This invention is related to radio frequency identification devices, and more specifically relates to radio frequency identification coupler devices and methods for interrogating radio frequency identification transponders.
Replaceable unit monitors (RUMs) are increasingly being used in machines to monitor the status of replaceable sub-assemblies, otherwise known as consumer replaceable units (CRUs). Printers, copiers, fax machines, and image forming apparatus in general may have a number of CRUs including fuser modules, print cartridges and toner bottles. A radio frequency identification transponder, or tag, mounted on each sub-assembly may communicate with a unique coupler device via a dedicated antenna in close proximity to the radio frequency identification tag.
With today's technology, a RUM would likely require the use of more than one coupler chip. Due to physical geography, there may be a 1:1 relationship with the number of radio frequency identification tags in a system and the number of coupler chips. Therefore, as the number of replaceable sub-assemblies within a machine increases, the number of radio frequency identification tags, coupler devices and antennas increases accordingly, resulting in an increase in size, complexity and cost.
Industry has responded to this problem by designing circuits, external to the particular coupler chip in use, that may detect bus commands outside the standard command set. These unique commands may then be used to address a particular output of an analog demultiplexer or switching circuit. The demultiplexer may route a radio frequency RF output of the coupler chip to a desired antenna.
An exemplary system and method for controlling communications in a security system based upon radio frequency identification techniques is discussed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0160309. The radio frequency identification reader is provided with multiple modulation techniques, multiple antennas, and the capability to vary its power level and carrier frequency.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0141962 discloses an apparatus and method for locating a radio frequency identification transponder and includes a plurality of antenna for receiving identification data broadcast by the radio frequency identification transponder.
Another method and apparatus for tracking items with a radio frequency identification tag is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 6,714,121. This patent includes passive radio frequency identification tags, interrogators with several antenna inputs connected to the sensing antennas to multiplex the antenna signals, and a host computer in communication with the interrogators.
Another radio frequency identification system is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 6,600,420, which includes multiple antennas, at least one of which may be selected to facilitate the interrogation of radio frequency identification elements, and a control system for addressing antennas sequentially so that the antenna system may determine the order of the tagged items.
U.S. Pat. No.6,317,027 further discloses a proximity reader for a radio frequency identification system which is programmed for determining and storing optimum antenna impedance values to achieve peak antenna resonance at each of multiple operating frequencies.
U.S. Pat. No.6,069,564 discloses a design of a multi-directional RF antenna comprising a plurality of coils adapted to communicate with a source, such as a radio frequency identification tag. The antenna includes a switch for selecting at least one of the RF antenna coils for transmission of RF signals and receipt of RF response signals.
Each of the foregoing references is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Exemplary embodiments of a radio frequency identification interrogation method and device may incorporate an industry standard serial data control bus interface, a standards based radio frequency protocol, and sensing antenna selection logic within a single semiconductor device. Such embodiments may simplify the design of radio frequency identification readers by reducing the number of coupler devices, support circuitry and connectors required to select one of a plurality of radio frequency identification sensing antennas.
An exemplary serial data interface may communicate with an industry compliant I2C bus design which allows integrated circuits to communicate directly with each other via a simple bi-directional two-wire (plus ground) bus. The I2C bus may comprise of two active wires and a ground connection. The active wires, the Serial Data line (SDA) and the Serial Clock line (SCL), may both be bi-directional.
Each device connected to an I2C bus may be identifiable by a unique address, and may operate as either a transmitter or a receiver, or both. Data transfers may be accomplished using a master-slave protocol. A master is a device that initiates a data transfer and generates the clock signals to permit the transfer; any device that is addressed is considered a slave for that data transfer. The data transfer may be initiated by a master to either transmit data to the slave (write), or to request data from the slave (read). A particular device may be capable of operating as a master, a slave, or both.
Exemplary embodiments of the radio frequency identification device function as a slave device to a host computer or ASIC. In one exemplary embodiment, the radio frequency identification device may be fabricated as a single semiconductor chip mounted on a printed circuit board (PWB) with other electronic components. The radio frequency identification device, receives both device selection and antenna selection data bytes from the host computer over the serial bus. Upon proper selection by the host computer, the radio frequency identification device transforms the antenna selection data byte to three digital signals to be transmitted on three digital output ports. The three digital signals may then drive the select lines of a 1:8 channel analog switch which gates the RF output of the radio frequency identification device to the appropriate sensing antenna circuit. Each antenna circuit drives an RF antenna in close proximity to an inductively coupled radio frequency identification transponder.
An inductively coupled radio frequency identification transponder, or RF tag, may comprise an electronic data-carrying device, such as a single microchip, and a relatively large area coil that functions as an antenna. Under control of an onboard microchip, a targeted transponder may transmit a digital message by changing the characteristic impedance of it's antenna, thereby inducing a change in the RF signal driving the sensing antenna. The radio frequency identification device, or coupler, demodulates the induced digital message and transmits the message to the host computer over the I2C interface.
Exemplary embodiments may simplify radio frequency identification reader circuitry and may be implemented in RFID system designs for printers, fax machines, copiers, and all apparatus which monitor radio frequency identification transponders.
Various exemplary embodiments are described in detail, with reference to the following figures, wherein:
The following detailed description of exemplary embodiments is particularly directed to a radio frequency interrogation device comprising an industry standard serial data interface, a standards based radio frequency protocol, and digital output ports which may be used to select one of a plurality of sensing antennas selection logic. In the exemplary embodiments, the radio frequency identification device is fabricated as a single semiconductor device and may be disposed in an image forming device, such as a printer or copier. Thus, the following detailed description makes specific reference to image forming devices and their components. However, it should be understood that radio frequency identification devices and methods may be used in conjunction with other apparatus having at least one radio frequency identification antenna and transponder, and that the exemplary embodiments described herein are not limiting.
As illustrated in
The bus controller 102 may use a limited number of electrical lines for communication with electronic devices sharing the common bus and may be compliant with the 400 kHz I2C bus specification known to those knowledgeable in the field. The serial bus may shift data in and/or out of electronics being controlled in a pre-determined protocol and may control read/write access to all radio frequency identification device registers.
The I2C bus controller 102 may interface with an I2C bus (not shown), via a serial data line (SDA) 114, a serial clock line (SCL) 112, a power connection and a ground connection 122. The SDA and SCL lines may both be bi-directional. Three device enable ports E0-E2, when tied to appropriate voltage levels via signals 116-120, may determine the address of the radio frequency identification device 100 to be used by other I2C devices when communicating with the radio frequency identification device 100 over the I2C bus.
The RAM buffer 104 may also be bi-directional. The RAM buffer 104 may store the request frame bytes to be transmitted via the analog transmitter 108 and bytes received by the analog receiver 110 in answer to a request for data.
The external device selection logic 106 may receive external device selection data from the I2C bus controller 102 and transforms the serially received data into three digital output signals 124-128 presented on output ports A0-A2. Although the external device select data byte received by the I2C bus controller 102 is 8-bits wide in this example, only 3-bits may be needed to select one of eight devices. It should be understood that although the present embodiment utilizes 3-bits, this number is exemplary and non-limiting. For example, by incorporating all 8-bits with appropriate output ports, a single radio frequency identification device may select up to 128 external devices.
The transmitter block 108 may be capable of generating a RF magnetic field at 13.56 Mhz by transmitting an RF signal on the RF_OUT port 130 of the radio frequency identification device 100. The field may be modulated using ASK (amplitude shift keying) modulated for outgoing data, for example.
The receiver 110 may receive an RF signal on the RF_IN port 132. The receiver 110 may demodulate data induced on the RF signal 132. The data may be decoded, for example, by an 847 Khz BPSK (binary phase shift keying) sub-carrier decoder. A non-limiting list and description of ports on the radio frequency identification device 100 are listed in Table 1.
As shown in
The host computer 202 may be in electrical communication with the radio frequency identification device 100 over an I2C serial bus 228. The radio frequency identification device enable lines E0-E1 may be tied to appropriate signal levels so as to make the radio frequency identification device 100 recognizable to host computer 202. A series of filters 208, 210 and 214 and an amplifier 212 may be used to transform the RF output 130 of the radio frequency identification device 100 to a filtered RF signal 134.
Ports A0-A2 of the radio frequency identification device 100 may supply signals 124-128 to the analog switching circuitry 216 and may switch the filtered RF signal 134 to the appropriate one of the sensing antennas 220a-e. Analog switching circuitry to switch analog signals is known in the art and may comprise, for example, an analog gate or demultiplexer, such as the 8051 analog demultiplexer 216 shown in
As shown in
In exemplary operation, the reader 200 may monitor the status of radio frequency identification transponders mounted on toner bottles 302-308, fuser module 310, and other CRU's.
In the following scenario, the host computer 202 interrogates the transponder 222a to determine the status of toner in the toner bottle 302. As shown in the exemplary sequence of
If the appropriate radio frequency identification device 100 is selected, the host 202 computer may transmit a series of data bytes to the radio frequency identification device 100 over the I2C serial bus 228. As shown in step S410, one byte may be decoded by the external device select logic 106 to enable one specific antenna circuit via ports A0-A2 and signals 124-128.
After the proper antenna circuit 218a has been enabled, subsequent data bytes may be transmitted in step S412 by the host computer 202 to the radio frequency identification device 100 over the I2C serial bus 228 and transformed to an RF signal 130 on port RF OUT. The RF output 130 may be amplified and filtered before being gated through the demultiplexer 216 to excite antenna circuit 218a and the sensing antenna 220a. A stop command in step S414 from the host computer 202 completes the transmission.
The outputs of antenna circuits 218a-e may be cabled to their associated antennas 220a-e. The distance from the tuning circuit to the antenna may be kept as short as possible to minimize the effect of the cable on the output power and impedance of the antenna.
A plurality of radio frequency identification transponders 222a-e, in close proximity to sensing antennas 220a-e, may comprise electronic data-carrying devices, such as a single microchip, and a large area coil 224a-e serving as an antenna. With the antenna circuit 218a active, the antenna 220a may generate a magnetic field which penetrates the antenna coil 224a of the proximate radio frequency identification transponder 222a, inductively coupling transponder coil 224a to the sensing antenna 220a, drawing energy from the magnetic field. Switching a load on and off at the antenna 224a of transponder 222a may change the impedance of the antenna 220a and have a loading effect on the RF signal 230a. RF signals 230a-e may be gated onto signal 136, which may serve as an input to filter 210. Filter output 132 may be fed into the RF IN port of the radio frequency identification device 100. The radio frequency identification device 100 may demodulate the signal 132 and the resultant digital data may be stored in RAM Buffer 104.
Once the host computer 202 has transmitted data to the appropriate radio frequency identification transponder, the host computer 202 may read the radio frequency identification transponder data stored by the radio frequency identification device 100. The host computer 202 may initiate a read command by transmitting a start command followed by a data byte that both selects the appropriate radio frequency identification device and reads the appropriate RAM register. The radio frequency identification device 100 may respond by transmitting the stored transponder data to the host computer 202 over the I2C serial bus 228.
While particular embodiments have been described, these embodiments should be viewed as illustrative, and not limiting.
Co-pending applications with attorney docket numbers 120609, 120610, 120611, 120612, 120635, 120636 and 120641 are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto.