Patent Application
20130300405
The present invention relates to a nondestructive inspection method of quenching depth in a quenched workpiece and to a quenching depth measurement apparatus.
High frequency quenching may be applied to harden a workpiece, such as a steel material, to increase the strength of the metal. As mechanical characteristics vary corresponding to the depth of a quench hardened layer, quenching is carried out under preset process conditions, and quality inspection is further carried out after the manufacturing. Conventionally, an example of a method of inspecting whether appropriate quenching is applied to the workpiece or not includes a method of cutting and inspecting an arbitrarily extracted workpiece. In the method, much time is required for the inspection, and the workpiece to be inspected cannot be used as a product. Further, a problem that inspection on all of the workpieces cannot be performed exists. Therefore, a method of nondestructive inspection of a quenching state of a workpiece has been investigated.
Document Cited 1 adopts a method in which permeability is measured on a workpiece made of carbon steel in an axis-symmetrical shape by passing through an induction coil, quenching depth in each cross section of the workpiece is estimated, a surface hardness tester is used to measure surface hardness, and a position with a significant increase in the surface hardness is detected to specify an end point of a quenching range to thereby inspect a quenching pattern of the workpiece.
Document Cited 2 relates to a nondestructive measurement method of depth of a quench hardened layer of a steel material, wherein a low frequency AC magnetic field generated by an excitation coil magnetizes the steel material in a direction along the surface to generate eddy current, a detection coil detects an induction magnetic field induced by the eddy current, and an output voltage of the detection coil is compared with known data to estimate the depth of the quench hardened layer of a symmetrical steel material.
In the measurement method of the quenching pattern disclosed in Document Cited 1, the workpieces to be measured are limited to an axis-symmetrical workpiece. Next, as the workpiece is passed inside of the induction coil, the size of the workpiece that can be measured is limited. Or the size of the induction coil and the size of the workpiece should be adjusted, efficiency may be poor. Furthermore, as the method requires a calibration curve obtained in advance by experiment or the like for each of a plurality of measurement positions, and the surface hardness tester is used to specify the quenching range supported by the eddy current measurement to measure the whole image of the practical quenching pattern, a large number of man-hours are required for the nondestructive inspection.
In the measurement method disclosed in Document Cited 2, an equivalent sine wave alternating current nonlinear analysis method is employed to evaluate the output voltage obtained by the detection coil when the cylindrical high frequency quenching material is inserted to the probe. Therefore, as the quenching depth obtained by the analysis is an axis-symmetrical value, the technology can be applied to measuring objects having axis-symmetrical shapes only, and the measurement accuracy is poor. In the analysis method disclosed in Document Cited 2, as the correlation between the permeability and the applied magnetic flux density cannot be appropriately acquired, the method is not suitable for nondestructive inspection because of a deviation from the actual measurement value. Next, as the measurement method disclosed in Document Cited 2 assumes that there are four levels of hardness depending on depth from the surface of the steel material and the initial magnetization curve and the electric conductivity of each level of hardness are used as known data to simplify the technology, the technology is not suitable for highly accurate measurement.
An object of the present invention is to provide a nondestructive inspection method that can quickly and accurately measure quenching depth of a quenched material.
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have achieved the object by adopting the following quenching depth measurement method and quenching depth measurement apparatus.
A quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention is the method of measuring quenching depth in a workpiece, the method is characterized in including: magnetize the workpiece by arranging a magnetizer including an excitation coil near the workpiece; detecting an induction magnetic field generated by the magnetization by a detection coil to measure an output voltage of the detection coil; and specifying thickness of a quench hardened layer of the workpiece based on known electromagnetic characteristic information on both an unquenched material not subjected to quenching and a completely quenched material subjected to quenching both are made of a workpiece equivalent material and an output voltage value measured by the detection coil.
The quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention is more preferable that the electromagnetic characteristic information includes an estimated output voltage value of the detection coil obtained by analysis based on a finite element method using initial magnetization curves and electric conductivities of both the unquenched material and the completely quenched material of a workpiece equivalent material.
The quenching depth measurement apparatus according to the present invention is characterized in including: a magnetizer that magnetizes a workpiece;
means for detecting an induction magnetic field generated by the magnetization by a detection coil to measure an output voltage of the detection coil; and quenching depth specifying mean for calculating quenching depth of the workpiece from a measured output voltage value of the detection coil and known magnetic characteristic information relating to a workpiece equivalent material, wherein the quenching depth specifying mean specifies the quenching depth of the workpiece from the known electromagnetic characteristic information including an estimated output voltage value of the detection coil obtained by analysis based on a finite element method using initial magnetization curves and electric conductivities on both an unquenched material not subjected to quenching and a completely quenched material subjected to quenching and the output voltage value of the detection coil.
In the quenching depth measurement method and the quenching depth measurement apparatus according to the present invention, as the thickness of the quench hardened layer can be specified based on the known electromagnetic characteristic information and the output voltage value of the detection coil, workpiece for preparation of calibration curve that is necessary in the conventional nondestructive inspection is dispensable, the quenching thickness of the workpiece can be inspected by nondestructive inspection simple and highly accurate.
Further, quenching depth data obtained by using the quenching depth measurement method and the quenching depth measurement apparatus according to the present invention can create a calibration curve (hereinafter, “FEM calibration curve”). The FEM calibration curve can be used as a calibration curve of another quenching depth measurement method using a self induction method and a relative measurement method, and preparation of calibration curve required in other measurement methods can be omitted.
A preferred embodiment of a quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention will be described. The quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention is a nondestructive measurement method of quenching depth in a workpiece made of a magnetic material, wherein the workpiece is magnetized to generate eddy current, a detection coil measures a magnetic field of the workpiece, and the quenching depth of the workpiece is estimated based on a measurement result. In the quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention, a magnetizer including an excitation coil is arranged near the workpiece to magnetize the workpiece, then the detection coil measures an output voltage of the magnetized workpiece, and thickness of a quench hardened layer of the workpiece is specified based on known electromagnetic characteristic information on both an unquenched material not subjected to quenching and a completely quenched material subjected to quenching both are made of a workpiece equivalent material and based on an output voltage value measured by the detection coil.
The yoke 2 is arranged near the surface of the workpiece 10 with a specific gap L. When a certain amount of current is supplied to the excitation coil 2 in this state, the workpiece 10 is magnetized, and eddy current generates on the surface of the workpiece 10. A detection coil 5 is used for detecting an induction magnetic field generated by the magnetization of the workpiece 10 by the magnetizer 4. In the example shown in
The electromagnetic characteristic information will be described. In the quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention, a correlation between quenching depth and electromagnetic characteristics of a workpiece equivalent material are analyzed from known electromagnetic characteristics of both an unquenched workpiece equivalent material not subjected to quenching and a completely quenched workpiece equivalent material subjected to quenching and is used as electromagnetic characteristic information. As the “known electromagnetic characteristics”, values disclosed in a document, such as “Metals Handbook” by The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials can be used as unique physical properties of the workpiece equivalent material. More specifically, an estimated value of the output voltage predicted to be detected by the detection coil is obtained corresponding to the quenching depth using an analysis method described later based on standard physical properties (such as electric conductivity σ, permeability μ, and initial magnetization curves) of the unquenched material (raw material) and the completely quenched material in the workpiece equivalent material as the object to be measured. The electromagnetic characteristic information can also be used for another workpiece in a different shape if the material is the same as the workpiece to be measured.
In the conventional nondestructive inspection, the destructive investigation to the object to be measured should be applied in advance to obtain the calibration curve as a basis of the measurement. On the contrary, in the quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention, the electromagnetic characteristic information obtained from the physical properties of an existing standard product can be used to specify the quenching depth by nondestructive inspection, and the man-hours of the nondestructive inspection can be reduced.
The following Expressions (1) to (3) are used to estimate the quenching depth. Magnetic flux density B(T) can be expressed by the following Expression 1. The values of the permeability μ and the electric conductivity σ are different between the quenched material and the unquenched material (raw material). Therefore, when a same magnetic field H is applied to the workpiece, the size of the magnetic flux density B shown in Expression (1) varies due to the difference between the completely quenched material and the unquenched material (raw material).
B=μH (1)
In Expression (1), μ denotes permeability, and H denotes applied magnetic field (A/m).
Eddy current Je (A/m2) can be expressed by the following Expression (2). Although eddy current is generated in an AC magnetic field, the electric conductivity σ is different between the completely quenched material and the unquenched material (raw material). Therefore, the values of the eddy current Je shown in Expression (2) are different between them.
Then the magnetic flux density B also varies because the values of the eddy current Je are different.
Je=−jσωφ (2)
In Expression (2), j denotes current density (A/m2), a denotes electric conductivity (S/m), 107 denotes angular frequency (ω=2πf), and φ denotes magnetic flux (Wb).
An output voltage V(V) can be expressed by the following Expression (3).
V=−N·dφ/dt (3)
In Expression (3), N denotes the number of turns of the coil, and t denotes time (s). The magnetic flux density B of the workpiece 10 can be obtained from Expressions (1) and (2). The output voltage V can be obtained by using the magnetic flux density B obtained from Expressions (1) and (2); and Expression (3).
When the steel material is quenched, the permeability μ decreases. When the quenching depth in the workpiece 10 is relatively deep, the permeability μ of the entire workpiece 10 decreases. Although calculation with an equivalent magnetization circuit can be utilized if change of the permeability μ relative to change of the quenching depth is linear, changes are not linear. Therefore, the output voltage V for each quenching depth of the workpiece 10 is calculated by using a finite element method based on the permeability, the electric conductivity, and the initial magnetization curves of the completely quenched material and the unquenched material (raw material) and the output voltage V serves as an estimated voltage value predicted to be detected by the detection coil. In the quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention, the known electromagnetic characteristic information includes the estimated voltage value corresponding to the quenching depth of the workpiece obtained by the finite element method. Then specification of the quenching depth of the workpiece 10 is enabled through comparison between output voltage value of the workpiece 10 actually measured by the detection coil 5 and the quenching depth of the workpiece 10 included in the known electromagnetic characteristic information. Therefore, with the quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention, optimization in the shapes of the coil and the yoke as well as electric measurement conditions (such as frequency and current value) in advance is enabled by using the finite element method, and the man-hours for the determination of the conditions including the availability determination can be reduced.
To verify the analysis method according to the measurement method of the quenching depth according to the present invention, a testing material was used to measure an electromagnetic characteristics corresponding to the quenching depth, and the value was compared with an analytic value. A measurement method of the electromagnetic characteristics of the testing material will be described first. Electromagnetic characteristics of an unquenched material (raw material) and a completely quenched material of the same material were investigated in advance, and magnetization curves of the completely quenched material and the unquenched material (raw material) were obtained to evaluate the difference between the electromagnetic characteristics. A specific example of an acquisition method of known electromagnetic characteristic information will be described. First, two long testing materials made of the same material as the workpiece to be inspected were prepared and then one of the testing materials was not subjected to quenching to be the unquenched material (raw material), and the other testing material was subjected to quenching to be the completely quenched material. The electromagnetic characteristics of the testing materials were measured. For example, for the electric conductivity σ, each testing material was connected to a Kelvin bridge circuit, and the electric conductivity σ of the magnetized testing material was measured. For the permeability μ, electromagnets were arranged on both ends of the long testing material, and the magnetic flux density B and the applied magnetic field H of the testing material magnetized by the electromagnet were measured. The magnetic flux density B was measured by a coil wound around at a middle section of the testing material. The applied magnetic field H was measured by arranging a Hall element for applied magnetic field measurement near the coil for magnetic flux density measurement. The initial magnetization curves of the completely quenched material and the unquenched material (raw material) were obtained from the measurement result of the permeability μ. A plurality of steel materials with different quenching depths were prepared, and attenuation factors of output voltages and initial magnetization curves as electromagnetic characteristics were obtained by a method similar to the method described above.
A graph of
Next, a method of measuring the quenching depth of the workpiece 10 using the quenching depth measurement apparatus 1 according to the present invention will be described. The magnetizer 4 may include the yoke 2 and the excitation coil 3 wound around the yoke 2, as exemplified in
The quenching depth measurement apparatus according to the present invention includes means for detecting the induction magnetic field generated by the magnetization of the workpiece 10 caused by the magnetizer 4 by the detection coil 5 and measuring the output voltage of the detection coil 5. As exemplified in
In the quenching depth measurement apparatus 1 according to the present invention, the magnetizer 4 may scan in an X axis direction of
The position where the quenching depth is measured can be specified with a Z axis which line-symmetrically divides the yoke 2 and the X axis, the position of the surface of the workpiece 10 in the side view of the workpiece 10 as shown in
The magnetizer and the detection coil corresponding to the quenching depth measurement method and the quenching depth measurement apparatus according to the present invention are not limited to the construction shown in
In the quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention, as calibration curve preparation is not required even though a non-destruction inspection, highly accurately quenching depth of the workpiece is acquired by using a simple apparatus, the method can contribute to an improvement in the quality of a component for which highly accurate identification of the quenching depth is desired.
Further, as the quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention can also be suitably used for a workpiece having shapes including a round-bar shape, a pipe shape or a flat shape, the method can be used regardless of the shape of the object to be measured, and may be applicable in a wide range of application. Furthermore, it is suitable to arrange the quenching depth measurement apparatus according to the present invention in a manufacturing line of the workpiece to perform full measurement of the quenching depth on all of workpieces.
In the technical concept of the quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention, the method may be applied to depth measurement of various hardened layers through filled electromagnetic data corresponding to the types of the material applied on principle of the quenching depth measurement method according to the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010-239894 | Oct 2010 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2011/074709 | 10/26/2011 | WO | 00 | 7/9/2013 |
