Patent Application
20110083437
The invention relates generally to rankine cycle system, and more particularly to a rankine cycle system having a variable speed expander.
Enormous amounts of waste heat are generated by a wide variety of industrial and commercial processes and operations. Example sources of waste heat include heat from space heating assemblies, steam boilers, engines, and cooling systems. When waste heat is low grade, such as waste heat having a temperature of heat below 840 degrees Fahrenheit, for example, conventional heat recovery systems do not operate with sufficient efficiency to make recovery of energy cost-effective. The net result is that vast quantities of waste heat are simply dumped into the atmosphere, ground, or water.
Some power generation systems provide better reliability and off-grid operation with alternate fuels such as biogas or landfill gas, with examples being gas turbines and combustion engines such as microturbines and reciprocating engines. Combustion engines may be used to generate electricity using fuels such as gasoline, natural gas, biogas, plant oil, and diesel fuel. However, atmospheric emissions such as nitrogen oxides and particulates may be emitted.
One method to generate electricity from the waste heat of a combustion engine without increasing the output of emissions is to apply a bottoming rankine cycle. A fundamental rankine cycle typically includes a turbo generator, an evaporator/boiler, a condenser, and a liquid pump. The turbo generator of conventional rankine cycle is operated at fixed speed. Hence conventional rankine cycle has constraints that it can operate only at design state points (pressures, mass flows and temperatures). During partial load conditions or off design operating conditions, the rankine cycle can only be operated at a limited range of state points. As a result, the cycle efficiency is lowered and component operation limits are exceeded.
It is desirable to have a rankine cycle system that can be operated at higher cycle efficiency without exceeding component operation limits.
In accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a rankine cycle system is disclosed. The rankine cycle system includes an evaporator coupled to a heat source and configured to circulate a working fluid in heat exchange relationship with a hot fluid from the heat source so as to heat the working fluid and vaporize the working fluid. An expander is coupled to the evaporator and configured to expand the vaporized working fluid from the evaporator. The exemplary expander is operable at variable speed. A condenser is coupled to the expander and configured to condense the vaporized working fluid from the expander. A pump is coupled to the condenser and configured to feed the condensed working fluid from the condenser to the evaporator.
In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a waste heat recovery system including at least two integrated rankine cycle systems having an expander operable at variable speed is disclosed.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
In accordance with the exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a rankine cycle system is disclosed. The rankine cycle system includes an evaporator coupled to a heat source and configured to circulate a working fluid in heat exchange relationship with a hot fluid from the heat source so as to heat the working fluid and vaporize the working fluid. An expander is coupled to the evaporator and configured to expand the vaporized working fluid from the evaporator. The exemplary expander is operable at variable speed. A condenser is coupled to the expander and configured to condense the vaporized working fluid from the expander. A pump is coupled to the condenser and configured to feed the condensed working fluid from the condenser to the evaporator. In accordance with a specific embodiment of the present invention, a waste heat recovery system including at least two integrated rankine cycle systems having an expander operable at variable speed is disclosed.
Referring to
In the illustrated embodiment, the expander 16 is directly coupled to the generator 18 configured to generate power. The speed of the expander 16 is operable at variable speed. The exemplary generator 18 is an asynchronous generator. In such generators, if the revolutions per minute are held constant, the frequency varies depending on the power level. The peaks of the sinusoidal waveform have no fixed relationship with a rotor position. The magnetic field of a rotor is generated via a stator through electromagnetic induction.
The exemplary rankine cycle system 10 does not have constraints that it can operate only at design state points (pressures, mass flows and temperatures). The expander 16 and the generator 18 are operable at variable speeds during partial load conditions or off design operating conditions. Hence the rankine cycle system 10 can be operated at a wide range of state points. As a result, the cycle efficiency is increased and component operation limits are not exceeded.
Referring to
The cascaded heat exchange unit 40 is used both as a condenser for the first organic rankine cycle system 26 and as evaporator for the second organic rankine cycle system 28. A second organic working fluid is circulated through the second organic rankine cycle system 28. The second organic working fluid may include propane, butane, pentafluoro-propane, pentafluoro-butane, pentafluoro-polyether, oil, or combinations thereof. It should be noted herein that list of first and second organic working fluids are not inclusive and other organic working fluids applicable to organic rankine cycles are also envisaged. Cascaded heat exchange unit 40 may be coupled to any one or more of a plurality of second heat sources such as an intercooler 44, an oil heat exchanger 46, and a cooling water jacket heat exchanger 48. Such second heat sources are also typically coupled to the engine. It should be noted herein that the second heat source includes a lower temperature heat source than the first heat source. It should be noted that in other exemplary embodiments, first and second heat sources may include other multiple low-grade heat sources such as gas turbines with intercoolers. The cascaded heat exchange unit 40 receives heat from the first organic working fluid and generates a second organic working fluid vapor. The second organic working fluid vapor is passed through a second expander 50 to drive a second generator 52. In certain other exemplary embodiments, the second expander 50 may be a radial type expander, an axial type expander, high temperature screw type or an impulse type expander, positive displacement type expander.
In an exemplary embodiment, neither of the first and second organic working fluids are expanded below the atmospheric pressure, and the boiling point temperature of the first organic working fluid is below the average temperature of the second heat source. After passing through the second expander 50, the second organic working fluid vapor at lower pressure and lower temperature is passed through a condenser 54. The second organic working fluid vapor is condensed into a liquid, which is then pumped via a pump 56 to the second heat sources. The cycle may then be repeated. It should be noted herein that the number of second heat sources such as intercoolers, oil heat exchangers, jacket heat exchangers, evaporators and their relative positions explained in greater detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/770,895 is incorporated herein by reference.
In the illustrated embodiment, the expanders 38, 52 are coupled to the generators 38, 52 respectively configured to generate power. The speed of the expanders 38, 52 are operable at variable speed. The exemplary generators 38, 52 are asynchronous generators.
Referring to
Referring to
In the illustrated embodiment, the asynchronous generator 78 is operable at variable speed so as to control the speed of the expander 72. The exemplary generator 78 is coupled to a frequency inverter 80 configured to vary the speed of the generator 78. The frequency inverter 80 controls the rotational speed of the generator 78 by controlling the frequency of the electrical power of the generator 78.
Referring to
The exemplary expander discussed above with reference to
While only certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
