
4891043	Zeimer et al.	Jan 1990	A
4900143	Bessler et al.	Feb 1990	A
4900145	Akiyama	Feb 1990	A
4901718	Billie et al.	Feb 1990	A
4902124	Roy et al.	Feb 1990	A
4903695	Warner et al.	Feb 1990	A
4905711	Bennett et al.	Mar 1990	A
4907586	Billie et al.	Mar 1990	A
4911160	Thyzel	Mar 1990	A
4911711	Telfair et al.	Mar 1990	A
4917486	Raven et al.	Apr 1990	A
4931053	L'Esperance, Jr.	Jun 1990	A
4941093	Marshall et al.	Jul 1990	A
4951663	L'Esperance, Jr.	Aug 1990	A
4953969	Fedorov	Sep 1990	A
4966577	Crosson et al.	Oct 1990	A
4972836	Schenck et al.	Nov 1990	A
4973330	Azema et al.	Nov 1990	A
4976709	Sand	Dec 1990	A
4988348	Bille	Jan 1991	A
4994058	Raven et al.	Feb 1991	A
5000561	Lawniczak et al.	Mar 1991	A
5000751	Schroder et al.	Mar 1991	A
5002571	O'Donnell, Jr. et al.	Mar 1991	A
5013311	Nouri	May 1991	A
5019074	Muller	May 1991	A
5041134	O'Donnell	Aug 1991	A
5048946	Sklar et al.	Sep 1991	A
5049147	Danon	Sep 1991	A
5054907	Skylar et al.	Oct 1991	A
5057102	Tomioka et al.	Oct 1991	A
5067951	Greve	Nov 1991	A
5090798	Kohayakawa	Feb 1992	A
5092863	Schanzlin	Mar 1992	A
5094521	Joison et al.	Mar 1992	A
5098426	Sklar et al.	Mar 1992	A
5102409	Balgorod	Apr 1992	A
5108388	Trokel	Apr 1992	A
5108412	Krumeich et al.	Apr 1992	A
5112328	Taboada et al.	May 1992	A
5116114	Nakamura et al.	May 1992	A
5122135	Durr et al.	Jun 1992	A
5123902	Muller et al.	Jun 1992	A
5128509	Black et al.	Jul 1992	A
5133708	Smith	Jul 1992	A
5137530	Sand	Aug 1992	A
5141506	York	Aug 1992	A
5147349	Johnson et al.	Sep 1992	A
5147352	Azema et al.	Sep 1992	A
5152055	L'Esperance, III et al.	Oct 1992	A
5152759	Parel et al.	Oct 1992	A
5163934	Munnerlyn	Nov 1992	A
5171242	Dewey et al.	Dec 1992	A
5174021	L'Esperance, III et al.	Dec 1992	A
5178635	Gwon et al.	Jan 1993	A
5188631	L'Esperance, Jr.	Feb 1993	A
5194948	L'Esperance, III et al.	Mar 1993	A
5196006	Klopotek et al.	Mar 1993	A
5196027	Thompson et al.	Mar 1993	A
5201730	Easley et al.	Apr 1993	A
5202708	Sasaki et al.	Apr 1993	A
5203353	Easley et al.	Apr 1993	A
5207668	L'Esperance, Jr.	May 1993	A
5213092	Uram	May 1993	A
5215104	Steinert	Jun 1993	A
5217459	Kamerling	Jun 1993	A
5219343	L'Esperance, Jr.	Jun 1993	A
5219344	Yoder, Jr.	Jun 1993	A
5222981	Werblin	Jun 1993	A
5224942	Beuchat et al.	Jul 1993	A
5226903	Mizuno	Jul 1993	A
5246435	Billie et al.	Sep 1993	A
5246436	Rowe	Sep 1993	A
5257988	L'Esperance, Jr.	Nov 1993	A
5258025	Fedorov et al.	Nov 1993	A
5263950	L'Esperance, Jr.	Nov 1993	A
5263951	Spears et al.	Nov 1993	A
5275593	Easley et al.	Jan 1994	A
5277911	Viegas et al.	Jan 1994	A
5279298	Flower	Jan 1994	A
5279611	McDonnell et al.	Jan 1994	A
5281211	Parel et al.	Jan 1994	A
5282798	Bruse et al.	Feb 1994	A
5284477	Hanna et al.	Feb 1994	A
5288293	O'Donnell, Jr.	Feb 1994	A
5290272	Burstein et al.	Mar 1994	A
5295989	Nakamura	Mar 1994	A
5300020	L'Esperance, Jr.	Apr 1994	A
5300061	Easley et al.	Apr 1994	A
5300062	Ueno	Apr 1994	A
5300063	Tano et al.	Apr 1994	A
5300114	Gwon et al.	Apr 1994	A
5304168	Sun	Apr 1994	A
5304169	Sand	Apr 1994	A
5311224	Enomoto	May 1994	A
5312320	L'Esperance, Jr.	May 1994	A
5312393	Mastel	May 1994	A
5314422	Nizzola	May 1994	A
5318047	Davenport et al.	Jun 1994	A
5318560	Blount et al.	Jun 1994	A
5323788	Silvestrini et al.	Jun 1994	A
5324281	Muller	Jun 1994	A
5325134	Kohayakawa	Jun 1994	A
5334190	Seiler	Aug 1994	A
5336215	Hsueh et al.	Aug 1994	A
5336216	Dewey	Aug 1994	A
5342351	Blaha et al.	Aug 1994	A
5342370	Simon et al.	Aug 1994	A
5345948	O'Donnell, Jr.	Sep 1994	A
5346491	Oertli	Sep 1994	A
5347329	Ota	Sep 1994	A
5348551	Spears et al.	Sep 1994	A
5350374	Smith	Sep 1994	A
5354331	Schachar	Oct 1994	A
5355181	Ashizaki et al.	Oct 1994	A
5356407	Easley et al.	Oct 1994	A
5356409	Nizzola	Oct 1994	A
5360424	Klopotek	Nov 1994	A
5364388	Koziol	Nov 1994	A
5364390	Taboada et al.	Nov 1994	A
5368590	Itoh	Nov 1994	A
5370641	O'Donnell, Jr.	Dec 1994	A
5372595	Gaasterland et al.	Dec 1994	A
5374265	Sand	Dec 1994	A
5376086	Khoobehi et al.	Dec 1994	A
5391165	Fountain et al.	Feb 1995	A
5395356	King et al.	Mar 1995	A
5403307	Zelman	Apr 1995	A
5408484	Weimel	Apr 1995	A
5411501	Klopotek	May 1995	A
5412561	Rosenshein et al.	May 1995	A
5413555	McMahan	May 1995	A
5423798	Crow	Jun 1995	A
5423800	Ren et al.	Jun 1995	A
5423801	Marshall et al.	Jun 1995	A
5425727	Koziol	Jun 1995	A
5425729	Ishida et al.	Jun 1995	A
5425730	Luloh	Jun 1995	A
5437657	Epstein	Aug 1995	A
5437658	Muller et al.	Aug 1995	A
5439462	Bille et al.	Aug 1995	A
5441496	Easley et al.	Aug 1995	A
5441511	hanna	Aug 1995	A
5442412	Frey et al.	Aug 1995	A
5442487	Mizuno	Aug 1995	A
5445633	Nakamura et al.	Aug 1995	A
5460627	O'Donnell, Jr.	Oct 1995	A
5461212	Seiler et al.	Oct 1995	A
5462739	Dan et al.	Oct 1995	A
5465737	Schachar	Nov 1995	A
5470329	Sumiya	Nov 1995	A
5474548	Knopp et al.	Dec 1995	A
5476511	Gwon et al.	Dec 1995	A
5480396	Simon et al.	Jan 1996	A
5484432	Sand	Jan 1996	A
5489299	Schachar	Feb 1996	A
5503165	Schachar	Apr 1996	A
5507740	O'Donnell, Jr.	Apr 1996	A
5514124	Alpins	May 1996	A
5514125	Lasser et al.	May 1996	A
5520679	Lin	May 1996	A
5527774	Girard	Jun 1996	A
5529076	Schachar	Jun 1996	A
5533997	Ruiz	Jul 1996	A
5548352	Dewey	Aug 1996	A
5549597	Shimmick et al.	Aug 1996	A
5556395	Shimmick et al.	Sep 1996	A
5573544	Simon et al.	Nov 1996	A
5594753	Frey et al.	Jan 1997	A
5607472	Thompson	Mar 1997	A
5616139	Okamoto	Apr 1997	A
5618284	Sand	Apr 1997	A
5620435	Belkin et al.	Apr 1997	A
5627162	Gwon et al.	May 1997	A
5632742	Frey et al.	May 1997	A
5651782	Simon et al.	Jul 1997	A
5656186	Mourou et al.	Aug 1997	A
5684560	Roffman et al.	Nov 1997	A
5699142	Lee et al.	Dec 1997	A
5709868	Perricone	Jan 1998	A
5722952	Schachar	Mar 1998	A
5722970	Colvard et al.	Mar 1998	A
5731909	Schachar	Mar 1998	A
5738677	Colvard et al.	Apr 1998	A
5752950	Frey et al.	May 1998	A
5773472	Stjernschantz et al.	Jun 1998	A
5828686	Frey et al.	Oct 1998	A
5843184	Cionni	Dec 1998	A
5849006	Frey et al.	Dec 1998	A
5886768	Knopp et al.	Mar 1999	A
5907908	Cunanan et al.	Jun 1999	A
5912915	Reed et al.	Jun 1999	A
5919186	Bath	Jul 1999	A
5980513	Frey et al.	Nov 1999	A
5984916	Lai	Nov 1999	A
5993441	Muller et al.	Nov 1999	A
6007578	Schachar	Dec 1999	A
6013101	Israel	Jan 2000	A
6019472	Koester et al.	Feb 2000	A
6022088	Metzler	Feb 2000	A
6027494	Frey	Feb 2000	A
6050687	Billie et al.	Apr 2000	A
6055259	Frey et al.	Apr 2000	A
6059772	Hsia et al.	May 2000	A
6070981	Mihashi et al.	Jun 2000	A
6099522	Knopp et al.	Aug 2000	A
6114651	Schluter et al.	Sep 2000	A
6132424	Tang	Oct 2000	A
6186148	Okada	Feb 2001	B1
6190375	Frey	Feb 2001	B1
6197018	O'Donnell, Jr.	Mar 2001	B1
6197056	Schachar	Mar 2001	B1
6252595	Birmingham et al.	Jun 2001	B1
6254595	Juhasz et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6261220	Frey et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6271914	Frey et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6271915	Frey et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6275718	Lempert	Aug 2001	B1
6280435	Odrich et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6280468	Schachar	Aug 2001	B1
6299640	Schachar	Oct 2001	B1
6302877	Ruiz	Oct 2001	B1
6302879	Frey et al.	Oct 2001	B1
6312422	Duback	Nov 2001	B1
6312424	Largent	Nov 2001	B1
6313165	Grunberger et al.	Nov 2001	B1
6315773	Frey et al.	Nov 2001	B1
6319274	Shadduck	Nov 2001	B1
6322545	Schachar	Nov 2001	B1
6322556	Gwon et al.	Nov 2001	B1
6324191	Horvath	Nov 2001	B1
6325791	Shimoji	Dec 2001	B1
6328732	Donitzky et al.	Dec 2001	B1
6344040	Juhasz et al.	Feb 2002	B1
6373571	Juhasz et al.	Apr 2002	B1
D459806	Webb	Jul 2002	S
D459807	Webb	Jul 2002	S
6413262	Saishin et al.	Jul 2002	B2
D462442	Webb	Sep 2002	S
D462443	Webb	Sep 2002	S
6451008	Frey et al.	Sep 2002	B1
6460997	Frey et al.	Oct 2002	B1
6467906	Alpins	Oct 2002	B1
6493151	Schachar	Dec 2002	B2
6494910	Ganem et al.	Dec 2002	B1
6497483	Frey et al.	Dec 2002	B2
6530917	Seiler et al.	Mar 2003	B1
6544254	Bath	Apr 2003	B1
6547394	Doherty	Apr 2003	B2
6554825	Murray et al.	Apr 2003	B1
6585726	Frey et al.	Jul 2003	B2
6588902	Isogai	Jul 2003	B2
6588903	Rathjen	Jul 2003	B2
6610686	Enrico et al.	Aug 2003	B1
6623476	Juhasz et al.	Sep 2003	B2
6626445	Murphy et al.	Sep 2003	B2
6626893	Frey et al.	Sep 2003	B2
6626894	Frey et al.	Sep 2003	B2
6626895	Frey et al.	Sep 2003	B2
6626896	Frey et al.	Sep 2003	B2
6626897	Frey et al.	Sep 2003	B2
6626898	Frey et al.	Sep 2003	B2
6648877	Juhasz et al.	Nov 2003	B1
6669342	Lieberman et al.	Dec 2003	B2
6676653	Juhasz et al.	Jan 2004	B2
6693927	Horvath et al.	Feb 2004	B1
6726679	Dick et al.	Apr 2004	B1
6849091	Cumming	Feb 2005	B1
6863667	Webb et al.	Mar 2005	B2
6905641	Platt et al.	Jun 2005	B2
6923955	Till et al.	Aug 2005	B2
6962583	Kadziauskas et al.	Nov 2005	B2
7044568	Olivera et al.	May 2006	B2
7077838	Wong	Jul 2006	B2
7182759	Kadziauskas et al.	Feb 2007	B2
7188949	Bandhauer et al.	Mar 2007	B2
7220255	Lai	May 2007	B2
7252662	McArdle et al.	Aug 2007	B2
7264355	Rathjen	Sep 2007	B2
RE40002	Lin	Jan 2008	E
RE40184	Lin	Mar 2008	E
7338167	Zelvin et al.	Mar 2008	B2
7357504	Fischer et al.	Apr 2008	B2
7364575	Van Saarloos	Apr 2008	B2
7390089	Loesel et al.	Jun 2008	B2
RE40420	Dick et al.	Jul 2008	E
7402159	Loesel et al.	Jul 2008	B2
7467871	Lawhorn et al.	Dec 2008	B2
7540613	Severns	Jun 2009	B2
7655002	Myers	Feb 2010	B2
7717908	Ruiz et al.	May 2010	B2
7766903	Blumenkranz et al.	Aug 2010	B2
7836894	Brinkmann et al.	Nov 2010	B2
7959289	Cattin-Liebl	Jun 2011	B2
8085408	Everett et al.	Dec 2011	B2
8262553	Weston et al.	Sep 2012	B2
8262646	Frey et al.	Sep 2012	B2
20010029363	Lin	Oct 2001	A1
20020004658	Munnerlyn et al.	Jan 2002	A1
20020025311	Till	Feb 2002	A1
20020029053	Gordon	Mar 2002	A1
20020049450	Myers	Apr 2002	A1
20020103478	Gwon et al.	Aug 2002	A1
20020110549	Till	Aug 2002	A1
20020138139	Till	Sep 2002	A1
20020140903	Schachar	Oct 2002	A1
20020159028	Masaki	Oct 2002	A1
20030050629	Kadziauskas et al.	Mar 2003	A1
20030055412	Lieberman et al.	Mar 2003	A1
20030076477	Matsumoto	Apr 2003	A1
20030109926	Portney	Jun 2003	A1
20030135272	Brady et al.	Jul 2003	A1
20030139737	Lin	Jul 2003	A1
20030212387	Kurtz et al.	Nov 2003	A1
20030220630	Lin et al.	Nov 2003	A1
20040054359	Ruiz et al.	Mar 2004	A1
20040059321	Knopp et al.	Mar 2004	A1
20040070761	Horvath et al.	Apr 2004	A1
20040143244	Grey et al.	Jul 2004	A1
20040156014	Piers et al.	Aug 2004	A1
20040199149	Myers et al.	Oct 2004	A1
20040199150	Lai	Oct 2004	A1
20040243111	Bendett et al.	Dec 2004	A1
20040249403	Loomas et al.	Dec 2004	A1
20050107773	Bergt et al.	May 2005	A1
20050107775	Huang et al.	May 2005	A1
20050165387	Lubatschowski et al.	Jul 2005	A1
20050197655	Telfair et al.	Sep 2005	A1
20050203492	Nguyen et al.	Sep 2005	A1
20050243276	Van Heugten et al.	Nov 2005	A1
20050270486	Teiwes et al.	Dec 2005	A1
20060058682	Miller et al.	Mar 2006	A1
20060084956	Sumiya	Apr 2006	A1
20060192921	Loesel et al.	Aug 2006	A1
20060195076	Blumenkranz et al.	Aug 2006	A1
20060215111	Mihashi	Sep 2006	A1
20060259022	Lin	Nov 2006	A1
20070010803	Bischoff et al.	Jan 2007	A1
20070078447	Weinacht et al.	Apr 2007	A1
20070084694	Doherty et al.	Apr 2007	A1
20070093795	Melcher et al.	Apr 2007	A1
20070093796	Raksi et al.	Apr 2007	A1
20070129693	Hunter et al.	Jun 2007	A1
20070173794	Frey et al.	Jul 2007	A1
20070173795	Frey et al.	Jul 2007	A1
20070185475	Frey et al.	Aug 2007	A1
20070265603	Pinelli	Nov 2007	A1
20080071254	Lummis et al.	Mar 2008	A1
20080111972	Barth et al.	May 2008	A1
20080114386	Iliakis et al.	May 2008	A1
20080186551	Hanft et al.	Aug 2008	A1
20080281303	Culbertson et al.	Nov 2008	A1
20080281413	Culbertson et al.	Nov 2008	A1
20080312675	Newcott et al.	Dec 2008	A1
20090069794	Kurtz	Mar 2009	A1
20090088734	Mordaunt	Apr 2009	A1
20090126870	Zadoyan et al.	May 2009	A1
20090131921	Kurtz	May 2009	A1
20090137988	Kurtz	May 2009	A1
20090137991	Kurtz	May 2009	A1
20090137993	Kurtz	May 2009	A1
20090161065	Smith, III et al.	Jun 2009	A1
20090171327	Kurtz et al.	Jul 2009	A1
20090177189	Raksi	Jul 2009	A1
20090187178	Muller et al.	Jul 2009	A1
20090192389	Eilers et al.	Jul 2009	A1
20090244482	Elsner et al.	Oct 2009	A1
20090281530	Korn	Nov 2009	A1
20100002837	Gertner et al.	Jan 2010	A1
20100004641	Frey et al.	Jan 2010	A1
20100004643	Frey et al.	Jan 2010	A1
20100022994	Frey et al.	Jan 2010	A1
20100022995	Frey et al.	Jan 2010	A1
20100022996	Frey et al.	Jan 2010	A1
20100042079	Frey et al.	Feb 2010	A1
20100060855	Graether	Mar 2010	A1
20100114079	Myers et al.	May 2010	A1
20100256614	Donitzky et al.	Oct 2010	A1
20100256615	Blumenkranz et al.	Oct 2010	A1
20100274228	Mrochen et al.	Oct 2010	A1
20100292676	Larsen	Nov 2010	A1
20100292678	Frey et al.	Nov 2010	A1
20100312231	Singh	Dec 2010	A1
20100324542	Kurtz	Dec 2010	A1
20100331829	Bor et al.	Dec 2010	A1
20110022035	Porter et al.	Jan 2011	A1
20110028950	Raksi et al.	Feb 2011	A1
20110092965	Slatkine	Apr 2011	A1
20110118712	Lubatschowski et al.	May 2011	A1
20110137301	Bartoli	Jun 2011	A1
20110149240	Alpins	Jun 2011	A1
20110160710	Frey et al.	Jun 2011	A1
20110160711	Naranjo-Tackman et al.	Jun 2011	A1
20110166557	Naranjo-Tackman et al.	Jul 2011	A1
20110184395	Schuele et al.	Jul 2011	A1
20110187995	Frey et al.	Aug 2011	A1
20110190739	Frey et al.	Aug 2011	A1
20110190740	Frey et al.	Aug 2011	A1
20110292340	Shimizu et al.	Dec 2011	A1
20120016350	Myers et al.	Jan 2012	A1
20120182522	Frey et al.	Jul 2012	A1
20120265181	Frey	Oct 2012	A1
20120271286	Curatu et al.	Oct 2012	A1
20120296321	Frey et al.	Nov 2012	A1
20120330290	Gray et al.	Dec 2012	A1

Foreign Referenced Citations (12)

Number	Date	Country
2553963	Aug 2005	CA
2680072	Sep 2008	CA
0 397 962	Nov 1990	EP
0 933 060	Aug 1999	EP
1 970 034	Sep 2008	EP
2 497 087	Jul 1982	FR
5-115437	May 1993	JP
WO 9119539	Dec 1991	WO
WO 0113838	Mar 2001	WO
WO 03002010	Jan 2003	WO
WO 2005070358	Aug 2005	WO
WO 2012051490	Apr 2012	WO

Non-Patent Literature Citations (373)

Entry
U.S. Appl. No. 11/337,127, filed Jan. 20, 2006, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/414,819, filed May 1, 2006, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/217,285, filed Jul. 2, 2008, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/217,295, filed Jul. 2, 2008, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/509,021, filed Jul. 24, 2009, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/509,211, filed Jul. 24, 2009, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/509,412, filed Jul. 24, 2009, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/685,850, filed Jan. 12, 2010, Myers et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/831,845, filed Jul. 7, 2010, Naranjo-Tackman et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/831,859, filed Jul. 7, 2010, Naranjo-Tackman et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/840,818, filed Jul. 21, 2010, Porter et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/842,870, filed Jul. 23, 2010, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/843,685, filed Jul. 26, 2010, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 29/377,018, filed Oct. 15, 2010, Bott et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 29/377,054, filed Oct. 15, 2010, Bott et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/016,593, filed Jan. 28, 2011, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/017,499, filed Jan. 31, 2011, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/243,406, filed Sep. 23, 2011, Myers et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/273,653, filed Oct. 14, 2011, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/427,130, filed Mar. 22, 2012, Frey.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/427,149, filed Mar. 22, 2012, Frey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 13,427,319, filed Mar. 22, 2012, Grey et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/435,103, filed Mar. 30, 2012, Curatu et al.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/681,004, filed Nov. 19, 2012, Frey et al.
FDA PMA P030002 titled “crystalens™ Model AT-45 Accomodating Posterior Chamber Intaocular Lens (IOL)”, dated Nov. 14, 2003, 16 pgs.
FDA PMA P040020 titled “AcrySof® ResSTOR® Apodized Diffractive Optic Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses, Models MA60d3 and SA60D3”, dated Mar. 21, 2005, 29 pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for related application No. PCT/US2011/023159, dated Mar. 16, 2011, 6 pgs.
Unpublished U.S. Appl. No. 13/681,004, filed Nov. 19, 2012 (57 pgs).
Author unknown, “Statement of the Use of Animals in Opthalmic and Visual Research”, The Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology, Obtained from the Internet at: http//www.arvo.org/aboutavro as of Nov. 18, 2010, 3 pgs.
Akchurin, Garif et al., “Evaluation of the degree of turbidity if cataract lens and its correlation with retinal visual acuity”, SPIE, vol. 3591, Jan. 1999, pp. 74-81.
Al-Ghoul, K. J. et al., “Distribution and Type of Morphological Damage in Human Nuclear Age-Related Cataracts”, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina and Duke University Eye Center, 1996, pp. 237-251.
Al-Ghoul, Kristin J. et al., “Structural Evidence of Human Nuclear Fiber Compaction as a Function of Ageing and Cataractogenesis”, Exp. Eye Res., vol. 72, 2001, pp. 199-214.
Alio, et al., “Crystalline Lens Optical Dysfunction through Aging”, Ophthalmology, vol. 112, No. 11, Nov. 2005, pp. 2022-2029.
Amann, Josef et al., “Increased Endothelial Cell Density in the Paracentral and Peripheral Regions of the Human Cornea”, American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 135, No. 5, May 2003, pp. 584-590.
Amendt, M. Strauss et al., “Modeling of bubble dynamics in relation to medical applications”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 2975, 1997, pp. 362-373.
Ansari, Rafat R. et al., “Measuring lens opacity: combining quasi-elastic light scattering with Scheimpflug imaging system”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 3246, 1998, pp. 35-42.
Anschutz, Till, M.D., “Laser Correction of Hyperopia and Presbyopia”, vol. 34, No. 4, 1994, pp. 107-137.
Apple, David J. et al., “Preparation and Study of Human Eyes Obtained Postmortem with the Miyake Posterior Photographic Technique”, Ophthalmology, vol. 97, No. 6, Jun. 1990, pp. 810-816.
Armstrong, Larry “A cataract Breakthrough May Be on the Way”, Business Week, Mar. 23, 1998, pp. 90-92.
Aston, Adam, “Why Settle for 20/20?”, Business Week, Mar. 17, 2003, pp. 95-96.
Azzam, Naiel et al., “Long-term lens organ culture system to determine age-related effects of UV irradiation on the eye lens”, Experimental Eye Research, vol. 79, 2004, pp. 903-911.
Back, Arthur P. et al., “Correction of Presbyopia with Contact Lenses: Comparative Success Rates with Three Systems”, Optometry & Vision Science, 1989, vol. 66, No. 8, pp. 518-525.
Balaram, Mini et al., Noncontact Specular Microscopy of Human Lens Epithelium, IOVS, vol. 41, No. 2, Feb. 2000, pp. 474-481.
Barak, Adiel et al., “Anterior capsulotomy using the CO2 laser”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 3246, 1998, pp. 196-198.
Bath, Patricia E. et al., “Endocapsular Excimer Laser Phakoablation Through a 1-mm Incision”, Opthalmic Laser Therapy, vol. 2, No. 4, 1987. pp. 245-249.
Beers, A. P. A. et al. “Age-Related Changes in the Accommodation Mechanism”. Optometry and Vision Science, 1996, vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 235-242.
Beers, A. P. A. et al., “In Vivo Determination of the Biomechanical Properties of the Component Elements of the Accommodation Mechanism”, Vision Res., vol. 34, 1994, pp. 2897-2905.
Bellows, John G., M.D. et al., “B. Cataracta Complicate”, Traumatic Cataract, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, pp. 270-272.
Ben-Sira, I. et al., “Clinical method for measurement of light back scattering from the in vivo human lens”, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 19, No. 4 (Reports), Apr. 1980, pp. 435-437.
Benjamin, William J., “Borish's Clinical Refraction”, W.B. Saunders, publishers, copyright 1998, p. 110.
Bettelheim, Frederick A. et al., “Syneretic Response of Aging Normal Human Lens to Pressure”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 44, No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 258-263.
Bigler, Emmanuel, “Depth of field and Scheimpflug's rule: a “minimalist” geometrical approach”, published unknown, 2002, pp. 1-17.
Billie, J. F. et al., “3D Imaging of the Human Eye Using the laser Tomographic Scanner Lts”, publisher unknown, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, 2 pgs.
Bito, L.Z. et al., “Age-dependent loss of accommodative amplitude in rhesus monkeys: an animal model for presbyopia”, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 23, No. 1, Jul. 1982, pp. 23-31.
Bliss, E. S., “Pulse Duration Dependence of laser Damage Mechamisms”, Opto-Electronics, vol. 3, 1971, pp. 99-108.
Bor, Zs, PhD., et al., “Plume Emission, Shock Wave and Surface Wave Formation During Excimer Laser Ablation of the Cornea”, Supplement to Retroactive & Corneal Surgery, vol. 9, Mar./Apr. 1993, pp. S111-S115.
Borja, David et al., “Crystalline Lens MTF Measurement During Simulated Accommodation”, Proc. of SPIE, 2005, vol. 5688, pp. 26-32.
Borkman, Raymond F. et al., “Evidence for a Free Radical Mechanism in Aging and u.v.-Irradiated Ocular Lenses”, Exp. Eye Res., 1977, vol. 25, pp. 303-309.
Braham, Lewis, “Eye Surgery: It's Getting Sharper”, Business Week, Oct. 18, 2004, pp. 142-143.
Breitenfeld, P. et al., “Finite Element Method-Simulation of the Human Lens During Accommodation”, publiasher unknown, vol. 5863, 2005, 9 pgs.
Breitling, Detlef et al., “Fundamental aspects in machining of metals with short and ultrashort laser pulses”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5339, 2004, pp. 1-15.
Brian, G. et al., “Cataract Blindness—Challenges for the 21st Century”, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 79, No. 3, 2001, pp. 249-256.
Bron, A.J., “The Ageing Lens”, Opthalmologics, vol. 214, 2000, pp. 86-104.
Brown, Nicholas, “Dating the onset of cataract”, Transactions of the Ophthalmalogical Society of the United Kingdom, vol. 96, 1976, pp. 18-23.
Brown, Nicholas “The Change in Lens Curvature with Age”, Exp. Eye Res. (1974), vol. 19, pp. 175-183.
Brown, Nicholas “The Change in Shape and Internal Form of the Lens of the Eye on Accommodation”, Exp. Eye Res. (1973) vol. 15, pp. 441-459.
Burd. H.J. et al., “Can reliable values of Young's modulus be deduced from Fisher's (1971) spinning lens measurements?”, Vision Research, volume unknown, 2005, pp. 1-15.
Burd, H.J. et al., “Numerical modeling of the accommodating lens”, Vision Research, vol. 42, 2002, pp. 2235-2251.
Campbell, Melanie C. W., “Measurement of Refractive Index in an Intact Crystalline Lens”, Vision Research, vol. 24, No. 5, 1984, pp. 409-415.
Carey, James et al., “Propagation and Characterization of Ultrashort Laser Pulses”, Harvard University, 2003, pp. 1-30.
Chaker, M. et al., “Interaction or a 1 psec laser pulse with solid matter”, Phys. Fluids B 3, vol. 1, Jan. 1991, pp. 167-175, plus cover page.
Charles, M. W. et al., “Dimensions of the Human Eye Relevant to Radiation Protection”, Phys. Med. Biol., 1975, vol. 20, No. 2, © 1975, pp. 202-218.
Chen, Wei-Li et al., Ultrasound Biomicroscopic Findings in Rabbit Eyes Undergoing Scleral Suction during Lamellar Refractive Surgery, IVOS, vol. 43, No. 12, Dec. 2002, pp. 3665-3672.
Chien, C. Y. et al., “Production of a high-density and high-temperature plasma with an intense high-contrast subpicosecond laser”, Optics Letters, vol. 18, No. 18, Sep. 15, 1993, pp. 1535-1537.
Claflin, E. S. et al., “Configuring an electrostatic membrane mirror by least-squares fitting with analytically derived influence functions”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., vol. 3, No. 11, 1986, pp. 1833-1839.
Coleman, D. Jackson et al., “Presbyopia Accommodation, and the Mature Catenary”, Ophthalmology, vol. 108, No. 9, Sep. 2001, pp. 1544-1551.
Cook, Christopher A. et al., “Aging of the Human Crystalline Lens and Anterior Segment”, Vision Res., 1994, vol. 34, No. 22, pp. 2945-2954.
Corkum, P. B. et al., “Thermal Response of Metals to Ultrashort-Puise Laser Excitation”, Physical Review Letters, vol. 61, No. 25, Dec. 19, 1988, pp. 2886-2889.
Costagliola, Ciro et al., “ArF 193 nm Excimer Laser Corneal Surgery as a Possible Risk Factor in Cataractogenesis”, Exp. Eye Res., 1994, vol. 58, pp. 453-457.
Cotlier, Edward, M.D., “The Lens”, Adler's Physiology of the Eye, copyright 2003, pp, 268-290.
Crawford, Kathryn S. et al., “The Role of the Iris in Accommodation of Rhesus Monkeys”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 31, No. 10, Oct. 1990, pp. 2185-2190.
Croft, Mary Ann et al., “Accommodation and Presbyopia”, publisher unknown, vol. 41, 2001, pp. 33-46.
Croft, Mary Ann et al., “Accommodation and Presbyopia: The Ciliary Neuromuscular View”, Opthalmol Clin N Am, vol. 19, 2006, pp. 13-24.
Croft, Mary Ann et al., Accommodative Ciliary Body and Lens Function in Rhesus Monkeys, I: Normal Lens, Zonule and Ciliary Process Configuration in the Iridectomized Eye, IOVS, vol. 47, No. 3, Mar. 2006, pp. 1076-1086.
Croft, Mary Ann et al., “The Zonula, Lens, and Circumlental Space in the Normal Iridectomized Rhesus Monkey Eye”, IOVS, vol. 47, No. 3, Mar. 2006, pp. 1087-1095.
Cromie, William J., “Laser Makes History's Fastest Holes”, The Harvard University Gazette, 1999, obtained at: http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/10.07/laser.html, 6 pags.
Czygan, G. et al., “Mechanical testing of isolated senile human eye lens nuclei”, Med. Eng. Phys., vol. 18, No. 5, 1996, pp. 345-349.
Datta, Debajyoti, “Tissue Surgery and Subcellular Photodisruption with Femtosecond Laser Pulses”, Thesis for Dept. of Physics, Harvard University, May 2002, pp. 1-74.
Dausinger, Friedrich et al., “Micro-machining with ultrashort laser pulses: From basic understanding to technical applications”, publisher unknown, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, pp. 1-10.
Dholakia, Sheena A. et al., “Prospective evaluation of phacoemulsification in adults younger than 50 years”, J Cataract Refract Surg, vol. 31, 2005, pp. 1327-1333.
Douver, Lucien F.A. et al., “Characterization of Mechanical Behaviour of Human Skin In Vivo”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 3914, 2000, pp. 618-629.
Du, D. et al., “Laser-induced breakdown by impact ionization in SiO2 with pulse widths from 7 ns to 150 fs”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 64, No. 23, Jun. 6, 1994, pp. 3071-3073.
Ehrmann, Klaus et al., “Evaluation of porcine crystalline lenses in comparison with molded polymer gel lenses with an improved ex vivo accommodation simulator”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5688, 2005, pp. 240-251.
Ehrmann, Klaus et al., “Ex Vivo Accommodation Simulator II—Concept and Preliminary Results”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5314, 2004, pp. 48-58.
Eisner, Georg, “Eye Surgery—An Introduction to operative technique”, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1980, pp. 14-19.
El-Osta, Austen A.R. et al., “In vitro model for the study of human posterior capsule opacification”, J Cataract Refract Surg, vol. 29, 2003, pp. 1593-1600.
Erpelding, Todd N. et al., “Bubble-Based Acoustic Radiation Force for Monitoring Intraocular Lens Elasticity”, IEEE Intl Ultrasonics Symposium, volume unknown, 2004, pp. 732-735.
Fagerholm, Per P.P., “The Response of the Lens to Trauma”, Trans. Ophtal. Soc. U. K., 1982, vol. 102, p. 369-374.
Farnsworth, P.N. et al., “Anterior Zonular Shifts with Age”, Exp. Eye Res., vol. 28, 1979, pp. 291-297.
Findl, Oliver et al., “Laserinterferometric Assessment of Pilocarpine-Induced Movement of an Accommodating Intraocular Lens—A Randomized Trial”, Ophthalmology, vol. 111, No. 8, Aug. 2004, pp. 1515-1521.
Fisher. R.F. et al., “Changes in lens fibres after damage to the lens capsule”, publisher unknown, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, 4 pgs.
Fisher, R.F , “Presbyopia and the Changes With Age in the Human Crystalline Lens”, J. Physiol., vol. 228, 1973, pp. 765-779.
Fisher, R. F., “The Ciliary Body in Accommodation”, Trans. Opthalmol. Soc. U.K., vol. 105, 1986, pp. 208-219.
Fisher, R.F., “The Force of Contraction of the Human Ciliary Muscle During Accommodation”, J. Physiol., vol. 270, 1977, pp. 51-74.
Fisher, R. F. et al., “The elastic constants and ultrastructural organization of a basement membrane (lens capsule)”, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B., vol. 193, 1976, pp. 335-358.
Fisher, R.F., “The Elastic Constants of the Human Lens”, J. Physiol., vol. 212, 1971, pp. 147-180.
Fisher, R.F., “Elastic Constants of the Human Lens Capsule”, J. Physiol., vol. 201, 1969, pp. 1-19.
Fisher, R. F., “The Mechanics of Accommodation in Relation to Presbyopia”, Eye, vol. 2, 1988, pp. 646-649.
Fleck, Brian W. et al., “Q-switched Nd:YAG laser disruption of rabbit lens nucleus”, Laser and Light in Ophthalmolody, 1990, vol. 3. No. 3, pp. 227-232.
Foster, C. Stephen et al., “Smolin and Thoft's The Cornea: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice”, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 353 No. 23, 2005, pp. 2519-2520.
Fujimoto, James et al., “Biomedical Optics”, Photonics West, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. unknown, 2005, pp. 23-70.
Garner, LF et al., “Changes in Equivalent and Gradient Refractive Index of the Crystailine Lens with Accommodation”, Optom. Vis. Sci., vol. 74, No. 2, Feb. 1997, pp. 114-119.
Garner, LF et al., “Changes in Ocular Dimensions and Refraction with Accommodation”, Ophthal. Physiol. Opt., vol. 17, No. 1, 1997, pp. 12-17.
Garner, Margaret H. et al., “Selective oxidation of cysteine and methionine in normal and senile cataractous lenses”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 77, No. 3, Mar. 1980, pp. 1274-1277.
Gayen, Tapan, K. et al., “Near-infrared laser welding of aortic and skin tissues and microscopic investigation of welding efficacy”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 4949, 2003, pp. 182-185.
Gershenzon, A. et al., “Clinical and Epidemiology—New software for lens retro-illumination digital image analysis”, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology, 1999, vol. 27, pp. 170-172.
Giblin, Frank J. et al., “Nuclear Light Scattering, Disulfide Formation and Membrane Damage in Lenses of Older Guinea Pigs Treated with Hyperbaric Oxygen”, Exp. Eye Res., 1995, vol. 60. pp. 219-235.
Gills, James P., “Treating astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery”, Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, 2002, vol. 13, p. 2-6.
Gimbel, Howard V. et al., “Intrastromal Photorefractive Keratectomy with the Nd:YLF Laser”, publisher unknown, vol. 34, Iss. 4, 1994, pp. 139-145.
Glasser, Adrian et al., “Accommodative Changes in Lens Diameter in Rhesus Monkeys”, IOVS, vol. 47, No. 1, Jan. 2006, pp. 278-286.
Glasser, A. et al., “Biometric, optical and physical changes in the isolated human crystalline lens with age in relation to presbyopia”, Vision Research, vol. 39, 1999, pp. 1991-2015.
Glasser, Adrian et al., “On modeling the causes of presbyopia”, Vision Research, vol. 41, 2001, pp. 3083-3087.
Glasser, A. et al., “On the potential causes ot presbyopia”, Vision Research, vol. 39, 1999, pp. 1267-1272.
Glasser, Adrian et al., “Presbyopia and the Optical Changes in the Human Crystalline Lens with Age”, Vision Res., vol. 38, No. 2, 1998, pp. 209-229.
Glasser, Adrian et al., “Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of the Aging Rhesus Monkey Ciliary Region”, Optometry and Vision Science, vol. 78, No. 6, 2001, pp. 417-424.
Goodenough, Daniel A., “Lens gap junctions: a structural hypothesis for nonregulated low-resistance intercellular pathways”, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., vol. 18, No. 11, Nov. 1979, pp. 1104-1122.
Grace, Jeffery M. et al., “Repetitively Pulsed Ruby Lasers as Light Sources for High-Speed Photography”, Optical Engineering, vol. 37, No. 8, Aug. 1998, pp. 1-26.
Gwon, Arlene et al., “Focal laser photophacoablation of normal and cataractous lenses in rabbits: Preliminary report”, J Cataract Refract Surg, vol. 21, May 1995, pp. 282-286.
Habib, Maged S. et al., “Myopic Intrastromal Photorefractive Keratectomy With the Neodymium-Yttrium Lithium Fluoride Picosecond Laser in the Cat Cornea”, Arch Ophthalmol., vol. 113, Apr. 1995, pp. 499-505.
Hahn, D.W., “Dynamics of Ablation Plume Particles Generated During Excimer Laser Corneal Ablation”, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, vol. 16, 1995, pp. 384-389.
Hamaoui, Marie et al., “Ex-vivo testing of crystalline lens substitutes: a pilot study”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 3908, 2000, pp. 123-130.
Hammer, Daniel X. et al., “Dual OCT/SLO Imager with Three-Dimensional Tracker”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5688, 2005, pp. 33-44.
Hammer, Daniel et al., “Shielding Properties of Laser-Induced Breakdown in Water for Pulse Durations From 5 ns to 125 fs”, Applied Optics, 1997, vol. 36, No. 22, pp. 5630-5640.
Hanson, S.R.A. et al., “The major in vivo modifications of the human water-insoluble lens crystallins are disulfide bonds, deamidation, methionine oxidation and backbone cleavage”, Exp. Eye Res., vol. 71, 2000, pp. 195-207.
Hara, Tsutomu, M.D. et al., “Complications associated with endocapsular balloon implantation rabbit eyes”, J Cataract Refract Surg, vol. 20, Sep. 1994, pp. 507 and 512.
Harding, J. J., “Disulphide Cross-linked Protein of High Molecular Weight in Human Cataractous Lens”, Exp. Eye Res. (1973), vol. 17, pp. 377-383.
Hartwick, Andrew T. E. et al., “Ephitelial activity of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in cultured bovine lenses recovering from pharmaceutical-induced optical damage”, Molecular Vision, vol. 9, 2003, pp. 594-600.
Heisterkamp, Alexander et al., “Nonlinear effects inside corneal tissue after fs-photodisruption”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 4433, 2001, pp. 55-60.
Heisterkamp, Alexander et al., “Pulse energy dependence of subcellular dissection by femtosecond laser pulses”, Optics Express, vol. 13, No. 10, May 2005, pp. 3690-3696.
Hemenger, Richard P. et al., “Change With Age of the Retractive Index Gadient of the Human Ocular Lens”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Mar. 1995. vol. 36, No. 3. pp. 703-707.
Heys, Karl Robert et al., “Massive increase in the stiffness of the human lens nucleus with age: the basis for presbyopia?”, Molecular Vision, vol. 10, 2004, pp. 955-963.
Ho, A. et al., “Feasibility of simultaneous correction of ametropia by varying gel refractive index with phaco-ersatz”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 4245, 2001, pp. 119-128.
Hoffman, Richard S. et al., “Refractive lens exchange as a refractive surgery modality”, Copyright© 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 22-28.
Holzer, Mike P. et al., “Corneal flap complications in retractive surgery—Part 1: Development of an experimental animal model”, J Cataract Refract Surg, vol. 29, Apr. 2003, pp. 795-802.
Holzer, Mike P. et al., “Corneal flap complications in retractive surgery—Part 2: Postoperative treatments of diffuse lamellar keratitis in an experimental animal model”, J Cataract Refract Surg, vol. 29, Apr. 2003, pp. 803-807.
Horwitz, Joseph, “α-Crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 89. Nov. 1992, pp. 10449-10453.
Hu, Tian Sheng et al., “Reversal of Galactose Cataract with Sorbinil in Rats”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, May 1983, vol. 24, pp. 640-644.
Huber, G. et al., “Room-temperature 2-μm HO:YAG and 3-μm ER:YAG Lasers”, Journal de Physique, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, 3 pgs.
Hunter, David, “First, Gather the Data”, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 354, No. 4, Jan. 26, 2006, pp. 329-331.
Jacques, Paul F. et al., “Long-term vitamin C supplement use and prevalence of early age-related lens opacities”, Am J Clin Nutr, 1997; 66, pp. 911-916.
Johannesson, Mattias, “Active Range Imaging 2”, PhD-Thesis: SIMD architectures for Range and Radar Imaging, Linkoping Studies in Science and Technology, Dissertations No. 399, 2006, pp. 1-34.
Jones, C.E. et al., “Refractive index distribution and optical properties of the isolated human lens measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)”, Vision Research, vol. 45, 2005, pp. 2352-2366.
Juhasz, Tibor, Ph.D. et al., “Dynamics of Shock Waves and Cavitation Bubbles Generated by Picosecond Laser Pulses in Corneal Tissue and Water”, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, vol. 15, 1994, pp. 91-98.
Juhasz, T. et al., “Time resolved observations of shock waves and cavitatin bubbles generated by femtosecond laser pulses in corneal tissue and Water”, Lasers in Surgery and Med, vol. 19, 1996, pp. 23-31.
Juhasz, T. et al., “Time-resolved Studies of Plasma-Mediated Surface Ablation of Soft Biological Tissue with Near-Infrared Picosecond Laser Pulses”, SPIE, vol. 2975, 1997, pp. 271-281.
Klem, D. E. et al., “The Interaction of Intense Femtosecond Laser Pulses with Solid Targets”, paper prepared under the auspices or the U.S. Dept. of Energy for the Short Wavelength V: Physics with Intense Laser Pulses Second Topical Meeting on Mar. 29-31, published Dece,ber 30, 1992, 1993, 6 pgs.
Liu, X. et al., “Competition between Ponderomotive abd Thermal Forces in Short-Scale-Length Laser Plasmas”, Physical Review Letters, vol. 69, No. 13, Sep. 28, 1992, pp. 1935-1938.
Müller, F. et al., “A Comparative Study of Deposition of Thin Films by Laser Induced PVD with Femtosecond and Nanosecond Laser Pulses”, SPIE, vol. 1858, 1993, pp. 464-474.
Sauteret, C. et al., “Laser designers eye petawatt power”, Laser Focus World, Oct. 1990, pp. 85-92 with cover page.
Soileau, M. J. et al., “Temporal Dependence of laser-Induced Breakdown in NaCl and Si02”, prepared for Dept. of Physics, North Texas State University, publication date unknown, 19 pgs.
Stuart, B. C. et al., “Laser-Induced Damage in Dielectrics with Nanosecond to Subpicosecond Pulses”, Physical Review Letters, vol. 74, No. 12, Mar. 20, 1995, pp. 2248-2251.
Wilks, S. C. et al., “Absorption of ultra-Intense Laser Pulses”, Physical Review Letters, vol. 69, No. 9, Aug. 31, 1992, pp. 1383-1386.
Kasthurirangan, Sanjeev et al., “Amplitude dependent accommodative dynamics in humans”, Vision Research, vol. 43, 2003, pp. 2945-2956.
Kasthurirangan, Sanjeev, “Influence of Amplitude and Starting Point on Accommodative Dynamics in Humans”, IOVS, vol. 46, No. 9, Sep. 2005, pp. 3463-3472.
Kaufman, Paul L., M.D., “Accommodation and Presbyopia: Neuromuscular and Biophysical Aspects”, Adler's Physiology of the Eye, date unknown but prior to Jul. 2009, pp. 391-411.
Keeney, Arthur H., M.D., “Intralenticular Foreign Bodies”, Arch Ophthal., vol. 86, Nov. 1971, pp. 499-501.
König, Karsten et al., “Are Femtosecond Lasers Safe for Ophthalmic Applications?”, Fraunhofer Institute of Biomedical Technologies, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, pp. 1-16.
König, Karsten et al., “Cornea surgery with nanojoule femtosecond laser pulses”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5688, 2005, pp. 288-293.
König, Karsten et al., “First in vivo animal studies on intraocular nanosurgery and multiphoton tomography with low-energy 80 MHz near infrared femtosecond laser pulses”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5314, 2004, pp. 262-269.
Koopmans, Steven A. et al., “Polymer Refilling of Presbyopic Human Lenses In Vitro Restores the Ability to Undergo Accommodative Changes”, IOVS, vol. 44, No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 250-257.
Koretz, Jane F. et al., “A Model for Accommodation in the Young Human Eye: The Effects of Lens Elastic Anisotropy on the Mechanism”, Vision Res., vol. 23, No. 12, 1983, pp. 1679-1686.
Koretz, Jane F. et al., “Accommodation and Presbyopia in the Human Eye—Aging of the Anterior Segment”, Vision Res., vol. 29, No. 12, 1989, pp. 1685-1692.
Koretz, Jane F. et al., “Accommodation and Presbyopia in the Human Eye—Changes in the Anterior Segment and Crystalline Lens With Focus”, IOVS, vol. 38, No. 3, Mar. 1997, pp. 569-578.
Koretz, Jane F. et al., “Analysis of Human Crystalline Lens Curvature as a Function of Accommodative State and Age”, Vision Res., vol. 24, No. 10, 1984, pp. 1141-1151.
Koretz, Jane F. et al., “How the Human Eye Focuses”, Scientific American, Jul. 1988, pp. 92-99.
Koretz, Jane F. et al., “Model of the Accommodative Mechanism in the Human Eye”, Vis. Res., vol. 22, 1982, pp. 917-927.
Koretz, Jane F. et al., “Scheimpflug and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior segment: a comparative study”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 21, No. 3, Mar. 2004, pp. 346-354.
Koretz, Jane F. et al., “The Zones of Discontinuity in the Human Lens: Development and Distribution with Age”, Vision Res., vol. 34, No. 22, 1994, pp. 2955-2962.
Krag, Susanne et al., “Biomechanical Characteristics of the Human Anterior Lens Capsule in Relation to Age”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 38, No. 2, Feb. 1997, pp. 357-362.
Krag, Susanne, “Biomechanical measurements of the lens capsule”, Scandinavian University Theses, 1999, 3 pgs.
Krag, Susanne et al., “Mechanical Properties of the Human Posterior Lens Capsule”, OVS, vol. 44, No. 2, 2003, pp. 691-696.
Krauss, Joel et al., “Laser Interactions With the Cornea”, Survey of Ophthalmology A20, vol. 31, No. 1, Jul./Aug. 1986, pp. 37-53.
Kronemyer, Bob, “Accommodating IOL? Impossible, Recent Study Seems to Say”. Ocular Surgery News, http://www.slackmc.com, Sep. 15, 1996, 2 pgs.
Krueger, Ronald R. et al., “Experimental Increase in Accommodative Potential after Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser Photodisruption of Paired Cadaver Lenses”, Ophthalmology, vol. 108, No. 11, 2001, pp. 2122-2129.
Krueger, Ronald R. et al., “First safety study of femtosecond laser photodisruption in animal lenses: Tissue morphology and cataractogenesis”, J Cataract Refract Surg, vol. 31, Dec. 2005, pp. 2386-2394.
Krueger, Ronald R., M.D., et al., “Nonmechanical Microkeratomes Using Laser and Water Jet Technology”, Publisher unknown, date unknown but prior to Jul. 2009, pp. 1-33.
Krueger, R.R., “Surf's Up—Catch a wave with a waterjet”, Jrn. Ref. Surg., vol. 14, No. 3, May/Jun. 1998, pp. 280-281.
Krueger, Ronald R., M.D. et al., “Ultrastructure of Picosecond Laser Intrastromal Photodisruption”, Journal of Retractive Surgery, vol. 12, Jul./Aug. 1996, pp. 607-612.
Kuizenga, Dirk J., “FM-Laser Operation of the Nd:YAG Laser”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 6, No. 11, 1970, pp. 673-677.
Kurapkienė, S. et al., “The relationship of ultrasonic and mechanical properties of human nuclear cataract. A pilot study”, Ultragarsas, vol. 54, No. 1, 2005, pp. 39-43.
Kurtz, Ron et al., “Femtosecond Laser Corneal Refractive Surgery”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 3591, 1999, pp. 209-219.
Kurtz, Ron et al., “Ophthalmic Applications of Femtosecond Lasers”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 3616, 1999, pp. 51-65.
Kurtz, Ron M. et al., “Optimal Laser Parameters for Intrastromal Corneal Surgery”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 3255, 1998, pp. 56-66.
Kurtz, Ron M., MD, et al., “Photo-disruption in the Human Cornea as a Function of Laser Pulse Width”, Journal of Refractive Surgery, vol. 13, Nov./Dec. 1997, pp. 653-658.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “A Quantitative Analysis of Sutural Contributions to Variability in Back Vertex Distance and Transmittance in Rabbit Lenses as a Function of Development, Growth, and Age”, Optometry and Vision Science, vol. 79, No. 3, Mar. 2002, pp. 193-204.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “Anatomy of Aged and Senile Cataractous Lenses”, from “Biochemistry of the Crystalline Lens”, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, pp. 564-575.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “Development of lens sutures”, Int. J. Dev. Biol., vol. 48, 2004, pp. 889-902.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “Electron Microscope Observations of the Crystalline Lens”, Microscopy Research and Technique, 1996, vol. 33, pp. 441-479.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “Fibre cell organization in crystalline lenses”, Experimental Eye Research, vol. 78, 2004, pp. 673-687.
Kuszak, J. et al., “Gap Junctions of Chick Lens Fiber Cells”, Exp. Eye Res., vol. 27, 1978, pp. 495-498.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “Lens Optical Quality and Lens Sutures”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 32, No. 7, Jun. 1991, pp. 2123-2129.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “Lens Optical Quality is a Direct Function of Lens Sutural Architecture”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 32, No. 7, Jun. 1991, pp. 2119-2129.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “Quantitative Analysis of Animal Model Lens Anatomy: Accommodative Range is Related to Fiber Structure and Organization”, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, 26 pgs.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “Suppression of Post-Vitrectomy Lens Changes in the Rabbit by Novel Benzopyranyl Esters and Amides”, Exp. Eye Res., vol. 75, 2002, pp. 459-473.
Kuszak, JR et al., “The interrelationship of lens anatomy and optical quality II Primate Lenses”, Exp. Eye Res., vol. 59, 1994, pp. 521-535.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “The Relationship Between Rabbit Lens Optical Quality and Sutural Anatomy after Vitrectomy”, Exp. Eye Res., vol. 71, 2000, pp. 267-281.
Kuszak Jer R. et al., “The Structure of the Vertebrate Lens”, Chapter 4, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, pp. 71-118.
Kuszak, J. et al., “The Surface Morphology of Embryonic and Adult Chick Lens-Fiber Cells”, The American Journal of Anatomy, vol. 159, 1982, pp. 395-410.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “The Use of an Ex Vivo Mechanical Stretching Apparatus to Examine Fiber Ultrastructure During Accommodation”, undated but prior to Jul. 2009, 1 pg.
Kuwabara, Toichiro, et al., “Electron Microscopic Study of Galactose-Induced Cataract”, Investigative Ophthalmology, vol. 8, No. 2, Apr. 1969, pp. 133-149.
L'Esperance, Jr. “Ophthalmic Lasers Photocoagulation, Photoradiation and Surgery”, 2nd Edition, The C.V. Mosby Company, copyright 1983, pp. 529-538.
Lerman, Sidney, et al., “A Method for Detecting 8-Methoxypsoralen in the Ocular Lens”, Science, vol. 197, Sep. 23, 1977, 1287-1288.
Lerman, Sidney, et al., “Photosensitization of the lens by 8-meth-oxypsoralen”, Invent. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., vol. 16, No. 11, Nov. 1977, pp. 1065-1068.
Lerman, Sidney, M.D., “Photosensitizing Drugs and Their Possible Role in Enhancing Ocular Toxicity”, Ophthalmology, vol. 93, No. 3, Mar. 1986, pp. 304-318.
Lerman, Sidney, et al., “Psoralen-long-wave Ultraviolet Therapy and Human Cataractogenesis”, Invent. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., vol. 23, No. 6, Dec. 1982, pp. 801-804.
Lerman, Sidney, et al., “Spectroscopic Evaluation and Classification of the Normal, Aging, and Cataractous Lens”, Ophthl. Res., vol. 8, 1976, pp. 335-353.
Lim, Seung Jeong, M.D. et al., “Analysis of zonular-free zone and lens size in relation to axial length of eye with age”, J Cataract Refract Surg, vol. 24, Mar. 1998, pp. 390-396.
Liu, Xinbing et al., “In vivo plasma-mediated ablation as a function of laser pulse width”, SPIE, vol. 2975, 1997, pp. 282-288.
Loerscher, Hanspeter et al., “Noncontact Trephination of the Cornea Using a Pulsed Hydrogen Floride Laser”, American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 104, Nov. 1987, pp. 471-475.
Loesel, Frieder H. et al., “Laser-Induced Optical Breakdown on Hard and Soft Tissues and Its Dependence on the Pulse Duration: Experiment and Model”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 32, No. 10, Oct. 1996, pp. 1717-1722.
Lou, Marjorie F., et al., “Protein-Thiol Mixed Disulfides in Human Lens”, published by Academic Press Limited, 1992, pp. 889-896.
Lubatschowski, Holger, “Surgical Laser System for the Treatment of Presbyopia”, 7th Biotech in Europe Investor Forum, Switzerland, Oct. 2-3, 2007, 9 pgs.
Lutze, Margaret et al., “Lenses of Diabetic Patients “Yellow” at an Accelerated Rate Similar to Older Normals”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 32, No. 1, Jan. 1991, pp. 194-199.
Maguen, Ezra, et al., “Excimer Laser Ablation of the Human Lens at 308 nm with a Fiber Delivery System”, J. Cataract Refract Surg., vol. 15, Jul. 1989, pp. 409-414.
Manns, Fabrice et al., “Radius of Curvature and Aspericity of the Anterior and Posterior Surface of Human Cadaver Crystalline Lenses”, Experimental Eye Research, 2004, vol. 78, pp. 39-51.
Marion, II, John E. et al., “Medical Applications of Ultra-Short Pulse Lasers”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 3616, 1999, pp. 42-50.
Masters, B.R., “Three-dimensional Microscopic Tomographic Imaging of the Cataract in a Human Lens In Vivo”, Optics Express 332, vol. 3, No. 9, Oct. 1998, pp. 332-338.
Mathias, R.T. et al., “Physiological Properties of the Normal Lens”, Physiological Reviews, vol. 77, No. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 21-50.
McBrien, N. A et al., “Experimental Myopia in a Diurnal Mammal (Sciurus carolinesis) with No Accommodative Ability”, J. Physiol., vol. 469, 1993, pp. 427-441.
McCourt, M. E et al., Refractive State, Depth of Focus, and Accommodation of the Eye of the California ground squirrel (Spermophiliu beecheyi), Vision Res, vol. 24, No. 10, 1984, pp. 1261-1266.
McDonald, Marguerita B., et al., “Central Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia, The Blind Eye Study”, Arch Ophthalmol, vol. 108, Jun. 1990, pp. 799-808.
Michael, Ralph et al., “Refractive Index of Lens Fiber Membranes in Different Parts of the Crystalline Lens”, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 4611, 2002, pp. 159-164.
Moffat, B.A. et al., “Age-Related Changes in Refractive Index Distribution and Power of the Human Lens as Measured by Magnetic Resonance Micro-Imaging in Vitro”, Vision Research, vol. 42, 2002, pp. 1683-1693.
Mutti, Donald O., et al., “A Video Technique for Phakometry of the Human Crystalline Lens”, Investigative Ophthalmology, & Visual Science, vol. 33, No. 5, Apr. 1992, pp. 1771-1781.
Myers, Raymond I. et al., “Feasibility of Using Lasers to Retard Cataract Development in the Ocular Lens by Restoring Lens Movement”; undated but prior to Jul. 2009, pp. 1-22.
Myers, Raymond I. et al., “Novel Approaches to Correction of Presbyopia With Laser Modification of the Crystalline Lens”, Journal of Refractive Surgery, vol. 14, Mar./Apr. 1998; pp. 136-139.
Nanevicz, Tania M., et al., “Excimer Laser Ablation of the Lens”, Arch Ophthamol, vol. 104, Dec. 1986, pp. 1825-1829.
Neev, Joseph, “Ultrashort Pulse Lasers: A New Tool for Biomedical Applications”, SPIE, vol. 3255; pp. 2-7, May 18, 1998.
Nichamin, Louis D., “Treating astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery”, Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, 2003, vol. 14, p. 35-38.
Oberheide, Uwe et al., “Therapy Monitoring of Laser Cyclophotocoagulation”, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 4611, 2002, pp. 48-53.
O'Donnell, Colleen B., et al., “Ablation Smoothness as a Function of Excimer Laser Delivery System”, J. Cataract Refract Surg., vol. 22, Jul./Aug. 1996, pp. 682-685.
O'Donnell, Colleen B., et al., “Surface Roughness in PMMA is Linearly Related to the Amount of Excimer Laser Ablation”, Journal of Refractive Surgery, vol. 12, Jan./Feb. 1996, pp. 171-174.
Oriowo, Olanrewaju Matthew, “A Study of Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on Procine Crystalline Lens and Development of a New Assay Methodology for UV Cataractogenesis Investigation”, A Thesis Presented to the University of Waterloo, 2000, pp. i-xix and 1-218.
Ostrin, Lisa A. et al., “Effects of Pirenzepine on Pupil Size and Accommodation in Rhesus Monkeys”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Oct. 2004, vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 3620-3628.
Ostrin, Lisa A. et al., “The Effects of Phenylephrine on Pupil Diameter and Accommodation in Rhesus Monkeys”; Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2004, vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 215-221.
Ostrin, Lisa A. et al., “Comparisons Between Pharmacologically and Edinger-Westphal-Stimulated Accommodation in Rhesus Monkeys”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2005, vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 609-617.
Parel, Jean-Marie et al., “Intraocular Implants for the Surgical Correction of Presbyopia”; In Ophthalmic Technologies X, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 3908, 2000, pp. 115-122.
Patel, C.K. et al., “The Ageing Lens”, Association of Optometrists, City University, London; undated, www.optometry.co.uk; pp. 27-31.
Pau, Hans et al., “The increasing sclerosis of the human lens with age and its relevance to accommodation and presbyopia”, Graefe's Arch Clin Exp. Ophthalmol., (1991) vol. 229, pp. 294-296.
Payne, Peter A. et al., “Ophthalmic Applications of Laser-Generated Ultrasound”; SPIE, vol. 3908, 2000, pp. 13-22.
Peterson, Jennifer A. et al., “Intraocular Pressure Measurement in Cynomolgus Monkeys, Tono-Pen Versus Manometry”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 1996, vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 1197-1199.
Prokofeva, G. I et al., “Effects of Low-Intensity Infrared Laser Irradiation on the Eye, (An Experimental Study)”, Vestn. Oftalmol., vol. 112, No. 1, 1996, pp. 31-32, with English Abstract, 5 pgs.
Puliafito, Carmen A., M.D. et al., “High-Speed Photography of Excimer Laser Ablatio of the Cornea”, Arch Ophthalmol, vol. 105, Sep. 1987, pp. 1255-1259.
Qian, Wen et al., “3 Year Simvastatin Treatment and Lens Nuclear Back Scattering”; J Ophthalmol, vol. 84, 2000, pp. 512-516.
Qian, Wen et al., “Universal Opacity Standard for Scheimpflug Photography”, Ophthalmic Res, 2000, vol. 32, pp. 292-298.
Rafferty, Nancy et al., “Lens Wound Healing and Cataractogenesis in a Pigmented Eye”, Exp. Eye Res. (1984) 38, 267-277.
Riley, Michael V., et al., “The Effects of UV-B Irradiation on the Corneal Endothelium”, Eye Research Institute of Oakland University, 1987, pp. 1021-1033.
Ripken, T. et al., “FEM Simulation of the Human Lens Compared to Ex-Vivo Porcine Lens Cutting Pattern: A Possible Treatment of Presbyopia”; undated, 11 pgs.
Ripken T. et al., “First in-vivo studies of Presbyopia treatment with ultrashort laser pulses”, Proc. SPIE 5142, vol. 137, 2003, p pgs.
Ripken, T. et al., “Fs-laser Induced Elasticity Changes to Improve Presbyopic Lens Accommodation”, undated, 10 pgs.
Ripken T. et al., “Investigations for the correction of Presbyopia by fs-laser induced cuts”, Proc. SPIE 5314, vol. 27, 2004, 9 pgs.
Rockwell, B.A. et al., “Safe Use of Ultra-short Lasers”; SPIE, vol. 3616, 1999, pp. 32-39.
Roesner, C.A.D. et al., “Light-Matter Interactions on the FEMTOSECOND Time Scale”, Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University; undated, pp. 1-27.
Rol, Pascal et al., “An Optomechanical Eye Model for Observation of Lens Photoablation”; SPIE, 1997, vol. 2971, pp. 171-174.
Sacks, Zachary S. et al., “Laser Spot Size as a Function of Tissue Depth and Laser Wavelength in Human Sclera”, SPIE, 1998, vol. 3255, pp. 67-76.
Scammon, Richard J. et al., “Simulations of Shock Waves and Cavitation Bubbles Produced in Water by Picosecond and Nanosecond Laser Pulses”, SPIE, 1998, vol. 3254, pp. 264-275.
Schachar, Ronald A. MD, PhD., et al., “A Revolutionary Variable Focus Lens”, Annals of Ophthalmology, vol. 28, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1996, pp. 11-18.
Schachar, Ronald A., M.D., “Cause and Treatment of Presbyopia With a Method for Increasing the Amplitude of Accommodation”, Annals of Ophthalmol, 1992; 24:445-452.
Schachar, Ronald A., M.D. et al., “Experimental Destruction of Cataractous Lenses by Laser”, Ophthalmic Surgery, Surgical Forum, pp. 506-509, Sep. 11, 2012.
Schachar, Ronald A., M.D. et al., “Experimental Support for Schachar's Hypothesis of Accommodation”, Ann Ophthalmol, 1993; 25: 404-409.
Schachar, Ronald A., MD, PhD, “Histology of the Ciliary Muscle-Zonular Connections”, Annals of Ophthalmology, vol. 28, No. 2, Mar./Apr. 1996, 70-79.
Schachar, Ronald A. MD et al., “Mechanism of Human Accommodation as Analyzed by Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis”, Ann Ophthalmol; 2001; vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 103-112.
Schachar, Ronald A., MD, PhD, “Pathophysiology of Accommodation and Presbyopia, Understanding the Clinical Implications”, J. Florida M.A., vol. 81, No. 4, Apr. 1994, pp. 268-271.
Schaeffel, Frank, “Kappa and Hirschberg Ratio Measured With an Automated Video Gaze Tracker”, Optometry and Vision Science, 2002, vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 329-334.
Schaffer, Chris B. et al., “Dynamics of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown in Water From Femtoseconds to Microseconds”, Optics Express, 2002, vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 196-203.
Schaffer, Chris B. et al., “Morphology of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Structural Changes in Bulk Transparent Materials”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 84, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1441-1443.
Shen, Nan, et al., “Ablation of Cytoskeletal Filaments and Mitochondria in Live Cells Using a Femtosecond Laser Nanoscissor”, MCB, 2005, vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 17-25.
Shen, Nan; “Photodisruption in Biological Tissues Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses”, A Thesis Presented to the Department of Physics, Harvard University, 2003, pp. 1-125.
Shen, Nan, et al., “Photodisruption in Biological Tissues and Single Cells Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses”, undated, 2 pgs.
Shen, Nan, et al., “Surface and Bulk Photodisruption in Turbid Tissue Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses”, Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, undated, pp. 1-24.
Sher, Neal A., MD, “Hyperopic Refractive Surgery”, Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, 2001, vol. 12, pp. 304-308.
Sivak, Jacob G., “Through the Lens Clearly: Phylogeny and Development, The Proctor Lecture”, Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2004, vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 740-747.
Sliney, D. H et al., “Medical Lasers and Their Safe Use”, Springer Verlag, New York, 1993, pp. 42-50.
Slingsby, Christine, “Lens Crystallin Crystal Structures”, undated article. 3 pgs.
Söderberg, Per G., et al., “Angular Dependence of the Intensity of Back Scattered Light From Human Lenses With Nuclear Cataract, Implications for Measurement”, SPIE, 2000, vol. 3908, pp. 34-37.
Söderberg, Per G., et al., “External Standard for Measurements with the Scheimpflug Slitlamp Microscope”, SPIE, 1997, vol. 2971, pp. 8-13.
Solomon, Ira Seth, M.D., “Aqueous Humor Dynamics”, undated, 17 pgs.
Spector, Abraham, “Aging of the Lens and Cataract Formation”, Aging and Human Visual Function, pp. 27-43, Sep. 11, 2012.
Srinivasan, R., “Ablation of Polymers and Biological Tissue by Ultraviolet Lasers”, Oct. 1986, pp. 932-935.
Srinivasan R. et al., “Excimer Laser Surgery of the Cornea”, American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 96, 1993, pp. 710-715.
Stitzel, Joel D., et al., “A Nonlinear Finite Element Model of the Eye With Experimental Validation for the Prediction of Globe Rupture”, Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2002, vol. 45, 24 pgs.
Stitzel, Joel D., et al., “Blunt Trauma of the Aging Eye”, Arch Ophthalmol, 2005, vol. 123, pp. 789-794.
Strauss, Moshe, et al., “Two-Dimensional Rayleigh Model of Vapor Bubble Evolution”, SPIE, 1999, vol. 3601, pp. 212-224.
Strenk, Susan A., et al, “Age-Related Changes in Human Ciliary Muscle and Lens: a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 1999, vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1162-1169.
Strenk, Susan A. et al., “Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Effects of Age and Accommodation on the Human Lens Cross-Sectional Area”, IOVS, 2004, Vo. 45, No. 2, pp. 539-545.
Strenk, Susan A., et al, “The Mechanism of Presbyopia”, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 2004 vol. 11, pp. 1-15.
Sweeney, Matthew H.J., et al., “Movement of Cysteine in Intact Monkey Lenses: The Major Site of Entry is the Germinative Region”, Experimental Eye Research, 2003, vol. 77. pp. 245-251.
Swegmark, Gunnar, “Studies With Impedance Cyclography on Human Ocular Accommodation at Different Ages”, ACTA Ophthalmologica, vol. 47, 1969, pp. 1186-1206.
Taboada, J., et al., “Optically Coupled Technique for Photorefractive Surgery of the Cornea”, Optics Letters, vol. 15, No. 9, May 1, 1990, pp. 458-460.
Taboada, J. et al., “Response of the Corneal Epithelium to KrF Excimer Laser Pulses”, Health Physics, vol. 30, 1981, pp. 677-683.
Tahi, Hassan, et al., “Restoring Accommodation: Surgical Technique and Preliminary Evaluation in Rabbits”, SPIE, 1999, vol. 3591, pp. 267-269.
Tamm, Svenja, et al., “Age-Related Changes of the Human Ciliary Muscle. A Quantitative Morphometric Study”, Mechanisms of Aging and Development, vol. 62, 1992, pp. 209-221.
Tang, Daxin; “Influence of Age, Diabetes, and Cataract on Calcium, Lipid-Calcium, and Protein-Calcium Relationships in Human Lenses”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2003, vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 2059-2066.
Taylor, Virginia L. et al., “Morphology of the Normal Human Lens”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jun. 1996, vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 1396-1410.
Topilow, Harvey W., M.D., “Vitreous Changes in Retinal Branch Vein Occlusion”, Arch Ophthalmol, vol. 105, Sep. 1987.
Trokel, Stephen L., M.D., et al., “Excimer Laser Surgery of the Cornea”, American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 96, No. 6, Dec. 1983, 710-715.
Tsai, Philbert S., “All-Optical, In-Situ Histology of Neuronal Tissue with Femtosecond Laser Pulses”, Imaging in Neuroscience and Development, CSHL Press, undated, 12 pgs.
Tsubota, Kazuo, “Application of Erbium: YAG Laser in Ocular Ablation”, Ophthalmologica, 1990, 200:pp. 117-122.
Van Alphen, G.W.H.M. et al., “Elasticity of Tissues Involved in Accommodation”, Vision Res., vol. 31, No. 7/8, 1991, pp. 1417-1438.
Venugopalan, V. et al., “The Thermodynamic Response of Soft Biological Tissues to Ultraviolet Laser Irradiation”, Biophysical Journal, vol. 60, Oct. 1995, pp. 1258-1271.
Vilupuru, Abhiram S., “Optical and Biometric Relationships of the Isolated Pig Crystalline Lens”, Ophthal. Physiol. Opt., 2001, vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 296-311.
Vilupuru, Abhiram S., “Spatially Variant Changes in Lens Power During Ocular Accommodation in a Rhesus Monkey Eye”, Journal of Vision, 2004, vol. 4, pp. 299-309.
Vogel, Alfred et al., “Factors Determining the Refractive Effects of Intrastromal Photorefractive Keratectomy with the Picosecond Laser”, J. Cataract Refract Surg., vol. 23, Nov. 1997, pp. 1301-1310.
Vogel, Alfred et al., “Interaction of Laser-Produced Cavitation Bubbles With an Elastic Tissue Model”, SPIE, 2001, vol. 4257, pp. 167-177.
Vogel, Alfred et al., “Intraocular Photodisruption With Picosecond and Nanosecond laser Pulses: Tissue Effects in Cornea, Lens and Retina”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Jun. 1994, No. 7, vol. 35, pp. 3032-3044.
Vogel, Alfred et al., “Kinetics of Phase Transitions in Pulsed IR Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues”, SPIE, 2003, vol. 4961, pp. 66-74.
Vogel, Alfred et al., “Laser-Induced Breakdown in the Eye at Pulse Durations From 80 ns to 100 fs”, SPIE, 1998, vol. 3255, pp. 34-49.
Vogel, Alfred et al., “Numerical Simulation of Optical Breakdown for Cellular Surgery at Nanosecond to Femtosecond Time Scales”, SPIE, 2001, vol. 4433, pp. 70-80.
Vrensen, G. F. J. M., “Aging of the human eye lens—A morphological point of view”, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., vol. 111A, 1995. pp. 519-553.
Waring III, George O., M.D., “Presbyopia and Accommodative Intraocular Lenses—the Next Frontier in Refractive Surgery?”, Refractive & Corneal Surgery, vol. 8, Nov./Dec. 1992, pp. 421-423.
Weale, Robert D., SC., “Presbyopia Toward the End of the 20th Century”, Survey of Opthalmology, vol. 34, No. 1, Jul.-Aug. 1989, pp. 15-29.
Werblin, Theodore P., M.D., “Should We Consider Clear Lens Extraction for Routine Refractive Surgery?”, Refractive & Corneal Surgery, vol. 8, Nov./Dec. 1992, pp. 480-481.
Werner, Liliana, MD, et al., “Capsular Bag Opacification After Experimental Implantation of a New Accommodating Intraocular Lens in Rabbit Eyes”, J Cataract Refract Surg., 2004, vol. 30, pp. 1114-1123.
Werner, Liliana, MD. et al., “Posterior Capsule Opacification in Rabbit Eyes Implanted With 1-Piece and 3-Piece Hydrophobic Acrylic Intraocular Lenses”, J Cataract Refract Surg, 2005, vol. 31, pp. 805-811.
Wyatt, Harry J., “Application of a Simple Mechanical Model of Accommodation to the Aging Eye”, Eye Res., vol. 33, No. 5/6, 1993, pp. 731-738.
Ziebarth, Nöel, et al; “Non-contact Optical Measurement of Lens Capsule Thickness During Simulated Accommodation”, SPIE, 2005, vol. 5688, pp. 19-25.
Zuclich, Joseph A. et al., “A comparison of laser-induced retinal damage from infrared wavelengths to that from visible wavelengths”, Lasers and Light, vol. 8, No. 1, 1997, pp. 15-29.
Zuclich, Joseph A. et al., “In Situ Measurements of Lens Fluorescence and its Interference With Visual Function”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 33, No. 2, 1993, pp. 410-415.
Zuclich, Joseph, “In Vivo Measurements of Optical Properties of the Ocular Lens”, Reprinted from Proceedings of Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards, Jan. 26-27, 1994, SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Vo. 2134B Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards, 1994, pp. 99-112.
Zuclich, J.A., et al., “Ocular Effects of Penetrating IR Laser Wavelengths”, Reprinted from Proceedings of Laser-Tissue Interaction VI, Feb. 6-9, 1995, SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 2391, 1995, pp. 111-125.
Zuclich, Joseph A., et al., “Rapid Noninvasive Optical Characterization of the Human Lens”, Lasers in the Life Sciences, 6(1), 1994, pp. 39-53.
Zuclich, Joseph A., “Research on the Ocular Effects of Laser Radiation”, Published by Technology Incorporated: Life Sciences Division, publication date unknown, 59 pgs.
Zuclich, Joseph A., “Ultraviolet-Induced Photochemical Damage in Ocular Tissues”, Health Physics, vol. 56, No. 5, May 1989, pp. 671-681.
Zuclich, Joseph A., “Workshop on Long-Term Visual Health Risks of Optical Radiation—Thermal Cataracts Induced by UV Laser Radiation”, Workshop Report, Cataract Working Group, publisher unknown, publication date unknown, 13 pgs.
Agrahari, S. et al., “The Potential of Photodisruption Laser Treatment of the Crystalline Lens to Rupture the Lens Capsule”, ARVO Abstract No. 07-A-6800, 2006, 1 pg.
Faraggi, E. et al., “Stress confinement, shock wave formation and laser induced damage”, Conference 5695: Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XVI, Photonics West, undated, 1 pg.
Fisher, R F, “The ciliary body in accommodation”, Trans Ophthalmol. Soc. UK, 1989, vol. 105, 1 pg.
Fisher, RF. “The mechanics of accommodation in relation to presbyopia”, Eye, 1988, vol. 2, 1 pg.
Frey, R. W. et al., “Modification of Lens Mechanics of Human Cadaver and Porcine Lenses Using Photodisruption Laser to Change Lens Power and Increase Flexibility”, ARVO Abstract No. 07-A-06652, 2006, 1 pg.
Garner, LF et al., “Changes in equivalent and gradient refractive index of the crystalline lens with accommodation”, Optom Vis. Sci., 1997, vol. 74,1 pg.
Garner LF et al., “Changes in ocular dimensions and refraction with accommodation”, Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt., 1997, vol. 17, 1 pg.
Gray, G. et al., “Constructions of a Computer Mesh Model of the Anatomical Human Crystalline Lens Fiber Ultrastructure”, ARVO Abstract, 2006, 1 pg.
Helsterkamp, A. et al., “Nanosurgery in live cells using ultrashort laser pulses”, Conference 5695: Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XVI, Photonics West, undated, 1 pg.
Kuszak, J.R., “Progressively More Complex Star Sutures Formed in Primate Lenses During Periods of Development, Growth and Aging Are Related to Accommodation”, Abstracts Online, obtained from the Internet on Apr. 19, 2006 at: http://www.abstractsonline.com/viewer/viewAbstractPrintFriendly.asp?CKey={C8FDF5D . . . Apr. 19, 2006, I page.
Kuszak, J. R. et al., “Results From a Finite Element Model Analysis of the Accommodative Process Based on the Human Crystalline Lens Fiber Ultrastructure”, ARVO Abstract, 2006, 1 pg.
McBrien NA et al., “Experimental myopia in a diurnal mammal (Sciurus carolinensis) with no accommodative ability”, J Physiol., 1993, vol. 469, 1 pg.
McCourt ME et al., “Refractive state, depth of focus and accommodation of the eye of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi)”, Vision Res., 1984, vol. 24, 1 pg.
Oberheide, U. et al., “Flexibility Increase of Human Donor Lenses After Femosecond Laser Treatment (fs-Lentotomy)”, ARVO Abstract No. 3833/B571, 2007, 2 pgs.
Olmstead, T. et al., “The Use of an Off Axis Slit Laser Camera System for Determining Photodisruptive Laser Placement in Lenses”, ARVO Abstract No. 07-A-5967, 2006, 1 pg.
Rafferty, NS et al., “Comparative study of actin filament patterns in lens epithelial cells, Are these determined by the mechanisms of lens accommodation?”, Curr Eye Res., 1989, vol. 8, 1 pg.
Roa, Ch. Mohan et al., “Level of Reduced Nucleotides and Lens Photodamage”, National Eye Institute, undated, 1 pg.
Subramaniam, H. et al., “Finite Element Analysis of the Accommodative Process in the Whole Globe”, ARVO Abstract No. 07-A-6249, 2006, 1 pg.
Van Alphen GW et al., “Elasticity of tissues involved in accommodation”, Vision Res., 1991, vol. 31, 1 pg.
Wang, B. et al., “In-vivo animal studies on intraocular nanosurgery with low-energy 80 MHZ near infrared femtosecond laser pulses”, Conference 5695: Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XVI, Photonics West, undated, 1 pg.
Yeilding, R. H. et al., “Lens Culture System for Long Term Study of Porcine Lenses Pre and Post Laser Photodisruption Treatment”, ARVO Abstract No. 01-A-6495, 2006, 1 pg.
Zepkin, N. et al., “Measurement of Temperature Rise in Porcine Crystalline Lenses from a Photodisruption Laser”, ARVO Abstract No. 07-A-6709, 2006, 1 pg.
Zoltoski, R. K. et al., “Reverse Engineering of Human Lenses”, ARVO Abstract No. 2018/B159, 2007, 2 pgs.
AVRO, “Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Visual Research”, The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, copyright © 2002, obtained from the Internet on Jan. 15, 2005 at: http://www.avro.org/AboutAvro/animalst.asp, 3 pgs.
Gattass, Rafael et al., “Femtosecond laser micromaching Applications in Technology and Biology”, Photonics West conference Jan. 2005, 78 pgs.
Hermans, E. et al., “Estimating the External Force Acting on the Human Eye Lens During Accommodation Using Finite Elements Modeling”, presentation on Accommodation & Presbyopia, May 2005, 1 pg.
Kuszak et al., “Light, scanning and electron micrographs have lead to the following interpretations of secondary fiber formation”, 2004, 16 pgs.
Lubatschowski, H. et al., “Treatment of Presbyopia by Cutting the Cystaline Lens: A Comparison of FEM Simulation and Ex vivo Studies”, Lazer Zentrum Hannover e. V., Publication date unknown, 22 pgs.
Mazur, Eric, “An Introduction to Femtosecond Laser Science”, Photonics West conference Jan. 2005, 291 pgs.
Nebel, Achim et al., “Fast Micromachining using Picosecond Lasers”, Photonics West conference Jan. 2005, 37 pgs.
OSN SuperSite, “Increase in lens stiffness with age may cause presbyopia, study suggests”, 2005, 1 pg.
“Presbyopia—preconditions”, Laser Zentrum Hannover, undated, 11 pgs.
“Principles of Ultrafast Laser Surgery Femtosecond Laser-Tissue Interaction”, copyright © Center for Ultrafast Optical Sciences, Un. of Michigan, undated, 3 pgs.
Roundy, Carlos—“Propagation factor qualifies leaser bean performance”, Laser World Focus, undated, 3 pgs.
Shen, J. et al. “Measurement of the Lens Capsule Contraction Force in the Radial Direction”, presentation on Accommodation & Presbyopia, May 2005, 1 pg.
Figure 4.2—Optical constants for a “standard eye”, publication unknown, undated, 1 pg.
Picture of an eye obtained from the Internet on Mar. 28, 2005 at: http://www.opt.uh.edu/research/aglasser/aao/gonioani.gif, 1 pg.
Pictures of eyes, date and publisher unknown, 5 pgs.
Loesel paper graphs, date and publisher unknown, 2 pgs.

Related Publications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	20110187995 A1	Aug 2011	US

Provisional Applications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	61300125	Feb 2010	US

Purkinjie image-based alignment of suction ring in ophthalmic applications

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Abstract