Computer data is vital to today's organizations and a significant part of protection against disasters is focused on data protection. Existing data protection systems may provide continuous data protection, meaning that every change made to data is backed up.
Ransomware attacks are increasing prevalent. In a typical attack, the attacker installs a virus on a victim host (e.g., a desktop or server computer) that replaces files on the host with encrypted versions of those files. If strong encryption is used, the original files can practically only be recovered using a secret key held by the attacker. The attacker may demand payment in exchange for the secret key.
Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for detecting and mitigating ransomware attacks in a continuous data protection environment.
According to one aspect of the disclosure, a method comprises: intercepting a write request from a host to storage, the write request comprising write data; calculating a probability of ransomware within the host; if the probability of ransomware is less than or equal to a first threshold, sending an acknowledgement (ACK); if the probability of ransomware is greater than a first threshold value and less than or equal to a second threshold value, creating a bookmark and sending an ACK; and if the probability of ransomware is greater than the second threshold value, sending a delayed ACK.
In various embodiments, the method further comprises determining a probability that the write data is actually encrypted; determining a probability that the write data is expected to be encrypted, wherein calculating the probability of ransomware includes calculating the probability of ransomware based upon the probability that the write data is actually encrypted and the probability that the write data is expected to be encrypted. In one embodiment, the method further comprises sending the write request to the storage after a splitter receives the ACK from a DPA. In certain embodiments, if the probability of ransomware is greater than the second threshold value, notifying a user of suspected ransomware. In one embodiment, determining a probability that the write data is actually encrypted comprises calculating an entropy of the write data.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding the write data to a list of recent write data, wherein determining a probability that the write data is actually encrypted comprises calculating an entropy over the list of recent write data. In certain embodiments, determining the probability that the write data is expected to be encrypted comprises determining a percentage of the storage that is encrypted. In one embodiment, the write request further comprises an offset within the storage, wherein determining the probability that the write data is expected to be encrypted comprises determining whether encrypted data was previously written to the offset within the storage. In various embodiments, determining the probability that the write data is expected to be encrypted comprises determining one or more applications running on the host.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, a system comprises one or more processors; a volatile memory; and a non-volatile memory storing computer program code that when executed on the processor causes execution across the one or more processors of a process operable to perform embodiments of the method described hereinabove.
According to yet another aspect of the disclosure, a computer program product tangibly embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, the computer-readable medium storing program instructions that are executable to perform embodiments of the method described hereinabove.
The foregoing features may be more fully understood from the following description of the drawings in which:
The drawings are not necessarily to scale, or inclusive of all elements of a system, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the concepts, structures, and techniques sought to be protected herein.
Before describing embodiments of the concepts, structures, and techniques sought to be protected herein, some terms are explained. In some embodiments, the term “I/O request” or simply “I/O” may be used to refer to an input or output request. In some embodiments, an I/O request may refer to a data read or write request.
Referring to the embodiment of
In certain embodiments, Site I and Site II may be remote from one another. In other embodiments, the two sites may be local to one another. In particular embodiments, Site I and Site II may be connected via a local area network (LAN). In other embodiments, the two sites may be connected via a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet.
In particular embodiments, the data protection system may include a failover mode of operation, wherein the direction of replicated data flow is reversed. In such embodiments, Site I may behave as a target side and Site II may behave as the source side. In some embodiments, failover may be triggered manually (e.g., by a user) or automatically. In many embodiments, failover may be performed in the event of a disaster at Site I. In some embodiments, both Site I and Site II may behave as source side for some stored data and may behave simultaneously as a target site for other stored data. In certain embodiments, a portion of stored data may be replicated from one site to the other, and another portion may not be replicated.
In some embodiments, Site I corresponds to a production site (e.g., a facility where one or more hosts run data processing applications that write data to a storage system and read data from the storage system) and Site II corresponds to a backup or replica site (e.g., a facility where replicated production site data is stored). In such embodiments, Site II may be responsible for replicating production site data and may enable rollback of Site I data to an earlier point in time. In many embodiments, rollback may be used in the event of data corruption of a disaster, or alternatively in order to view or to access data from an earlier point in time.
Referring again to
Referring back to
I/O interface, a display interface and a network interface. In certain embodiments, a host may run at least one data processing application, such as a database application and an e-mail server.
Referring again to
In the embodiment of
Referring back to
Referring again to
Referring back to
In some embodiments, a DPA may be a cluster of such computers. In many embodiments, a cluster may ensure that if a DPA computer is down, then the DPA functionality switches over to another computer. In some embodiments, computers within a DPA cluster may communicate with one another using at least one communication link suitable for data transfer via fiber channel or IP based protocols, or such other transfer protocol. In certain embodiments, one computer from the DPA cluster may serve as the DPA leader that coordinates other computers in the cluster, and may also perform other tasks that require coordination between the computers, such as load balancing.
In certain embodiments, a DPA may be a standalone device integrated within a SAN. In other embodiments, a DPA may be integrated into a storage system. In some embodiments, the DPAs communicate with their respective hosts through communication lines such as fiber channels using, for example, SCSI commands or any other protocol.
In various embodiments, the DPAs may be configured to act as initiators in the SAN. For example, the DPAs may issue I/O requests using to access LUs on their respective storage systems. In some embodiments, each DPA may also be configured with the necessary functionality to act as targets, e.g., to reply to I/O requests, such as SCSI commands, issued by other initiators in the SAN, including their respective hosts. In certain embodiments, the DPAs, acting as target nodes, may dynamically expose or remove one or more LUs.
Referring again to
In the embodiment of
In various embodiments, a protection agent may change its behavior for handling SCSI commands, for example as a result of an instruction received from the DPA. In certain embodiments, the behavior of a protection agent for a certain host device may depend on the behavior of its associated DPA with respect to the LU of the host device. In some embodiments, when a DPA behaves as a source site DPA for a certain LU, then during normal course of operation, the associated protection agent may split I/O requests issued by a host to the host device corresponding to that LU. In particular embodiments, when a DPA behaves as a target device for a certain LU, then during normal course of operation, the associated protection agent fails I/O requests issued by the host to the host device corresponding to that LU.
Referring back to
In certain embodiments, protection agents may be drivers located in their respective hosts. In other embodiments, a protection agent may be located in a fiber channel switch or in any other device situated in a data path between a host and a storage system or on the storage system itself In a virtualized environment, the protection agent may run at the hypervisor layer or in a virtual machine providing a virtualization layer.
Referring again to
In the embodiment of
In one embodiment, the journal processor 180 is configured to perform processing described in the patent titled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR OPTIMAL JOURNALING FOR CONTINUOUS DATA REPLICATION” and with U.S. Pat. No. 7,516,287, issued Apr. 7, 2009, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Embodiments of the data replication system may be provided as physical systems for the replication of physical LUs, or as virtual systems for the replication of virtual LUs. In one embodiment, a hypervisor may consume LUs and may generate a distributed file system on the logical units such as VMFS, for example, generates files in the file system and exposes the files as LUs to the virtual machines (each virtual machine disk is seen as a SCSI device by virtual hosts). In another embodiment, a hypervisor may consume a network based file system and exposes files in the NFS as SCSI devices to virtual hosts.
Referring back to
When source DPA 112 receives a replicated I/O request from protection agent 144, source DPA 112 may transmit certain I/O information characterizing the write request, packaged as a “write transaction”, over WAN 128 to the target DPA 124 for journaling and for incorporation within target storage system 120. When applying write operations to storage system 120, the target DPA 124 may act as an initiator, and may send SCSI commands to LU 156 (“LU B”).
The source DPA 112 may send its write transactions to target DPA 124 using a variety of modes of transmission, including inter alia (i) a synchronous mode, (ii) an asynchronous mode, and (iii) a batch mode. In synchronous mode, the source DPA 112 may send each write transaction to the target DPA 124, may receive back an acknowledgement from the target DPA 124, and in turns may send an acknowledgement back to protection agent 144.
In synchronous mode, protection agent 144 may wait until receipt of such acknowledgement before sending the I/O request to LU 136. In asynchronous mode, the source DPA 112 may send an acknowledgement to protection agent 144 upon receipt of each I/O request, before receiving an acknowledgement back from target DPA 124.
In batch mode, the source DPA 112 may receive several I/O requests and combines them into an aggregate “batch” of write activity performed in the multiple I/O requests, and may send the batch to the target DPA 124, for journaling and for incorporation in target storage system 120. In batch mode, the source DPA 112 may send an acknowledgement to protection agent 144 upon receipt of each I/O request, before receiving an acknowledgement back from the target DPA 124.
As discussed above, in normal operation, LU B 156 may be used as a backup of LU A 136. As such, while data written to LU A by host 104 is replicated from LU A to LU B, the target host 116 should not send I/O requests to LU B. To prevent such I/O requests from being sent, protection agent 164 may act as a target side protection agent for host device B 160 and may fail I/O requests sent from host 116 to LU B 156 through host device B 160.
Still referring to
In various embodiments, the source DPA 112 is configured to detect and mitigate the effects of ransomware within the source host 104. In some embodiments, the source DPA 112 uses techniques described below in conjunction with
Referring to the embodiment of
Referring briefly to both
Since the journal contains the “undo” information necessary to rollback storage system 120, data that was stored in specific memory locations at a specified point in time may be obtained by undoing write transactions that occurred subsequent to such point in time.
Each of the four streams may hold a plurality of write transaction data. As write transactions are received dynamically by target DPA, the write transactions may be recorded at the end of the DO stream and the end of the DO METADATA stream, prior to committing the transaction.
In some embodiments, a metadata stream (e.g., UNDO METADATA stream or the DO METADATA stream) and the corresponding data stream (e.g., UNDO stream or DO stream) may be kept in a single stream by interleaving metadata and data.
Referring to
As discussed above in conjunction with
Thus, referring to
In various embodiments, the presence of encrypted write data is not necessarily an indicator of ransomware. For example, database applications and other applications running on a host may generate encrypted write data during normal operation. To account for this, in some embodiments the ransomware detection processor may use a priori information about encrypted data within storage to determine whether data written by the host is expected to be encrypted. In one embodiment, the ransomware detection processor may know the percentage of storage that is already encrypted (e.g., by tracking the percentage of encrypted writes over several hours, days, or weeks). In certain embodiments, the ransomware detection process may know which regions (e.g., chunks) within storage were previously encrypted. In some embodiments, the ransomware detection processor may know which applications are installed and/or running on the host, and whether those applications typically write encrypted data.
In some embodiments, the ransomware detection processor determines (1) a probability that data written by the host is actually encrypted and (2) a probability that data written by the host is expected to be encrypted. In certain embodiments, the ransomware detection processor calculates a ransomware probability using both these actual and expected probabilities.
Referring again to
In some embodiments, the first mitigation action includes creating a bookmark. In such embodiments, if a user confirms that the data was actually infected by ransomware, the user call rollback the state of storage to the point in time when the bookmark was created, thereby mitigating the impact of the ransomware attack. In some embodiments, creating a bookmark includes adding metadata to the journal associated with a given point in time.
In certain embodiments, the second mitigation action includes delaying host writes to the storage array. As discussed above in conjunction with
Alternatively, the processing and decision blocks may represent steps performed by functionally equivalent circuits such as a digital signal processor (DSP) circuit or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The flow diagrams do not depict the syntax of any particular programming language but rather illustrate the functional information one of ordinary skill in the art requires to fabricate circuits or to generate computer software to perform the processing required of the particular apparatus. It should be noted that many routine program elements, such as initialization of loops and variables and the use of temporary variables may be omitted for clarity. The particular sequence of blocks described is illustrative only and can be varied without departing from the spirit of the concepts, structures, and techniques sought to be protected herein. Thus, unless otherwise stated, the blocks described below are unordered meaning that, when possible, the functions represented by the blocks can be performed in any convenient or desirable order.
Referring to
Referring back to
Referring back to
Referring back to
At block 412, if the ransomware probability is greater than a first threshold value, then a bookmark is created (block 414). At block 416, if the ransomware probability is greater than a second threshold value (greater than the first threshold value), then a delayed ACK may be sent (block 418), causing a delay in applying the write to storage. In some embodiments, a delayed ACK is sent from the DPA to the splitter, causing the splitter to delay the write to storage. In some embodiments, once the ransomware probability exceeds the second threshold value, then the DPA may begin delaying ACKs for subsequent writes (e.g., all subsequent writes until such time as a lower ransomware probability determined). In the embodiment of
In certain embodiments, blocks 406-420 may be performed by a DPA.
Processing may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of the two. In various embodiments, processing is provided by computer programs executing on programmable computers/machines that each includes a processor, a storage medium or other article of manufacture that is readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and one or more output devices. Program code may be applied to data entered using an input device to perform processing and to generate output information.
The system can perform processing, at least in part, via a computer program product, (e.g., in a machine-readable storage device), for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus (e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers). Each such program may be implemented in a high level procedural or object-oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the programs may be implemented in assembly or machine language. The language may be a compiled or an interpreted language and it may be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. A computer program may be stored on a storage medium or device (e.g., CD-ROM, hard disk, or magnetic diskette) that is readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer for configuring and operating the computer when the storage medium or device is read by the computer. Processing may also be implemented as a machine-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where upon execution, instructions in the computer program cause the computer to operate. The program logic may be run on a physical or virtual processor. The program logic may be run across one or more physical or virtual processors.
Processing may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform the functions of the system. All or part of the system may be implemented as special purpose logic circuitry (e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and/or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit)).
All references cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Having described certain embodiments, which serve to illustrate various concepts, structures, and techniques sought to be protected herein, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating these concepts, structures, and techniques may be used. Elements of different embodiments described hereinabove may be combined to form other embodiments not specifically set forth above and, further, elements described in the context of a single embodiment may be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Accordingly, it is submitted that the scope of protection sought herein should not be limited to the described embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims.
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