Patent Grant
8482849
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority of the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-240356, filed on Sep. 19, 2008, and the Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-151191, filed on Jun. 25, 2009, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to a Raman amplifier that supplies pump light to a transmission line, and distributed Raman amplifies wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) signal light propagated on the transmission line, and to a control method thereof.
With a background of the recent increase in communication traffic, the demand for optical communication transmission equipment is increasing. Not only for optical repeating nodes that are being introduced in backbone networks, but also recently introduction of optical communication transmission equipment is being actively performed for local networks. Furthermore optical networks are formed for subscriber loops. Such optical communication systems play an important role with respect to world information networks.
As a typical optical communication system, the optical amplifier repeating transmission system in which for example optical repeating nodes provided with a WDM optical amplifier such as an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) are arranged on a transmission line, to thereby give low cost and high reliability, and realize transmission over long distances with large capacity, is mainstream.
In such an optical amplifier repeating transmission system, if the repeating length between nodes becomes long, losses on the transmission line increase. Furthermore, in the case where optical components with various functions are arranged on the light transmission line, losses in the functional optical components are added so that the repeating losses become even greater. Therefore, the input level of the signal light to the WDM optical amplifier of each optical repeating node becomes less, and the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) that expresses the intensity ratio of the signal light to the noise light drops, so that there is a possibility of a deterioration in transmission characteristics.
As one means for avoiding this deterioration in transmission characteristics due to the increase in repeating losses, there is known for example a distributed Raman amplifier (DRA) that supplies pump light to a transmission line arranged on an input side of a WDM optical amplifier, and Raman amplifies by using amplification due to a stimulated Raman scattering affect on the signal light propagated on the transmission line. In a system that uses this distributed Raman amplifier, by increasing the input level to the WDM optical amplifier, the OSNR is increased and the transmission characteristics improved, so that the number of spans that can transmit the WDM signal light is increased. Consequently, the distributed Raman amplifier is effective as a means for avoiding the deterioration in transmission characteristics, and has reached a stage of practical use.
Incidentally, for the distributed Raman amplification, it is known that due to wavelength dependency of the Raman gain, a wavelength deviation occurs in the output light power after amplification. This wavelength deviation of the output light power in the distributed Raman amplification, in a WDM optical communication system as illustrated in
This wavelength deviation of the output light power of the Raman amplifier may be reduced by having a plurality of pumping wavelengths for the Raman amplifier, and appropriately adjusting the pump light power at each pumping wavelength. However an increase in the pumping wavelengths makes the optical circuit configuration and the control mechanism for the Raman amplifier complicated, and hence there is a problem of an increase in cost of the Raman amplifier. To address this problem, for example as illustrated in
However, for the conventional method that uses the above gain equalizer, there is a demerit in that for example due to system requirements such as the kinds of transmission lines, the number of wavelengths of the WDM signal light, and the setting of the Raman gain, the gain wavelength characteristics of the Raman amplifier change significantly, and hence it is difficult to reliably compensate the wavelength deviation of the output light power of the Raman amplifier by the gain equalizer.
More specifically, in the case where the types of transmission lines are different, the effective core cross-section areas differ due to the transmission line type, and the situations in which the non linear phenomenon occurs corresponding to the effective core cross-section areas differ. Therefore the efficiency of the Raman effect differs significantly. For example, if a typical single mode fiber (SMF) and a non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF) are compared, then as illustrated at the top of
In order to address the defects in the above conventional method, it is effective to accurately execute control that makes the gain of the Raman amplifier constant, and suppress changes in the gain wavelength characteristics to a minimum. In order to realize gain constant control of a Raman amplifier corresponding to various types of system requirements, the Raman amplifier must have an optical circuit structure and control mechanism that can supply pump light across a wide range from minute power to excessive power, to the transmission line.
That is to say, the necessary pump light power to obtain the required Raman gain, as illustrated at the middle of
However, as one factor that prevents an increase in the power range of the Raman amplifier pump light, there is the unstable oscillation operation of the pump laser, which is a problem for the realization of gain constant control of the Raman amplifier. For the pump laser that is normally used as a pump light source for the Raman amplification, it is known that in the vicinity of the oscillation threshold value and in the vicinity of the maximum absolute rating, the output wavelength and the output power both become unstable. That is to say, there is a limit to the lower limit and the upper limit for the range where the pump laser oscillates stably. Raising this upper limit enables better correspondence to high output type pump lasers, but there is a problem as to how far the lower limit can be lowered.
In relation to the unstable oscillation operation on the low output side of the pump laser, it is known that in the light emission region in the vicinity of where the oscillation threshold value is exceeded, a mismatch occurs between the gain peak wavelength and the oscillation wavelength of the pump laser, so that multi-mode oscillation and single mode oscillation occur irregularly, and the oscillation operation becomes unstable. In order to avoid this unstable oscillation operation, the lower limit of the pump light power must be set to a level where it is never low, corresponding to the characteristics of the individual pump lasers. In a case where this lower limit level is lowered, there is a high possibility that the pump laser becomes unstable oscillation operation, so that it is likely that a desired spectrum or power cannot be obtained for the pumping light for Raman amplification.
When the pumping wavelength fluctuates due to unstable oscillation characteristics of the pump laser, the spectrum of the Raman gain also becomes unstable, and a wavelength deviation of the output light power of the Raman amplifier occurs. Furthermore, when the pump light power fluctuates due to unstable oscillation characteristics of the pump laser, then there is a time where the desired Raman gain cannot be obtained, and the improvement effect of the OSNR due to Raman amplification that is assumed at the time of the system design cannot be obtained. Consequently, even considering the unstable oscillation characteristics of the pump laser, there is a demand to increase the adjustment range of the pump light power (in particular to lower the lower limit), and to realize gain constant control of the Raman amplifier.
In a general pumping configuration for the distributed Raman amplifier, for example as illustrated in
In the pumping configuration such as in
However, in the case where, as above, a part of a plurality of pump light sources is made non-driven, the wavelength deviation of the WDM signal light power after Raman amplification increases. Furthermore, a problem where the polarization dependency of the Raman gain increases occurs. This problem will be explained specifically while referring to
As illustrated at the top of
On the other hand, in the case where for example, of the four pump light sources 511-1 to 511-4, the pump light sources 511-1 and 511-2 on the short wavelength side are not driven and the pump light sources 511-3 and 511-4 on the long wavelength side are driven at a required output power, so that the total power of the pump light Lp supplied to the transmission line 503 is lowered, then as illustrated at the center of
Furthermore, in the case where for example, one of the two pump light sources where the pumping wavelengths are adjacent (here, the pump light source 511-4 of the pump light sources 511-3, 511-4 on the long wavelength side) is not driven, then as illustrated at the bottom of
Considering this problem, in the general pumping configuration as illustrated in
In a state where all of the pump light sources 511-1 to 511-4 are driven, as one technique for lowering the total power of the pump light Lp supplied to the transmission line 503, a configuration is considered where, for example as illustrated in
Moreover, as another technique to that described above, for example there is proposed a technique to provide an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) on the output side of the Raman amplification pump light source, and use the absorption property of the EDF to avoid the unstable oscillation characteristics of the pump laser (refer for example to Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2008-164836). In this conventional technique, by using the physical phenomena where when the pump light power input to the EDF is large, the absorption of the EDF becomes small, while when the pump light power is small, the absorption of the EDF becomes large, the pump light source is operated stably at the time of minimum gain, and the variable range for the Raman gain is extended.
However, in the configuration illustrated in
Furthermore, in the conventional technique where the above EDF absorption property is used, there is a problem in that losses of pumping system increase when the pump light power is large. That is to say, compared to when the pump light power is small, when the pump light power is large, the EDF absorption becomes comparatively small, and the very existence of the EDF acts as a loss medium irrespective of the magnitude of the power with respect to the output light from the pump light source. Moreover, the absorption of the pump light in the EDF changes due to slight modifications to the erbium doping density or the EDF length. Therefore it is necessary to also consider the individual variations in the absorption of the EDF that is actually connected to the output side of the pump light source. Furthermore, the mode field diameter of the EDF is different to the mode field diameter of the single mode fiber that is generally associated with the usual optical components. Therefore it is necessary to allow for losses at both ends of the EDF (approximately 0.5 dB×2 places) when optical components other than the EDF are fusion spliced. If the above loss generated by providing the EDF on the output side of the pump light source, and variations in this loss are considered, then compared to the case where the EDF is not provided, it is necessary to prepare a pump light source that obtains a higher output. Therefore this invites a cost increase for the Raman amplifier.
Moreover, due to the pump light receiving the losses due to the absorption property of the EDF, the driving current for the pump light source necessary for realizing the required gain is increased. Therefore there is a problem in that the power consumption of the Raman amplifier is increased. Furthermore, there is also a problem of installation space for the EDF inside the Raman amplifier. More specifically, the EDF with a length of several meters and the two splice securing tubes that are applied to both ends of the EDF are added to the configuration of the existing Raman amplifier. Normally, since a Raman amplifier uses a pump light source of a high output, it is necessary to ensure a wide radiation space compared to for the other components. Taking this point into consideration, the abovementioned addition of optical components is unsuitable in packaging design, and in order to enable packaging, enlargement of the Raman amplifier cannot be avoided.
In order to realize an extension of the adjustment range for the pump light power, it has also been considered to respectively develop; an pump laser that has been made (designed) adjusted for a large pump light power region, and an pump laser that has been made (designed) adjusted to a small pump light power region, and to also prepare gain equalizers corresponding to each of these, and to suitably select and install the pump laser and the gain equalizer in accordance with the type or environmental conditions of the transmission line. However, in this technique, the variety of pump lasers and gain equalizers corresponding to the types of transmission lines, becomes extremely large. Therefore, their management becomes extremely complex so that this is not practical.
Furthermore, it has also been considered to apply a tilt monitor for detecting the wavelength characteristics of the Raman gain, and a gain equalizer in which the loss wavelength characteristics are changeable, and to suppress the wavelength deviation of the signal light power after Raman amplification, to thereby lower the lower limit of the pump light power. However, in this technique, due to the insertion loss of the tilt monitor and the variable gain equalizer, the transmission characteristics such as OSNR of the WDM signal light deteriorate significantly, so that it becomes necessary to increase the Raman pump light power in order to compensate for the insertion loss. Therefore, the above technique is also impractical from the view point of; use of a higher output pump light source, an increase in power consumption, and the complexity of the optical circuit configuration and the control mechanism.
According to an aspect of the invention provides a Raman amplifier that supplies pump light to a transmission line, and distributed Raman amplifies wavelength multiplexed signal light that propagates on the transmission line. This Raman amplifier includes: a Raman pump light supply section configured to have a plurality of pump light sources with different wavelengths, and to supply pump light output from the respective pump light sources to the transmission line; a monitor section configured to monitor the light propagated on the transmission line, to acquire information necessary for judging Raman gain in the transmission line; and a control section configured to judge the Raman gain in the transmission line using information acquired by the monitor section in a state where a predetermined number of pump light sources among the plurality of pump light sources are driven in a stable region where the output wavelength and the output power become constant timewise, and to specify the pump light source to be switched on and the pump light source to be switched off, among the plurality of pump light sources based on the judgment result, and to control the drive state of the pump light source that is specified to be switched on.
The object and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
Hereunder is a description of an embodiment of the invention, with reference to the appended drawings.
In
Specifically, the Raman pump light supply section 10 has for example: a plurality of (here for example four) pump light sources 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, and 11-4; two polarization beam combiners (PBC) 12-1, and 12-2; a pump light combiner 13; and a signal light/pump light combiner 14.
The pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 use a general semiconductor laser (pump laser) as a pump light source for Raman amplification, and are set so that their output wavelengths at the time of stable operation of the pump lasers become different to each other, and generate pump light that is capable of Raman amplifying the WDM signal light propagated on the transmission line 2. A control signal output from a later mentioned control circuit 33 of the control section 30, is provided to each of the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4, and each of the drive states are controlled so that the Raman gain in the transmission line 2 becomes a constant.
The polarization beam combiner 12-1 combines the respective pump lights output from the pump light sources 11-1 and 11-2 under different polarization states into one, and outputs this to one input port of the pump light combiner 13. Furthermore, the polarization beam combiner 12-2 combines the respective pump lights output from the pump light sources 11-3 and 11-4 under different polarization states into one, and outputs this to the other input port of the pump light combiner 13.
The pump light combiner 13 combines the pump lights provided to the respective input ports from the polarization beam combiners 12-1 and 12-2 into one, and outputs the combined pump light Lp to the signal light/pump light combiner 14.
Here an example is illustrated where the respective pump lights output from the four pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 are separated into two stages and combined. However the number of pump light sources in the Raman amplifier of the invention and the configuration for combining the pump lights is not limited to the above example.
The signal light/pump light combiner 14 supplies the pump light Lp from the pump light combiner 13 from a backward side (signal light output end side) to the transmission line 2. The pump light Lp supplied to the transmission line 2 is transmitted in an opposite direction to the propagation direction of the WDM signal light Ls inside the transmission line 2. Furthermore, the signal light/pump light combiner 14 transmits WDM signal light Ls transmitted on the transmission line 2 and lights propagating in the same direction as the WDM signal light Ls, to a later stage monitor section 20. The lights propagating in the same direction as the WDM signal light includes OSC light or gain reference light described later, noise light generated due to Raman amplification, and so forth.
The monitor section 20 has for example a branching device 21 and a monitor circuit 22.
The branching device 21 takes out a part of the WDM signal light that has passed to the signal light/pump light combiner 14, or the lights propagating in the same direction as the WDM signal light, as monitor light Lm and sends this to the monitor circuit 22.
The monitor circuit 22 monitors the power and the like of the monitor light Lm from the branching device 21 to thereby acquire information necessary for computing Raman gain in the transmission line 2, and transmits the information to the control section 30. Details of the information acquired by the monitor circuit 22 are described later.
The control section 30 has for example; a Raman gain computing circuit 31, a judgment circuit 32, and a control circuit 33.
The Raman gain computing circuit 31 uses information acquired by the monitor circuit 22 to compute the Raman gain in the transmission line 2, and outputs a signal representing the computation result to the judgment circuit 32.
The judgment circuit 32 compares the computation value for the Raman gain represented in the output signal from the Raman gain computing circuit 31 with a previously set target value for Raman gain, and judges a magnitude correlation, and outputs a signal representing the judgment result to the control circuit 33. The target value for Raman gain is set in accordance with design conditions and the like of the WDM optical transmission system configured using the Raman amplifier 1.
The respective processings in the control section 30 and the judgment circuit 32, can be executed by digital signal processing using an AD converter and CPU or the like, or by signal processing in which an analog circuit is combined.
The control circuit 33 specifies the pump light source to be switched on and the pump light source to be switched off out of the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4, in accordance with the judgment result by the judgment circuit 32, following a later described control sequence that is executed at the time of starting the Raman amplifier 1, and adjusts the power of the pump light output from the pump light source that is specified to be switched on, to thereby control the Raman gain in the transmission line 2 to the target value. Furthermore, the control circuit 33 outputs a signal representing the present control state (drive current or output power) of the respective pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4, to the judgment circuit 32.
Here a method of controlling the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 by the control section 30 is described in detail, with reference to the flow chart of
When the start up operation for the Raman amplifier 1 has commenced, at first, in step 100 (indicated by S100 in
The stable region means an operating region where the output wavelength and output power of the pump lasers used as the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 become constant timewise. By driving the pump laser within the stable region, the output wavelength of the pump laser becomes stable with no timewise fluctuations. Furthermore, the relationship of the output power with respect to the drive current becomes linear. That is, by providing the necessary drive current within the stable region to the pump light source, pump light having a constant wavelength and power with no timewise fluctuations is obtained.
In the example of
Here to add a simple explanation of the unstable region, as a cause of oscillation unstable operation of the pump laser, there is considered for example: (a) mismatch between the laser chip and the fiber grating for fixing the oscillation wavelength; (b) inducement of unstable oscillation due to the occurrence of improper reflection part way along the longitudinal direction of the oscillator; (c) interference due to reflected returning light; and (d) unbalance in the low output region due to design giving preference to balance in the high output region between oscillations due to Fabry-Perot (FP) and oscillations due to Bragg reflection. In general, as a function of the pump laser, in the high output region in which priority is high, there is a requirement to be able to sufficiently maintain the stability of the output wavelength and the output power. Therefore design of the pump laser is optimized to correspond to this. In such a pump laser, in order to maintain the stability of the output wavelength and the output power so as to be the same as for the high output region even in the low output region, an even more complex optical circuit configuration and its high design accuracy is required. Together with this, a chip and the like formed from a crystal of high quality with a high luminous efficiency, and with a structure excellent in uniformity and its processing method, is required. However, realization of such a pump laser is not easy, and even if this can be realized, it becomes an extremely high cost pump laser.
Therefore, in the control section 30 of the first embodiment, by applying a scheme to the control sequence at the start up time of the Raman amplifier, stability of the output wavelength and the output power in the low output region of the pump laser is ensured, so that use of a general pump laser becomes possible. In this control sequence, the minimum setting value and the maximum setting value of the adjustment ranges of the respective pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 are defined beforehand corresponding to the lower limit and the upper limit of the stable region of the pump laser used in each. In the case where an pump laser such as the one illustrated in
Here a specific numerical value for the drive current or the output power of the pump laser is used, and one example specifying the stable region is illustrated. However also other than this, the stable region of the pump laser may be specified on the basis of the oscillation threshold value and the maximum absolute rating that are normally used as the characteristic data of the pump laser. More specifically, it is possible make the lower limit of the stable region of the pump laser, A times the oscillation threshold value (for example A=5) and the upper limit B times the maximum absolute rating (for example B=0.8).
In step 100 (
In step 102, the power and the like of the monitor light Lm is monitored in the monitor circuit 22, and the monitor result is transmitted to the Raman gain computing circuit 31 of the control section 30.
In step 104, in the Raman gain computing circuit 31, the Raman gain in the transmission line 2 for when all of the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 are driven at the minimum set value, is calculated using the monitor result in the monitor circuit 22, and a signal representing the calculated result is output to the judgment circuit 32.
In step 106, the drive states of the respective pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 are notified from the control circuit 33 to the judgment circuit 32. As a result, the judgment circuit 32 acquires information related to the present drive current or output power of the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4.
In step 108, in the judgment circuit 32, after confirming that all of the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 are being driven at the minimum set value of the adjustment range, the computation value of the Raman gain obtained by the Raman gain computing circuit 31 is compared with a previously set target value for the Raman gain, and the judgment result of the magnitude correlation of the computation value with respect to the target value is notified to the control circuit 33. For the target value of Raman gain, for example in the case where as illustrated in the aforementioned
In step 110, upon receiving the judgment result that the computation value of the Raman gain is greater than the target value, the control circuit 33 performs control to give an off condition for at least one of the four pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 that are driven at the minimum set value, that is to say, to give a condition where the drive current is less than the oscillation threshold value, so that there is substantially no light emission. The contents of this control are described in detail with reference to
In the relationship at the top of
On the other hand, in the case where a SMF is used for the transmission line 2, the Raman gain in a state where all of the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 are driven at the minimum set value of the adjustment range, does not reach to the control target value Gt. However by increasing the total power of the pump light to within the adjustment range (the range where the adjustment ranges of the respective pump light sources are combined), it becomes possible to make the Raman gain reach to the target value Gt (symbol O in the figure). Consequently, when all of the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 are driven at the minimum set value of the adjustment range, if a judgment is made as to whether or not the computation value of the Raman gain obtained in the Raman gain computing circuit 31 is greater than the target value, it can be known whether the Raman gain with all of the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 driven in the stable region can be made the target value Gt.
In the case where the computation value of the Raman gain is judged to be greater than the target value, the drive state of at least one of the four pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4, in the example at the middle of
In the above manner, when the on/off switching of the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 is performed corresponding to the judgment result in the judgment circuit 31, control proceeds to step 114, and similarly to the aforementioned step 102, the power and the like of the monitor light Lm in the monitor circuit 22 is monitored, and the monitor result is transmitted to the Raman gain computing circuit 31 of the control section 30. Then, in step 116, in the Raman gain computing circuit 31, the Raman gain in the transmission line 2 is calculated using the monitor result in the monitor circuit 22, and a signal representing the calculation result is output to the judgment circuit 32.
In step 118, in the judgment circuit 32, judgment is made as to whether or not the computation value of the Raman gain obtained by the Raman gain computing circuit 31 is substantially matched with the target value, and the judgment result is notified to the control circuit 33. In the case where the calculation result of the Raman gain is not substantially matched with the target value, control proceeds to step 120, and the control circuit 33 adjusts the drive current of the pump light sources that is switched on, and performs feedback control of the state of the pump light supply to the transmission line 2 so that the Raman gain in the transmission line 2 approaches the target value.
The feedback control may adjust the drive current of each pump light source so that in the case where two or more pump light sources are on, the power ratio of the pump lights output from the respective pump light sources follows the power ratio designed beforehand in consideration of flattening of the wavelength characteristics of the Raman gain. By performing such feedback control, it is possible to more effectively suppress wavelength deviation of the Raman gain. Then, after executing step 120, control returns to the aforementioned step 114, and the same processing is repeated, and in step 118, a substantial match of the computation value of the Raman gain and the target value is judged, and hence the control sequence at the time of start up of the Raman amplifier ends.
In the case where, even if the drive states of the respective pump light sources reach the maximum set value of the adjustment range (or the minimum set value), in step 118 it is judged that the computation value of the Raman gain does not substantially match with the target value, that is, the feedback control does not converge, then it is determined that some kind of abnormality has occurred in the transmission line 2 and an alarm is emitted from the Raman amplifier 1. Together with this, the computation value of the Raman gain at the time of determining the abnormality may be notified to an external device (for example a system management device or an optical amplifier on the transmission line).
By the abovementioned control sequence of step 100 to step 120, in the case where for example a SMF is used for the transmission line, operation of the Raman amplifier 1 is started in a drive state corresponding to symbol “O” at the top of
Here, in the aforementioned step 110, a selection method for the pump light source to be switched off in the case where the computation value for the Raman gain is greater than the target value will be described in detail while illustrating specific examples.
At first, as an example 1-1, a case where the wavelength band of the WDM signal light that is Raman amplified in the transmission 2 (hereunder called the main signal band) is a C-band of 1530-1565 nm is considered. In this case, if Raman amplification of WDM signal light is performed using four pump light sources, then as the output wavelengths λP1 to λP4 of the respective pump light sources, for example the following settings are possible. LD1 to LD4 corresponds to the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 in
LD1: λP1=1430 nm
LD2: λP2=1435 nm
LD3: λP3=1455 nm
LD4: λP4=1460 nm
In these settings, the output wavelengths λP1 and λP2, and the output wavelengths λP3 and λP4 are each made close. In such a case, the output wavelengths are close, that is, the difference in the output wavelengths is relatively small, and hence either one of the two pump light sources may be switched off. More specifically, the pump light sources LD1 and LD3 of the wavelengths λP1 and λP3 may be switched off, or the pump light sources LD2 and LD4 of the output wavelengths λP2 and λP4 may be switched off. As a result, even after being switched off, it is possible to realize gain wavelength characteristics that are balanced.
The following Table 1 summarizes the on/off pattern of the four pump light sources and their effect, in the above example 1-1.
OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
As illustrated in Table 1, in order to obtain at the same time, both the effect of lowering the lower limit of the pump light power, and the effect of suppressing the wavelength deviation of the signal light power after Raman amplification, any one of the four combinations (illustrated in bold type in Table 1) where one of the two pump light sources LD1 and LD2 on the short wavelength side where the pumping wavelengths are adjacent is turned off, and one of the two pump light sources LD3 and LD4 on the long wavelength side where the pumping wavelengths are adjacent is turned off, is selected. Furthermore, compared to these four combinations, the effect is poor. However, even if any one of the four combinations (illustrated in italic type in Table 1) where one of the four pump light sources is selectively off, is selected, the effect of lowering the lower limit of the pump light power, and the effect of suppressing the wavelength deviation of the signal light power after Raman amplification are obtained at the same time. With respect to a transmission lines in which the gain efficiency of a NZ-DSF or the like is large, in the combinations other than the above eight combinations that obtain a reduction in the lower limit of the pump light power, the wavelength deviation of the signal light power after Raman amplification increases. Therefore, excluding systems where wavelength deviation is not a particular problem, it is basically best to not select these.
In example 1-2, a case where the main signal band is a C-band+L-band is considered. In this case, when two pump light sources are added, and six pump light sources LD1 to LD6 are used to perform Raman amplification of the above signal band, then for the output wavelengths λP1 to λP6 of the respective pump light sources LD1 to LD6, for example the following settings are possible.
LD1: λP1=1430 nm
LD2: λP2=1435 nm
LD3: λP3=1450 nm
LD4: λP4=1455 nm
LD5: λP5=1485 nm
LD6: λP6=1490 nm
In these settings, the output wavelengths λP1 and λP2, the output wavelengths λP3 and λP4, and the output wavelengths λP5 and λP6 are each made close. Therefore by the same thinking as for the case of the abovementioned example 1-1, by switching the pump light sources LD1, LD3, and LD5 of the output wavelengths λP1, λP3, and λP5 off, or switching the pump light sources LD2, LD4, and LD6 of the output wavelengths λP2, λP4, and λP6 off, then even after being switched off, it is possible to realize gain wavelength characteristics that are balanced.
In example 2-1, for a case where the main signal band is a C-band, the polarization state of the output light is also considered in addition to the output wavelength of the respective pump light sources, and the pump light source to switch off is selected so that pump lights with different polarization states are combined and supplied to the transmission line. More specifically, here a case is considered where the polarization states (TE/TM mode) of the output light of the four pump light sources LD1 to LD4 are set for example as follows.
LD1: λP1=1430 nm, TE
LD2: λP2=1435 nm, TM
LD3: λP3=1455 nm, TM
LD4: λP4=1460 nm, TE
In these settings, in the case where LD1 for the combination of the pump light sources LD1 and LD2 with close output wavelengths is switched off, the output light of LD1 is the TE mode. Therefore for the combination of the remaining pump light sources LD3 and LD4, LD3 of which the output light is the TM mode is switched off. Furthermore, in the case where LD2 for the combination of the pump light sources LD1 and LD2 is switched off, the output light of LD2 is the TM mode. Therefore for the combination of the pump light sources LD3 and LD4, LD4 of which the output light is the TE mode is switched off.
As a result, in both the case where four pump sources LD1 to LD4 are all on, and the case where two are on, pump light sources with different output wavelengths and also different polarization states superimposed are combined. In this state, as illustrated in the concept diagram of
In example 2-2, for a case where the main signal band is a C-band+L-band, the polarization state of the output light is also considered in addition to the output wavelength of the respective pump light sources, and the pump light source to switch off is selected so that pump lights with different polarization states are combined and supplied to the transmission line. More specifically, here a case is considered where the polarization states (TE/TM mode) of the output light of the six pump light sources LD1 to LD6 are set for example as follows.
LD1: λP1=1430 nm, TE
LD2: λP2=1435 nm, TM
LD3: λP3=1450 nm, TM
LD4: λP4=1455 nm, TE
LD5: λP5=1485 nm, TM
LD6: λP6=1490 nm, TE
In these settings, in a case where LD1 for the combination of the pump light sources LD1 and LD2 with close output wavelengths is switched off, the output light of LD1 is the TE mode, Therefore so that the combination of the remaining pump light sources LD3 and LD4 and the output light of one or both of the combination of the pump light sources LD5 and LD6 becomes the TM mode, LD3 and LD6 are switched off, or LD4 and LD5 are switched off, or LD3 and LD5 are switched. Furthermore, in a case where for the combination of the pump light sources LD1 and LD2, LD2 is switched off, the output light of LD2 is the TM mode. Therefore so that the output light of either one or both of the remaining combination of the pump light sources LD3 and LD4, and the combination of the pump light sources LD5 and LD6 becomes the TE mode, LD3 and LD6 are switched off, or LD4 and LD5 are switched off, or LD4 and LD6 are switched off. As a result, similarly to the case of example 2-1, it is possible to suppress the fluctuations of the Raman gain existing in the polarization state of the pump light.
In example 3, the wavelength deviation of the Raman gain efficiency is also considered in addition to the output wavelength and the polarization state of the respective pump light sources, and a pump light source on the side for where the output wavelength is the longest wavelength is prevented from going off as much as possible. As described above, the gain efficiency is defined as “gain/pump light total power”. Regarding the wavelength deviation of the Raman gain efficiency, the signal light on the long wavelength side out of the signal lights of the respective wavelengths included in the WDM signal light, receives the Raman effect due to the signal light on the short wavelength side and is amplified, and is generated with a so-called inter-signal Raman effect as the principal factor.
Moreover, in a condition where the inter-signal Raman effect cannot be expected in the case where the number of signal wavelengths is small, that is, in a condition where only a few signal lights exist on the long wavelength side of the signal band, then in order for the Raman gain with respect to these signal lights to become the target value, it is necessary to adjust the power of the pump light on the long wavelength side. In a general control, as illustrated in the second stage of
In the above example 3, in the case of a transmission line where the gain efficiency of a SMF or the like is small, then as illustrated in the fourth stage of
More specifically, in the setting of the pump light sources LD1 to LD4 in the aforementioned example 2-1 (signal band is C-band), preferably LD1 and LD3 are switched off. Furthermore, in the setting of the pump light sources LD1 to LD6 in the aforementioned example 2-2 (signal band is C-band+L-band), preferably LD1, LD3 and LD5 are switched off, or LD1, LD4 and LD5 are switched off, or LD2, LD4 and LD5 are switched off. As a result, even in the condition where the inter-signal Raman effect cannot be expected in the case where the number of signal wavelengths is small, it is possible for the Raman gain to be reliably made the target value.
As described above, according to the Raman amplifier 1 of the first embodiment, even if the system requirements are variously different, gain constant control can be performed at high accuracy while using a general pump laser. Therefore the aforementioned gain equalizer or the like having a fixed loss wavelength characteristic as illustrated in
In addition to the above effect, in the case where the Raman amplifier 1 is connected to a transmission line 2 with high gain efficiency, since the number of pump light sources for driving is decreased, there is also the effect that power consumption of the Raman amplifier 1 can be reduced.
In the above first embodiment, an example is described where at the time of start up of the Raman amplifier 1, in a case where all of the pump light sources are driven at a minimum set value for the stable region, and the computation value for the Raman gain is greater than the target value, at least one pump light source is switched on. However it is also possible to apply a control sequence opposite to this. More specifically, at the beginning of start up of the Raman amplifier 1, in a state with at least one pump source is switched off, the pump light power is controlled so that the Raman gain becomes the target value. At this time, in a case where even if the drive state of the switched on pump light source is increased to the maximum set value for the stable region, the computation value for the Raman gain is smaller than the target value, all of the pump light sources are switched to on to perform control of the pump light power.
However, considering that with a greater number of pump light sources switched on, the wavelength difference of the Raman gain can be reduced (refer to
Next is a description of a WDM optical communication system that uses the above described Raman amplifier 1 of the first embodiment.
In
The transmission side optical circuit section 40 has for example; a reference light transmitter 41, a multiplexer 42, a branching device 43, and a main signal monitor 44.
The reference light transmitter 41 generates light of a required power in which the wavelength is set to outside the wavelength band of the main signal light (WDM signal light) Ls, as gain reference light Lr for detecting the Raman gain in the transmission line 2, and provides the gain reference light Lr from the transmission end side to the transmission line via the multiplexer 42. Corresponding to the reference light transmitter 41, the monitor section 20 inside the Raman amplifier 1 on the downstream side, is provided with a branching filter 23 and a reference light receiver 24 for receiving the gain reference light Lr from the upstream side. The reference light receiver 24 receives the gain reference light Lr taken out by the branching filter 23, and detects the power, and outputs the detection result to the Raman gain computing circuit 31. Regarding the technique for performing computation and the like of the Raman gain using the gain reference light Lr as described above, this is disclosed for example in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication Nos. 2004-193640 and 2008-182679, and in Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2008-024231 and 2008-024364 of the applicant. This technique can also be utilized in the present invention.
The branching device 43 takes out a part of the main signal light Ls that has been amplified by the WDM optical amplifier 3 and sent to the transmission line 2, and outputs this to the main signal monitor 44. The main signal monitor 44 uses the light taken out by the branching device 43, and detects the power of the main signal light Ls that is sent to the transmission line 2, and outputs the detection result to an OSC transmitter 311. The OSC transmitter 311 generates a general optical supervisory channel (OSC) that is transmitted between the respective optical repeating nodes on the system, and sends this to the transmission line 2 via a multiplexer 312. Here wavelength information for the main signal light Ls, together with information that includes the transmission power of the main signal light Ls detected by the main signal monitor 44, and the transmission power of the gain reference light Lr output from the reference light transmitter 41, are carried on the OSC and transmitted to the optical repeating node on the downstream side. Inside the optical repeating node on the downstream side there is provided a branching filter 321 that takes out the OSC from the upstream side before the WDM optical amplifier 3′, and the OSC taken out by the branching filter 321 is received and processed by an OSC receiver 322. As a result, the transmission power and the wavelength information of the main signal light Ls, and information including the transmission power of the gain reference light Lr are taken out, and this information is transmitted to the Raman gain computing circuit 31.
The monitor section 20 inside the downstream side Raman amplifier 1, in addition to the aforementioned branching filter 23 and the reference light receiver 24, is provided with a branching device 25, an optical filter (FIL) 26, and a main signal monitor 27. The branching device 25 branches a part of the Raman amplified main signal light Ls propagated on the transmission line 2, and the light propagated in the same direction as the main signal light Ls (the noise light or OSC or the like generated by Raman amplification) and outputs this to the optical filter 26. The optical filter 26 removes light other than the main signal light Ls included in the light from the branching device 25. The main signal monitor 27 uses the light that has passed through the optical filter 26, and detects that reception power of the main signal light Ls that has been Raman amplified by the transmission line 2, and outputs the detection result to the Raman gain computing circuit 31.
In the WDM optical communication system of the above configuration, in the Raman amplifier 1 provided in the optical repeating node located on the downstream side of the respective repeating sections, drive control is performed on the plurality of pump light sources corresponding to the system requirements of various types of transmission lines 2 such as described in the aforementioned first embodiment. In the control in the configuration example of
According to the above WDM optical communication system, the gain constant control of the Raman amplifier 1 at the respective node sections, is performed at a high accuracy, flexibly corresponding also to a variety of system requirements. Therefore accumulation of the wavelength deviations of the WDM signal light attributable to the changes in the wavelength characteristics of the Raman gain can be kept to a minimum. Consequently repeating transmission of WDM signal light over long distances while maintaining good quality becomes possible.
In the configuration example of the WDM optical communication system, the information related to the types of transmission lines uses OSC and the like, but it is also possible to notify this information from a system management section (not illustrated in the figure) to the control section 30 of the Raman amplifier 1. In the case where such a function for notifying the various types of transmission lines is provided in the WDM optical communication system, then instead of driving the respective pump light sources at the beginning of start up of the Raman amplifier 1, and performing a comparison judgment between the computation value obtained by computing the Raman gain in the transmission line 2, and the target value, information related to the type of transmission line notified by the OSC or the like may be used, and the on/off state of the respective pump light sources set corresponding to the type of transmission line. If this is done, then shortening of the time required for control at the time of start up becomes possible. Furthermore, the judgment result of comparing the computation value for Raman gain with the target value, and information related to the type of transmission line are used together, to perform on/off setting of the respective pump light sources, and it is also possible to achieve an improvement in the control accuracy.
Next is a description of a second embodiment of a Raman amplifier.
In
More specifically, the construction is such that the pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 are respectively furnished with a laser element 11A and a wavelength fixator 11B, and by controlling the temperature of the laser element 11A or the wavelength fixator 11B, or by controlling the stress applied to the wavelength fixator 11B, it is possible to shift (fine tune) the wavelength of the output pump light. The on/off control of the respective pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4, and the shift control of the oscillation wavelengths is performed in accordance with a control signal output from a control circuit 33 to the respective pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4.
In the Raman amplifier 1′ of the above configuration, in a case where a transmission line 2 with a large gain efficiency is connected using the control sequence at the time of starting similar to the case of the first embodiment, at least one pump light source of the four pump light sources 11-1 to 11-4 is switched off. Here, a description is given assuming the case where for example as illustrated at the center of
The above wavelength deviation is accumulated by being transmitted by the abovementioned greater span, so that there is a possibility that the transmission characteristics of the WDM signal light are deteriorated. Therefore, in the Raman amplifier 1′ of this embodiment, as illustrated at the bottom left side of
In the above second embodiment, the description is given illustrating the example where the LD2 and LD3 of the four pump light sources are switched off. However, it is possible to apply the above shift control for the pumping wavelength also for the combination of the pump light sources corresponding to the abovementioned selection method (examples 1 to 3) of the pump light sources in the first embodiment.
Next is a description of a third embodiment of a Raman amplifier.
In
The wavelength arrangement of the plurality of pump lights is generally limited to the performance and characteristics of the multiplexer. In the case of the abovementioned first and second embodiments, a general pumping configuration is employed where the pump light band is divided into two blocks, one on the short wavelength side and one the long wavelength side, in accordance with the performance and characteristics of the pump light combiner 13, and the total of four pump light sources are combined by applying the polarization combiner to each of the respective blocks. In this general pumping configuration, the number of wavelengths of the pump light is comparatively small, and the interval between the pumping wavelength on the short wavelength side and the pumping wavelength on the long wavelength side is somewhat wide. Therefore Raman gain wavelength characteristics corresponding to the wavelength arrangement of the pump light are generated. In order to suppress these Raman gain wavelength characteristics, in the Raman amplifier 1″, for example by employing a waveguide type multiplexer 15 that uses a Mach-Zehnder interferometer type optical waveguide, the number of pump light sources is increased, and the wavelength arrangement of the pump lights is made substantially equal intervals. As a result, the Raman gain in the case where the respective pump light sources are driven by a predetermined output power becomes one having a substantially flat wavelength characteristic. Therefore, the gain equalizer that performs compensation of the Raman gain wavelength characteristics becomes basically unnecessary.
Here, a configuration example where the respective pump light sources are combined using the waveguide type multiplexer 15 is illustrated. However instead of the waveguide type multiplexer 15 and the signal light/pump light combiner 14, it is also possible to employ a multiplexer 15′ that uses a slant type fiber grating as illustrated for example in
Also in the Raman amplifier 1″ of the above described configuration, in a case where a transmission line 2 with a large gain efficiency is connected using the control sequence at the time of starting similar to the case of the first embodiment, at least one pump light source of the n pump light sources 11-1 to 11-n is switched off. Here as illustrated for example in
On the other hand, in the case where a transmission line of a NZ-DSF or the like for which the gain efficiency is large is connected (bottom of
In the above example, LD3, LD4, LD7, and LD8 are selected as the pump light sources that are switched off. However which one of the ten pump light sources to select to switch off can be appropriately determined by considering the total power of the pump light supplied to the transmission line 2 and the Raman gain wavelength characteristics.
Furthermore, in the Raman amplifier 1″, even if some pump light sources are switched off, Raman gain having a comparatively flat wavelength characteristic is obtained. Therefore in the start up initial stage, rather than driving all of the pump light sources at the lower limit of the stable region, at least one previously determined pump light source may be switched off, and the remaining pump light sources driven within the stable region to perform start up. In this case, the number of pump light sources to be switched off is increased if the calculated value is greater than the target value of the Raman gain, and on the other hand, the pump light sources that have been switched off are switched on if the calculated value is smaller, to thereby achieve the Raman gain of the target value.
Furthermore, after performing the on/off control of the pump light sources, by uniformly controlling the output power of the pump light source that is switched on, the Raman gain of the target value is realized. However, for example in the case where the WDM signal light input to the Raman amplifier 1″ includes signal light with different bit rates, the output power of the pump light source responsible for Raman amplification of the band in which signal lights of relatively high speed bit rates are arranged may be made greater than the output power of the pump light source responsible for Raman amplification of the band in which signal lights of the relatively low speed bit rates are arranged, so that the Raman gain for the higher speed signal light is increased to improve the OSNR.
More specifically, for example in a case where WDM signal light in which 10 Gb/s signal light and 40 Gb/s signal light coexist, is input to the Raman amplifier 1″, in order to realize equivalent transmission characteristics for the respective signal lights, it is necessary to improve the OSNR of the 40 Gb/s signal light by four times (6 dB) compared to the OSNR of the 10 Gb/s signal light.
Therefore, assuming WDM signal light in which 10 Gb/s signal light and 40 Gb/s signal light coexist in the wavelength arrangement as illustrated for example at the top left of
Therefore, the drive state for each of the pump light sources is controlled so that, as illustrated at the bottom left of
The control of the pump light power corresponding to the bit rate of the signal light as described above is effective not only for the third embodiment where the pumping wavelengths are arranged at substantially equal intervals, but also for the first and second embodiments in which a general pumping configuration is employed.
Moreover, in the description of the first to third embodiments of the Raman amplifier described above, at the time of start up of the Raman amplifier, the control sequence as illustrated in
Moreover, converse to this, in the gain constant control executed during operation of the Raman amplifier, even if the drive states of the respective pump light sources that are switched on are at the minimum set value of the adjustment range, in the case where the Raman gain becomes greater than the target value, control may be performed to switch at least one of the pump light sources that are switched on to off, and gradually increase the output power of the remaining pump light sources that are switched on, so as to realize the target value Raman gain. By appropriately controlling the above on/off switching of the pump light sources during operation, then even in the case where the gain efficiency of the transmission line changes transiently during operation of a communication service, it is possible to rapidly correspond to this change.
All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions, nor does the organization of such examples in the specification relate to a illustrating of the superiority and inferiority of the invention. Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it should be understood that the various changes, substitutions, and alterations could be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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| 2008-240356 | Sep 2008 | JP | national |
| 2009-151191 | Jun 2009 | JP | national |
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