Patent Application
20250025584
In one aspect, therapeutic use and methods of treatment comprising 177Lu-PSMA I&T are provided for subjects exhibiting prostate cancer progression following administration with one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents.
Radiopharmaceuticals have been used for a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic indications. Among others, radiolabeled molecules have been useful to treat various malignant tumors.
Certain androgen receptor inhibitors have been utilized or treatment of prostate cancer. These agents are not, however, consistently effective. See, for instance, Watson et al., Nature Reviews Cancer, volume 15, pages 701-711 (2015).
It thus would be desirable to have new anti-cancer therapies. It would be particularly desirable to have new therapies that would be utilized against tumors that are not effectively treated with androgen receptor inhibitors.
We now provide new therapeutic uses of a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-α-DOTAGA (177Lu-PSMA I&T).
In particular aspects, methods are provided for treating a subject suffering from cancer, comprising a) identifying a subject exhibiting cancer progression during treatment with one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents; and b) administering to the identified subject an effective amount of a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA.
Methods are also provided for treating a subject suffering from cancer, comprising a) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amounts of one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents; b) identifying the subject as exhibiting cancer progression following administering the one or more androgen reception inhibitor agents; and thereafter c) administering to the identified subject an effective amount of a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA to patient.
In further aspects, methods are provided for treating a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising: a) identifying a subject i) exhibiting prostate cancer progression during or after treatment with one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents, and ii) being chemotherapy-naïve before treatment with one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents; b) administering to the identified subject an amount of a lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent to provide from a 4 to 10 Gbq dose, which subject is dosed at least four times, at four week or longer intervals between doses, with the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent. In preferred aspects, the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent is a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA, particularly 177Lu-PSMA I&T.
In one aspect of the above methods, the subject has exhibited cancer progression during treatment with one or more of abitaterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide, cimetidine, orteronel, galeterone, sevitronel, topilutamide, bicalutamide, fluamide and/or nilutamide.
In a further aspect, the subject has exhibited cancer progression during treatment with abitaterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide and/or darolutamide.
In certain aspects, the subject will be chemotherapy-naïve before administration of any androgen receptor inhibitor agents, and other than the androgen receptor inhibitor therapy, the subject will be chemotherapy-naïve before administration of 177Lu-PSMA I&T, i.e. the subject will not have received any other chemotherapy (e.g. docetaxel-based chemotherapy or other radiopharmaceutical therapy) for treatment of the subject's cancer.
The subject may be treated with such agents for varying times and under varying conditions. Thus, in certain aspects, the subject may be exhibited cancer progression following treatment with one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents for up to 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks, or longer periods such as up to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 months or more.
In certain aspects, the subject may be assessed for and identified as exhibiting high or elevated prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression relative to a healthy subject and that identified subject with elevated PSMA activity is administered a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA.
In certain aspects, the present methods and uses include imaging or other assessment of the subject's cancer, including an assessment of PSMA expression. That assessment suitably may occur before administering one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents and/or before administering a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA (177Lu-PSMA I&T). The cancer assessment preferably includes imaging, for example, SPECT or PET imaging, or immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) imaging. An imaging agent such as the 18F or 68Ga agent (such as agents disclosed in Example 2 below), or 64Cu agents can be administered to the subject to facilitate the cancer analysis.
In one aspect, a subject is identified for treatment where the subject exhibits a PSMA expression standard uptake value of 1) (SUV)max≥15 at one site of disease and/or 2) SUVmax>10 at all measurable disease sites.
In another aspect, a subject is identified for treatment where the subject exhibits at least 1 positive lesion SUVmax>10.
In a further aspect, a subject is identified for treatment where the subject has an elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, for example a PSA level of 3 ng/mL, 4 ng/mL, 5 ng/mL or 6 ng/mL or higher.
In certain embodiments, administration of one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents is terminated before administering the complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA.
In certain aspects, the subject is suffering from a prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expressing cancer. In certain aspects, the subject has prostate cancer. In particular aspects, the subject is suffering from metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In additional aspects, the subject is suffering from metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-avid lesions.
In certain aspects, the complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA (177Lu-PSMA I&T) is administered parenterally, such as intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal and/or intravenous. In certain methods, 177Lu-PSMA I&T is administered in a dosage amount (single administration amount or single day amount) of about 1 GBq to about 15 GBq, or about 2 GBq to about 14 GBq, or about 3 or 4 GBq to about 10 or 12 GBq, or about 5 or 6 GBq to about 7, 8 or 9 GBq. A dosage of 6.8 GBq+/−10% per administration may be particularly preferred for various treatments. 177Lu-PSMA I&T suitably may be administered under varying schedules including multiple times per week, or once every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 or more weeks. In some aspects, scheduled 177Lu-PSMA I&T administration may continue for up to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28 or 30 months.
177Lu-PSMA I&T is a complex of lutetium (177Lu) and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA. The term “complex” herein generally refers to a union of 177Lu and the ligand EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA inclusive of chemical and physical variations that may exist with the joined or associated lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA (designated as 177Lu-PSMA I&T). Also, 177Lu-PSMA I&T and 177Lu-PNT2002 are used interchangeably herein and have the same meaning.
177Lu-PSMA I&T has several possible stereoisomers, including the R and S isomers of the carbon that is an N-ring substituent of the tetraazacyclotetradecane moiety of the compound. References herein to EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA and 177Lu-PSMA I&T without further limitation includes all possible stereoisomers of each of those compounds and particularly both the noted R and S isomers.
In certain aspects, racemic mixtures of 177Lu-PSMA I&T are utilized in the present pharmaceutical compositions and methods.
In other preferred aspects, optically enriched mixtures of 177Lu-PSMA I&T and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA are used in the present methods and pharmaceutical compositions.
In certain preferred aspects, the R isomer of 177Lu-PSMA I&T is provided, including for use in the present pharmaceutical compositions and methods. That R isomer may be represented by the following structure 2A:
In one aspect, for use in the present methods and pharmaceutical compositions, generally preferred is 177Lu-PSMA I&T that is substantially optically enriched with the R isomer of structure 2A, or is an enantiomerically pure mixture of the R isomer of structure 2A.
In another aspect, the S isomer of 177Lu-PSMA I&T is used in the present pharmaceutical compositions and methods. That S isomer may be represented by the following structure 2B:
In one aspect, for use in the present methods and pharmaceutical compositions, generally preferred is 177Lu-PSMA I&T that is substantially optically enriched with the S isomer of structure 2B, or is an enantiomerically pure mixture of the S isomer of structure 2B.
177Lu-PSMA I&T for use in the present methods preferably has high chemical or radiochemical purities, including greater than 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8 or 99.9 percent radiochemical purity and/or substantial absence of one or more prior impurities.
In further aspects, treatment kits are provided. In a preferred aspect, a kit may comprise a) a pharmaceutical preparation of lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent suitable for intravenous administration to a patient, and in an amount sufficient to provide from a 4 to 10 Gbq dose; and b) a package insert containing instructions for use of the agent in the treatment of a subject exhibiting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who have previously been treated with androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibition but which patient is taxane chemotherapy-naïve or taxane chemotherapy adverse (i.e., ineligible or averse to chemotherapeutic treatment options).
Uses of a lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent to treat a subject (such as human) suffering from cancer including prostate cancer are also provided, wherein a) a subject is identified as i) exhibiting prostate cancer progression during or after treatment with one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents, and ii) being chemotherapy-naïve before treatment with the one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents; b) an amount of a lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent is administered providing from a 4 to 10 Gbq dose, which subject is dosed at least four times, at four week or longer intervals between doses, with the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy. In preferred aspects, the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent is a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA.
Other aspects of the invention are disclosed infra.
As used herein, the term “a,” “an,” “the” and similar terms used in the context of the present invention (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and plural unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by the context.
The language “and/or” is used herein as a shorthand notation to represent the expression “and,” describing the combination of items, as well as “or,” describing the items in the alternative form.
Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.
The term “about”, as used herein, means an acceptable margin of error for a particular value, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, “about” as used herein will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art to mean up to plus or minus 20% of the particular term. In further embodiments, “about” as used herein will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art to mean up to plus or minus 10% of the particular term.
As used herein, the term “optically enriched” or “optical excess” denotes the presence of one or more non-racemic stereoisomeric centers in a molecule, wherein the configuration of at least one stereoisomeric center has a predominance of one stereoisomeric configuration (R or S). For example, one stereoisomeric center in a molecule, typically a carbon atom, may have greater than 50 or 55 weight % (based on total weight of the compound) of its attached atoms spatially arranged in the (R) configuration. Alternatively, more than 50 weight % (based on total weight of the compound) may be spatially arranged in the (S) configuration. More preferably the molecule, or its stereoisomeric center, is substantially optically enriched, and even more preferably is substantially enantiomerically pure.
As used herein, the term “substantially optically enriched” or “substantial optical excess”, when referring to a stereoisomer or stereoisomeric center, denotes that at least about 60 weight % (based on total weight of the compound), preferably about 70 weight % (based on total weight of the compound), more preferably about 80 weight % (based on total weight of the compound), still more preferably about 90 weight % (based on total weight of the compound) of one stereoisomer or one stereoisomeric center configuration predominates in the mixture, with at least about 95 weight % (based on total weight of the compound) of one stereoisomer or one stereoisomeric center configuration being even more preferred. In some preferred embodiments, the compound is “substantially enantiomerically pure”, that is, at least about 97.5 weight % (based on total weight of the compound), more preferably about 99 weight % (based on total weight of the compound), even more preferably about 99.5 weight % (based on total weight of the compound) of one stereoisomeric configuration predominates.
As used herein, the term “substantially pure” means sufficiently homogeneous to appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by standard analytical methods, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS); or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical and chemical properties, or biological and pharmacological properties, such as enzymatic and biological activities, of the substance. In certain embodiments, “substantially pure” refers to a collection of molecules, wherein at least about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, about 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.5% or about 99.9% or greater of the molecules are a single compound, including a racemic mixture or a single stereoisomer thereof, as determined by standard analytical methods.
As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “treat,” “treating” and “treatment” refer to the eradication or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or condition, or of one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder or condition. In certain embodiments, the terms refer to minimizing the advancement or worsening of the disease, disorder, or condition resulting from the administration of a formulation of the invention to a patient with such a disease, disorder, or condition. In some embodiments, the terms refer to the administration of a formulation provided herein, after the onset of symptoms of the particular disease, disorder, or condition. The terms “treat,” “treating”, “treatment”, or the like, as used herein covers the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition in a subject, e.g., a mammal, and includes at least one of: (i) inhibiting the disease, disorder, or condition, i.e., partially or completely halting its progression; (ii) relieving the disease, disorder, or condition, i.e. causing regression of symptoms of the disease, disorder, or condition, or ameliorating a symptom of the disease, disorder, or condition; and (iii) reversal or regression of the disease, disorder, or condition, preferably eliminating or curing of the disease, disorder, or condition. In a particular embodiment the terms “treat,” “treating”, “treatment”, or the like, covers the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition in a mammal, e.g., a primate, e.g., a human, and includes at least one of (i), (ii), and (iii) above. As is known in the art, adjustments for age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, drug interaction and the severity of the condition may be necessary, and will be ascertainable with routine experimentation by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the invention described herein.
As used herein, the terms “subject”, and “patient” are used interchangeably. The terms “subject” and “patient” refer to an animal such as a mammal including non-primates (e.g., a cow, pig, horse, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, cat, dog, and mouse) and primates (e.g., a monkey, chimpanzee and a human). In a particular embodiment, the subject is a human.
In one preferred aspect, we now provide methods for treatment of patients suffering from prostate cancer, including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).
More specifically, patients with prostate cancer such as mCRPC may undergo prostate-specific membrane-antigen (PSMA)-based analysis such as PET or other imaging to identify and select the patient for treatment with 177Lu-PSMA I&T. 177Lu-PSMA I&T then may be administered to selected patients, including following androgen receptor-axis-targeted therapy (ARAT).
In one aspect, high PSMA avidity or expression in a patient may be assessed by the following 1) or 2):
As referred to herein, SUV (standard uptake value) may be assessed by known procedures, such as administering a 68Ga or 18F compound or other tracer and imaging (e.g. PET, PET/CT) the subject. See Dietlein et al. Mol. Imaging Biol. 2015; 17(4):575-584 for SUV analysis and determination of values in a subject. See also Giesel et al., J Nucl Med. 2018; 59(7):1076-1080 for SUV (including SUVmax) analysis and determination of values in a subject that can be utilized for determination of SUV and SUVmax as referred to herein.
177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B below) can be prepared by complexing or incorporating 177Lu (lutetium-177) or halide thereof such as 177LuCl3 with EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA (structures 1A and/or 1B below).
An IUPAC designation of structure 2A is lutetate(5-)-177Lu, [N-[(4S)-4-(carboxy-KO)-4-[4,7,10-tris[(carboxy-KO)methyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl-KN1,KN4,KN7,KN10]-1-oxobutyl]-3-iodo-D-tyrosyl-D-phenylalanyl-N6-[8-[[(5S)-5-carboxy-5-[[[[[(1S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]pentyl]amino]-1,8-dioxooctyl]-D-lysinato(8-)]-, hydrogen (1:5).
An IUPAC designation of compound 2B is lutetate(5-)-177Lu,N-[(4R)-4-(carboxy-KO)-4-[4,7,10-tris[(carboxy-KO)methyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl-KN1,KN4,KN7,KN10]-1-oxobutyl]-3-iodo-D-tyrosyl-D-phenylalanyl-N6-[8-[[(5S)-5-carboxy-5-[[[[(1S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]pentyl]amino]-1,8-dioxooctyl]-D-lysinato(8-)]-, hydrogen (1:5).
The S isomer compound of structure 1A has an IUPAC name of N-[(4S)-4-(carboxy-KO)-4-[4,7,10-tris[(carboxy-KO)methyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl-KN1,KN4,KN7,KN10]-1-oxobutyl]-3-iodo-D-tyrosyl-D-phenylalanyl-N6-[8-[[(5S)-5-carboxy-5-[[[[(1(S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]pentyl]amino]-1,8-dioxooctyl]-D-lysinato(8-)]-, hydrogen (1:5)).
The R isomer compound of structure 1B has an IUPAC name of: [N-[(4R)-4-(carboxy-KO)-4-[4,7,10-tris[(carboxy-KO)methyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl-KN1,KN4,KN7,KN10]-1-oxobutyl]-3-iodo-D-tyrosyl-D-phenylalanyl-N6-[8-[[(5S)-5-carboxy-5-[[[[(1S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]pentyl]amino]-1,8-dioxooctyl]-D-lysinato(8-)]-, hydrogen (1:5)).
The structures 1A and/or 1B may be suitably formed as described in Weineisen et al. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1169-1176; and Chatalic, Theranostics, 6(6), 849-861 (2016). To provide an optically enriched or substantially optically enriched or enantiomerically pure sample of 177Lu-PSMA I&T the corresponding optical isomer of EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA may be used in the incorporation reaction. That is, the compound of structure 1A may be reacted with lutetium-177 to provide the S isomer complex of structure 2A, and the compound of structure 1B may be reacted with lutetium-177 to provide the R isomer complex of structure 2B. The structures 1A and/or 1B also are available from piCHEM (RaabaGrambach, Austria). Optically enriched mixtures of structures 1A and/or 1B suitably may be prepared with use of an optically enriched precursor (reagent) and/or separation of optical isomers with an appropriate optically active reagent such as an optically active salt.
It is understood that 177Lu-PSMA I&T as referred to herein includes the above structures 2A and/or 2B as well as other complexes of lutetium (177Lu) and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA. For instance, references herein to 177Lu-PSMA I&T include compounds that generally correspond to structure 2A and/or 2B but where the 177Lu substantially complexes to other portions or moieties (such as one or more other nitrogens) of the EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA molecule than as depicted in structures 2A and 2B above. References to 177Lu-PSMA I&T also may include other stereoisomers than those shown in structures 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B above, although the stereoisomers depicted in structures 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B are preferred, particularly structures 1A and 2A.
To synthesize 177Lu-PSMA I&T, lutetium-177 (177Lu) can be admixed with EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA. The 177Lu suitably may be carrier added or more preferably no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) lutetium-177. To facilitate incorporation (e.g. complexing including chelating) of lutetium-177 with the EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA compound, preferably an admixture of the compounds is thermally treated.
177Lu-PSMA I&T is suitably administered to a subject an aqueous composition including 1) a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA and 2) one or more stabilizer compounds such as one or more ascorbate compounds. Preferably, the radiochemical purity of the composition is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 95% or 99% where the composition is maintained at 30° C. or less and for 3, 4 or 5 days or more following preparation of the composition.
In certain preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is free of unchelated lutetium-177 in an amount of not more than 2, 1.5, 1.0 or 0.5 weight % based on total weight of the pharmaceutical composition, such as may be determined by radiometric detection (including HPLC radiometric detection), where the composition is maintained at 30° C. or less and such purity levels are exhibited for 3, 4 or 5 days or more following preparation of the composition.
In additional preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is free of radiochemical impurities in an amount of not more than 5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1 or 0.5 weight % based on total weight of the pharmaceutical composition, such as may be determined by radiometric detection (including HPLC radiometric detection), where the composition is maintained at 30° C. or less and such purity levels are exhibited for 3, 4 or 5 days or more following preparation of the composition.
In yet still additional preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is free of chemical impurities in an amount of not more than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0.5 weight % based on total weight of the pharmaceutical composition, such as may be determined by chromatography or other method including HPLC or HPLC/UV analysis, where the composition is maintained at 30° C. or less and such purity levels are exhibited for 3, 4 or 5 days or more following preparation of the composition.
In yet still additional preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is 1) free of unchelated lutetium-177 in an amount of not more than 2, 1.5, 1.0 or 0.5 weight % (such as may be determined by radiometric detection (including HPLC radiometric detection)); 2) free of radiochemical impurities in an amount of not more than 5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1 or 0.5 weight % (such as may be determined by radiometric detection (including HPLC radiometric detection); and 3) free of chemical impurities in an amount of not more than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0.5 weight % (such as may be determined by HPLC/UV analysis), with all weight % based on total weight of the pharmaceutical composition, and where the composition is maintained at 30° C. or less and such purity levels are exhibited for 3, 4 or 5 days or more following preparation of the composition.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for parenteral administration, such as intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intrathecal or intraperitoneal administration. For example, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intradermal injection. In preferred aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for intravenous administration. In typical embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a form of a pharmaceutical aqueous solution.
Because of the radioactive nature to the present drug compositions, injection and/or infusion of the drug to patients will typically require certain additional care to avoid exposure of the healthcare provider to radiation or contamination of the infusion facility. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is provided in a vial and injected by intravenous push, such as using a disposable syringe, optionally with syringe shield if handheld infusion administration. In such instances, the desired radioactivity dose is withdrawn from vial using a syringe fitted with a syringe shield and disposable sterile needle and the pharmaceutical composition is administered by slow intravenous push (1-20 minutes, more preferably about 10 minutes) manually or with a syringe pump (
In certain embodiments of the packaged pharmaceutical kit of the present invention there are included directions including one or more of the above techniques, i.e., instructions for intravenous push injection (manual or by pump), gravity fed infusion and/or infusion pump.
In certain embodiments, the packaged pharmaceutical kit includes a disposable syringe, and more preferably includes a disposable syringe with a syringe radiation shield, such as made of lead or tungsten.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous solution, dispersion or other admixture such as for injection and comprises 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A) and preferably one or more ascorbate compounds. In further preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous solution, dispersion or other admixture such as for injection and comprises 1)177Lu-PSMA I&T including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A) and preferably one or more ascorbate compounds and one or more gentisate compounds.
In certain preferred embodiments, a pharmaceutical aqueous solution, dispersion or admixture may be utilized that includes: 1) a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA; and 2) at least one stabilizer compound that preferably can inhibit radiolytic degradation of the composition during storage following preparation of the complex. 177Lu-PSMA I&T is suitably present in a concentration that it provides a volumetric radioactivity of at least 100 MBq/mL, preferably of at least 250, 500, 750 or 1000 MBq/mL within 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 days following preparation. In certain aspects, 177Lu-PSMA I&T is present in a concentration that it provides a volumetric radioactivity of from 100 to 1000 MBq/mL, preferably from or up to about 250, 500, 750 or 1000 MBq/mL within 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 days following preparation.
In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical aqueous formulation has a shelf life of at least 24 hours at about 30° C. or less, at least 48 hours at about 30° C. or less, at least 72 hours at 30° C. or less, or from 24 hours to 120 hours at 30° C. or less, from 24 hours to 96 hours at 30° C. or less, from 24 hours to 84 hours at 30° C. or less, from 24 hours to 72 hours at 30° C. or less, in particular a shelf life of at least 72 hours at 30° C. or less. In further particular aspects, the pharmaceutical aqueous formulation has a shelf life of at least 96 hours (or 4 days) at about 30° C. or less, or the pharmaceutical aqueous formulation has a shelf life of at least 120 hours (or 5 days) at about 30° C. or less, or the pharmaceutical aqueous formulation has a shelf life of at least 144 hours (or 6 days) at about 30° C. or less.
In a particularly preferred aspect, 177Lu-PSMA I&T is provided as a sterile solution for intravenous use. The 177Lu-PSMA I&T solution suitably may be clear, colorless to slightly yellow. A single-dose vial suitably will contain 6.8+/−10% GBq 177Lu-PSMA I&T for example calibrated at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 or more days post-day of manufacture in 10 to 14 mL formulated with one or more radioprotectants and may include a buffer. The pH range of the solution is preferably 5.0 to 7.0. As discussed, radioprotectants or stabilizers may be one or more ascorbate compounds and optionally together with one or more gentisate compounds. The 177Lu-PSMA I&T also may be provided in a multi-dose format or packaging, such as a multi-dose vial that contains multiple doses, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more doses of 177Lu-PSMA I&T.
Preferred 177Lu-PSMA I&T compositions for administration to a subject are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 11,129,921 and 11,491,246.
As discussed, 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) is used to treat cancers, including a PSMA expressing cancer.
As discussed, in one aspect, methods are provided for treating a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising: a) identifying a subject exhibiting prostate cancer progression during or after treatment with one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents, and wherein subject is chemotherapy-naïve before treatment with one or more androgen receptor inhibitor agents; b) administering to the identified subject an amount of a lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent providing from a 4 to 10 Gbq dose, wherein the subject is dosed at least four times, at four week or longer intervals between doses, with the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent. In preferred aspects, the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent is a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA.
In particular aspects, 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) is used to treat prostate cancer, for example non-metastatic prostate cancer and metastatic prostate cancer, including hormone sensitive prostate cancer, castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and drug-resistant prostate cancer, particularly an anti-androgen drug (e.g., abitaterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide and/or darolutamide) resistant prostate cancer.
In various methods, 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) can be administered to a subject such as a human in an amount effective to treat the cancer (e.g., reduction of tumor size), such as at a dose of about 0.1 GBq to about 30 GBq be suitably administered from a unit dose in a vial or a syringe or as a bulk solution in a vial or a syringe prepared from a cold-kit prepared with lutuetium-177 at a local or central nuclear pharmacy or through cGMP central manufacturing.
In certain embodiments, the subject is suffering from prostate cancer such as one or more of castration-sensitive prostate cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, advanced stage prostate cancer, drug-resistant prostate cancer such as anti-androgen-resistant prostate cancer (e.g., enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer, abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer, bicalutamide-resistant prostate cancer), docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer, PARP resistant prostate cancer, radium chloride resistant prostate cancer, AR-V7-induced drug-resistant prostate cancer such as AR-V7-induced enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer, AKR1C3-induced drug-resistant prostate cancer such as AKR1C3-induced enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer, and combinations thereof.
In particular embodiments, the subject is a human suffering metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and an effective amount of 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A) is administered to the subject to treat the prostate cancer.
In additional particular embodiments, the subject is a human suffering oligometastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer and an effective amount of 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A) is administered to the subject to treat the prostate cancer.
In further particular embodiments, the subject is a human suffering metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and an effective amount of 177Lu-PSMA I&T including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A) is administered to the subject to treat the prostate cancer.
The effective amount of 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A) radiopharmaceutical administered to a patient will generally be determined by considering the patient record. However, the effective amount suitably may be within a range of about 0.1 GBq to 30 GBq per dose. More specifically, the dose may range from about 1 GBq to about 20 GBq or about 30 GBq per dose subject, for example, about 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 6.8, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, 20, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5 or 30 GBq per dose of 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A), or any range between two of the above values. The dose can be administered from a unit dose in a vial or a syringe or as a bulk solution in a vial or a syringe prepared from a cold-kit prepared with lutetium-177 at a local or central nuclear pharmacy or through cGMP central manufacturing.
If necessary or desirable, the treatment may involve more than one administration of an effective amount of 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A). It is generally beneficial to repeat the administration of 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A) to the subject after 7 to 56 days, such as at a 4 to 8 week interval.
In a particularly preferred protocol, the 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including 177Lu-PSMA I&T having an optical excess of structure 2A) dosage form is a sterile aqueous solution that is administered by intravenous injection. The dosing regimen may include multiple infusions such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 infusions at effective dosages such as of 6.8 GBq+/−10% each, administered about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 weeks apart.
177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) suitably may be administered to a subject in conjunction or combination with one or more other therapeutic agents, particularly one or more other chemotherapeutic agents.
In one aspect, a subject may receive treatment with 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2 above) in combination with a regime of docetaxel and/or prednisone, particularly for a subject suffering from castration resistant prostate cancer.
In another aspect, a subject may receive treatment with 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) in combination with a regime that can include chemotherapy such as docetaxel; cisplatin; gemcitabine; cisplatin/gemcitabine; cabazitaxel; one or more antiandrogens such as one or more LHRH agonists, such as leuprolide and goserelin, or antagonists (e.g. firmagon and relugolyx); one or more antiandrogens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, cyproterone, abiraterone, enzalutamide, darolutamide and apalutamide; one or more PARP inhibitors such as olaparib, rucaparib or niraparib, particularly for a subject suffering from prostate cancer including metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer.
In additional aspects, a subject may receive treatment with 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) in combination with an immunotherapy regime which may include adoptive cell therapies or adoptive immunotherapy.
For example, to treat a patient suffering from cancer, 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2 above) may be administered in combination with immune effector cells (e.g., T cells, NK cells) engineered to express a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (e.g. CAR T-cell therapy), including to treat a cancer or a disease associated with expression of a tumor antigen.
For a patient suffering from cancer including prostate cancer, 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) also may be administered in combination with other immune-based therapies such as sipuleucel-T (Provenge) or other immune-boosting approaches including antibody treatments. For instance, in one protocol, 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) may be administered in combination with one or more monoclonal antibodies such as pembrolizumab (Keytruda), ipilimumab (Yervoy) and/or nivolumab (Opdivo) for treating a patient suffering from cancer, particularly prostate cancer.
As used herein, the term “in combination” in the context of the administration of a therapy to a subject refers to the use of more than one therapy for therapeutic benefit. The term “in combination” in the context of the administration can also refer to the prophylactic use of a therapy to a subject when used with at least one additional therapy. The use of the term “in combination” does not restrict the order in which the therapies (e.g., a first and second therapy) are administered to a subject. A therapy can be administered prior to (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks before), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) the administration of a second therapy to a subject in need of treatment as disclosed herein. The therapies are administered to a subject in a sequence and within a time interval such that the therapies can act together. In a particular embodiment, the therapies are administered to a subject in a sequence and within a time interval such that they provide an increased benefit than if they were administered otherwise. Any additional therapy can be administered in any order with the other additional therapy.
Treatment kits containing 177Lu-PSMA I&T may be employed, including cold kits where the 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) can be prepared shortly before administration such as in a medical facility, for example a hospital laboratory or nuclear pharmacy. In such a kit, EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA may be provided in a vial or other container in lyophilized or other form separate from lutetium-177. The EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA and lutetium-177 are reacted as disclosed herein at the medical facility to provide 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including 2A and/or 2B above) which then can be promptly administered to a patient.
In a further aspect, packaged preparations or products of 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) also may be utilized. A packaged preparation may comprise 1) 177Lu-PSMA I&T and optionally 2) instructions for using 177Lu-PSMA I&T for treating a cancer such as prostate cancer. Preferably, the packaged preparation will comprise a therapeutically effective amount of 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above).
In certain exemplary packaged preparations or products, 177Lu-PSMA I&T (including structures 2A and/or 2B above) suitably can be packaged in suitable containers labeled, for example, for use as a therapy to treat a subject suffering from prostate cancer. The containers can include 177Lu-PSMA I&T and suitably one or more ascorbate compounds and one or more gentisate compounds as disclosed herein. A product can include a container (e.g., a vial or the like) containing 177Lu-PSMA I&T. In addition, an article of manufacture or kit further may include, for example, packaging materials, instructions for use, syringes, delivery devices, for treating the targeted condition, such as prostate cancer or other cancer.
A packaged system or product may also include a legend (e.g., a printed label or insert or other medium (e.g., an audio or video file) describing the product's use). The legend can be associated with the container (e.g., affixed to the container) and can describe the manner in which the compositions therein should be administered (e.g., the frequency and route of administration), indications therefor, and other uses. The compositions can be ready for administration (e.g., present in dose-appropriate units), and may include one or more additional pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, carriers or other diluents.
As discussed above, preferred kits may suitably comprise a) a pharmaceutical preparation of lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent suitable for intravenous administration to a patient, and in an amount sufficient to provide from a 4 to 10 Gbq dose; and b) a package insert containing instructions for use of the agent in the treatment of a subject exhibiting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who have previously been treated with androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibition but which patient is taxane chemotherapy-naïve or taxane chemotherapy adverse (i.e., ineligible or averse to chemotherapeutic treatment options).
In certain aspects, suitably, the instructions of the package insert include guidance for dosing the patient with the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy at least four times and at four week or longer intervals between doses.
In certain aspects, the package insert may suitably further include an indication that the shelf life for the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand is 120 hours from end of synthesis and formulation of the pharmaceutical preparation of the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand for use in the kit.
In certain aspects, the package insert suitably further includes instructions for selecting patients using a PSMA-targeted imaging agent.
In certain aspects, the package insert suitably further includes instructions for ensuring patients increase oral fluid intake and advise patients to void including as often as possible to reduce bladder radiation.
In certain aspects, in a kit, the lutetium-177 labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand agent is a complex of lutetium-177 and EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA.
In certain aspects, in a kit, lutetium-177 EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA complex is provided in a single dose form sufficient to provide 6.8 GBq+/−10% within shelf-life.
In certain aspects, the package insert further includes instructions for administration of the lutetium-177 EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA complex up to four times a patient with 8-week intervals between each dose.
In certain aspects, a pharmaceutical preparation includes Sodium Ascorbate a concentration of 55-75 mg/mL and Sodium Gentisate at a concentration of 16-36 mg/mL, and has a pH in the range of 5.0-7.0.
In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical preparation has a radioactive concentration (RAC) of 0.5 to 1.2 GBq/mL, more preferably 0.79-0.86 GBq/mL±10%, at end of synthesis and formulation of the pharmaceutical preparation.
In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical preparation has a total peptide content of less than or equal to 250 μg (sum of EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA and lutetium-177 EuK-Sub-kf-iodo-y-DOTAGA complex), preferably a total peptide content in the range of 180-250 kg.
In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical preparation is provided in a single dosage vial, and the kit optionally further comprises a disposable syringe with syringe shield for example to facilitate handheld infusion administration.
In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical preparation is provided in a disposable syringe with syringe shield, for example to facilitate handheld infusion administration.
In certain aspects, a kit may include a radiation shielded pig (such as lead or tungsten pig) in which the pharmaceutical preparation is transported in the packaged kit.
In certain aspects, a package insert may further include instructions for patient eligibility, including that patients must have progressive mCRPC at the time of consent based on one or more or all of the following criteria:
The following non-limiting examples are illustrative.
Aqueous compositions of 177Lu-PSMA-I&T are prepared as set forth in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 11,129,912.
A primary efficacy objective is to determine the efficacy of 177Lu-PSMA I&T versus abiraterone or enzalutamide is evaluated in delaying radiographic progression in patients with mCRPC who have cancer progression progressed on androgen receptor-axis-targeted therapies (ARAT).
A primary endpoint of the study may include radiological progression-free survival (rPFS) assessed by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).
Additional endpoints may include proportion of patients with partial or complete response (PR or CR, respectively) by BICR based on RECIST 1.1 criteria (soft tissue) and PCWG3 criteria (bone).
Two treatment groups (Arm A and Arm B) of human patients are selected. Arm B treatment includes enzalutamide (160 mg orally qd) or abiraterone acetate (abiraterone) (1000 mg orally qd with: 5 mg bid prednisone or 0.5 mg qd dexamethasone). Patients randomized to Arm B will receive all the benefits of standard clinical care for mCRPC. Following progression on control arm treatment, patients will be assessed and, if eligible, will crossover to 177Lu-PSMA I&T treatment.
The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of 177Lu-PSMA I&T in patients with mCRPC who have progressed on ARAT therapy.
The study may include three phases: Dosimetry, Randomized Treatment, and Long-term Follow-up.
The study may commence with a 25-patient safety and dosimetry lead-in and proceed to a randomization phase in approximately 390 patients at the same dose and regimen if pre-specified safety criteria are met. All patients will be followed in long-term follow-up for at least 5 years from the first therapeutic dose, death, or loss to follow-up. Patient groups size may vary.
In one preferred protocol, all patients will undergo screening such as within 6 weeks before enrollment or randomization to assess eligibility and must be chemo-naïve for CRPC, unfit or unwilling to receive chemotherapy, have documented progression on ARAT therapy (e.g., abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide), and willing to undergo treatment with second-line ARAT therapy. Once all screening assessments have been conducted, patients will undergo PSMA imaging with 18FDCFPyL or 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT to confirm PSMA expression eligibility.
Patients that meet eligibility in the Dosimetry Phase will be administered 177Lu-PSMA I&T, for example at a dose of 6.8 GBq (±10%) every 8 weeks for 4 cycles. Concurrent with each patient's first treatment cycle, whole body planar acquisitions will be collected at 5 imaging times: 0.5-2 h (pre-void), 24 h (±4 h), 48 h (±4 h), 72 h (±4 h) and 140-196 h. SPECT will also be encouraged, but not required, at 24 h or 48 h time points.
Once dosimetry and safety data are generated to confirm the selected dose meets pre-specified criteria and the DSMB has provided an approval to proceed, the Randomized Treatment Phase will commence. The randomized treatment phase will open to US sites after all patients in the dosimetry phase have completed the treatment follow-up period (i.e. 8 weeks after last dose). Patients that meet all eligibility will be randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either:
The primary objective of the study is to determine the efficacy of 177Lu-PSMA I&T versus abiraterone or enzalutamide in delaying radiographic progression. Secondary objectives include overall response, overall survival, effect on PSA kinetics and safety and tolerability of 177Lu-PSMA I&T compared with the control arm. Exploratory objectives are to evaluate the effect on cancer-related pain, impact on HRQoL, and efficacy of PSMA-PET for patient selection with 177Lu-PSMA I&T therapy.
Patients in the Dosimetry Phase and Arm A will be assessed every 2 weeks and patients in Arm B will be assessed every 4 weeks until completion of the treatment phase (EOT; Week 32). In both the Dosimetry and Randomized Treatment Phases, a patient is considered to have completed the study if he has completed the treatment phase at study Week 32 (EOT Visit). If patients have not progressed by EOT, disease assessments based on CT/MRI and whole-body bone scan will continue every 8 weeks until radiologic progression by BICR.
Patients randomized to Arm B who experience radiographic progression per BICR, have not started an intervening treatment and have no uncontrolled AEs will be eligible to cross over to receive 6.8 GBq (±10%) of 177Lu-PSMA I&T every 8 weeks for 4 cycles. Patients that switch will be followed for safety and efficacy based on the SOA with the exception of ECGs, correlative blood draws and BICR assessed imaging interpretation.
A subset of up to 20 patients in Arm A from selected sites will have PK assessments with blood and urine samples.
Efficacy will be assessed by CT/MRI scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, whole body bone scans, PSA measurements, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), a health-related QoL (HRQoL) questionnaire, pain questionnaires, and skeletal events review.
Safety will be assessed by measurement of weight, physical examinations, vital signs, ECGs, blood chemistry and hematologic parameters, review of AEs/serious AEs (SAEs), review of concomitant medications.
Patients on the control arm (Arm B) will be assessed based on the same procedures as the investigational arm (Arm A) except for ECGs performed post baseline and PK samples drawn in Arm A only and treatment compliance checked at each visit for Arm B.
An independent Data Safety Monitoring Committee (iDSMB) will monitor ongoing safety data (AEs and laboratory test results).
The Long-Term Follow-up Phase consists of a planned clinic visit or phone call every 3 months to assess survival status, late-radiation related toxicities, and new anti-cancer therapies for at least 5 years from the first therapeutic dose, death, or loss to follow up.
Twenty-five patients are enrolled in the Dosimetry Phase of the study. A total of 390 patients will be randomized in a 2:1 ratio in the Treatment Phase: 260 patients will receive 177Lu-PSMA I&T and 130 patients will receive abiraterone or enzalutamide.
Prospective approval of protocol deviations to recruitment and enrollment criteria, also known as protocol waivers or exemptions, is not permitted.
Patients are eligible to be included in the study only if all of the following criteria apply:
Patients are excluded from the study if any of the following criteria apply:
Patients will be screened within 6 weeks before randomization.
The objective of the Dosimetry Phase is to evaluate dosimetry in all of the standard organs, including the kidneys, salivary glands, and lacrimal glands. Individual dosimetry estimates and summary statistics will be generated by a central dosimetry core laboratory.
Prior to entry into the Dosimetry Phase, patients will sign an ICF and undergo screening procedures including a PSMA-PET scan. A total of 25 patients that meet all eligibility requirements will be administered 6.8 GBq (±10%) of 177Lu-PSMA I&T every 8 weeks for 4 cycles.
A baseline CT scan will be collected for the purpose of determination of kidney volumes for patient-specific correction in the dosimetry analysis process.
Concurrent with each patient's first treatment cycle, 5 whole body conjugate-view planar images will be collected at the times listed below on a dual-headed gamma camera capable of whole-body scanning with a medium energy collimator. Images should include the entire body from vertex to feet, and all parts of the body including the arms should be contained completely in the field of view. An imaging standard with a known amount of activity is required to be present in each image collected. The data and time of each image collection, and the scan speed of each image will be recorded. Although not required, sites also will be encouraged to collect quantitative or semiquantitative SPECT images at either the 24 or 48 h time points below for supplemental dosimetry analyses. If only a single optional SPECT image is to be collected, 48 hours is a preferred time of collection, followed by 24 hours. Further details of the whole body planar acquisitions and SPECT acquisitions will be contained in the imaging manuals.
A central dosimetry core laboratory will perform image quantification, kinetic modeling, and dosimetry analysis across all standard organs utilizing the standard MIRD/RADAR methodology.
Regions of interest (ROIs) will be constructed on the images for all organs/tissues that show uptake, and the activity in the ROIs will be quantified at each time point. Red marrow activity will be estimated using marrow ROIs or a blood-based methodology. Kinetic modeling will be performed to obtain normalized number of disintegrations, and the OLINDA/EXM v2 software will be utilized to produce dosimetry estimates based on the generated activity-time curves and derived residence times for all organs/tissues. Organ masses derived from CT will be used to more accurately estimate the kidney absorbed dose.
After each of the 4 treatment cycles, patients will be assessed every 2 weeks until Week 32 (8 weeks after the last cycle) to monitor tolerability and safety (i.e., severity, frequency and duration of AEs/SAEs, vital signs, ECG, hematology and chemistry). A safety evaluation of all AEs including xerostomia, dry eyes, and kidney function, and lab abnormalities will be followed closely for worsening in severity or resolution and to evaluate if dose modifications for subsequent cycles may be warranted.
An iDSMB will be convened to evaluate safety results after the first 5 patients have completed treatment, or sooner, if requested by the Medical Monitor. The iDSMB will evaluate safety until all 25 patients are enrolled and complete treatment.
Efficacy will also be assessed based on radiographic tumor assessments, PSA blood samples, ECOG and QoL. Radiographic response will be collected and assessed by BICR throughout the Dosimetry Phase.
The following criteria will be used to confirm the dose will remain the same for the Randomized Treatment Phase:
Randomized Treatment Phase Once dosimetry and safety data are generated to confirm the selected doses meets pre-specified criteria and the DSMB has provided an approval to proceed, the Randomized Treatment Phase will commence. The randomized treatment phase will open to sites after all patients in the dosimetry phase have completed the entire follow-up period (i.e. 8 weeks after last doe) or earlier if FDA agreement is obtained. Patients will sign an ICF and undergo screening procedures including a PSMA-PET scan. Following determination of eligibility, patients will be randomized 2:1 in the following groups:
Randomization will be stratified by prior taxane treatment for castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) (yes or no), prior use of bisphosphonates (yes or no), metastatic status on prior ARAT (M0 or M1), and measurable disease at study entry (yes or no).
Patients in both Treatment Arms will be highly encouraged to remain on their randomized treatment until objective radiographic disease progression as assessed by BICR. All patients will undergo disease assessments by whole body bone scans and CT/MRI imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Patients will also be evaluated for changes in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), PSA measurements by a central laboratory, HRQoL questionnaire, pain questionnaires, and skeletal events review. Safety will be assessed by measurement of weight, physical examinations, vital signs, electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood chemistry and hematologic parameters, review of AEs/SAEs and review of concomitant medications.
ARAT administration in the control arm will be modified according to the approved product labeling. The dose of 177Lu-PSMA I&T can be modified as per the guidelines set forth below.
Patients are suitably assessed at the clinic every 2 weeks (±2 days) in Arm A and every 4 weeks (±2 days) in Arm B until completion of the treatment phase (EOT; 8 weeks after last dose). In the absence of BICR-assessed radiographic progression by EOT, patients will continue to be followed every 8 weeks until radiographic progression by BICR and follow all procedures indicated within the SOA for these visits. Every effort should be made to keep patients on assigned treatment until BICR-assessed radiographic progression. If the investigator elects to initiate alternative anti-cancer therapy before BICR-assessed radiological progression. Discontinuation of Study Intervention, and patients will continue to be followed every 8 weeks until BICR-assessed radiographic progression, irrespective of initiation of subsequent anti-cancer therapy. Once a patient has demonstrated BICR-assessed radiographic progression, they will complete the Progression Visit and:
If the primary rPFS analysis occurs before patients progress by BICR, patients will continue their original study schedule until investigator-assessed radiographic progression, death or loss to follow-up.
An iDSMB will monitor ongoing safety data (AEs/SAEs, ECGs, laboratory test results) on a quarterly basis throughout the Treatment Phase. A subset of up to 20 patients in Arm A will also be evaluated for PK.
Patients in Arm B who experience radiographic progression per BICR, have not started an intervening treatment, and have no uncontrolled AEs will be eligible for consent to crossover to receive 6.8 GBq (±10%) of 177Lu-PSMA I&T every 8 weeks for 4 cycles. Radiologic assessment of second progression will be performed by the investigator and patients will be monitored for safety based on the schedule set forth below.
The Long-Term Follow-up Phase for the Dosimetry and Randomization Treatment Phases consists of a planned clinic visit or phone call every 3 months to assess survival status, late-radiation related toxicities, second progression, and new anti-cancer therapies for at least 5 years, death, or loss to follow up. The overall study ends when the last subject completes the last study related phone-call or visit, discontinues from the trial or is lost to follow-up.
68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-DCFPyL
The 68Ga-PSMA-11 radiopharmaceutical will be administered intravenously at a dose of 5 mCi+/−10%. The 18F-DCFPyL radiopharmaceutical will be administered intravenously at a dose of 9 mCi+/−10%.
To limit exposure, 177Lu-PSMA I&T is stored inside a lead-shield container. It is shipped in an International Air Transportation Association (IATA) approved package and marked with an appropriate radioactive label. Upon receipt, 177Lu-PSMA I&T can remain within the shipping container until needed for injection. Shipping documents should include the ART.
The drug is stored at room temperature (15-30° C.) in a lead pot at the clinical site. The shelf life is 2 days post-activity reference time when stored in its original packaging, after which the drug product should be appropriately discarded.
Administration of 177Lu-PSMA I&T must occur by the labeled expiration time. The time of all measurements should be documented in reference to a single clock. If possible, the clock on the dose calibrator should be synchronized to this reference clock. The amount of radioactivity in the vial should be measured before and after each administration. The decay-corrected administered dose will be calculated in the eCRF once the dose measurements and times are entered in the eCRF.
Before 177Lu-PSMA I&T administration, an indwelling IV catheter should be inserted into the antecubital vein (preferably). The IV line should be flushed with ≥10 mL of normal saline to confirm patency. The dose should be administered via slow push or with an automatic pump over a period of 1 to 10 minutes with careful observation to ensure the dose is not extravasated. Upon completion of the administration, the line should be flushed with ≥10 mL of normal saline.
If necessary, the infusion may be interrupted to accommodate the patient (e.g., the patient needs to use the toilet, experiences nausea or vomiting, anxiety). The infusion should be continued unless the investigator determines that the administration represents an unacceptable risk, undue safety hazard, or if the patient's medical condition deteriorates rapidly and the infusion cannot continue or would interfere with medical or surgical care. If the infusion can be completed on the scheduled day, it should proceed even with interruptions.
Patients randomized to Arm B will receive abiraterone or enzalutamide as defined below:
Patient's treatment must remain the same throughout the Randomized Treatment Phase with the exception of dose modifications in accordance with product labeling.
177Lu-PSMA I&T, 18F-DCFPyL, and 68Ga-PSMA-11 are administered under the supervision of the investigator or qualified designee. Details of the study drug injection will be captured in each patient's eCRF.
The abiraterone or enzalutamide treatment regimen is self-administered as per standard clinical dosing. Patients will be instructed to take the treatment as per standard of care and appropriate competent authority approved drug labeling. Compliance with the prescribed dosing schedule will be assessed at each clinic visit and the information will be entered into the eCRF.
Randomization is performed in a 2:1 ratio using IVRS/IWRS following confirmation of patient's eligibility and prior to initiating study treatment. The following steps are to be followed in the enrollment process:
Randomization will be stratified by prior taxane treatment for castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) (yes or no), prior use of bisphosphonates (yes or no), metastatic status on prior ARAT (M0 or M1), and measurable disease at study entry (yes or no).
All treatments (medications, including over-the-counter or prescription medicines, vitamins, and/or herbal supplements, or medical procedures) that the patient completed within 30 days prior to randomization are to be recorded in the eCRF, including the reason for use; dates of administration including start and end dates; and dosage information including dose and frequency.
The following medications are allowed on both arms:
Investigator discretion should be used for any deviations from the guidelines above to ensure the patient's safety. Deviations should be recorded in the eCRF and communicated to the sponsor for evaluation of continuing eligibility.
In certain aspects, the following medications are prohibited during participation in the study:
Androgen receptor inhibitor (ARAT) administration in the control arm will be modified according to the approved product labeling.
If a patient experiences any of the following toxicities, further dosing at 6.8 GBq should be suspended and subsequent doses should be reduced to 5 GBq once the subject meets criteria for resuming treatment:
Once dosing has been suspended, subjects should have CBC and/or serum chemistry with creatinine as well as AE monitoring evaluated every other week until the dose limiting toxicity has recovered back to no greater than CTCAE v5.0 Grade 1 or the baseline value, before dosing may be resumed at 5 GBq. If by 16 weeks following the previous dose, the values have not recovered, permanent discontinuation from further dosing should occur and the subject will be asked to remain in the study to follow disease progression, safety and survival.
In addition to the criteria specified above, the 177Lu-PSMA I&T dose may also be delayed for any other reason at the Investigator's discretion and in consultation with the Medical Monitor.
Permanent discontinuation should occur if a dose is delayed greater than 16 weeks.
Patients may discontinue the study treatment for the following reasons:
A patient is considered to be withdrawn from the study if he has discontinued study treatment as well as the protocol-mandated assessments. A patient may be withdrawn from the study for the following reasons:
For all patients who withdraw consent, the reason should be recorded in the eCRF. If the patient withdraws consent for disclosure of future information, the sponsor may retain and continue to use any data collected before such a withdrawal of consent.
If a patient withdraws from the study, he may request destruction of any samples taken and not tested, and the investigator must document this in the site study records.
Stopping rules apply to both the Dosimetry and Randomized Treatment Phases. The study will be suspended and possibly stopped for any of the following reasons:
The following procedures and assessments will take place once the patient has provided written informed consent and prior to randomization onto the study. Procedures conducted as part of the patient's routine clinical management (e.g., blood count) and obtained before signing of the ICF may be utilized for screening or baseline purposes provided the procedures met the protocol-specified criteria and were performed within the time frame defined in the SOAs.
All screening procedures needed to ascertain eligibility for the study must be completed within 6 weeks prior to enrollment or randomization. All data will be recorded in the eCRF.
Clinical assessment Medical history, complete physical examination, morphometric measurements (height, weight), vital signs, ECG, ECOG, recording of SAEs, recording of prior medications, recording of concomitant medications (All subjects) within 6 weeks before enrollment/randomization.
Treatment history Past treatment for prostate cancer, including pathology and/or histology Tumor marker PSA Hematology WBC count, 3-part differential, RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count Blood chemistry Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, magnesium), total protein, serum creatinine, albumin, glucose (non-fasting), ALP, LDH, CK, total bilirubin, AST, ALT.
Additional blood test
Within 30 days before randomization after all other eligibility requirements have been completed.
Imaging CT/MRI chest, abdomen, pelvis, using RECIST v1.1 criteria as outlined in PCWG3 recommendations;
Whole body bone scan, Up to 6 weeks before enrollment/randomization.
Clinical assessment prior to 177Lu-PSMA I&T administration
Limited physical examination, body weight measurement, ECOG
Prior to each 177Lu-PSMA I&T infusion and the last visit of each cycle (weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28) during the treatment period; and at EOT
Clinical assessment pre- and post 177Lu-PSMA I&T administration
ECG Pre- and post-infusion (within 4 hr. post-dose) of all treatments with 177Lu-PSMA I&T and at EOT
Tumor marker PSA Week of first 177Lu-PSMA I&T treatment, prior to infusion, and every 4 weeks during the treatment period, at the progression visit, at EOT, and if progression has not occurred by EOT, every 8 weeks until progression
Hematology WBC count, WBC differential (3-part), RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count
Prior to 177Lu-PSMA I&T infusions and every 2 weeks between infusions, at progression the visit and at EOT
Blood chemistry Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, magnesium), total protein, serum creatinine, albumin, glucose (non-fasting), ALP, LDH, CK, total bilirubin, AST, ALT
Vital signs Blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate
Dosimetry Whole body planar images At baseline (0.5-2 hr. [pre-void], 24 hr. [±4 hr.], 48 hr. [±4 hr.], 72 hr. [±4 hr.], and 140-196 hr.).
Imaging CT/MRI chest, abdomen, pelvis, whole body bone scan
Weeks 8, 16, 24, EOT, and every 8 weeks until progression
Toxicity AEs Every visit from first dose of Investigational Product (i.e. PSMA
Imaging Agent) through EOT SAEs Every visit from Screening through
EOT Late stage radiation toxicities If progression has not occurred by EOT, every 8 weeks until LTFU
Review of concomitant medications every visit through EOT
If progression has not occurred by EOT, the use of anti-cancer therapy (although prohibited) will be collected every 8 weeks until progression
Opioid use Review of opioid medications Every visit until initiation of opioid use
Quality-of-life FACT-P Baseline and Weeks 8, 16, 24, and EOT
Pain assessment BPI-SF, AQA, review of skeletal events Day 1 and the last visit of each cycle (weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28) during the treatment period and at EOT
If progression has not occurred by EOT, AQA will be completed every 8 weeks until progression
Patients randomized to Arm A will undergo the following investigations during the cycles of 177Lu-PSMA I&T treatment.
Clinical assessment prior to 177Lu-PSMA I&T administration
Limited physical examination, body weight measurement, ECOG Prior to each 177Lu-PSMA I&T infusion and the last visit of each cycle (weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28) during the treatment period; and at EOT
Clinical assessment pre- and post 177Lu-PNT2002 administration
ECG Pre- and post-infusion (within 4 hr. post-dose) of all treatments with 177Lu-PSMA I&T and at EOT Tumor marker PSA Week of first 177Lu-PSMA I&T treatment, prior to infusion, and every 4 weeks during the treatment period, at the progression visit, at EOT, and if progression has not occurred by EOT, every 8 weeks until progression Hematology WBC count, WBC differential (3-part), RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count Prior to 177Lu-PSMA I&T infusions and every 2 weeks between infusions, at the progression visit and at EOT
Blood Chemistry Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, magnesium), total protein, serum creatinine, albumin, glucose (non-fasting), ALP, LDH, CK, total bilirubin, AST, ALT
Vital signs Blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate
Correlative samples (optional)
Circulating factors to predict response Baseline and Weeks 8, 16, 24, and EOT PK Blood and urine samples (up to 20 patients from selected sites)
Baseline Imaging CT/MRI chest, abdomen, pelvis, whole body bone scan Weeks 8, 16, 24, EOT, and every 8 weeks until progression
Toxicity AEs Every visit from first dose of 177Lu-PSMA I&T through EOT SAEs Every visit from Screening through EOT
Late stage radiation toxicities If progression has not occurred by EOT, every 8 weeks until completion of LTFU
Review of concomitant medications: Every visit through EOT. If progression has not occurred by EOT, the use of anti-cancer therapy (although prohibited) will be collected every 8 weeks until progression.
Opioid use Review of opioid medications Every visit until initiation of opioid use
Quality-of-life FACT-P Baseline and Weeks 8, 16, 24, and EOT
Pain assessment BPI-SF, AQA, review of skeletal events Day 1 and Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 during the treatment period and at EOT
If progression has not occurred by EOT, AQA will be completed every 8 weeks until progression
177Lu-PSMA I&T infusion will occur on the first day of each cycle, ending at the 4th cycle (maximum number of cycles). The first cycle starts at the first visit (Week 0) and occurs every 8 weeks thereafter.
Patients randomized to Arm B will be treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide and will undergo the following investigations. Patients that progress in Arm B, will be assessed and, if eligible, crossover to receive 177Lu-PSMA I&T.
Clinical assessment Limited physical examination, body weight measurement, vital signs, ECOG status
Prior to first control arm treatment, and every 4 weeks thereafter until EOT.
Tumor marker PSA Baseline (prior to receiving first control arm treatment) and every 4 weeks during the treatment period, at the progression visit, at EOT, and if progression has not occurred by EOT, every 8 weeks until progression
Hematology WBC count, 3-part differential, RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count Baseline (prior to receiving first control arm treatment), every 4 weeks, at the progression visit and at EOT
Blood chemistry Electrolytes, serum creatinine, glucose (non-fasting), calcium, phosphate, magnesium, albumin, total protein, ALP, LDH, CK, bilirubin, ALT, AST
Vitals Blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate
Imaging CT/MRI chest, abdomen, pelvis, whole body bone scan
Weeks 8, 16, 24, EOT, and every 8 weeks until progression
Toxicity AEs Every visit from first dose of Investigational Product (i.e. PSMA Imaging Agent) through EOT(AE assessment should be every 2 weeks and can be done via phone call if no other procedures are required.
SAEs Every visit from Screening through EOT (SAE assessment should be every 2 weeks and can be done via phone call if no other procedures are required)
Concomitant medications Review of concomitant medications Every visit through EOT If progression has not occurred by EOT, the use of anti-cancer therapy (although prohibited) will be collected every 8 weeks until progression.
Opioid use Review of opioid medications Every visit until initiation of opioid use
Quality-of-life FACT-P Day 1 and Week 8, 16, 24 during the treatment period and EOT
Pain assessment BPI-SF, AQA, review of skeletal events Day 1 and Week 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 during the treatment period, and at EOT
If progression has not occurred by EOT, AQA will be collected every 8 weeks until progression.
Treatment compliance Review of treatment compliance Baseline through EOT
All patients who have shown progression (as described above) will undergo the following procedures, and all data will be recorded in the eCRF.
For patients in Arm A, continuing administration of subsequent 177Lu-PSMA I&T infusions for patients who have met the criteria for individual progression (radiographic, biochemical, or clinical) will be determined in discussion between the investigator and the sponsor.
For patients in Arm B who are eligible to crossover as defined below will begin taking 177Lu-PSMA I&T at Cycle 1, Week 0 in the SOA. However, ECGs and correlative samples are not required for these patients and imaging is reviewed locally. If the patient does not elect to crossover and has not completed the EOT visit, they should remain on their study schedule until 8 weeks after last dose, complete the EOT/Safety Follow-Up Visit, and then enter LTFU.
To determine eligibility for the crossover, patients in Arm B must undergo the following assessments. These can be done as part of their Progression visit. If it has been more than 30 days since their Progression visit, these should be repeated:
WBC count≥2.5×109/L OR ANC≥1.5×109/L.
Hemoglobin≥5.6 g/dL.
Total bilirubin≤1.5×institutional ULN. For patients with known Gilbert's syndrome, ≤3×ULN is permitted.
Serum/plasma creatinine≤1.5×ULN or creatinine clearance≥50 mL/min.
If patients are not eligible for crossover, then they should instead complete the End-of-Study Visit and go into Long Term Follow-up.
18F-FDG PET CT/MRI imaging will be performed at Screening as per institutional standard procedures to assess for metabolic activity of detected lesions. This test is optional and will be performed at Screening only for patients that consent to this additional test.
PSMA-PET imaging will be done within 30 days of randomization, but after all other eligibility assessments have been conducted.
PSMA imaging will be performed using 68Ga-PSMA or 18F-DCFPyL as coordinated by the Sponsor. PET images will be reviewed centrally to identify PSMA-avid sites and quantify tracer uptake to determine eligibility and correlation with treatment response and/or progression.
High PSMA avidity determined by central review will be defined as:
Radiographic progression should only be confirmed by BICR. For patients who show signs of biochemical or clinical progression, every effort should be made to confirm this progression with CT/MRI and whole body bone scans. In instances where there is disagreement between the investigator and central reader, the matter should be brought to the medical monitor for resolution.
Patients in any arm who discontinue due to progression will attend a Progression Visit. If a patient discontinues study treatment before confirmed BICR-assessed radiographic progression is declared, they should be followed for radiographic progression by BICR and OS as per the SOA.
Patients in Arm B who radiographically progress by BICR will be assessed and, if eligible, crossover to receive 177Lu-PSMA I&T at Cycle 1 in the SOA.
Determination of radiographic progression will be performed by the BICR on the basis of conventional imaging.
CT or MRI images of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis will be used to assess for progression as per PCWG3-modified RECIST 1.1 criteria, with other areas of disease investigated based on the signs and symptoms of individual patients. All imaging performed following initiation of treatment (177Lu-PSMA I&T or control arm) should include any suspected sites of new disease. Nodal and visceral disease progression will be determined as per PCWG3-modified RECIST 1.1 criteria: an increase of 20% or more in the target lesion SOD, in relation to the smallest sum observed on the study. Target lesion SOD must be increased by at least 5 mm.
Radiographic progression in bone lesions is to be assessed by bone scintigraphy performed as per institutional standard technique. Sites observed as positive on the bone scan should be considered significant, with unequivocal sites of malignant disease recorded as metastatic bone lesions.
Progression of bone disease will be determined as per PCWG3 criteria: the appearance of more than one new bone lesion on an on-treatment scan, with at least 2 additional new lesions seen on the next consecutive scan (confirmatory scan).
Biochemical progression will be determined as per PCWG3 criteria, as 2 sequential increasing measurements of PSA above the baseline, taken 1 week apart. PSA levels must be 2.0 ng/mL or higher. Patients should not be discontinued from treatment due to biochemical progression. In order to prevent early withdrawal from the treatment phase, PSA results will not be sent back to sites prior to an interim or final analysis.
Clinical progression is defined as the lack of further benefit to the patient from 177Lu-PSMA I&T treatment or control arm treatment alone and one or more of the following:
Every attempt should be made to keep a patient on study treatment until radiographic progression by BICR is declared.
The occurrence of one or more of the following should be considered a symptomatic skeletal related event (SSRE):
Collection of blood samples for PSA assessment will take place during the treatment period.
Quantification of blood PSA levels will be performed by a central laboratory, with the results blinded to the site.
A patient will be regarded as having a single PSA visit response, if their PSA level at any post-dose visit is reduced by 50% or more compared with baseline.
A patient will be regarded as having a confirmed PSA response if they have a reduction in PSA level of 50% or more compared with baseline that is confirmed at the next assessment at least 3 weeks later (i.e., decrease relative to baseline of at least 50% documented on 2 consecutive occasions at least 3 weeks apart).
The investigator or his delegate will assess the patient's performance status using the ECOG Scale of Performance Status. The ECOG scale evaluates the patient's functioning in terms of their ability for self-care, daily activities, and physical activity.
PSA response is defined as the proportion of patients achieving a ≥50% decrease in PSA from baseline to the lowest post-baseline PSA result, confirmed by a second consecutive PSA assessment at least 3 weeks later.
The number and percentage of PSA responders will be presented by treatment group. A 95% confidence interval for the difference of proportions of responders between the two treatment groups will be displayed.
Defined as time from the date of randomization to the date of the first PSA increase from baseline≥25% and ≥2 ng/mL above nadir confirmed by a second PSA measurement defining progression≥3 weeks later per PCWG3, or death from any cause in the absence of progression.
Patients who do not progress or die including those who withdraw from the study or are lost to follow-up will be censored at the date of last valid PSA measurement from a scheduled or unscheduled visit.
bPFS will be described using Kaplan-Meier estimates with 95% CIs. Summaries will also include the number at risk, the number of patients with events, and the number of patients censored.
SPLASH (NCT04647526) is a multinational, phase III, open-label, randomized study to evaluate efficacy and safety of 177Lu-PSMA I&T (177Lu-PNT2002), following the protocols set forth in Example 1 above, in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) after androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI) therapy. SPLASH is designed to evaluate radioligand therapy earlier in the treatment pathway and using fewer and lower doses, as compared to the currently approved indication for radioligand treatment in prostate cancer.
The entire contents of all patents, published patent applications and other disclosures cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2022/080572, which designated the United States and was filed on Nov. 29, 2022, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 63/283,999 filed on Nov. 29, 2021. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63283999 | Nov 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US22/80572 | Nov 2022 | WO |
| Child | 18675346 | US |
