Patent Grant
7924971
This Application is a Section 371 National Stage Application of International Application No PCT/EP2006/009801, filed Oct. 11, 2006 and published as WO 2008/043378 A1 on Apr. 17, 2008, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to radiographic apparatus, including such apparatus when operating alone or in conjunction (for example integrated with) radiotherapeutic apparatus.
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanners are well known and produce useful images of the interior structure of patients. They are invaluable as a diagnostic tool, and can also be used in conjunction with radiotherapeutic apparatus to produce realtime positional verification of organ location and even realtime guidance of the therapeutic radiation.
Such scanning does however meet with difficulties if the patient is not still. The three-dimensional tomograph is computed from a number of two-dimensional images, and the assumption must be made that the images are of an identical structure. If the patient (or parts of the patient) have moved between images then this results in degradation of the tomography and/or image artifacts. Such movement is of course inevitable, in the form of respiration and cardiac cycles.
Generally, improvements in the apparatus that allow a higher frame rate are regarded as desirable. These allow more images to be collected in a shorter time, resulting in an improved three dimensional tomography and/or reduced time demands on the patient.
To overcome the issue of respiration artifacts, we have proposed CBCT scanning that is correlated with the respiration cycle. This can be done either by detecting the respiration cycle and gating the scanner accordingly, or by scanning the patient and ascertaining the cyclical phase of a specific image from the image content. WO2004/06464 and WO2004/066211 describe such systems and a suitable algorithm for determining the phase of a specific image. This allows images of the “wrong” phase to be discarded prior to computation. Such respiration correlated CBCT (RCCBCT) allows good quality images of structures close to the lungs and/or diaphragm to be obtained.
For RCCBCT, we have observed that improvements in the frame rate are in fact undesirable. Instead of obtaining more images (or the same number more quickly), a higher frame rate simply results in a greater number of images being discarded by the selection algorithm. This means that there are no improvements in image quality or in the time required for acquisition, and the patient is exposed to a greater radiation dose without any corresponding benefit.
We therefore propose a radiographic apparatus comprising a beam of radiation and a detector therefor, adapted to obtain a two dimensional image of the beam after passing through a cyclically varying object to be investigated, a processor adapted to review the images and select images at like points in the cycle, and a control means for the beam of radiation adapted to activate the beam periodically.
The control means can activate the beam at a frequency of between 0.5 and 5 Hertz, more preferably between 1 and 3 Hertz. This ideally corresponds (roughly) to a frequency that is between 6 and 10 times the frequency of the cyclical variation.
It will assist if the selected point of the cycle is an extremity thereof, as the rate of change in these areas is at a minimum. Thus, slight mismatches between the two cycles will then have only a small effect.
Typically, the object will be a patient and the cyclical variation will be the patient's breathing cycle.
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying figures in which;
An x-ray source 14 is arranged to project a wide beam 16 of radiation generally directed towards the isocentre 18 of the patient. The source 14 is rotatable around the isocentre 18 on a rotational support 20. The support can, for example, be in the form of a ring or annulus around the patient 10 and couch 12 in which the source is mounted, or it can be a C-arm, or any suitable support allowing the source to rotate, or any combination thereof.
A two-dimensional flat-panel detector 22 is also mounted on the support 20, opposite the source 14 and arranged to rotate in synchronism therewith. If the support includes a C-arm then this can be achieved by mounting the detector on the opposite arm.
Thus, radiation emitted by the source 14 is partially absorbed by the patient and the attenuated signal is detected by the flat panel detector 22. The source 14 and detector 22 are then indexed rotationally and a fresh image obtained. This is repeated until sufficient images are acquired to reconstruct the volume data, typically one complete rotation.
As mentioned above, we have found that there are artifacts in the reconstructed volume data of cone beam CT systems, which we have traced to patient breathing movements. To overcome or alleviate these, respiration correlation techniques are applied to the acquired projection images by the computing means 24, 26.
To assist in this process, a breath control system is provided at 32 to monitor the phase of the patients breathing while the projection images are acquired. On completion of the acquisition, projection images that have comparable breathing phases can be selected from the complete set, and these are used to reconstruct the volume data using cone beam CT techniques. As a result, any phase or range of phases can be selected and therefore the effect of breathing can be studied if desired.
As an alternative to the breath control system, it is possible to use a feature in the projection image(s) to determine the breathing phase, such as the position of the patient's diaphragm. This can then be used to select the relevant images to be used in the projection process.
An alert system including a light 34 and a buzzer 36 is provided, to prompt the patient visually and audibly in order to ensure a regular amplitude and pattern of breathing. Other alerts could of course be employed, such as other forms of visible prompts including (for example) movable devices, and other forms of audible prompts including (for example) speakers, percussive devices or any other form of controllable sound generation apparatus.
As a further alternative to the breath control system, the images can be analysed to ascertain their phase and the appropriate images selected for use. An example of such analysis is set out in WO2004/066211, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The reader is alerted that the disclosure of WO2004/066211 is considered relevant to this application and may be used as a source of amendments to this application if necessary.
Such monitoring does of course mean that many images are discarded. To limit the dose applied to the patient, therefore, the source 14 is pulsed as shown in
It will of course be understood that many variations may be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2006/009801 | 10/11/2006 | WO | 00 | 4/10/2009 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008/043378 | 4/17/2008 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040081269 | Pan et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040218719 | Brown et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20050113702 | Salla et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050185758 | Bruder et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1 333 248 | Aug 2003 | EP |
| 1 350 468 | Oct 2003 | EP |
| 1 542 165 | Jun 2005 | EP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100104070 A1 | Apr 2010 | US |
