Patent Grant
11666575
This invention relates to the treatment, management and prevention of viral infections and to compounds useful therein.
The present application includes a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled “2021-11-04_01136-0006-00US_Seq_List_ST25” created on Nov. 4, 2021, which is 135 kilobytes in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) primarily cause enzootic infections in birds and mammals. In the last few decades, coronaviruses have shown to be capable of infecting humans as well. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and, more recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has demonstrated the lethality of CoVs when they cross the species barrier and infect humans. A renewed interest in coronaviral research spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a variety of new vaccines. However, there remains an urgent need for other approaches to treat, prevent and manage viral infections.
Adaptor associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a member of the Ark1/Prk1 family of serine/threonine kinases AAK1 mRNA exists in two splice forms termed short and long The long form predominates and is highly expressed in brain and heart (Henderson and Conner, Mol. Biol. Cell. 2007, 18, 2698-2706). AAK1 is enriched in synaptosomal preparations and is co-localized with endocytic structures in cultured cells. AAK1 modulates clathrin coated endocytosis, a process that is important in synaptic vesicle recycling and receptor-mediated endocytosis. AAK1 associates with the AP2 complex, a hetero-tetramer which links receptor cargo to the clathrin coat. The binding of clathrin to AAK1 stimulates AAK1 kinase activity (Conner et. al., Traffic 2003. 4, 885-890: Jackson et. al., J Cell Biol. 2003, 163, 231-236). AAK1 phosphorylates the mu-2 subunit of AP-2, which promotes the binding of mu-2 to tyrosine containing sorting motifs on cargo receptors (Ricotta et. al., J Cell Bio. 2002, 156, 791-795; Conner and Schmid, J. Cell Bio. 2002, 156, 921-929). Mu2 phosphorylation is not required for receptor uptake, but phosphorylation enhances the efficiency of internalization (Motely et. al., Mol. Biol. Cell. 2006, 17, 5298-5308). Recent efforts to develop AAK1 inhibitors have focused on their potential use to treat pain and some forms of mental illness. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,403,832 and 9,682,982.
This invention is based on the discovery that certain AAK1 inhibitors antiviral activity and may be used to treat viral infections. Accordingly, one embodiment of the invention is a method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an adaptor associated kinase 1 (AAK1) inhibitor.
In some embodiments, the subject displays one or more of fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, persistent pain in the chest, pressure in the chest, bluish lips or face, tiredness, runny nose, or sore throat.
Also provided herein are methods of inhibiting entry, assembly and/or budding of a coronavirus in a host cell, the method comprising contacting the host cell with an AAK1 inhibitor.
In some embodiments, the coronavirus is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In some embodiments, the coronavirus is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In some embodiments, the coronavirus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
In some embodiments, the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus. In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus has at least 80, 90, 95, or 98 percent sequence identity with SEQ ID NO 1.
In some embodiments, the coronavirus is CoV-229E-like coronavirus. In some embodiments, the CoV-229E-like coronavirus has at least 80, 90, 95, or 98 percent sequence identity with SEQ ID NO 5.
In some embodiments, the coronavirus is CoV-OC43-like coronavirus. In some embodiments, the CoV-OC43-like coronavirus has at least 80, 90, 95, or 98 percent sequence identity with SEQ ID NO 9.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is a compound of the formula:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
R1 is R1A or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R1A;
each R1B is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano or halo;
each R1C is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of cyano, halo or hydroxyl;
R2 is —NR2AR2B, wherein R2A is hydrogen and R2B is optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R2C;
or R2A and R2B are taken together to form a 4-7-membered heterocycle optionally substituted with one or more R2C;
each R2C is independently —OR2D, —N(R2D)2, —C(O)R2D, —C(O)OR2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more amino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, or R2D;
each R2D is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more C1-6 alkyl, amino, cyano, halo, or hydroxyl; and
R3 is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more cyano, halo or hydroxyl.
In some embodiments, R1 is R1A.
In some embodiments, R1 is optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl.
In some embodiments, R1 is optionally substituted phenyl.
In some embodiments, R1 is optionally substituted 2-12-membered heterocarbyl (e.g., 2-8 membered heterocarbyl, 2-6 membered heterocarbyl, 2-6 membered heterocarbyl).
In some embodiments, R1 is optionally substituted pyridinyl, thiophenyl, or imidazolyl.
In some embodiments, R1A is halo.
In some embodiments, R1A is —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, or —C(O)N(R1C)2.
In some embodiments, R1A is —OR1C.
In some embodiments, R1B is —N(R1C)2, —OR1C, halo.
In some embodiments, R2A and R2B are taken together to form a 4-7-membered heterocycle optionally substituted with one or more R2C.
In some embodiments, R1C is hydrogen.
In some embodiments, R1C is C1-12 hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-6 hydrocarbyl, C1-4 hydrocarbyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl).
In some embodiments, R2C is —C(O)R2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, or —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D.
In some embodiments, R2C is —C(O)OR2D.
In some embodiments, R2D is hydrogen.
In some embodiments, R2D is C1-12 hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-6 hydrocarbyl, C1-4 hydrocarbyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl).
In some embodiments, R2D is 2-12-membered heterocarbyl comprising at least one nitrogen atom.
In some embodiments, at least one R2D is optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of amino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl.
In some embodiments, R2D is an optionally substituted 2-12-membered heterocarbyl.
In some embodiments, R2D is an optionally substituted 4-7-membered heterocycle.
In some embodiments, R2D is 2-12-membered heterocarbyl comprising at least one nitrogen atom.
In some embodiments, R3 is hydrogen.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is a compound of formula:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
A is cyclic C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 4-7-membered heterocycle;
D is 4-7-membered heterocycle;
each R1A is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R1B;
each R1B is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano or halo;
each R1C is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of cyano, halo or hydroxyl;
each R2C is independently —OR2D, —N(R2D)2, —C(O)R2D, —C(O)OR2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more with one or more amino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, or R2D;
each R2D is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, amino, cyano, halo, or hydroxyl;
n is 1-3; and
m is 0-3.
In some embodiments, D is not piperidinyl. In some embodiments, R2C is not —N(R2D)2. In some embodiments, A is not phenyl. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, R2D is not ethyl.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is a compound of formula:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
X is CH or N;
each R1A is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R1B;
each R1B is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C cyano or halo;
each R1C is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of cyano, halo or hydroxyl;
each R2C is independently —OR2D, —N(R2D)2, —C(O)R2D, —C(O)OR2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more with one or more amino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, or R2D;
each R2D is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, amino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl; and
m is 0-3.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is a compound of formula:
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is a compound of formula:
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is a compound of formula:
In some embodiments, at least one R1A is halo.
In some embodiments, at least one R1A is —OR1C.
In some embodiments, R1C is optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-6 hydrocarbyl, C1-4 hydrocarbyl).
In some embodiments, R2C is —C(O)R2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, or —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D.
In some embodiments, R2C is —C(O)OR2D.
In some embodiments, each R2D is independently hydrogen or C1-12 hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-6 hydrocarbyl, C1-4 hydrocarbyl).
In some embodiments, at least one R2D is optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, amino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl.
In some embodiments, R2D is 2-12-membered heterocarbyl comprising at least one nitrogen atom.
In some embodiments, R2D is an optionally substituted 4-7 membered heterocycle, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, amino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl.
In some embodiments, R2D is 3-methyloxetan-3-yl.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is (S)-1-((2′,6-bis(difluoromethyl)-[2,4′-bipyridin]-5-yl)oxy)-2,4-dimethylpentan-2-amine:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (referred to herein as “Compound 1”).
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is administered to the subject in a pharmaceutical composition comprising the AAK1 inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in a pharmaceutical dosage form. In some embodiments, the administration is oral.
One embodiment of the invention is a method of treating, managing and/or preventing a SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus infection which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of Compound 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
One embodiment of the invention is a method of treating, managing and/or preventing a CoV-229E-like coronavirus infection, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
One embodiment of the invention is a method of treating, managing and/or preventing a CoV-OC43-like coronavirus infection, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject at a dose of about 50-500 mg. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject at a dose of about 100-300 mg. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject at a dose of about 150-250 mg. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject at a dose of about 200 mg.
The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein:
This invention is based, in part, on the discovery that certain AAK1 inhibitors may be useful in treating, managing and/or preventing viral infections.
In describing and claiming the disclosed subject matter, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set forth below.
Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “manage,” “managing” and “management” encompass preventing the recurrence of the specified disease or disorder in a patient who has already suffered from the disease or disorder, and/or lengthening the time that a patient who has suffered from the disease or disorder remains in remission. The terms encompass modulating the threshold, development and/or duration of the disease or disorder, or changing the way that a patient responds to the disease or disorder.
Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” contemplate an action that occurs before a patient begins to suffer from the specified disease or disorder, which inhibits or reduces the severity of the disease or disorder. In other words, the terms encompass prophylaxis.
Unless otherwise indicated, a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent a disease or condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition, or prevent its recurrence. A “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the disease. The term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
Unless otherwise indicated, a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of a disease or condition, or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition. A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of the disease or condition. The term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of a disease or condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “treat,” “treating” and “treatment” contemplate an action that occurs while a patient is suffering from the specified disease or disorder, which reduces the severity of the disease or disorder, or retards or slows the progression of the disease or disorder.
As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Unless otherwise indicated, the term “about” is used herein to mean within the typical ranges of tolerances in the art. For example, “about” can be understood as about 2 standard deviations from the mean. In certain embodiments, about means±10%. In certain embodiments, about means±5%.
When about is present before a series of numbers or a range, it is understood that “about” can modify each of the numbers in the series or range.
This invention encompasses methods of using and compositions comprising adaptor associated kinase 1 (AAK1) inhibitors disclosed in in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,403,832 and 9,682,982. Particular compounds include those of the formula:
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: R1 is R1A or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R1A; each R1A is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R1B; each R1B is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano or halo; each R1C is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of cyano, halo or hydroxyl; R2 is —NR2AR2B, wherein R2A is hydrogen and R2B is optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R2C; or R2A and R2B are taken together to form a 4-7-membered heterocycle optionally substituted with one or more R2C; each R2C is independently —OR2D, —N(R2D)2, —C(O)R2D, —C(O)OR2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more with one or more R2D; each R2D is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, cyano, halo or hydroxyl; and R3 is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more of cyano, halo or hydroxyl.
In some embodiments, R1 is R1A. In others, R1 is optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl. In some, R1 is optionally substituted phenyl. In others, R1 is optionally substituted 2-12-membered heterocarbyl (e.g., 2-8 membered heterocarbyl, 2-6 membered heterocarbyl, 2-6 membered heterocarbyl). In others, R1 is optionally substituted pyridinyl, thiophenyl, or imidazolyl.
In some embodiments, R1A is halo. In others, R1A is —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, or —C(O)N(R1C)2. In others, R1A is —OR1C.
In some embodiments, R1B is —N(R1C)2, —OR1C, halo.
In some embodiments, R2A and R2B are taken together to form a 4-7-membered heterocycle optionally substituted with one or more R2C.
In some embodiments, R1C is hydrogen. In others, R1C is C1-12 hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-6 hydrocarbyl, C1-4 hydrocarbyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl). In others, R2C is —C(O)R2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, or —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D. In others, R2C is —C(O)OR2D.
In some embodiments, R2D is hydrogen.
In some embodiments, R2D is C1-12 hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-6 hydrocarbyl, C1-4 hydrocarbyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl).
In some embodiments, R2D is optionally substituted 2-12-membered heterocarbyl.
In some embodiments, R2D is an optionally substituted 4-7-membered heterocycle.
In some embodiments, R3 is hydrogen.
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: A is cyclic C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 4-7-membered heterocycle; D is 4-7-membered heterocycle; each R1A is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R1B; each R1B is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano or halo; each R1C is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of cyano, halo or hydroxyl; each R2C is independently —OR2D, —N(R2D)2, —C(O)R2D, —C(O)OR2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more with one or more R2D; each R2D is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, cyano, halo or hydroxyl; n is 1-3; and m is 0-3.
In some embodiments, D is not piperidinyl.
In some embodiments, R2C is not —N(R2D)2.
In some embodiments, A is not phenyl.
In some embodiments, m is 1.
In some embodiments, m is 2.
In some embodiments, R2D is not ethyl.
In some embodiments, when D is piperidinyl, A is phenyl, and R2C is —N(R2D)2, R2D is not ethyl.
In some embodiments, D is piperazinyl or pyrrolidinyl.
In some embodiments, n is 1.
In some embodiments, A is pyridinyl, thiophenyl, or imidazolyl.
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
wherein X is CH or N.
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: X is CH or N; each R1A is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R1B; each R1B is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)ORR1, R2, cyano or halo; each R1C is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of cyano, halo or hydroxyl; each R2C is independently —OR2D, —N(R2D)2, —C(O)R2D, —C(O)OR2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more with one or more R2D; each R2D is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, cyano, halo or hydroxyl; and
m is 0-3.
In some embodiments, R2C is not optionally substituted phenyl or pyridinyl.
In some embodiments, X is N and m is 1 or 2.
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: X is CH or N; each R1A is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more R1B; each R1B is independently —OR1C, —N(R1C)2, —C(O)R1C, —C(O)OR1C, —C(O)N(R1C)2, —N(R1C)C(O)OR1C, cyano or halo; each R1C is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of cyano, halo or hydroxyl; each R2C is independently —OR2D, —N(R2D)2, —C(O)R2D, —C(O)OR2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D, cyano, halo, or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more with one or more R2D; each R2D is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl or 2-12-membered heterocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, cyano, halo or hydroxyl; and
m is 0-3.
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
Particular AAK1 inhibitors include those of formula:
In some embodiments, R1A is halo. In others, R1A is —OR1C.
In some embodiments, R1C is optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-6 hydrocarbyl, C1-4 hydrocarbyl).
In some embodiments, R2C is —C(O)R2D, —C(O)N(R2D)2, or —N(R2D)C(O)OR2D. In some, R2C is —C(O)OR2D.
In some embodiments, R2D is independently hydrogen or C1-12 hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-6 hydrocarbyl, C1-4 hydrocarbyl). In others, R2D is optionally substituted C1-12 hydrocarbyl, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, amino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl.
In some embodiments, R2D is an optionally substituted 4-7 membered heterocycle, which optional substitution is with one or more of C1-6 alkyl, amino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl.
In some embodiments, R2D is 3-methyloxetan-3-yl.
Specific AAK1 inhibitors include:
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
A specific AAK1 inhibitor is 3-methyloxetan-3-yl-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is 3-methyloxetan-3-yl-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate. In some embodiments, the 3-methyloxetan-3-yl-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate is in crystalline form. This and other AAK1 inhibitors disclosed herein can be prepared by methods known in the art as well as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,403,832 and 9,682,982.
This invention is directed, in part, to methods of treating, managing and preventing a viral. A particular viral infection is a coronavirus infection.
Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which has other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses (see, Woo et al., Viruses. 2 (8): 1804-1820). They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona from which their name derives.
Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens was shown to be caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In the 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), were isolated.
Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s (see, Kahn et al., The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 24 (11 Suppl): S223-27, discussion S226). The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43 (see, Geller et al., Viruses. 4 (11): 3044-68). Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections (see, Su et al., Trends in Microbiology. 24 (6): 490-502; and Zhu et al., The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 727-733).
In some embodiments of this invention, the subject (e.g., a human patient) is infected by SARS-CoV2. In some embodiments, the subject is infected by HCoV NL63. In some embodiments, the subject is infected by MERS-CoV. In some embodiments, the subject is infected by SARS-CoV. In some embodiments, the subject is infected by CoV-229E. In some embodiments, the subject is infected by CoV-OC43. In some embodiments, the subject is infected by CoV-HKU1.
SARS-Cov-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus strain that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness. At times, it has been referred to by its provisional name “2019 novel coronavirus” (2019-nCoV). SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus (see, Su et al., Trends in Microbiology. 24 (6): 490-502; and Zhu et al., The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 727-733). It is contagious in humans, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has designated the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (see, Almeida et al., Nature. 220 (5168): 650; McIntosh et al., Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology/Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 87; and Kahn et al., The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 24 (11 Suppl): S223-27, discussion S226). The virus is reportedly spread between people through close contact and via respiratory droplets produced from coughs or sneezes and is believed to enter human cells by binding to the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (see, Cui et al., Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 17 (3): 181-92; and Li et al., Science. 309 (5742): 1864-68).
The whole genome sequence of a SARS-CoV-2 strain is represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 (NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_045512.2). As used herein, the term “SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus” refers to a coronavirus with a genome homology of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In some embodiments of this invention, a SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus comprises one or more genes that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the corresponding gene sequence(s) of SARS-CoV-2.
In some embodiments, a SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (an envelope protein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a SARS-CoV-2 envelope gene (SEQ ID NO: 2).
In some embodiments, a SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (a membrane glycoprotein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a SARS-CoV-2 membrane glycoprotein gene (SEQ ID NO: 3).
In some embodiments, a SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (a spike glycoprotein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein gene (SEQ ID NO: 4).
In some embodiments, a SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus is a virus that is positively detected using any known detection method for SARS-CoV-2, for example, a molecular test such as PCR, or a serological test such as an antibody test.
6.3.1. CoV-229E
Human coronavirus 229E (CoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats (see, Lim et al., Diseases. 4 (3): 26). It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor (see, Fehr et al., Springer. 1282: 1-23). Along with Human coronavirus OC43, it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold (see, Susanna et al., J Virology. 2011 November; 85(21): 11325-11337; and Gaunt et al., International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018). The species is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus.
The whole genome sequence of a CoV-229E strain is represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 (NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_002645.1). As used herein, the term “CoV-229E-like coronavirus” refers to a coronavirus with a genome homology of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
In some embodiments of this invention, a CoV-229E-like coronavirus comprises one or more genes that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the corresponding gene sequence(s) of CoV-229E.
In some embodiments, a CoV-229E-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (an envelope protein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a CoV-229E envelope gene (SEQ ID NO: 6).
In some embodiments, a CoV-229E-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (a membrane glycoprotein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a CoV-229E membrane glycoprotein gene (SEQ ID NO: 7).
In some embodiments, a CoV-229E-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (a surface glycoprotein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a CoV-229E surface glycoprotein gene (SEQ ID NO: 8).
In some embodiments, a CoV-229E-like coronavirus is a virus that is positively detected using any known detection method for CoV-229E, for example, a molecular test such as PCR, or a serological test such as an antibody test.
6.3.2. CoV-OC43
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a member of the species Betacoronavirus 1 which infects humans and cattle (see, e.g., Lee, Paul. Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 in Hong Kong (Thesis). The University of Hong Kong Libraries. doi:10.5353/th); the ncbi.nlm.nih.gov website; and Lim et al., Diseases. 4 (3): 26). The infecting coronavirus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid receptor (see, e.g., Li et al., Annual Review of Virology. 3 (1): 237-261).
The whole genome sequence of a CoV-OC43 strain is represented by SEQ ID NO: 9 (NCBI Reference Sequence: AY391777.1). As used herein, the term “CoV-OC43-like coronavirus” refers to a coronavirus with a genome homology of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9
In some embodiments of this invention, a CoV-OC43-like coronavirus comprises one or more genes that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the corresponding gene sequence(s) of CoV-OC43.
In some embodiments, a CoV-OC43-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (an envelope protein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a CoV-OC43 envelope gene (SEQ ID NO: 10).
In some embodiments, a CoV-OC43-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (a membrane glycoprotein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a CoV-OC43 membrane glycoprotein gene (SEQ ID NO: 11).
In some embodiments, a CoV-OC43-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (a spike surface glycoprotein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a CoV-OC43 spike surface glycoprotein gene (SEQ ID NO: 12).
In some embodiments, a CoV-OC43-like coronavirus is a virus that is positively detected using any known detection method for CoV-OC43, for example, a molecular test such as PCR, or a serological test such as an antibody test.
6.3.3. MERS-CoV
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu (see, e.g., Parry et al., Travel alert after eighth camel flu death. The Times), is a viral respiratory infection caused by the MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (see, e.g., Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).WHO website). Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe (see, e.g., Zumla et al., Lancet. 386 (9997): 995-1007, 2015). Typical symptoms include fever, cough, diarrhea, and shortness of breath.[2] The disease is typically more severe in those with other health problems (see, e.g., Zumla et al., Lancet. 386 (9997): 995-1007, 2015; and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).WHO website).
MERS-CoV is a coronavirus believed to be originally from bats. However, humans are typically infected from camels, either during direct contact or indirectly (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).WHO website). Spread between humans typically requires close contact with an infected person. Its spread is uncommon outside of hospitals (Zumla et al., Lancet. 386 (9997): 995-1007, 2015).
The whole genome sequence of a MERS-CoV strain is represented by SEQ ID NO: 13 (NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_019843.3). As used herein, the term “MERS-CoV-like coronavirus” refers to a coronavirus with a genome homology of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
In some embodiments of this invention, a MERS-CoV-like coronavirus comprises one or more genes that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the corresponding gene sequence(s) of MERS-CoV.
In some embodiments, a MERS-CoV-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (an envelope protein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a MERS-CoV envelope gene (SEQ ID NO: 14).
In some embodiments, a MERS-CoV-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (a membrane protein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a MERS-CoV membrane protein gene (SEQ ID NO: 15).
In some embodiments, a MERS-CoV-like coronavirus comprises a gene encoding a structural protein (a spike protein) that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a MERS-CoV spike protein gene (SEQ ID NO: 16).
In some embodiments, a MERS-CoV-like coronavirus is a virus that is positively detected using any known detection method for MERS-CoV, for example, a molecular test such as PCR, rRT-PCR or a serological test such as an antibody test in blood and respiratory samples.
6.3.4. Dengue Virus
This invention also encompasses methods of treating, managing and preventing a dengue virus infection.
Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne, single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus (see, e.g., Rodenhuis-Zybert et al., Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 67 (16): 2773-86, 2010; and WHO (2009). Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control, World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-154787-1). Five serotypes of the virus have been found (see, e.g., Normile D et al., Science. 342 (6157): 415, 2013; and Dwivedi et al., Genomics, proteomics and evolution of Dengue virus. Briefings in functional genomics.16(4): 217-227, 2017), all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease.
Dengue viruses are spread to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species (Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus) mosquito. Dengue is common in more than 100 countries around the world. Forty percent of the world's population, about 3 billion people, live in areas with a risk of dengue. Dengue is often a leading cause of illness in areas with risk.
In some embodiments, the Dengue virus is a Dengue virus 1. In some embodiments, the Dengue virus is a Dengue virus 2. In some embodiments, the Dengue virus is a Dengue virus 3. In some embodiments, the Dengue virus is a Dengue virus 4.
In some embodiments, the Dengue virus is a Dengue virus-like virus. In some embodiments, a Dengue virus-like virus comprises a gene encoding one or more protein that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding the corresponding Dengue virus protein.
6.3.5. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
This invention also encompasses methods of treating, managing and preventing a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), is a partially double-stranded DNA virus (see, e.g., Ryu et al., 2017, Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses. Academic Press. 247-260), a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses. This virus causes the disease hepatitis B (see, e.g., Hassan et al., 2008, Association between hepatitis B virus and pancreatic cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26 (28): 4557-62). Viral infection by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes many hepatocyte changes due to the direct action of a protein encoded by the virus, HBx, and to indirect changes due to a large increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) after infection.
Hepatitis B virus is a member of the Hepadnavirus family (see, e.g., Zuckerman A J (1996). Chapter 70: Hepatitis Viruses. In Baron S; et al. (eds.). Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2). The virus particle, called Dane particle (virion), consists of an outer lipid envelope and an icosahedral nucleocapsid core composed of protein. The nucleocapsid encloses the viral DNA and a DNA polymerase that has reverse transcriptase activity similar to retroviruses. The outer envelope contains embedded proteins which are involved in viral binding of, and entry into, susceptible cells. The virus is one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses with a virion diameter of 42 nm, but pleomorphic forms exist, including filamentous and spherical bodies lacking a core. These particles are not infectious and are composed of the lipid and protein that forms part of the surface of the virion, which is called the surface antigen (HbsAg), and is produced in excess during the life cycle of the virus (see, e.g., Howard C R, 1986, The biology of hepadnaviruses, The Journal of General Virology 67 (7): 1215-35).
In some embodiments, the HBV is a HBV-like virus. In some embodiments, an HBV-like virus comprises a gene encoding one or more protein that is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding the corresponding HBV protein.
Embodiments of the present invention comprise the use of an AAK1 inhibitor described herein and formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents, carriers and/or adjuvants. Some embodiments comprise the use of an AAK1 inhibitor formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances. In particular, an AAK1 inhibitor may be formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents, carriers, and/or adjuvants.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor can be combined with one or more additional agent(s), e.g., anti-cancer agents, antiviral agents, and anti-malarial agents, to prepare a composition of the invention, and the composition can include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents, carriers and/or adjuvants. Any suitable agents known in the art can be used as additional agent(s) described herein. The additional agent can be, for example, a small molecule compound, an oligonucleotide, a DNA, an RNA, a microRNA, a small interfering RNA, a polypeptide, a protein, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the additional agent(s) are inhibitors of one or more steps of the coronavirus life cycle. For example, the additional agent(s) can be viral entry inhibitors, e.g., small molecule fusion inhibitors, peptide analogs, or antibodies. The additional agent(s) can also be, for example, a viral assembly inhibitor or a viral budding inhibitor,
In some embodiments, the additional agent(s) are agent(s) that treat or ameliorate one or more symptoms related to a coronavirus infection, for example. fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, persistent pain in the chest, pressure in the chest, bluish lips or face, tiredness, runny nose, or sore throat.
In some embodiments, the additional agent(s) are agent(s) that treat or ameliorate one or more symptoms of a complication of a coronavirus infection, such as acute respiratory failure, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute liver failure, acute cardiac injury, secondary infection, acute kidney injury, septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or rhabdomylosis.
In some embodiments, the additional agent is a chloroquine phosphate (e.g., hydroxylchloroquine). In some embodiments, the additional agent is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
A wide variety of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are known in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients have been amply described in a variety of publications, including, for example, Gennaro (2000), “Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy”; Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (1999); and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (2000).
The pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as vehicles, adjuvants, carriers or diluents, are readily available to the public. Moreover, pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, stabilizers, wetting agents, and the like, are readily available to the public.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is administered to the subject using any means capable of resulting in the desired effect (e.g., reduction in viral load, reduction in one or more symptoms related to a coronavirus infection, increase in survival of the subject). Thus, the AAK1 inhibitor can be incorporated into a variety of formulations for therapeutic administration. For example, the AAK1 inhibitor can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions by combination with appropriate, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, and may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, and aerosols.
In pharmaceutical dosage forms, the AAK1 inhibitor may be administered in the form of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or a subject active agent may be used alone or in appropriate association, as well as in combination, with other pharmaceutically active compounds. The following methods and excipients are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting.
In some implementations pharmaceutical dosage forms are suitable for oral administration. For oral preparations, the AAK1 inhibitor can be used alone or in combination with appropriate additives to make tablets, powders, granules or capsules, for example, with conventional additives, such as lactose, mannitol, corn starch, or potato starch; with binders, such as crystalline cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acacia, corn starch, or gelatins; with disintegrators, such as corn starch, potato starch, or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; with lubricants, such as talc or magnesium stearate; and if desired, with diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, and flavoring agents.
Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the AAK1 inhibitor can be formulated into preparations for injection by dissolving, suspending, or emulsifying them in an aqueous or nonaqueous solvent, such as vegetable or other similar oils, synthetic aliphatic acid glycerides, esters of higher aliphatic acids, or propylene glycol; and if desired, with conventional additives such as solubilizers, isotonic agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.
Examples of pharmaceutical compositions include a solution, a suspension, a dispersion, a mouthwash, a spray, an orodispersible solid preparation, a chewing gum, a syrup, a candy, a gel, a paste, an eye drop, a capsule, a micro-capsule, a tablet, a mini-tablet, a micro-tablet, a pellet, a multiparticulate, a micronized particulate, a pill, a powder, a granule, a micro-granule, a suppository, a lotion, a ointment, a tincture, or a cream. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in a form of a solution. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in a form of a tablet.
This invention is directed, in part, to methods of treating a virus infection that comprise administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an AAK1 inhibitor disclosed herein. In some embodiments, these include methods of treating infections with coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV), SARS-CoV-2-like coronavirus, human coronavirus 229E (CoV-229E), CoV-229E-like coronavirus, human coronavirus OC43 (CoV-OC43), and CoV-OC43-like coronavirus. In some embodiments, these include methods of treating infection with a Dengue virus such as Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2, Dengue virus 3 and Dengue virus 4. In some embodiments, these include methods of treating infection with an HBV.
Particular methods of treatment or management reduce or prevent an increase in the severity of one or more symptoms of a viral infection. Examples of symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, persistent pain in the chest, pressure in the chest, bluish lips or face, tiredness, runny nose, and sore throat.
This invention also encompasses methods of inhibiting the entry, assembly and/or budding of a coronavirus in a host cell, which comprise contacting the host cell with an AAK1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the host cell is in vitro. In others, it is in vivo. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor blocks the entry of the coronavirus into a host cell. In some embodiments, the entry of the coronavirus into the host cell is by endocytosis. In some embodiments, the endocytosis is dependent on the binding of the coronavirus to a host cell-surface receptor. In some embodiments, the endocytosis is independent from the binding of the coronavirus to a host cell-surface receptor.
Examples of host cells include a respiratory system organ or tissue cell, such as a lung cell (e.g., alveolar cell). A lung cell can be any cell that resides or is related to the lung. In some embodiments, the lung cell is an alveolar epithelial cell. In some embodiments, the alveolar epithelial cell is an AT2 alveolar epithelial cell.
Without being limited by theory, it is believed that in some embodiments of the invention, the AAK1 inhibitor blocks binding of a coronavirus structural protein to a host protein, e.g., a mu-2 subunit of a clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complex. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor competes with the coronavirus structural protein for binding to the host protein. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor competes with the host protein for binding to the coronavirus structural protein. In some embodiments, the coronavirus structural protein is a coronavirus envelope (E) protein. In some embodiments, the coronavirus structural protein is a membrane (M) protein. In some embodiments, the coronavirus structural protein is a spike (S) protein. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor blocks binding of one or more structural protein(s) to a host protein.
In some embodiments, the binding of a coronavirus structural protein to a host protein is inhibited by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or more, compared to the level of binding of a coronavirus structural protein to a host protein in the absence of the AAK1 inhibitor.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor blocks binding of a coronavirus structural protein to a host protein, e.g., a mu-2μμ of a clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complex, e.g. an AP2 complex with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of about 100 μM to 50 μM, about 50 μM to 25 μM, about 25 μM to 10 μM, about 10 μM to 5 μM, about 5 μM to 1 μM, about 1 μM to 500 nM, about 500 nM to 400 nM, about 400 nM to 300 nM, about 300 nM to 250 nM, about 250 nM to 200 nM, about 200 nM to 150 nM, about 150 nM to 100 nM, about 100 nM to 50 nM, about 50 nM to 30 nM, about 30 nM to 25 nM, about 25 nM to 20 nM, about 20 nM to 15 nM, about 15 nM to 10 nM, about 10 nM to 5 nM, or less than about 5 nM.
In some embodiments, the EC50 of the AAK1 inhibitor in treating a viral infection, e.g., a coronavirus infection or a symptom related to a viral infection is about 100 μM to 50 μM, about 50 μM to 25 μM, about 25 μM to 10 μM, about 10 μM to 5 μM, about 5 μM to 1 μM, about 1 μM to 500 nM, about 500 nM to 400 nM, about 400 nM to 300 nM, about 300 nM to 250 nM, about 250 nM to 200 nM, about 200 nM to 150 nM, about 150 nM to 100 nM, about 100 nM to 50 nM, about 50 nM to 30 nM, about 30 nM to 25 nM, about 25 nM to 20 nM, about 20 nM to 15 nM, about 15 nM to 10 nM, about 10 nM to 5 nM, or less than about 5 nM. In some embodiments, the EC50 of the AAK1 inhibitor is about 2.40 μM. In some embodiments, the EC50 of the AAK1 inhibitor is >10 μM.
In some embodiments, the TC50 of the AAK1 inhibitor in treating a viral infection, e.g., a coronavirus infection or a symptom related to a viral infection is about 100 μM to 50 μM, about 50 μM to 25 μM, about 25 μM to 10 μM, about 10 μM to 5 μM, about 5 μM to 1 μM, about 1 μM to 500 nM, about 500 nM to 400 nM, about 400 nM to 300 nM, about 300 nM to 250 nM, about 250 nM to 200 nM, about 200 nM to 150 nM, about 150 nM to 100 nM, about 100 nM to 50 nM, about 50 nM to 30 nM, about 30 nM to 25 nM, about 25 nM to 20 nM, about 20 nM to 15 nM, about 15 nM to 10 nM, about 10 nM to 5 nM, or less than about 5 nM. In some embodiments, the TC50 of the AAK1 inhibitor is about 5.62 μM. In some embodiments, the TC50 of the AAK1 inhibitor is >10 μM.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor inhibits intracellular assembly of the viral particle of the coronavirus. The intracellular assembly of the viral particle can be assessed by any known methods in the art. For example, the intracellular assembly of viral particles can be assessed by microscopy including direct or indirect imaging of the viral particles. The intracellular assembly can also be assessed by, for example, testing the expression level or size of the structural proteins of the viral particles.
In some embodiments, the intracellular assembly of the viral particle is inhibited by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or more, compared to the level of intracellular assembly of the viral particles in the absence of the AAK1 inhibitor.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor inhibits intracellular trafficking of the coronavirus. The intracellular trafficking of the coronavirus can be assessed by any known methods in the art. For example, the intracellular trafficking of the coronavirus viral particles can be assessed by microscopy including direct or indirect imaging of the viral particles.
In some embodiments, the intracellular trafficking of the coronavirus is inhibited by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or more, compared to the level of intracellular trafficking of the coronavirus in the absence of the AAK1 inhibitor.
Methods of detecting and assessing different steps of virus life cycle, such as virus entry, viral particle assembly, intracellular trafficking, and virus budding, as well as assessing the efficacy of therapeutics to block or reduce these parts of the virus life cycle, are known in the art. For example, Ventura et al., PLoS Pathogens 15 (12); Uchil et al., Annual review of virology 6, 501-524; Pi et al., Journal of virology 93 (21), e00930-19; Lu et al., Advances in virus research 105, 239-273; Lu et al., Nature 568 (7752), 415-419; Sewald et al., Science 350 (6260), 563-567; and Munro et al., Science 346 (6210), 759-763 describe microscopic imaging-based techniques for virus life cycle detection.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor described herein inhibits viral replication by at by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or more, compared to the level of coronavirus replication in the absence of the AAK1 inhibitor.
In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor, when contacted with a virus-infected cell (e.g., a coronavirus-infected lung cell), inhibits viral replication in the cell by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or more, compared to the level of viral replication in a viral-infected cell not contacted with the AAK1 inhibitor.
In still yet another embodiment, the AAK1 inhibitor, when contacted with an virus-infected cell (e.g., a coronavirus-infected lung cell), reduces the amount of infectious viral particles produced by the infected cell by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or more, compared to the number of infectious viral particles produced by the cell not contacted with the AAK1 inhibitor.
In yet another embodiment, the AAK1 inhibitor, when administered in one or more doses to a subject (e.g., a human subject) infected with a coronavirus, reduces the viral load in the subject by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or more, compared to the viral load in the subject not administered with the pharmaceutical composition. Methods of detecting and assessing viral load of coronavirus are known in the art and are described, for example, by Zou, et al., N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1177-1179.
6.5.1. Dosages
Embodiments of the AAK1 inhibitor can be administered to a subject in one or more doses. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor can be administered in an amount of about 10 mg to 1000 mg per dose, e.g., about 10 mg to 20 mg, about 20 mg to 25 mg, about 25 mg to 50 mg, about 50 mg to 75 mg, about 75 mg to 100 mg, about 100 mg to 125 mg, about 125 mg to 150 mg, about 150 mg to 175 mg, about 175 mg to 200 mg, about 200 mg to 225 mg, about 225 mg to 250 mg, about 250 mg to 300 mg, about 300 mg to 350 mg, about 350 mg to 400 mg, about 400 mg to 450 mg, about 450 mg to 500 mg, about 500 mg to 750 mg, or about 750 mg to 1000 mg per dose. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is administered to the subject in one or more single dose(s) of about 40 mg. In some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is administered to the subject in one or more single dose(s) of about 200 mg.
In some embodiments, the amount of the AAK1 inhibitor per dose is determined on a per body weight basis. For example, in some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor can be administered in an amount of about 0.5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, e.g., about 0.5 mg/kg to 1 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg to 7 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg to 60 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg to 70 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg to 80 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg to 90 mg/kg, or about 90 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, or more than about 100 mg/kg.
Those of skill will readily appreciate that dose levels can vary as a function of several different factors including, without limitation, the specific AAK1 inhibitor administered, the severity of the symptoms, the age and/or physical size of the subject, and the susceptibility of the subject to side effects. Preferred dosages for a given compound are readily determinable by those of skill in the art by a variety of means.
In some embodiments, multiple doses of the AAK1 inhibitor are administered. The frequency of administration of the AAK1 inhibitor can vary depending on any of a variety of factors, e.g., severity of the symptoms, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is administered once per month, twice per month, three times per month, every other week (qow), once per week (qw), twice per week (biw), three times per week (tiw), four times per week, five times per week, six times per week, every other day (qod), daily (qd), twice a day (qid), or three times a day (tid). As discussed above, in some embodiments, the AAK1 inhibitor is administered continuously.
The duration of administration of the AAK1 inhibitor is administered, can vary, depending on any of a variety of factors known by those skilled in the art (e.g., patient response, route of administration, dosage form). For example, the AAK1 inhibitor can be administered over a period of time of about one day to one week, about two weeks to four weeks, about one month to two months, about two months to four months, about four months to six months, about six months to eight months, about eight months to 1 year, about 1 year to 2 years, or more.
6.5.2. Routes of Administration
Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and compositions for the administration of the AAK1 inhibitor to a patient (e.g., a human) using any available method and route suitable for drug delivery, including in vivo and ex vivo methods, as well as systemic and localized routes of administration.
Routes of administration include oral, intranasal, intramuscular, intratracheal, subcutaneous, intradermal, topical application, intravenous, rectal, nasal, and other enteral and parenteral routes of administration. Routes of administration may be combined, if desired, or adjusted depending upon the agent and/or the desired effect. An active agent can be administered in a single dose or in multiple doses.
Embodiments of the AAK1 inhibitor can be administered to a host using available conventional methods and routes suitable for delivery of conventional drugs, including systemic or localized routes. In general, routes of administration contemplated by the disclosure include, but are not limited to, enteral, parenteral, or inhalational routes.
Parenteral routes of administration other than inhalation administration include, but are not limited to, topical, transdermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, and intravenous routes. Parenteral administration can be conducted to effect systemic or local delivery of the AAK1 inhibitor. Where systemic delivery is desired, administration typically involves invasive or systemically absorbed topical or mucosal administration of pharmaceutical preparations.
The AAK1 inhibitor can also be delivered to the subject by enteral administration. Enteral routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral and rectal delivery.
Methods of administration of the AAK1 inhibitor through the skin or mucosa include, but are not limited to, topical application of a suitable pharmaceutical preparation, transdermal transmission, injection and epidermal administration. For transdermal transmission, absorption promoters or iontophoresis are suitable methods. Iontophoretic transmission may be accomplished using commercially available patches that deliver their product continuously via electric pulses through unbroken skin for periods of several days or more.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered orally, intravenously, subcutaneously, epidurally, intraventricularly, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, or via inhalation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered orally.
6.5.3. Subjects
Subjects suitable for treatment using methods disclosed herein include subjects who are infected, or are at a risk of infection, with a virus disclosed herein.
Subjects suitable for treatment with embodiments of the present invention include treatment failure patients. The term “treatment failure patients” (or “treatment failures”) as used herein generally refers to coronavirus-infected patients who failed to respond to previous therapy for coronavirus (referred to as “non-responders”) or who initially responded to previous therapy, but in whom the therapeutic response was not maintained (referred to as “relapsers”). The previous therapy generally can include treatment with any antiviral agent other than an AAK1 inhibitor of the present disclosure.
Subjects suitable for treatment with embodiments of the present disclosure include individuals who have been clinically diagnosed as infected with a coronavirus infection. Individuals who are infected with a coronavirus can be identified by detecting coronavirus RNA in a specimen from the individual, such as lower respiratory tract specimens, upper respiratory tract specimens (e.g., nasopharyngeal), anterior nares specimen, mid-turbinate specimen, ropharyngeal (OP) specimen, nasal mid-turbinate (NMT) swab, or a saliva specimen, and/or having an anti-coronavirus antibody in their serum.
In some embodiments, the methods described herein further comprise diagnosing the subject of an infection by coronavirus prior to the administration of the pharmaceutical composition. Any suitable diagnosing methods known in the art can be used for the methods described herein. For example, nucleic acid tests such as PCR, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCT), antibody tests such as western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and/or other commercial or non-commercial diagnosis methods can be used in the methods described herein.
Suitable subjects for treatment using the methods described herein include symptomatic patients and asymptomatic patients. Symptomatic patients experience one or more symptoms of a coronavirus infection described herein or known in the art. The symptoms can be from mild to severe. Asymptomatic patient does not experience any symptoms of a coronavirus or experience one or more mild symptoms of a coronavirus. In some embodiments, a symptomatic patient is in need of hospitalization. In some embodiments, an asymptomatic patient does not require hospitalization.
Aspects of particular embodiments of this invention are illuminated by the following examples. The examples describe testing the antiviral activity of at least one compound of the invention as well as compounds already known to have an antiviral effect (e.g., remdesivir).
Alpha coronavirus 229E (CoV-229E) strain was purchased from ATCC (catalog #VR-740) and virus stocks were produced in MRC-5 cells. Inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) and cell viability following alpha coronavirus 229E (CoV-229E) replication in MRC-5 cells were measured by XTT tetrazolium dye. MRC-5 cells (5×103 cells per well) were seeded in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture plates and allowed to adhere overnight. Following overnight incubation with each of the indicated agents, diluted test compounds and virus diluted to a predetermined titer to yield 85% to 95% cell killing at 6 days post-infection were added to the plate. Following incubation at 37° C., 5% CO2 for six days, cell viability was measured by XTT staining. The optical density of the cell culture plate will be determined spectrophotometrically at 450 nm and 650 nm using Softmax Pro 4.6 software. Percent CPE reduction of the virus-infected wells and the percent cell viability of uninfected drug control wells were calculated to determine the EC50 and TC50 values using four parameter curve fit analysis. The relative effectiveness of the investigational product in inhibiting viral replication compared to inducing cell death (TC50 value/EC50 value) is defined as the therapeutic index or selectivity index.
The antiviral effects determined for various other compounds in this experiment are shown in Table 1.
Full-dose antiviral effects were tested using Compound 1 and sunitinib malate. Anti-coronaviral assays were performed against the OC43 strain of seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV). All test-items were provided in a powder form. 30 mM stocks of the solid samples were prepared in 100% DMSO and stored at −20° C.
Huh-7 adherent cells (hepatocellular carcinoma from a 57-year-old Japanese man) were used to evaluate the antiviral activity of the test-items against HCoV-OC43. Test-items were pre-incubated with the target cells for 30 min at 33° C., before adding the virus inoculum to cells to initiate infection. Putative inhibitors were present in the cell culture medium for the duration of the virus adsorption. Then, the viral inoculum was washed away and the test-items were added at the same concentrations utilized during the preincubation with cells. Cells were incubated with test-items for 6 days, at which time a neutral red uptake assay was performed to determine the extent of the virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Prevention of the CPE was used as a surrogate marker to determine the antiviral activity of the test-items.
A cell viability assay was set up in parallel for the same duration of the corresponding infectivity assay. Cell viability was determined by the XTT assay.
Eight concentrations (CPE assay) or nine concentrations (cytotoxicity assay) of the samples were tested in duplicates. 3-fold serial dilutions started at 30 μM (CPE) or 90 μM (cytotoxicity). Test-items were diluted using culture medium containing 0.01% DSMO. When possible, EC50 (antiviral) and CC50 (inhibition of viability) values of the test-items were determined using GraphPad Prism software.
To evaluate antiviral activity against HCoV (OC43 strain), a CPE-based antiviral assay was performed by infecting Huh-7 cells in the presence or absence of test-items. Infection of cells leads to cytopathic effects and cell death. In this assay, reduction of CPE in the presence of inhibitors was used as a surrogate marker to determine the antiviral activity of the tested items. Cell viability was determined using the neutral red uptake assay.
Huh-7 cells were maintained in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), hereby called DMEM10. Cells were seeded at 12,500 cells per well in 96-well clear flat bottom plates and maintained in DMEM10 at 33° C. for 24 hours. The day of infection, samples were diluted 3-fold in U-bottom plates using DMEM with 2% FBS, hereby called DMEM2. Test-item dilutions were prepared at 1.25× the final concentration and 40 μL were incubated with the target cells at 33° C. for 30 minutes. Following the test-material pre-incubation, 10 μL of virus prepared in DMEM2 was added to each well, and plates were incubated at 33° C. in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 for 2 hours. After this period, viral inoculum was removed and cells were incubated for 6 days at 33° C. in DMEM2 containing the same concentrations of test-items utilized in the virus adsorption stage. All dilutions for test-items, control inhibitors, mock, and vehicle samples were diluted in DMEM2 containing 0.01% DMSO.
Test-items were evaluated in duplicates using serial 3-fold dilutions. Controls included cells incubated with no virus (“mock-infected”), infected cells incubated with DMEM2 alone (vehicle control+0.01% DMSO), and wells without cells (to determine background). Some wells were treated with 5 μM chloroquine (CQ), an immunosuppressant and anti-malarial with broad antiviral activity against coronaviruses. After 6 days of infection, cells were processed to monitor cell viability with the neutral red (NR) uptake assay.
The virus-induced CPE was monitored under the microscope after 4 and 5 days of infection and at day 6 cells were stained with neutral red to monitor cell viability. Viable cells incorporate neutral red in their lysosomes. The uptake relies on the ability of live cells to maintain the pH inside the lysosomes lower than in the cytoplasm. This process requires ATP. Inside the lysosome the dye becomes charged and is retained there. After a 3 h incubation with neutral red (0.033%) the extra dye was washed and the neutral red taken by lysosomes was then extracted for 15 minutes with a solution containing 50% ethanol and 1% acetic acid to monitor absorbance at 490 nm.
The average signal (absorbance at 490 nm) obtained in wells with no cells was subtracted from all samples. Then, the average NR uptake observed in infected cells (in the absence of vehicle) was calculated and then subtracted from all samples to determine the inhibition of the virus induced CPE. Data points were then normalized to the average signal observed in the mock (uninfected cells) after subtraction of the absorbance signal observed in infected cells. With this method, uninfected cells remained viable and take up NR at high levels. In the absence of antiviral agents the virus-induced CPE kills infected cells, resulting in low uptake of NR by the cell culture (0% inhibition). By contrast, incubation with the antiviral agent CQ prevents the virus induced CPE and leads to higher uptake of NR, similar to that observed in uninfected cells when 100% inhibition of the virus replication is accomplished.
The test-items evaluated (sunitinib and Compound 1) partially prevented the virus induced cytopathic effect (20 to 30% inhibition) when tested at 3.3 μM or 10 μM. The antiviral effect disappeared at 30 μM, likely due to the compound-induced toxicity observed with these molecules at such concentration. By comparison, chloroquine (CQ) tested at 5 μM prevented most of the virus-induced CPE, and cell viability levels remained at about 88% of those observed in uninfected cells (“mock”). Table 2 summarizes the antiviral and compound-induced-cytotoxicity activities (EC50 and CC50 values) of the test-items.
#C.V. for the assays was calculated as the average of C.V. values determined for all data points displaying Neutral Red uptake of 50% or greater as compared to the signal in uninfected cells.
Selectivity indices were not determined since no antiviral activity displaying 50% inhibition or greater was observed at any of the concentrations tested. Signal-to-background ratios (S/B), and average coefficients of variation (C.V.) of duplicate data-points for which 50% or greater uptake of Neutral Red was observed, as compared to uptake in uninfected cells (CPE assay). When inhibition of OC43, or cell viability (CC50) did not reach 50% at the highest concentration tested, the EC50 or CC50 values are shown as greater than the highest concentration tested.
Quality controls for the infectivity assays were performed on every plate to determine: i) signal to background (S/B) values; ii) inhibition by a known inhibitor of coronavirus (CPE assay) or a known cytotoxic agent (cell viability assay), and iii) variation of the assay, as measured by the coefficient of variation (C.V.) of all data points. All controls worked as anticipated for each assay. Chloroquine (CQ), a known inhibitor of coronaviruses, including HCoV-OC43, potently prevented the virus-induced CPE in the 6-day assay. The viability control used in the XTT assays (emetine) inhibited cell viability by more than 90%.
Overall variation of duplicates in the antiviral assay was 1.2% and overall variation in the viability assays was 2.9%. The signal-to-background (S/B) for this assay was 7-fold, determined as comparing the uptake in uninfected cells with that observed in cells challenged with OC43 in the presence of vehicle alone. Signal-to-background (S/B) for the viability assays was 15.
In the viability assay (XTT) to assess compound-induced cytotoxicity, uninfected cells were incubated with seven concentrations of test-items or control inhibitors dilutions. The incubation temperature and duration of the incubation period mirrored the conditions of the prevention of CPE assay. Cell viability was evaluated with the XTT method. The tetrazolium salt (XTT) is cleaved to an orange formazan dye throughout a reaction that occurs only in viable cells with active mitochondria. The formazan dye is directly quantified using a scanning multi-well spectrophotometer. Background levels obtained from wells with no cells were subtracted from all data-points. The extent of viability was monitored by measuring absorbance at 490 nm.
Quality control and analysis of cytotoxicity data. The average signal obtained in wells with no cells was subtracted from all samples. Readout values were given as a percentage of the average signal observed in uninfected cells treated with vehicle alone (tissue culture media). Controls also included vehicle alone containing 0.1% DMSO. The signal-to-background (S/B) obtained was 15. Emetine was used as a cytotoxic compound control in all viability assays. Emetine blocked cell viability by more than 90% when tested at 5 μM.
Raw values in Table 3 represent absorbance measured at 490 nm to determine the extent of uptake of neutral red. Infected cells develop extensive CPE after six days of infection and displayed significantly reduced staining with neutral red. A490 values are shown for each test condition. All samples were infected except those indicated as “mock”. Samples shown as vehicle were infected in the presence of DMEM2. Samples treated with Chloroquine (CQ) are also shown. Concentrations are shown in μM.
The data in Table 4 and
Huh-7 cells were incubated for 6 days in the presence of different concentrations of test-items, or with vehicle alone (medium only). For each data point in Table 5, the individual raw data is shown (absorbance values at 490 nm). Table 6 shows raw data values for the control samples, including “no cells” control (background), medium alone (0.01% DMSO), or in the presence of 0.1% DMSO), and the positive control with the cytotoxic agent emetine (1 μM or 5 μM).
Values in Table 7 indicate the percent viability remaining after a 6-day treatment with test-items. Values are shown as percentage of the viability observed in samples incubated with vehicle alone (medium only). Background levels observed in wells with no cells were subtracted from all data-points. Data represents the mean and standard deviation of duplicates. Table 8 shows the percentage viability observed with several controls, including medium alone (0.01% DSMO), or in the presence of 0.1% DMSO, and the positive control with the cytotoxic agent emetine (1 μM or 5 μM).
By selecting an appropriate concentration of virus (one that causes infection in appropriate cell line) this study assessed the virustatic or virucidal properties of titrated test items.
H292 cells (NCI-H292) were seeded into 96 well plates for assessment of efficacy against HCoV-OC43 (Betacoronavirus 1, ATCC© VR-1558™). Media was removed and each test item serially diluted (8-point, 3-fold dose titration) and added to all experimental wells, plates were incubated for 30 minutes with each test item alone. After 30 minutes, virus was added at a single concentration (100× median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)). One hour following infection, overlay media was added to the wells for the duration of the study. Vehicle and positive control wells were set up to control for any influence on cell viability. Cells were visually inspected daily for the appearance of any CPE. Assay duration was 6 days.
CC50 (half maximal cytotoxic concentration) was also determined in the same manner and plates developed to show any cytotoxic effect of the compounds on cells in the absence of viral infection.
For each virus and compound combination determine the EC50 values using the MTT colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and calculating the EC50. For each cell line determine the toxicity of each compound on cells using the MTT colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and calculating the CC50 value.
HCoV-OC43 was used to infect the NCI-H292 cell line. Cells were grown to sufficient numbers in growth media with supplements. Once cells were confluent, they were seeded into 96 well flat-bottomed plates. When cells reached 90% confluency, media was removed and virus, serially diluted 1:10, was added to all experimental wells. One hour following infection, virus was removed and overlay media was added to the wells for the duration of the study. Vehicle and positive control wells were set up to control for any influence on cell viability. Cells were visually inspected daily for the appearance of any CPE (cytopathic effect apparent from rounding of cells showing infection leading to death of cell and plaques).
For HCoV-OC43, CPE was visually assessed in each well for the presence of viral infection and the TCID50 value calculated according to the method described by Reed and Muench (see, Reed et al., A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 27 Issue 3.1938).
The stock of HCoV-OC43 was determined to have a TCID50 value sufficiently high to be used in efficacy studies (>1×104 TCID50/ml). Specifically, the TCID50 of HCoV-OC43 on H292 cells was 4×105 (TCID50/ml).
In this experiment, H292 cells were permissible to infection by HCoV-OC43 with cytopathic effects visible in the infected control cells. Good antiviral activity was observed against the β-coronavirus OC43 with all test items. As shown in
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Each of the references disclosed herein is incorporated herein in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9403832 | Bi et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9682982 | Bi et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 9902722 | Luo et al. | Feb 2018 | B2 |
| 20220054465 | Wu et al. | Feb 2022 | A1 |
| 20220096481 | Gopinathan et al. | Mar 2022 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 2015142714 | Sep 2015 | WO |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220096481 A1 | Mar 2022 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63013416 | Apr 2020 | US |
