Pyridinylurea N-oxide compounds and agricultural uses

TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention concerns certain pyridinylurea N-oxides and their use in agriculture.
Representative of research efforts in the field are the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,063,928 (substituted pyridinyloxy(thio)phenyl acetamides, ureas and urea derivatives), 4,193,788 (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)ureas, 4,279,639 (N-(2-substituted-4-pyridylureas), 4,308,054 (other pyridyl ureas), 3,293,257 and 3,330,641 (pyridyl ureas), and 3,469,965 (urea derivatives).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The compounds of the invention are pyridinylurea N-oxides of the formula (I): ##STR2## and acid addition salts thereof; wherein R is cycloalkyl, alkenyl, or an alkyl group optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, dialkylamino or phenyl; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or alkyl; R and R.sup.1 together with the nitrogen atom of the NRR.sup.1 group optionally define a non-aromatic heterocycle containing 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms; each X independently is halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, 2-pyridinyl, alkylthio or alkylsulfonyl; A is 1 to 4; and wherein the NHCONRR.sup.1 group is bonded to the pyridinyl ring in the 3- or 4-position.
The compounds have utility in agriculture including plant regulatory activity in terms of one or more of stunting, dessication, axillary growth stimulation, nastic response, growth stimulation, defoliation, intumescence, negative root geotropism, darker green basal leaves, leaf alteration and retardation of senescence.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In formula I, the carbon chains in R, R.sup.1 and X may be straight or branched and except for alkenyl and cycloalkyl may contain 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The preferred carbon range is 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for all groups other than alkenyl and cycloalkyl, from the standpoint of ease of synthesis. The alkenyl and cycloalkyl groups may each contain 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Typical alkenyl groups are propenyl and butenyl. "Halogen" means chloro, bromo, fluoro and iodo, preferably in that order. The haloalkyl of the R and X groups may contain more than one halogen atom, either the same halogen or mixed halogens such as di- or trifluoromethyl, di- or trichloromethyl, and the like. N-heterocycles defined by NRR.sup.1 are non-aromatic groups which nevertheless may contain some unsaturation, such as pyrrolidinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl and piperidinyl.
When X in formula I is halogen, such as chloro, and the NHCONRR.sup.1 group is in the 4-position on the pyridinyl ring, plant regulator activity of the compounds is greater if the halogen is in the 2- and/or 6-positions on the pyridinyl ring. Similarly, when the NHCONRR.sup.1 group is in the 3-position on the pyridinyl ring, plant regulator activity is greater if the halogen is in one or both of the 4- and 5-positions. Preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein R is propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl (straight or branched), cyclopentyl or 2-chloroethyl, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, X is 2-chloro or 2-bromo and the urea group is in the 4-position on the pyridinyl ring.
The acid addition salts of the compounds of formula I include organic and inorganic salts such as the hydrochlorides, sulfates, phosphates, citrates and tartrates. Preferably, but not necessarily, the salts are water soluble or water dispersible.
The compounds of formula I wherein R is other than cycloalkyl are prepared in a generally known manner by oxidizing pyridine to the N-oxide with hydrogen peroxide, nitrating with a mixture of fuming sulfuric and nitric acids, reducing the nitro group to amino by hyrogenation over palladium on carbon, and coupling with an isocyanate (R--NCO). For preparation of compounds of formula I wherein R is alkyl or cycloalkyl and/or R.sup.1 is alkyl, the amino intermediate is reacted with phenyl chloroformate to form a phenyl N-(pyridinyl-N oxide)carbamate intermediate which is then reacted with an alkyl amine (mono or di) or a cycloalkyl amine to form the corresponding monoalkyl, dialkyl or cycloalkyl product. Alternatively, an aminopyridine intermediate is prepared from the corresponding ester via the Curtius reaction. The aminopyridine is then reacted with an appropriate isocyanate (R--NCO) to form the pyridinyl urea. The pyridinyl urea is oxidized to the N-oxide product by reaction with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The reactions are conducted in appropriate organic solvents with appropriate pressure and temperature controls. The work-up and isolation procedures are conventional.
Further details of synthesis are given in the representative examples below. Table I (appended lists the compounds of the examples and provides characterizing data for the synthesis examples and other compounds of the invention. In compound 36 of Table I, A is 2. In all other compounds of Table I, A is 1.

EXAMPLE 1
Synthesis of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea
(Compound No. 7)
Step A
2-Chloropyridine-N oxide
A stirred solution of 1656 grams (14.6 moles) of 2-chloropyridine in 4.3 liters of glacial acetic acid was warmed to 50.degree. C. and 1.5 liters of 30% hydrogen peroxide was added dropwise. Upon completion of addition the reaction mixture was stirred at 50.degree. C. for 45 hours during which 30% hydrogen peroxide, 500 ml at a time, was added at 5 hours, 16 hours, and 22 hours into the stirring time. The reaction mixture was concentrated to one-half volume, diluted with 5 liters of water, and again concentrated to one-half volume. The mixture was made basic with 1000 grams of sodium carbonate, and excess hydrogen peroxide was decomposed by the addition of 400 grams of sodium bisulfite. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to a residual solid. The solid was extracted with two five-liter portions of chloroform. The combined extracts were dried with magnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 1335 grams of 2-chloropyridine-N oxide; m.p. 66.degree.-69.degree. C.
Step B
2-Chloro-4-nitropyidine-N oxide
With stirring, 1.5 liters of concentrated sulfuric acid was cooled to 20.degree. C. and 1058 grams (6.06 moles) of 2-chloropyridine-N oxide was added portionwise during a 5 hour period. The reaction mixture temperature was maintained at 5.degree.-10.degree. C. and 590 ml of 90% nitric acid was added dropwise. Upon completion of addition the reaction mixture was heated to 80.degree. C. and the source of heat was removed. The exothermic reaction caused the reaction mixture temperature to rise to 115.degree. C. During a one hour period the reaction mixture temperature fell from 115.degree. C. to 100.degree. C., where it was maintained for four hours with an external heat source. The reaction mixture was cooled then poured into 12 liters of ice. The resultant solid was collected by filtration and washed three times by suspension in three one-liter portions of water. The solid was dried to yield 725 grams of 2-chloro-4-nitropyridine-N oxide. The mother liquor and washes were combined and extracted with four one-liter portions of chloroform. The combined extracts were dried with potassium carbonate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under under reduced pressure to a residual solid. The solid was triturated in 65 ml of 2-propanol to yield an additional 94.2 grams of 2-chloro-4-nitropyridine-N oxide.
Step C
4-Amino-2-chloropyridine
A stirred solution of 696 grams (3.99 moles) of 2-chloro-4-nitropyridine-N oxide, 700 ml of acetic acid, 700 ml of n-butyl ether, and 5.6 liters of water was cooled to 0.degree.-5.degree. C. and 1400 grams (25.1 mole) of iron was added in one portion. Upon completion of addition the reaction mixture temperature rose to 90.degree. C. during a 30 minute period despite efforts to cool the reaction mixture with an ice bath. The increase in temperature was accompanied by foaming. After the foaming subsided and the reaction mixture temperature began to fall, the ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture stirred without cooling for one hour. The reaction mixture was cooled and made basic with a solution of 1400 grams of potassium hydroxide in 1.4 liters of water. The thick slurry was filtered through diatomaceous earth, and 100 grams of solid potassium hydroxide was added to the filtrate. The filtrate was extracted with one liter of diethyl ether. The filter cake was suspended in three liters of hot ethanol and filtered. The procedure was repeated twice more using two two-liter portions of hot ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to a solid residue. The solid was dissolved in two liters of diethyl ether and the solution diluted with 2.5 liters of petroleum ether. The resultant solid was collected by filtration and dried to yield 419.6 grams of 4-amino-2-chloropyridine; m.p. 93.degree.-95.degree. C.
Step D
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea
A solution of 2.6 grams (0.0203 mole) of 4-amino-2-chloropyridine, 0.53 gram of (0.005 mole) 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and 3.9 ml (0.0305 mole) of (1-methylethyl) isocyanate in 20 ml of dry dimethylformamide was stirred at ambient temperature for five days. The dimethylformamide was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in 20 ml of ethanol and this was removed under reduced pressure. The procedure was repeated a second time using an additional 20 ml of ethanol. The residual oil was dried under reduced pressure at ambient temperature for 16 hours, then under reduced pressure at 60.degree. C. for one hour. The resultant solid was triturated in hot water. The mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature then placed in a refrigerator where it stood for 60 hours. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried under reduced pressure for three hours at 40.degree.-50.degree. C. The yield of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea was 4.1 grams, m.p. 142.degree.-146.5.degree. C. The nmr spectrum was consistent with the proposed structure.
Step E
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea
A solution of 1.2 grams (0.0055 mole) of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea, 2.0 grams (0.01 mole) of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in 45 ml of methylene chloride and 100 ml of diethyl ether was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 hours, then at 40.degree. C. for an additional 24 hours. A solid precipitate was collected by filtration. The solid was analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and was found to be a mixture of product and starting material. The solid was dissolved in 250 ml of methylene chloride and a small amount of methanol. The solution was evaporated onto 25 ml of silica gel. Upon completion of evaporation the silica gel-solid combination was dried under reduced pressure at 40.degree. C. for three hours. The silica gel-solid combination was placed on a column of 200 ml of silica gel. The column was eluted with 500 ml of diethyl ether to remove excess m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, then with one liter of 10% methanol-methylene chloride, followed by 500 ml of 15% methanol-methylene chloride to separate the product from its impurities. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 0.82 gram of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea, m.p. 170.degree. C., dec. The nmr spectrum was consistent with the proposed structure.
EXAMPLE 2
Synthesis of N-(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridinyl-N oxide) N'-(1-methylethyl)urea
(Compound No. 36)
Step A
Methyl (2,6-dichloropyridine-N oxide)-4-carboxylate
A stirred solution of 25.0 grams (0.12 mole) of methyl (2,6-dichloropyridine)-4-carboxylate in 250 ml of trifluoroacetic acid was warmed to 76.degree. C. and 8 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and an additional 6 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide was added, followed by five more aliquots of 6 ml each of 30% hydrogen peroxide during a four hour period. Upon completion of addition the heating of the reaction mixture at 76.degree. C. was continued for 3.5 hours, then it was allowed to cool to ambient temperature where it stood for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to a residue. The residue was slurried in water and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to a residue. The residue was recrystallized from acetone to yield 19 grams of methyl (2,6-dichloropyridine-N oxide)-4-carboxylate as a solid. The nmr spectrum was consistent with the proposed structure.
Step B
(1,1-Dimethylethyl) N-(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)carbamate
This compound was prepared from methyl (2,6-dichloropyridine-N oxide)-4-carboxylate via a Curtius reaction, analogous to that described by M. T. Garcia-Lopez et al., J. Het. Chem., 19, 233, 1982.
Step C
4-Amino-2,6-dichloropyridine-N oxide
A solution of 2.3 grams (0.008 mole) of (1,1-dimethylethyl) N-(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)carbamate in 5 ml of trifluoroacetic acid was stirred at ambient temperature for one hour. The excess trifluoroacetic acid was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in toluene and the mixture concentrated under reduced pressure to a residue. The procedure was repeated using a second aliquot of toluene. The residue was taken up in toluene a third time and stirred with 2-3 ml of aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was filtered to collect, when dried, 0.9 gram of 4-amino-2,6-dichloropyridine-N oxide as a solid. The nmr spectrum was consistent with the proposed structure.
Step D
N-(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea
This compound was prepared in the manner of Example 1, Step D, using 0.9 gram (0.005 mole) of 4-amino-2,6-dichloropyridine-N oxide, 0.2 gram (0.002 mole) of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and 0.6 ml (0.006 mole) of (1-methylethyl) isocyanate in 4 ml of dry dimethylformamide. The yield of N-(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea was 0.7 gram; m.p. 208.degree.-210.degree. C., dec. The nmr spectrum was consistent with the proposed structure.
EXAMPLE 3
Synthesis of N-(2-methylthio-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea
(Compound No. 41)
To a stirred solution of 3.3 grams (0.0144 mole) of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea (prepared as in Example 1) in 20 ml of dimethylformamide was added, in one portion, 2.5 grams (0.0359 mole) of sodium methanethiolate. The reaction mixture was warmed to 50.degree.-55.degree. C. where it stirred for one day. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue dried under reduced pressure at 60.degree. C. The residue was dissolved in a minimum of 10% methanolmethylene chloride and placed on a column of silica gel. Elution was accomplished with 5% and 15% methanol-methylene chloride. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 2.3 grams of N-(2-methylthio-4-pyridinyl-N oxide)-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea; m.p. 222.degree.-224.degree. C. The nmr spectrum was consistent with the proposed structure.
EXAMPLE 4
Synthesis of N-[2-(2-pyridinyl)-4-pyridinyl-N oxide]N'-(1-methylethyl)urea
(Compound No. 45)
Step A
2 -(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide
A solution of 25.0 grams (0.160 mole) of 2,2'-bipyridine and 33.1 grams (0.163 mole) of 85% pure m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in 500 ml of methylene chloride was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. TLC analysis of the reaction mixture indicated it to be a mixture of starting materials, the mono- and the di-oxides. One-third of the reaction mixture was placed on a column of silica gel. The column was eluted with diethyl ether to collect starting materials, and with 10% methanol-methylene chloride to collect the mono-oxide. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 8.0 grams of 2-(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide, as an oil which solidified on standing. The remaining two-thirds of the reaction mixture was subjected to column chromatography as described above to yield an additional 13.9 grams of 2-(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide. The nmr spectra were consistent with the proposed structure.
Step B
4-Nitro-2-(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide
This compound was prepared in the manner of Example 1, Step B using 13.7 grams (0.080 mole) of 2-(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide, 85 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, and 60 ml of concentrated fuming nitric acid. The yield of 4-nitro-2-(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide was 10.5 grams; m.p. 178.degree.-183.degree. C. The nmr spectrum was consistent with the proposed structure.
Step C
4-Amino-2-(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide
A suspension of 2.6 grams (0.012 mole) of 4-nitro-2-(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide and 0.42 gram of 10% palladium on charcoal in 10 ml of water and 200 ml of ethanol was hydrogenated using a Parr hydrogenator. Upon completion of hydrogenation the reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen gas for one hour, then concentrated under reduced pressure to a residual solid. The solid was triturated with 200 ml of water. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake washed with water. The combined filtrate and wash were concentrated under reduced pressure to a residue. The residue was taken up in 30 ml of ethanol and concentrated under reduced pressure. This procedure was repeated three additional times to remove residual water. The residue was dried under reduced pressure at 60.degree. C. to yield 1.9 grams of 4-amino-2-(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide as a solid. The nmr spectrum was consistent with the proposed structure.
Step D
N-[2-(2-pyridinyl)-4-pyridinyl-N oxide]N'-(1-methylethyl)urea
This compound was prepared in the manner of Example 1, Step D, using 0.9 gram (0.0048 mole) of 4-amino-2-(2-pyridinyl)pyridine-N oxide, 0.28 gram (0.002 mole) of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), 1.0 ml (0.010 mole) of (1-methyethyl) isocyanate in 20 ml of dimethylformamide. The yield of N-[2-(2-pyridinyl)-4-pyridinyl-N oxide]-N'-(1-methylethyl)urea was 0.5 gram; m.p. 100.degree. C. The nmr spectrum was consistent with the proposed structure.
Plant Regulator Utility
Plant growth regulators are used to modify plants by changing the rate or pattern, or both, of their response to internal and external factors that govern all stages of development from germination through vegatative growth, reproductive development, maturity and senescence. In addition, harvest aids, ripening agents, and chemicals for post-harvest preservation may be considered plant regulators. Plant regulators may be applied directly to a plant or to the soil in the vicinity of the plant to alter its life processes or morphological structure in some beneficial way, for example to enhance yield, improve quality, facilitate harvesting or otherwise advantageously modify growth and development. Such beneficial effects may include, but are not limited to, root initiation; set, development, ripening and abscission of fruits; plant size and shape; suppression of lodging; control of axillary buds and lateral shoots; metabolism regulation, including senscence; breaking or enforcing dormancy in seeds, buds, and storage organs; promotion or delay of flowering; defoliation; desiccation; and growth promotion under stress. Sometimes the same compound can both inhibit and promote growth, depending upon the rate of application.
The pyridinylurea N-oxides of the invention exhibit various forms of plant regulator activity when tested in vitro and in whole plant assays as described more particularly hereinbelow. Briefly, such activity is apparent in preemergence and post-emergence plant response screens on a variety of plants, particularly soybean and cotton, where morphological responses include stunting, axillary growth stimulation, nastic response, defoliation, darker green basal leaves, and some herbicidal activity. In antisenescence assays, compounds of the invention cause retention of chlorophyll in excised wheat leaves and in soybean leaves and pods, while reducing abscission, thus indicating ability to retard senescence.
The plant regulators of this invention are effectively employed as plant regulators in a number of broad-leafed and grain crops, for example, soybean, lima bean, wheat, rice, corn, sorghum, and cotton, and turf grasses.
The plant regulator compounds, like most agricultural chemicals, are generally not applied full strength, but are formulated with agriculturally acceptable carriers or extenders (diluents) normally employed for facilitating the dispersion of active ingredients and various additives, and optionally with other active ingredients, recognizing that the formulation and mode of application of the active component may affect the activity of the material. The present compounds may be applied, for example, as powders or liquids, the choice of application varying with the plant species and environmental factors present at the particular locus of application. Thus, the compounds may be formulated as emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, flowable formulations, solutions, dispersions, suspensions and the like.
A typical formulation may vary widely in concentration of the active ingredient depending on the particular agent used, the additives and carriers used, other active ingredients, and the desired mode of application. With due consideration of these factors, the active ingredient of a typical formulation may, for example, be suitably present at a concentration of from about 0.5% up to about 99.5% by weight of the formulation. Substantially inactive ingredients such as adjuvants, diluents, and carriers may comprise from about 99.5% by weight to as low as about 0.5% by weight of the formulation. Surface active agents, if employed in the formulation, may be present at various concentrations, suitably in the range of 1 to 30% by weight. Provided below is a general description of representative formulations which may be employed for dispersion of the plant regulators of the present invention.
Emulsifiable concentrates (EC's) are homogeneous liquid compositions, usually containing the active ingredient dissolved in a liquid carrier. Commonly used liquid carriers include xylene, heavy aromatic naphthas, isophorone, and other nonvolatile or slightly volatile organic solvents. For application, these concentrates are dispersed in water, or other liquid vehicle, forming an emulsion, and are normally applied as a spray to the area to be treated. The concentration of the essential active ingredient in EC's may vary according to the manner in which the composition is to be applied, but, in general, is in the range of 0.5 to 95%, frequently 10 to 80%, by weight of active ingredient, with the remaining 99.5% to 5% being surfactant and liquid carrier.
The following are specific examples of emulsifiable concentrate formulations suitable for use in the present invention:
______________________________________Formulation 1: % by Wt.______________________________________Active ingredient 53.01Blend of alkylbenzenesulfonate salt 6.00and polyoxyethylene ethersEpoxidized soybean oil 1.00Xylene 39.99Total 100.00______________________________________
______________________________________Formulation 2:______________________________________Active ingredient 10.00Blend of alkylbenzenesulfonate salt 4.00and polyoxyethylene ethersXylene 86.00Total 100.00______________________________________
Wettable powders are in the form of finely divided particles which disperse readily in water or other liquid vehicles. The wettable powder is ultimately applied to the plant as a dry dust or a dispersion in water or other liquid. Typical carriers for wettable powders include fuller's earth, kaolin clays, silicas, and other highly absorbent or adsorbent inorganic diluents. The concentration of active ingredient in wettable powders is dependent upon physical properties of the active ingredient and the absorbency characteristics of the carrier. Liquids and low melting solids (mp<100.degree. C.) are suitably formulated in the concentration range of 5 to 50% by weight, usually from 10 to 30%; high melting solids (mp>100.degree. C.) being formulated in the range of 5 to 95% by weight, usually 50 to 85%. An agriculturally acceptable carrier or diluent, frequently including a small amount of a surfactant to facilitate wetting, dispersion and suspension, accounts for the balance of the formulation.
The following are specific examples of wettable powder formulations suitable for use in the present invention:
______________________________________Formulation 3: % by Wt.______________________________________Active ingredient 25.00Base: 75.002% Sodium ligninsulfonate2% Sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate96% Attapulgite clayTotal 100.00______________________________________
______________________________________Formulation 4:______________________________________Active ingredient 90.00Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate 0.10Synthetic fine silica 9.90Total 100.00______________________________________
______________________________________Formulation 5:______________________________________Active ingredient 20.00Sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate 1.00Sodium ligninsulfonate 4.00Attapulgite clay 75.00Total 100.00______________________________________
______________________________________Formulation 6: % by Wt.______________________________________Active ingredient 25.00Base: 75.0096% hydrated aluminum magnesium silicate2% powdered sodium ligninsulfonate2% powdered anionic sodium alkyl-naphthalenesulfonateTotal 100.00______________________________________
Flowable formulations are similar to EC's except that the active ingredient is suspended in a liquid carrier, generally water. Flowables, like EC's , may include a small amount of a surfactant, and contain active ingredient in the range of 0.5 to 95%, frequently from 10 to 50%, by weight of the composition. For application, flowables may be diluted in water or other liquid vehicle, and are normally applied as a spray to the area to be treated.
The following are specific examples of flowable formulations suitable for use in the present invention:
______________________________________Formulation 7: % by Wt.______________________________________Active ingredient 46.00Colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate 0.40Sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate 2.00Paraformaldehyde 0.10Water 41.42Propylene glycol 7.50Acetylinic alcohols 2.50Xanthan gum 0.08Total 100.00______________________________________
______________________________________Formulation 8: % by Wt.______________________________________Active ingredient 45.00Water 48.50Purified smectite clay 2.00Xanthan gum 0.50Sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate 1.00Acetylinic alcohols 3.00Total 100.00______________________________________
Typical wetting, dispersing or emulsifying agents used in agricultural formulations include, but are not limited to, the alkyl and alkylaryl sulfonates and sulfates and their sodium salts; alkylaryl polyether alcohols; sulfated higher alcohols; polyethylene oxides; sulfonated animal and vegetable oils, sulfonated petroleum oils; fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols and the ethylene oxide addition products of such esters; and the addition product of long-chain mercaptans and ethylene oxide. Many other types of useful surface-active agents are available in commerce. The surface-active agent, when used, normally comprises from 1 to 15% by weight of the composition.
Other useful formulations include simple solutions or suspensions of the active ingredient in a relatively non-volatile solvent such as water, corn oil, kerosene, propylene glycol, or other suitable solvents. This type of formulation is particularly useful for ultra low volume application.
The following illustrate specific suspensions which are suitable for use in the present invention:
______________________________________Formulation 9-Oil Suspension: % by Wt.______________________________________Active ingredient 5.42Emulsifier A 5.00Emulsifier B 5.00Suspending agent 5.00Carrier-diluent 79.58Total 100.00______________________________________
In formulation 9 Emulsifier A is the anionic free acid of a complex organic ester sold under the trademark and designation "GAFAC RE-410." Emulsifier B is a formulated nonionic concentrate sold under the trademark and designation "FloMo 200-4." The suspending agent is a bentonite clay sold under the trademark and designation "Bentone 34." The carrier-diluent is a mineral oil of viscosity 60 SUS sold under the trademrk and designation "Sunspray 6N Oil."
______________________________________Formulation 10-Aqueous Suspension % by Wt.______________________________________Active ingredient 4.92Antimicrobial agent 0.05Foam suppressant 0.10Surfactant C 2.60Surfactant D 0.40Thickener 0.35Suspending agent 0.45Propylene glycol 6.00Water 85.13Total 100.00______________________________________
The anitmicrobial agent is sodium o-phenylphenate tetrahydrate sold under the trademark and designation "Dowacide A". The foam suppressant is a water dilutable silicone emulsion sold under the trademark and designation "Dow Corning AF". Surfactant C is a nonionic paste of a condensate of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by condensing propylene oxide with propylene glycol, sold under the trademark and designation "Pluronic P-84." Surfactant D is an anionic liquid comprising the sodium salt of a complex organic phosphate ester, sold under the trademark and designation "GAFAC LO-529." The thickener is a xantham gum sold under the trademark and designation "Kelzan-M". The suspending agent is a colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate sold under the trademark and designation "Veegum."
The concentration of the compound in use dilution is normally in the range of about 2% to about 0.1%. Many variations of spraying and dusting compositions in the art may be used by substituting or adding a compound of this invention into compositions known or apparent to the art.
The compositions may be formulated and applied with other suitable active ingredients, including nematicides, insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, other plant regulators, herbicides, fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals.
In applying the foregoing chemicals, an effective growth regulating amount of the active ingredient must be employed. While the application rate will vary widely depending on the choice of compound, the formulation and mode of application, the plant species being treated, the planting density and the growth response desired, a suitable use rate may be in the range of 0.01 to 10 kg/hectare, preferably 0.05 to about 5 kg/hectare. The compounds may be applied directly to a plant or to the soil or other locus of the plant.
The compounds of the invention were tested for plant regulator activity, first in a whole plant response screen and then in excised wheat leaf and soybean whole plant antisenescence tests.
Plant Response Screen
In this assay the test compounds are applied as water-acetone (1:1) solutions, containing 0.5% v/v sorbitan monolaurate solubilizer, at a rate equivalent to 8.0 kg/ha, preemergently to planted seeds of test plants and postemergently to foliage of test plants. The test plants were soybean, cotton, corn, wheat, field bindweed, morningglory, velvetleaf, barnyardgrass, green foxtail and johnsongrass.
All of the test compounds exhibited various forms and degrees of plant regulator activity although not against all of the plants and to the same extent in each case. Generally, the test compounds were more active when applied postemergently. The soybean and cotton plants were particularly responsive as evidenced by one or more stunting, axillary growth stimulation, nastic response, defoliation, and darker green basal leaves. Morphological responses observed were stem strengthening in grasses, intumescence, leaf alteration and growth stimulation in the form of larger leaf area and/or internode distance. Some herbicidal activity was exhibited at the exceptionally high application rate of the test.
Wheat Leaf Antisenescence
1. Initial Test
In this test leaves were excised from wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum cv. Prodax), weighed and placed in vials containing solutions of test compound in water-acetone (1:1) at concentrations of 25 ppm and 2.5 ppm. Wheat leaves were similarly placed in vials containing only deionized water, as controls. After four days of incubation at 30.degree. C. in the dark, the test vials were examined visually and given a numeric rating of 0 (color similar to color of the leaves in the control vials) or 1 (more green than the leaves in the control vials). The control leaves had yellowed, indicating loss of chlorophyll. The test results, set forth in Table II (appended), show that compounds 3-7, 13, 26 and 36 caused retention of chlorophyll at both 25 ppm and 2.5 ppm as compared with the control and that compounds 2, 8-12, 14, 16-20, 24, 25, 27-29, 31, 35, 38, 41, 45 and 54 were active at 25 ppm. The apparent inactivity of the remaining compounds in Table II may be caused by limited solubility in the water-acetone test solvent.
2. Chlorophyll Retention--Senescence Inhibition (SI.sub.50)
Compounds of the invention were tested for their ability to retain the chlorophyll in freshly excised wheat leaves as compared with frozen wheat leaf controls which, theoretically, retain 100% of their chlorophyll. In the test, excised wheat leaves were weighed and placed in vials of water-acetone (1:1) solutions of test compounds at concentrations ranging from 10.sup.-5 to 10.sup.-9 molar. Vials containing the leaves in water alone were used as controls. After 4 days incubation at 30.degree. C. in the dark, the chlorophyll content of the excised leaves was determined by extracting the leaves with methanol or other solvent. The absorbances of the chlorophyll-containing extracts were determined spectrophotometrically at 652 nm and converted to micrograms of chlorophyll/gram of fresh leaf weight for test vials and controls by the formula ##EQU1## The calculated results were then divided by the micrograms of chlorophyll/gram fresh weight of the frozen leaf control and the result multiplied by 100 to give percent of chlorophyll retained as compared with the frozen wheat leaf control. The percent chlorophyll retained in the wheat leaves by the various concentrations of test chemical was plotted against the negative log of the concentration. From the resulting graph, the negative log of the concentration that would retain 50% of the chlorophyll (SI.sub.50) was determined. The greater the SI.sub.50 value, the more active the test chemical as a senescence inhibitor.
The results are given in Table III (appended) for averages of three replicates from which it will be seen that all of the test compounds caused some retention of chlorophyll, the average SI.sub.50 value being 5.4. Compound 36 has SI.sub.50 values ranging from 6.1 to 7.1 and averaging 6.7, making it the most active compound of the test.
Soybean Utility Test
Compounds of the invention were sprayed onto the foliage of soybean test plants at rates of 2.0, 0.50, and 0.125 kg/ha. The test compounds were sprayed as water-acetone (1:1) solutions containing 2% sorbitan monolaurate emulsifier. The soybean test plants were at the beginning seed stage at the time of spraying.
Approximately 15 days post-treatment, the leaves and pods of the soybean test plants were inspected for senescence. Leaf and pod senescence was measured using a rating scale of 0-5, 0 indicating leaf and pod abscission and 5 being 100% green leaves and pods. The soybean test plants were inspected periodically up to 43 days. At each inspection the leaf and pod senescence was measured using the aforementioned rating. Graphs were prepared for each test chemical in which the mean leaf senescence ratings were plotted against the corresponding days post-treatment. A second set of graphs was prepared in which the mean pod senescence ratings were plotted against the corresponding days post-treatment. Leaf and pod senescence ratings vs the corresponding days post-treatment for the untreated control were plotted on these same graphs. Using the graphs, the number of days delay in reaching 50% leaf senescence (leaf senescence rating=2.5) for each test chemical, as compared to the untreated control, was determined. The process was repeated with the mean pod senescence ratings to determine the number of days delay in reaching 50% pod senescence (2.5) for each test chemical.
Table IV (appended) gives the results from which it will be seen that compounds 7 and 36 delayed both leaf and pod senescence. Compound 7 caused the longest delay in leaf senescence (16 days at 2.0 kg/ha) whereas compound 36 caused the longest delay in pod senescence (7 days at 1.0 kg/ha).
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR3##Cmpd. Empirical Formula/No. R R.sup.1 X Name m.p./b.p.__________________________________________________________________________ 1 CH.sub.3 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.7 H.sub.8 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'129 methylurea S(150-152.degree. C.) 2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.8 H.sub.10 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'ethylurea S(137-138.degree. C.) 3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 Cl H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.8 H.sub.9 Cl.sub.2 N.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(2-chloroethyl)urea S(151-153.degree. C.) 4 CH.sub.2 CF.sub.3 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.8 H.sub.7 ClF.sub.3 N.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)urea S(186-187.degree. C.) 5 C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.9 H.sub.12 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'propylurea S(145-147.degree. C., dec) 6* CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-3-pyridinyl-N C.sub.9 H.sub.12 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1-methylethyl)urea 7 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.9 H.sub.12 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(170.degree. C., dec) 8 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 Cl H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.9 H.sub.11 Cl.sub.2 N.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(3-chloropropyl)urea S(131-139.degree. C.) 9 C.sub.4 H.sub.9 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'butylurea S(70-82.degree. C.)10.sup.(1) CH(CH.sub.3)C.sub.2 H.sub.5 H 2-Cl (.+-.)-N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 oxide)-N'(1-methylpropyl)urea S(169-172.degree. C.)11.sup. (2) CH(CH.sub.3)C.sub.2 H.sub.5 H 2-Cl (+)-N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 oxide)-N'(1-methylpropyl)urea S(176-179.degree. C.)12.sup.(2) CH(CH.sub.3)C.sub.2 H.sub.5 H 2-Cl (-)-N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1-methylpropyl)urea S(176-179.degree. C., dec)13 CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(2-methylpropyl)urea S(140-143.degree. C.)14 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1,1-dimethylethyl)urea S(164-166.degree. C., dec)15 C.sub.5 H.sub.11 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'pentylurea S(134-137.degree. C., dec)16.sup.(1) CH(CH.sub.3)C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H 2-Cl (.+-.)-N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 oxide)-N'(1-methylbutyl)urea S(156-157.degree. C.)17.sup.(1) CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.3)C.sub.2 H.sub.5 H 2-Cl (.+-.)-N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O oxide)-N'(2-methylbutyl)urea S(134-137.degree. C., dec)18 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(3-methylbutyl)urea S(141-144.degree. C., dec)19 C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1,1-dimethylpropyl)urea S(169-170.degree. C., dec)20 CH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(2,2-dimethylpropyl)urea S(150-154.degree. C., dec)21 C.sub.6 H.sub.13 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.12 H.sub.18 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'hexylurea S(53-61.degree. C.)22 C.sub.8 H.sub.17 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.14 H.sub.22 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'octylurea S(-)23 C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH.sub.3 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.14 H.sub.22 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)urea S(157-159.degree. C., dec)24 cyclopropylmethyl H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.12 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(cyclopropylmethyl)urea S(163-165.degree. C., dec)25 cyclobutyl H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.12 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'cyclobutylurea S(176-177.degree. C., dec)26 cyclopentyl H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'cyclopentylurea S(183-184.degree. C., dec)27 cyclohexyl H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.12 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'cyclohexylurea S(176-177.5.degree. C., dec)28 cycloheptyl H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.13 H.sub.18 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'cycloheptylurea S(174-175.degree. C., dec)29 phenylmethyl H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.13 H.sub.12 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(phenylmethyl)urea S(169-171.degree. C.)30.sup.(1) 1-phenylethyl H 2-Cl (.+-.)-N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.14 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 (1-phenylethyl)urea S(182-183.degree. C.)31.sup.(3) 1-phenylethyl H 2-Cl (+)-N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.14 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1-phenylethyl)urea S(137-139.degree. C., dec)32.sup.(4) 1-phenylethyl H 2-Cl (-)-N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.14 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1-phenylethyl)urea33* CH.sub.3 H 6-OC.sub.4 H.sub.9 N(6-butoxy-3-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.17 N.sub.3 O.sub.3 N'methylurea34* CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 6-Cl N(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl-N C.sub.9 H.sub.12 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(238-240.degree. C., dec)35 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-Br N(2-bromo-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.9 H.sub.12 BrN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(159-161.degree. C., dec)36 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2,6-dichloro N(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.9 H.sub.11 Cl.sub.2 N.sub.3 O.sub.2 oxide)-N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(208-210.degree. C.)37* CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 6-OCH.sub.3 N(6-methoxy-3-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.15 N.sub.3 O.sub.3 N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(163- 165.degree. C.)38 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-OCH.sub.3 N(2-methoxy-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.15 N.sub.3 O.sub.3 N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(186-188.degree. C., dec)39 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-OC.sub.3 H.sub.7 N(2-propoxy-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.12 H.sub.19 N.sub.3 O.sub.3 N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(154-156.degree. C., dec)40* CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 * H 6-OC.sub.4 H.sub.9 N(6-butoxy-3-pyridinyl-N C.sub.13 H.sub.21 N.sub.3 O.sub.3 N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(190-191.degree. C., dec)41 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-SCH.sub.3 N(2-methylthio-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.15 N.sub.3 O.sub.2 S N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(222-224.degree. C., dec)42 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-S(O).sub.2 CH.sub.3 N(2-methylsulfonyl-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.15 N.sub.3 O.sub.4 S oxide)-N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(223-224.degree. C., dec)43 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-N(CH.sub.3).sub.2 N(2-dimethylamino-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.18 N.sub.4 O.sub.2 oxide)-N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(190-191.degree. C., dec)44.sup.(6) CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2.HCl H 2-OH.sup.(5) N(2-hydroxy-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.9 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.3 oxide)-N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(164-165.degree. C., dec) hydrochloride45 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-(2-pyridinyl) N[2-(2-pyridinyl)-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.14 H.sub.16 N.sub.4 O.sub.2 oxide]-N'(1-methylethyl)urea S(100.degree. C.)46 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 OCH.sub.3 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.9 H.sub.12 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.3 N'(2-methoxyethyl)urea47 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 OCH.sub.3 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.3 N'(3-methoxypropyl)urea48 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 N(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.15 ClN.sub.4 O.sub.2 N'(2-dimethylaminoethyl)urea49 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 N(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.17 ClN.sub.4 O.sub.2 N'(3-dimethylaminopropyl)urea50 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-CF.sub.3 N(2-trifluoromethyl-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.12 F.sub.3 N.sub.3 O.sub.2 oxide-N'(1-methylethyl)urea51 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 H 2-C.sub.3 F.sub.7 N(2-heptafluoropropyl-4-pyridinyl- C.sub.12 H.sub.12 F.sub.7 N.sub.3 O.sub.2 N oxide)-N(1-methylethyl)urea52 CH.sub.3 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'methyl-N'(1,1-dimethylethyl)urea53 cyclopentyl CH.sub.3 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.12 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 N'methyl-N'cyclopentylurea54 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.10 H.sub.12 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 1-pyrrolidine carboxamide S(159-160.degree. C.)55 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.11 H.sub.14 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 1-piperidinecarboxamide S(153-155.degree. C.)56 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 2-Cl N(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl-N C.sub.12 H.sub.16 ClN.sub.3 O.sub.2 1Hazepine-1-carboxamide S(172-173.degree.__________________________________________________________________________ C.) *The urea group (NHCONRR.sup.1) is in the 3position of the pyridine ring. In all other compounds of Table I the substituted urea is in the 4position. .sup.(1) a racemic mixture .sup.(2) a stereo isomer configuration uncertain .sup.(3) R[+] stereoisomer .sup.(4) S[-] stereoisomer .sup.(5) a tautomer .sup.(6) hydrochloride salt
TABLE II______________________________________Antisenescence Initial Assay -Wheatleaf Chlorophyll Retention Visual Evaluation ofCompound Wheat Leaves in theNumber Concentration (ppm) Test Solutions______________________________________1 25.0 0 2.5 02 25.0 1 2.5 03 25.0 1 2.5 14 25.0 1 2.5 15 25.0 1 2.5 16 25.0 1 2.5 17 25.0 1 2.5 18 25.0 1 2.5 09 25.0 1 2.5 010 25.0 1 2.5 011 25.0 1 2.5 012 25.0 1 2.5 013 25.0 1 2.5 114 25.0 1 2.5 015 25.0 0 2.5 116 25.0 1 2.5 017 25.0 1 2.5 018 25.0 1 2.5 019 25.0 1 2.5 020 25.0 1 2.5 021 25.0 0 2.5 022 25.0 0 2.5 023 25.0 0 2.5 024 25.0 1 2.5 025 25.0 1 2.5 026 25.0 1 2.5 127 25.0 1 2.5 028 25.0 1 2.5 029 25.0 1 2.5 031 25.0 1 2.5 032 25.0 0 2.5 035 25.0 1 2.5 036 25.0 1 2.5 138 25.0 1 2.5 039 25.0 0 2.5 041 25.0 1 2.5 042 25.0 0 2.5 043 25.0 0 2.5 044 25.0 0 2.5 045 25.0 1 2.5 054 25.0 1 2.5 055 25.0 0 2.5 056 25.0 0 2.5 0______________________________________
TABLE III______________________________________Wheatleaf Chlorophyll Retention - SI.sub.50 Values Percent Chlorophyll Retained as Molar Compared to FrozenCmpd No. Conc. Wheat Leaf Check SI.sub.50______________________________________2 10.sup.-4 72,65 5.0, 5.2 10.sup.-5 40,54 10.sup.-6 11,53 10.sup.-5 48 5.0 10.sup.-6 22 10.sup.-7 8 10.sup.-8 74 10.sup.-4 54 5.2, 5.4 10.sup.-5 50,59 10.sup.-6 16,10 10.sup.-7 5 10.sup.-8 55 10.sup.-5 74,67 5.2, 5.0 10.sup.-6 21,15 10.sup.-7 12,13 10.sup.-8 127 10.sup.-5 68,69 5.4, 5.6 10.sup.-6 34,26 10.sup.-7 13,13 10.sup.-8 139 10.sup.-4 67,68 5.5, 4.5 10.sup.-5 60,42 10.sup.-6 18,2910 10.sup.-4 63 5.2 10.sup.-5 49 10.sup.-6 1013 10.sup.-4 58 5.6 10.sup.-5 61 10.sup.- 6 3814 10.sup.-4 78,66 5.0, 5.5 10.sup.-5 64,60 10.sup.-6 26,2315 10.sup.-5 15 -- 10.sup.-6 7 10.sup.-7 8 10.sup.-8 824 10.sup.-4 42,62 5.6, 5.4 10.sup.-5 54,53 10.sup.-6 13,1525 10.sup.-4 56 5.1 10.sup.-5 48 10.sup.-6 1926 10.sup.-5 58 5.6 10.sup.-6 17 10.sup.-7 7 10.sup.-8 727 10.sup.-4 64 5.0 10.sup.-5 45 10.sup.-6 729 10.sup.-4 32 -- 10.sup.-5 24 10.sup.-6 831 10.sup.-4 16 -- 10.sup.-5 12 10.sup.-6 1935 10.sup.-4 64 5.6 10.sup.-5 62 10.sup.-6 3736 10.sup.-5 70,89,56,56 6.7, 7.1, 10.sup.-6 59,80,54,34 6.3, 6.1 10.sup.-7 36,47,38,27 10.sup.-8 11,22,20,3038 10.sup.-4 54 4.1 10.sup.-5 30 10.sup.-6 1645 10.sup.-4 51 5.5 10.sup.-5 57 10.sup.-6 20Frozen Wheat Leaf Check 100Water Control 22______________________________________
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________Leaf and Pod Senescence of Soybean Test PlantsTreated at the Beginning Seed Stage Days Senescence Delayed as Rate of Leaf Senescence Ratings Pod Senescence Rating Compared to theCmpd Application Days Post-Treatment Days Post-Treatment Untreated CheckNo. (kg/ha) 20 21 22 28 29 31 34 35 36 42 43 20 21 22 28 29 31 34 35 36 42 43 Leaf Pod__________________________________________________________________________5 2.0 3.8 2.0 0.8 0.2 3.6 1.4 1.0 1.0 Not calculable 0.5 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.2 2.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.125 2.6 1.6 0.8 0.4 2.6 1.4 1.0 1.0Untreated check 1.5 0.8 1.0 0.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.07 2.0 3.2 1.8 0.6 0.2 2.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 16 2 0.5 3.4 2.2 1.0 0.4 3.6 1.4 1.0 1.0 8 4 0.125 3.0 1.8 0.8 0.2 3.0 1.2 1.0 1.0Untreated check 1.5 0.8 1.0 0.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.07 2.0 3.0 2.0 0.8 3.0 1.8 1.0 7 3 0.5 3.0 1.4 1.0 3.0 1.2 1.0 0.125 2.8 1.2 0.4 2.8 1.2 1.0Untreated check 2.2 1.4 0.8 2.6 1.0 1.036 2.0 5.0 3.4 2.2 1.2 5.0 3.2 2.0 1.2 7 7 0.5 4.2 1.6 1.2 0.6 4.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.125 4.4 2.4 1.2 1.0 4.6 2.4 1.2 1.0Untreated check 4.0 1.8 1.0 0.6 4.2 1.6 1.2 1.036 2.0 4.0 2.2 1.4 0.2 5.0 2.2 1.2 1.0 3 2 0.5 4.2 2.2 1.0 0.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.125 3.8 2.0 1.0 0.2 4.6 2.0 1.0 1.0Untreated check 3.8 1.6 1.0 0.0 4.6 1.8 1.0 1.0__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Name	Date
3293257	Woods et al.	Dec 1966
3330641	Woods et al.	Jul 1967
3469965	Bruce et al.	Sep 1969
4063928	Johnston	Dec 1977
4149872	Pilgram	Apr 1979
4183856	Makisumi et al.	Jan 1980
4193788	Shudo et al.	Mar 1980
4279639	Okamoto et al.	Jul 1981
4308054	Isogai et al.	Dec 1981

Pyridinylurea N-oxide compounds and agricultural uses

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Entry
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Chem. Pharm. Bull., 28(12), 3570-5, 1980--CAS Online Prints (3).