Patent Application
20070076834
The present invention refers to a method for producing a radium target for the production of radionuclides by means of accelerated protons. Further, the invention refers to radium target compositions produced by the claimed methods.
In particular, the targets according to the present invention serve for the production of radionuclide 225Ac, which is successfully used in nuclear medicine —bound to tumorspecific antibodies—in various clinical trials in the treatment of cancer, particularly in form of its daughter nuclide 213Bi.
Already in 1993, criteria for the selection of radionuclides for immunotherapy with α-emitters and β-emitters were provided for the first time by GEERLINGS (GEERLINGS, M. W. (1993): Int. J. Biol. Markers, 8, 180-186: “Radionuclides for radioimmunotherapy: criteria for selection”) where it turned out due to the difference in energy that the radioactivity of α-emitters to be applied may be more than 1000 times lower than that of β-emitters, if a comparable effect is to be achieved.
Moreover, in the work of GEERLINGS 1993 the α-emitting radionuclides 225Ac und its daughter isotope 213Bi turned out to be highly promising for the objects of radioimmunotherapy alongside the in principle usable, however relatively poorly available or instable antibody conjugate producing α-emitters: 211 At, 255 Fm, 212Bi/212Pb, 224Ra, 233Ra.
One of the fundamental studies for the foundation of a radioimmunotherapy with α-emitters is disclosed in GEERLINGS, M. W., KASPERSEN, F. M., APOSTOLIDIS; C. and VAN DER HOUT, R. (1993): Nuclear Medicine Communications 14, 121-125, “The feasibility of 225Ac as a source of α-particles in radioimmunotherapy”. Here it is described that 225Ac produced from 229Th and the daughter isotope of 225Ac, namely 213Bi is suitable as isotope for the radioimmunotherapy with α-emitters. As indications there are described in particular cancer treatment and the treatment of micrometastases of malign tumors using tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies as carriers for α-emitters.
A further study of KASPERSEN, F. M., BOS,E., DOORNMALEN, A. V., GEERLINGS, M. W., APOSTOLIDIS, C. and MOLINET, R. (1995): Nuclear Medicine Communications, 16, 468-476: “Cytotoxicity of 213Bi—and 225Ac—immunoconjugates” confirms and quantifies the cytotoxic effect of 213Bi and 225Ac with in vitro tests using the human epidermoid tumor cell line A431.
Moreover, it is suggested to use 213Bi for the treatment of malignant diseases of the blood system.
Further, in KASPERSEN et al. 1995 a process can be found with which antibodies can be bound chemically to a chelator suitable for 213Bi and 225Ac. It has proved that for example p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-diethylentriamine-pentaacetate (benzyl-DTPA) is particularly suitable.
Another chelator, namely Cyclohexyl-DTPA is, for example, described in NIKULA, T. K., McDEVITT, M. R., FINN, R. D., WU, C., KOZAK, R. W., GARMESTANI, K., BRECHBIEL, M. W., CURCIO, M. J., PIPPIN, C. G., TIFFANY-JONES, L., GEERLINGS, M. W., Sr., APOSTOLIDIS, C., MOLINET, R., GEERLINGS, M. W., Jr., GANSOW, O. A. UND SCHEINBERG, D. A. (1999): J Nucl Med, 40, 166-176: “Alpha-Emitting Bismuth Cyclohexylbenzyl DTPA Constructs of Recombinant Humanized Anti-CD33 Antibodies: Pharmacokinetics, Bioactivity, Toxicity and Chemistry”.
An overview over chelator chemistry can be found for example in HASSFJELL, S. und BRECHBIEL, W. (2001): Chem. Rev., 101, 2019-2036: “The Development of the α-Particle Emitting Radionuclides 212Bi and 213Bi, and Their Decay Chain Related Radionuclides, For Therapeutic Applications”
In the meantime, various radioimmunotherapeutic approaches with 225Ac and 213Bi for the treatment of cancer are in various phases of clinical trials.
The medical-clinical significance of the present invention may be seen for example from two promising therapeutic approaches:
On the one hand, JURCIC, J. G., LARSON, S. M., SGOUROS, G., McDEVITT, M. R., FINN, R. D., DIVGI, C. R. Ase, M. B:, HAMACHER, K. A:, DANGSHE, M., HUMM, J. L., BRECHBIEL, M. W., MOLINET, R., SCHEINBERG, D. A. (2002) in Blood, 100, 1233-1239 report a significant success in the treatment of patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) by using 213Bi, which is bound to HuM195, a formulation of a monoclonal anti-CD33-antibody, which was developed for the humane medicine. This study was the first proof-of-concept where a human being was treated with a systemic radioimmunotherapy comprising an α-emitter, which is transported to a tumorspecific cellular target.
On the other hand, HUBER, R., SEIDL, C., SCHMID, E, SEIDENSCHWANG, S., BECKER; K.-F., SCHUMACHER; C., APOSTOLIDIS, C., NIKULA, T., KREMMER, E., SCHWAIGER, M. and SENEKOWITSCH-SCHMIDTKE, R. (2003): Clinical Cancer Research (Suppl.) 9, 1s-6s: “Locoregional α-Radioimmunotherapy of Intraperitoneal Tumor Cell Dissemination Using a Tumor-specific Monoclonal Antibody” report the therapeutic effectivity of 213Bi-d9MAB —with low bone marrow toxicity—and the possible application of a locoregional therapy for patients who suffer from gastric carcinoma, who express d9-E-Cadherine.
More results of studies and partial aspects in this matter are shown in: Roswitha HUBER, doctorate dissertation in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine submitted to the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Jul. 18, 2003: “Bewertung der lokoregionalen Radioimmuntherapie disseminierter Tumorzellen des diffusen Magenkarzinoms mit einem 213Bi gekoppelten tumorspezifischen Antikorper im Mausmodell” (Evaluation of a locoregional radioimmunotherapy of disseminated tumor cells of the diffuse gastric carcinoma with a 213Bi bound tumor specific antibody in the mouse model).
This dissertation was originated from Nuklearmedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik of the Technical University of Munich, the University hospital “Klinikum rechts der Isar”, dean: Prof. Dr. M. Schwaiger. The dissertation was prepared under the supervision of Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Reingard Senekowitsch-Schmidtke and was presented to the veterinary faculty via Prof. Dr. med. vet. K. Tempel, Institute for Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy of the Faculty of Veterenary Medicine of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, director: Prof. Dr. med. vet. R. Schulz.
According to HUBER 2003, each year 18 out of 100 000 Germans come down with gastric carcinoma alone. In Japan, even 126 out of 100 000 people are affected. This means about 156 000 incidences per year in Japan alone. There, as well as in China, Taiwan and Korea, gastric carcinoma is one of the most frequent causes of death in consequence of a tumor. When a peritoneal carcinomatosis, the consequence of diffuse expansion of tumor cells in the abdominal cavity, is diagnosed, the life expectancy of a patient is at present about 12 months. Even with resectable gastric carcinoma, this means with carcinoma, which have not yet disseminated and with negative diagnostic findings with respect to lymph nodes, the relapse-free three-year-survival-rate is at about 45%, only.
Up to now the application of cytostatica within a chemotherapy seemed to be the most promising therapeutic way.
However, the side effects range from immunosuppression, coagulopathy, metabolic anoxia, mucositis and hyperuricaemia to the danger of cytostatica induced secondary tumors. Particularly affected is here quickly proliferating tissue as bone marrow and the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract as well as of the oral mucosa.
The radioimmunotherapy, in contrast, uses protein structures located on the membrane, that are expressed by tumor cell lines in order to bind cytotoxic active substances via a carrier. Mostly, an overexpression of the binding molecule at the tumor cell is central to a radioimmunotherapy. The target molecule for the tumor associated antibodies is thus also expressed to a lower extend in physiologic cells of the organism. This implies that any therapeutic agent for radiotherapy also binds to these cells.
Particularly, in the treatment of acute or chronic myelogenous leukaemia the meaning of the present invention takes effect, namely for the preparation of a suitable α-emitter, namely 225Ac which forms through decay reaction the bound, for example, to a tumorspecific antibody.
The 213Bi atom decays via β-decay to 213Po, which releases its α-decay energy of 8,4 MeV with a half life of 4 μs in the tissue within a distance of 80 μm when decaying and thus kills effectively cells in its immediate neighborhood due to its high linear energy transfer.
The so called locoregional application enables a quick binding of 213Bi bound tumor specific antibody to the tumor antigenes with maximal therapeutic success and minimal toxicity.
Not before the late 80s was the α-emitting nuclide pair 213Bi/213Po was discovered for radioimmunotherapy and further examined by GEERLINGS 1993. However, in the standard textbook of Schicha and Schober, 1997 “Nuklearmedizin—Basiswissen und klinische Anwendung” (nuclear medicine—basic knowledge and clinical application) it can be read: “The linear energy transfer of α-rays is so big that the likeliness for the creation of irradiation damages is bigger than a therapeutic effect. For this reason, nuclides, which release α-rays, are not applied in the nuclear medicine . . . ”. (“Der lineare Energietransfer ist bei α-Strahlen so groβ, daβ die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Erzeugung von Strahlenschäden gröβer ist als ein therapeutischer Effekt. Aus diesem Grunde werden Nuklide, die α-Strahlen emittieren, in der Nuklearmedizin . . . nicht eingesetzt.”)
However, in the clinical application of such α-emitters in combination with tumorspecific antibodies, exactly the opposite has proved to be true (cf. JURCIC et al. 2002). Consequently, the question arose which isotope it was best to use and how it could be prepared reliably and continuously.
Most of the over hundred available α-emitters can already be excluded from in vivo application for practical reasons (cf. GEERLINGS 1993). These α-emitters have to meet requirements like sufficient chemical and physical purity, economic availability and an adequate half-life. The latter has to be long enough for binding to the antibodies and for the biologic allocation and has to be short enough so that the patient is not put at an unnecessary risk due to excessive exposition to the rays.
One of the few α-emitter which fulfil these criteria (cf. GEERLINGS 1993) is the nuclide pair 213Bi/213Po with a half-life of 45,6 min (213Bi). The photon emission of 213Bi with 440 KeV additionally permits an in vivo scintiscanning of the patient as well as an easy measurement of the activity using an α-ray counter.
Moreover, in radiation protection it is important that the radiation can be detected easily. Furthermore, also traces of further daughter nuclides of 225Ac/ 213Bi as for example 221 Fr or 209Pb can be determined by new methods of measurement and can also be included into the dosimetry alongside the quality control.
In the meantime, 213Bi has become available via the production of 225Ac, for example according to EP 0 752 709 B1 and EP 0 962 942 A1 and particularly via the so called “thorium cow” according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,394. However, the production via the above-mentioned “thorium cow” is very expensive, as it derives from a neutron irradiation of 226Ra over several years, whereby finally among others an isotope mixture of 228Th and 229Th is assembled, whereby 229Th again decays via 225Ra into 225Ac, which decays to 213Bi.
Thus, the mother-daughter nuclide pair 225Ac /213Bi is available in principle, however, neither in an adequate quantity and continously nor at an acceptable price, however—as mentioned initially—first clinical studies with 225Ac/213Bi conjugated to HuM195, a humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody are very successful against myeloid leukaemia. The first clinical phase I trials with 213Bi-HuM195 were carried out with excellent therapeutic results at leukaemia patients at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York (JURICIC et al. 2002).
In cyclotrons, developed for the first time 1931, electrically charged particles are moving on spiral shaped orbits in magnetic flux lines.
In particular, protons can be accelerated with the help of a cyclotron with currents that are high enough to such high velocities that they can be used in experimental and applied nuclear physics for the production of isotopes in a quantitative scale.
EP 0 752 709 B1 describes, for example, a method for producing Actinium-225 from Radium-226, whereby accelerated protons are projected in a cyclotron onto a target of radium-226, characterized in that protons accelerated in a cyclotron are projected onto a target of radium-226 in a cyclotron, so that the instable compound nucleus 227Ac is transformed into Actinium-225 while emitting two neutrons (p,2n-reaction), whereby after a waiting period, during which the Actinium-226, which has been created simultaneously due to the emission of only one neutron, decays mostly due to its considerably shorter half-life and Actinium is chemically separated, so that an almost exclusively pure isotope Ac-225 is obtained.
The 226Ra target used according to the procedure of EP 0 752 709 B1 is not specified in detail there.
EP 0 962 942 A1 also describes a method for producing Ac-225 by irradiation of 226Ra with protons, which are accelerated in a cyclotron to an energy of 10 to 20 MeV.
According to the prior art of EP 0 962 942 A1, the target nuclide 226Ra is used in the form of RaCl2, which can be obtained for example by precipitation with concentrated HCl or radiumcarbonate (RaCO3). These radium substances are then pressed into target pellets. Prior to irradiation of the radium salts with protons, the pellets are heated to about 150° C. in order to release crystal water and are then sealed in a silver capsule. The capsule is then mounted on a frame-like support and connected to a water cooling circuit. The target itself exhibits a window, which is arranged in a way that the proton beam hits the target through the window. According to EP 0 962 942 A1, the target exhibits a surface of about 1 cm2.
Although it is already possible to achieve good Actinium-225-yields with the targets according to EP 0 962 942 A1, it has turned out in practice that this target construction can heat itself under certain conditions due to the proton beam in such a way that the silver capsule tears open and might thus both destroy the target and contaminate the peripheral compounds.
As a result, it is the object of the present invention to provide improved radium targets for the production of radionuclides by means of accelerated protons, on the basis of the prior art of EP 0 962 942 A1.
With respect to a method, the above object is achieved by the characterising features of at least claim 1.
With regard to a radium target, the above object is achieved by the characterising of at least the claims for producing radium targets.
Central to the present invention is a process for producing a radium target for the production of radio nuclides by means of accelerated protons, wherein an electrodeposition of radium containing material of at least one aqueous-organic solution, which contains radium ions, is carried out on at least one aluminium surface, whereby the aluminium surface is connected as cathode.
Though it is known in principle from Haïssinsky, M. J., Chim. Phys. 34, 321 (1937) “Electrolyse de sels de baryum et de radium dans l'acétone” to electrodeposit radium from barium/radium mixtures from acetone in thin films on cathodes made of platinum, gold, silver, nickel or copper, an application as target for the transformation of radionuclides in a proton beam of an accelerator, like a cyclotron or a linear accelerator, is not mentioned.
Besides, N. E. Whitehead, R. G. Ditchburn, W. J. McCabe, R. Van der Raaij, describe in J. of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Articles, Vol. 160, No. 2 (1992) 477-485 “Factors affecting the electrodeposition of RA-226” an electrolytic deposition of 226Ra out of ″90% isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol in an acidic environment at 35 V and an with an electric current of 100 mA over a time period of 20 minutes on stainless steel discs to carry out a α-spectroscopy.
Targets as defined by the present invention are also not mentioned there.
According to the present invention it is preferred to use a solution of a 226Ra—salt, in particular nitrate, as these salts are particularly well soluble in aqueous-alcoholic solutions, for example in 70 to 90% isopropanol.
However, 226Ra chlorides or 226Ra carbonates can also be used, which are transformed for the electrodeposition, preferably before the carrying out of the electrodeposition, by means of HNO3 into the nitrate salt.
According to the present invention, it is preferred to prepare the radionuclide 225Ac from 226Ra by means of cyclotron accelerated protons or by means of linear accelerated protons, as with the targets of the present invention it becomes possible for the first time to produce Actinium-225 continuously for the production of radioimmunotherapeutic compounds as for example 225Ac—and 213Bi labelled antibodies, in particular monoclonal antibodies, for the radioimmunotherapy of cancer and metastases.
These radioimmunochemical methods are for example summarised nuclear chemically and clinically in the dissertation of HUBER, München 2003, which was mentioned in the introduction.
The radiotherapeutic effect essentially takes place through the daughter isotopes of Actinium-225, namely Bismuth-213 and the Polonium-213 resulting therefrom, which is particularly suitable as α-emitter for highly specific and locally restricted irradiation of tumors.
The electrodeposition of 226Ra material out of the aqueous-organic solution preferably takes place in an acidic environment, whereby nitric acid is used as mineral acid.
In this context it has turned out that an 0.05 molar solution of nitric acid is particularly suitable in order to positively influence the electrodeposition of 226Ra containing material.
It has proved advantageous to select the alcohol out of the following group consisting of: linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl alcohols; ethanol, propanol-1, propanol-2, acetone as well as mixtures thereof.
The advantage of these organic solvents lies in the fact that the radium salts are particularly well soluble therein. It has proved further that as a rule a concentration of an organic solvent in water of 70 to 90% leads to the best results.
Further it is advantageous to add ammonium ions to the aqueous-organic solution of the 226Ra salts, as after the deposition of the radium containing material the film of radium oxides/hydroxides and/or peroxides formed on the aluminium surface is stabilised, or fixed, respectively, by ammonium ions.
According to the present invention the use of an aluminium foil, which exhibits for the purposes of the present invention a purity of at least 99% and for example a thickness of about 0.01 mm to 0.05 mm, in particular preferred about 0.015 mm, as aluminium surface is preferred. The advantage lies in the fact that the aluminium foil is industrially available in various sizes and thicknesses and thus it can be made use of as a base material that is readily available and furthermore relatively cheap.
Due to the corrosion protection and/or the fact that it is inert, it has turned out at the implementation of the present method according to the invention that a platin anode as counter electrode yields the best results for the electrodeposition of radium.
The method according to the invention is carried out preferably with a D.C. voltage of about 10 to 600 V, in particular about 200V and an electric current of about 20 to 1000 mA, in particular about 60 mA, and at a pH value of about 4 to 5 or about 11, since at this value the most even layers of 226Ra material on the aluminium surface are achieved.
It is a preferred embodiment of the present invention to arrange the aluminium foil for the carrying out of the electrodeposition of 226Ra on a support, whereby a support made of stainless steel is particularly preferred. The advantage lies in the fact that the aluminium foil can easily be connected as cathode over the conductive stainless steel support.
Of course, it is also possible to use an electrically inert support, for example made of plastics, whereby the aluminium foil is connected via a connected electrode as cathode.
According to the invention, it is preferred to rotate the support during the electrodeposition, as by doing so an even coating with the desired radium isotope, especially at bigger coating thicknesses, is achieved.
On the one hand, through these measures, a basically circular-shaped aluminium disc with radium containing material can be coated largely on the whole surface.
On the other hand it is also possible to coat only the outer edge of the circular-shaped disc in a ring shaped manner with radium containing material.
In this process, support and aluminium foil partially dip into an aqueous-organic solution containing radium ions, and support as well as aluminium foil rotate during the electrodeposition, so that a ring shaped coating with radium containing material is obtained.
As due to the size of the irradiation window only a small coating width is required for the target itself, the ring shaped coating is sufficient and thus combines the advantages of an easy and safe carrying out of the method and obtains at the same time an optimum yield for the proton nuclear reaction.
In order to increase the yield of the proton irradiation, the obtained, aluminium disc, which is largely coated on the whole surface with radium, is folded repeatedly for the creation of the target used in the proton beam.
This easy measure enables an increase of yield with the given target geometry of the irradiation window.
The method currently preferred to build the target used in the proton beam is, however, to pile up a plurality of the obtained discs which are coated with radium in a ring shaped manner, also in order to increase the effective cross section of the proton radiation.
In various studies it has turned out that the carrying out of the method according to the invention with target discs piled up this way yields the best results with regard to 225Ac yield and with regard to contamination security in the use of the coated aluminium discs.
It is an alternative method to unwind the aluminium foil of a supply coil in a galvanic cell containing the aqueous-organic solution with radium ions and to guide it between two anodes;
Preferably, the aluminium coil is wound up under pressure with a roll.
In this embodiment of the present invention, the high surface density of the deposited 226Ra—containing material that was obtained due to the two-sided coating is only to be achieved by a relatively high procedural effort, compared to the piled up aluminium foils.
It is advantageous to fix the deposited 226Ra—containing films on the aluminium foil, as due to this measurement they adhere particularly tight and with a large abrasion resistance to the aluminium surface. The preferred fixing agent is NH3, which may be added to the plating solution about one minute before the termination of the electrodeposition.
For further improvement, radium containing films on the aluminium foil are dewatered, in particular by IR irradiation. This has the advantage that for the nuclear transformation by means of accelerate protons the target virtually does no longer contain water and thus, the danger of steam creation, which may be produce undesired pressures in the target capsule and may severely disturb the whole target system by creating cracks in the layer, can largely be avoided.
It is of great advantage if the method according to the invention can be carried out continuously, since thereby in an industrial or semi industrial process a bigger amount of 226Ra targets can be produced for the continuous production of radioimmuno antibodies for therapeutic purposes and can be stored at least for a short period of time.
Furthermore, it is preferred to carry out the whole procedure in an inert gas atmosphere. This way an unfavourable influence on the deposition process by oxygen-caused oxidation processes is avoided.
If required, the aluminium foil used for the electrodeposition of radium-containing material may additionally be surface activated by the usual measures.
The radium targets obtained by the method according to the invention may then be subjected to proton irradiation with sufficient energy in a cyclotron or in a linear accelerator, for example between about 10 and 25 MeV, more preferably between about 18 and 23 MeV, in order to obtain the desired 225Ac.
For the production of radionuclides themselves, it is referred to the teaching of EP 0 752 709 B1 and EP 0 962 942 A1 and which are incorporated by reference.
An 225Ac thus obtained is bound for example to antibodies for radioimmunotherapy. Such procedures of coupling are well known to those skilled in the art and can be found for example in KASPERSEN et al. 1995 as well as in HUBER, 2003.
The typical radium targets according to the present invention have the form of aluminium foil, which at least contains on one surface a layer made of radium containing material, particularly radium oxide and/or radium peroxide and/or radium hydroxide.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a radium target, in which the radium-coated aluminium foil is present in folded form, as wound coil or as pile of single foils coated with radium containing material.
Therein, the radium content of the radium containing layer may lie within the nanogram range to gram range in form of the radium oxide and/or peroxide and/or hydroxide.
Particularly preferred for the purposes of the present invention is a radium target, which exhibits an activity of about 1 nCi to 1.5 Ci, preferably 500 mCi of 226Ra.
Further, it is preferred to form a circular disc shaped radium target, whereby it is present as circular disc shaped radium coated aluminium foil which exhibits the radium coating preferably formed in a ring shaped manner on the outer edge of the aluminium circular disc.
A particularly preferred radium target of the present invention is one where it is present as pile of several ring shaped radium-coated circular discs made of aluminium.
Alternatively, the radium target may be present in a folded form, particularly several times folded, if the aluminium foil is largely coated on the whole surface with radium containing material.
Another possibility of the target form is to form it as rectangular formed foil und to wind it into a coil. Thereby it is possible to store a relatively big amount of target foil and separate required pieces of foil like in the use of an “aluminium foil for the household”.
On the other hand, it is also possible to use the wound coil—if the dimensioning is adapted to the conditions of the accelerator—the foil itself as target.
Alternatively, Al-mesh targets can be used as carrier of Ra.
Al-mesh targets have an advantage in the achieved yield during electrodeposition. With the introduction of the Al-mesh disc as cathode in the electrodeposition process and as carrier of Ra in the target, the amount of Ra that can be deposited per disc could be increased. While, e.g. on an Al-foil disc the amount of Ra (experiments conducted at mg levels with Ba and at microgram levels with Ra-226) deposited was below 10 mg (2-3 mm at the edges of one disc), in the case of the mesh disc, the amount of Ra was to approximately 70 mg (depending on the thickness of the deposit and other parameters, thicker deposits were not well adhered to the mesh anymore). Consequently the number of Ra/Al mesh discs that need to be introduced into the target cup was reduced to five or six instead of 10 or more as it was required by the use of Al-foil discs. The better yield of electrodeposition on Al mesh compared with the yield of Al foil is associated with the higher surface of the mesh. The fact that more Ra is electrodeposited on the Al also assures that the proton beam is hitting with higher probability the Ra and not much loss occurs in Al.
The dimensions of the Al-mesh might be for example:
The improvement by using an Al-mesh also facilitated the automation of the process.
Preferably, a 99% pure Al provided by Good Fellow is used. The neutron activation results carried out on the mesh at the Institute are reported below:
Impurities in the Al mesh measured by ko-INAA are given in Table 1
As in the case of the Al-foil targets, the results from processing hundreds microCi of Ra/Al-mesh discs targets indicated that the selective leaching of Ra and Ac from the Al mesh (developed for the Al disc target) can be also performed. Already during the dissolution of the target is possible to separate most of the Al and impurities from the Ac.
A special advantage of the radium targets according to the invention is that they exhibit basically pure radium material in their radium containing coating. Hereby it is achieved that the targets are free of carriers or diluents, for example barium salts, which had to be added to the conventional radium targets of the prior art, i.e. the target pellets mentioned in the introduction, in order to homogenize the radium-containing material. Due to the possibility to be able to work without such carrier materials as barium compounds, the chemical separation and purification of the created 225Ac becomes substantially more simple and the yields of irradiation are optimized, as competitive nuclear reactions, as for example those from barium nuclei, are not possible.
The present invention further comprises all combinations of all disclosed single features together, independent from their AND- or OR-linkage.
Further advantages and features can be seen from the description of the examples.
For the preparation of a 226Ra target, aluminium discs with a thickness of 0.015 mm and a diameter of about 5 cm with a minimal 99% purity of the aluminium are punched out and fixed on a stainless steel support. The support facilitates the handling of the aluminium foils and is removed after the electrodeposition itself, before the positioning of the radium-coated foil in the target itself.
For the electrodeposition of the aluminium foil, a solution of a radium-226-nitrate is used, whereby in particular 226-radium chloride or 226-radium carbonate are absorbed beforehand for the transformation into the corresponding nitrate in about 0.05 M HNO3.
Subsequently, the stainless steel support, on which the aluminium foil is fixed, is weighted and the net weight of the aluminium foil is determined.
150 ml (for electrodeposition on aluminium foils with a diameter of up to 15 cm) or 10 to 11 ml isopropanol are added into an electrodeposition cell (for aluminium foil discs with a diameter up to 2 cm).
Then the required amount of radium-226 solution is filled into the electrolytic cell and 1-2 ml 0.05 M HNO3 are added. The total volume of the radium solution and 0.05 M HNO3 should not exceed about 2 ml, if aluminium foil discs with a diameter of up to 2 cm are used, and 20 ml at the most, if aluminium foil discs with a diameter of up to 15 cm are used. When high radium concentrations are used, a white precipitates may be formed. If this happens, 0.05 MHNO3 is further added until the precipitation has dissolved. The pH value of the depositing plating solution should preferably be between 4 and 5.
For the electrodeposition of 226Ra containing material out of the plating solution the electric current is adjusted to about 60 mA and a voltage of about 200V is applied, monitored for a few minutes and, if necessary, readjusted.
In a preferred embodiment, the stainless steel support with the aluminium foil fixed on it is, however, being dipped about 5 mm into the electroplating solution according to example 1 and a platin anode (Pt-conductor or Pt-net) is arranged within a distance of about 1 cm of the aluminium/stainless steel cathode and the stainless steel carrier is rotated with the aluminium foil arranged on it by means of a motor drive. For the electrodeposition of 226Ra containing material out of the plating solution the electric current is adjusted to about 60 mA and a voltage of about 200V is applied, monitored for a few minutes and, if necessary, readjusted.
Furthermore, the dipping depth of the aluminium disc to be coated, or the level of the solution, respectively, are kept at a constant level during the coating period.
Subsequently the deposition takes place for about 20-30 minutes at 60 mA. A decrease of the voltage after 20 to 30 minutes indicates the termination of the electrodeposition.
When the voltage does not change any more in time, about 0.5 or 1 ml of an ammonia solution are added to the cell and after a waiting period of one minute, the obtained radium-containing film is fixed. Normally, a quantitative electrodeposition might time from about 20 to 40 minutes the deposition on aluminium foils with a diameter of up to 2 cm, while a deposition on aluminium foils with up to 15 cm diameter might time about 2 to 3 hours. The Al-target discs prepared in the example with a diameter of about 5.5 cm take about 1 hour for the radium deposition.
After the electrodeposition of the 226Ra solution has been completed, the plating solution is poured out, the support is rinsed with 2 to 3 ml isopropanol and the cell is disassembled and the aluminium foil is additionally rinsed with about 1 to 2 ml isopropanol.
Afterwards, the support with the 226Ra coated aluminium foil arranged on it is dried under an infrared lamp until the weight remains constant, in order to render the radium-containing coating anhydrous.
Afterwards, the stainless steel support with the fixed, coated aluminium foil is weighted and the net mass of the coated aluminium foil is determined. Then the yield is determined from the weighted mass of the 226Ra containing layer.
An alternative way to monitor the yield of the electrodeposition—instead of weightening—is to measure the γ-activity of 226Ra by means of a high resolution γ-spectrometer.
Subsequently, the stainless steel support and the aluminium foil are separated from each other.
The dry aluminium foil coated with radium compounds is carefully covered with a new aluminium foil and the edges of the aluminium foil with which the Aluminium foil carrying the active layer is fixed are cut off, in order to minimize the amount of aluminium in the target itself.
For the use as radium target in the proton beam of a cyclotron, a pile of the of the circular disc shaped aluminium foils prepared according to present example 15, which are coated with radium-containing material in a ring shaped manner, are piled in a so called target cup.
For the production of a folded radium target, one or more aluminium foils, in the case of this example, coated on one whole surface with 226Ra are covered in a way with another aluminium foil that the radium containing film is covered entirely. Then, the aluminium foil is folded several times until stripes of about 2 mm are obtained. The folded aluminium foil, which contains the layers of radium-containing material, in particular radium oxides, is then placed into the target for proton irradiation in the cyclotron or in the linear accelerator.
With the method according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain highly potent 226Ra targets on aluminium foil of a different thickness with different 226Ra-amounts.
The method according to the present invention permits in particular to deposit films that are highly homogenous on the aluminium- 226Ra target. This is particularly important for the irradiation of the target in the cyclotron, as the atomic nuclei of radium are thereby exposed homogenously to the proton flux.
The use of aluminium as substrate for 226Ra offers various advantages for the irradiation in a cyclotron and the subsequent radiochemical processing of the irradiated target. The advantages of the aluminium lie in the nuclear physical and chemical properties of the aluminium:
Nuclear properties: Aluminium has just one single stable isotope. The activation products formed from the aluminium are very short-lived. The formation of only short lived radionuclides on aluminium facilitates the radiochemical purification of Ac-225 and reduces the cooling time of the target after irradiation. As the loss of energy of protons in aluminium is very low, it is possible to use several thin films of aluminium without substantial reduction of the proton energy.
Physical properties: Aluminium is a light metal with good thermal and electrical conductivity. It is easy to handle and can be adapted easily to the required geometry.
Chemical properties: Aluminium can easily be dissolved in mineral acids and it can be easily separated from the resulting Actinium. Aluminium foils are available with a high degree of chemical purity and at reasonable prices.
The deposition of 226Ra as oxide or peroxide allows to obtain a layer with a high content of radium, in particular higher than 70% of the deposited material per cm2. The electrodeposition yield is high if all the instructions of the present invention are followed.
In practice it has turned out that about 43 to 5 g/cm2 226Ra with good adhesive properties can be deposited on the aluminium foil.
The method facilitates the eventual automation of the target production process. This aspect is very important for the radiation safety and the continuity of the process. The use of folded aluminium layers as substrate for 226Ra facilitates the sample processing, as after the irradiation these foils can be easily removed from the target supports without loosing their mechanical integrity. This prevents the loss of material and the radioactive contamination of the compounding line, which otherwise could not be prevented.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 103 47 459.5 | Oct 2003 | DE | national |
This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2004/011510, filed Oct. 13, 2004, which claims the benefit of German Patent Application No. 103 47 459.5, filed Oct. 13, 2003, which are both incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/EP04/11510 | Oct 2004 | US |
| Child | 11402143 | Apr 2006 | US |
