RAPID INTRA-CELLULAR ASSAY AND USE OF THE SAME

FIELD

The present application relates to, among other things, a method and/or a device for rapid intra-cellular assays and their applications in detection a biomarker in a sample and/or in diagnostic testing a health disorder.

BACKGROUND

There are great needs to have rapid, sensitive, to monitoring health and diagnosing a disease. Many methods used today involve a detection of cell-free biomarkers in a sample.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention is to provide methods and devices that monitoring health and diagnosing a disease by directly measuring the biomarkers inside a cell (intra-cellular detection) rapidly and easily. Another aspect of the presentation is to provide the devices and methods that measure that quantify the cell-free biomarkers in a blood using the biomarkers inside the cell.

The present invention provides the device and method that detect a biomarker inside a cell in a sample rapidly and easily (e.g. in 60 seconds or less, in one simple step) and applications in monitoring and diagnostic a health condition. The detection probe comprises protein detection agent or nucleic acid detection probe.

Another objective is to rapid intra-cellular assays for detection of a biomarker in a sample and/or in diagnostic testing a health disorder.

According to the present invention, the instant intra-cellular single-cell assay (INSA) provide a one-step chemical contact with the sample containing at least one cell including 60 sec or less incubation, imaging, analyzing, and reporting the presence and quantity of detected intracellular biomarkers, such as nucleic acids and proteins, directly from a fresh crude biological sample, such as a needle biopsy sample, whole blood, urine, sputum, saliva, swab samples (pap smear), and like samples. The INSA procedure provides advantages in diagnosis of, for example, diseases that have established or discoverable intracellular diagnostic biomarkers, for example: infectious diseases; malignant diseases; autoimmune diseases; metabolic diseases, and inherited genetic disorders. The tabulated listing below provides examples of sample sources (e.g., bodily fluid) or sample retrieval methods, disease categories, and diseases and conditions, where the disclosed INSA methodology can be used for diagnosis in accordance with the disclosed methods.

One aspect of the present disclosure is to provide devices and methods for easy and rapid staining of a biomarker inside a cell by utilizing a pair of plates that are movable to each other to manipulate a tissue sample and/or a small volume of staining liquid, reducing sample/staining liquid thickness, making a contact between the sample and staining reagent, etc.—all of them have beneficial effects on the cell staining (simplify and speed up stain, wash free, and save reagent)

Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide for easy and rapid intra-cellular staining by coating staining reagents on one or both of the plate(s), which upon contacting the liquid sample and/or the staining liquid, are dissolved and diffuse in the sample and/or the staining liquid, easing the handling of staining reagents with no need of professional training.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is to ensure uniform access of the sample to the staining reagent by utilizing the plates and a plurality of spacers of a uniform height to force the sample and/or staining liquid to form a thin film of uniform thickness, leading to same diffusion distance for the staining reagents across a large lateral area over the sample.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide systems for easy and rapid intra-cellular staining and imaging by combining the pair of plates for staining with a mobile communication device adapted for acquiring and analyzing images of the cells stained by the plates. Optionally, the mobile communication is configured to send the imaging data and/or analysis results to a remote location for storage and/or further analysis and interpretation by professional staff or software.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings if any, described below, are for illustration purposes only. In some Figures, the drawings are in scale and not to scale in other Figures. For clarity purposes, some elements are enlarged when illustrated in the Figures. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.

FIG. 1A and 1B shows schematics of exemplary intracellular detection embodiments. Schematic A illustrates the method: the intracellular biomarkers, such as nucleic acids and proteins, are inside the target cell. After making a specific probe get inside the cell, a detectable complex between the specific probe and the intra-cellular biomarker is formed and can be detected or imaged. Schematic B illustrates the above method is happened inside a sample holder comprising two plates, where the cell, biomarker and the probe are sandwiched between the two plates to form a thin layer.

FIG. 1C shows an example result for instant intra-cellular single-cell hybridization (INSH) of Alexa488-IL-6 a 60-mer oligo probe with whole blood.

FIG. 2 shows an example result for instant intra-cellular single-cell hybridization (INSH) of Alexa 647-B2M (housekeeping genes) 60-mer oligo probe with whole blood.

FIG. 3 shows INSH results of IL-6 expression in white blood cells which showed a dose dependent pattern with LPS induction.

FIG. 4 shows Basal IL-6 expression (mRNA) compared with a negative control GFP (green fluorescent protein) in INSH.

FIG. 5 shows a comparison of IL-6 mRNA expression (INSH) and protein production (ELISA) in white blood cells (WBC) with LPS induction.

FIGS. 6A and 6B shows INSH miRNA staining results of white blood cells from the fingertip blood of a healthy donor.

FIGS. 7A and 7B shows INSH AF647-Let-7a-5p and AF647-miR150-5p results of staining white blood cells from fingertip blood from a healthy donor.

FIG. 8 shows instant intra-cellular single-cell immunoassay (ISIM) AF647-anti-IL6 staining of LPS stimulated white blood cells in fresh human whole blood.

FIG. 9 show experimental results for instant intra-cellular single-cell immunoassay (ISIM) IL-6 staining and a total fluorescence intensity correlation with the ELISA plasma IL-6 level.

FIG. 10 show experimental results for ISIM double staining of IL-6 and Lamin A/C of white blood cells in fresh human whole blood.

FIG. 11 show experimental results for ISIM AF647-anti-IFN-γ staining of LPS stimulated white blood cells in human whole blood.

FIG. 12 shows schematics A and B of exemplary intracellular detection embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The following detailed description illustrates certain embodiments of the invention by way of example and not by way of limitation. If any, the section headings and any subtitles used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described in any way. The contents under a section heading and/or subtitle are not limited to the section heading and/or subtitle, but apply to the entire description of the present invention.

Definitions

The term “Stain”, “stain formulation”, and like terms generally refer to a material or mixture that contains a component that can interact with or react with an intracellular target such as a molecule or a virus to form an intracellular reaction product, and that can enable or enhance for example, the detection, the development, the imaging, the quantification, and like descriptors, that relate to establishing the presence of the target and quantifying the amount of the target present inside a cell.

The term “Q-Card” and “QMAX Card” are interchangeable.

“Probe” and like terms refer to a component that can interact with or react with an intracellular target such as a molecule or a virus (see “stain” definition above).

“Intra-cellular”, “intracellular”, and like terms refer to “within a cell” or “inside a cell”.

“Extra-cellular”, “extracellular”, and like terms refer to “outside a cell” or “not inside a cell”.

“Disease”, “condition”, and like terms refers to, for example, any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of a cell or an organism having one or more cells, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury. A diseased cell or organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state. Disease and condition can be used interchangeably.

The term “intracellular biomarker” refers the biomarkers that are inside a cell.

The term “cell-free biomarker” refers to the biomarkers in a sample but outside the cells in the sample.

The terms “cell-free biomarker” and “free biomarker” are interchangeable.

“Plasma” refers to the blood fluid that contains blood clotting agents. Plasma is a clear yellowish fluid part of the blood. Plasma contains clotting factors and water.

The terms “Serum” refers to the liquid part of the blood after the coagulation. Serum is the water fluid from blood without the clotting factors (i.e., serum=plasma−clotting factors). Serum contains proteins like albumin and globulins.

The terms “X-plate” is a top plate for a Qmax card having two opposable plates. The terms “M-plate” is a bottom plate or substrate, typically having pillars or spacers, for a Qmax card having two opposable plates.

The term “INSA” is an acronym for instant intra-cellular single-cell assay.

The term “INSH” is an acronym for instant intra-cellular single-cell hybridization.

The term “ISIM” is an acronym for instant intra-cellular single-cell immunoassay.

The term “INSA” is an acronym for instant intra-cellular single-cell assay.

The terms “ELISA” is an acronym for enzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay.

The terms “FISH” is an acronym for fluorescent in situ hybridization.

The terms “CMV” is an acronym for cytomegalovirus.

The terms “LPS” is an acronym for lipopolysaccharides.

The terms “IFN” is an acronym for interferon.

The terms “PPD” is an acronym for purified protein derivative.

The terms “HIV” is an acronym for human immunodeficiency virus.

The terms “HPV” is an acronym for human papillomavirus.

The terms “HBV” is an acronym for Hepatitis B virus.

The terms “IL4”, “IL-4”, and like abbreviations, are acronyms for interleukin 4. IL-4 is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells) to Th2 cells. When activated by IL-4, Th2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop.

The term “intra-cellular staining” refers to stain a biomarkers inside of cell using a detection probe, and the detection probe is initially outside of the cell and then introduced into the cell. In certain embodiments, the detection probe is specific to the biomarkers inside the cell.

The term “staining solution” and “staining liquid” are interchangeable. The term “inner surface” of the first and second plates are the surfaces that are facing each other in a closed configuration.

1. Instant Intra-Cellular Single-Cell Assay (INSA)

A method of performing an intra-cellular single-cell assay, comprising:

(a) having a first plate and a second plate, each has a sample contact area on its surface, wherein the sample contact surfaces contact a sample comprising a cell that contains or is suspected to contain an analyte inside the cell,

(b) having a detection probe that specifically binds the analyte;

(d) sandwiching the sample and the detection probe, and the optical enhancer between the two sample contact areas of the two plates to form a thin layer of a thickness of 200 microns (um) or less; and

(e) imaging using an imager the thin layer to detect the cell that has the analyte bound to the detection probe;

wherein the thin layer sample thickness is configured so that for a given concentration of the cell in the sample, each individual cell does not substantially overlap other cells in the imaging;

wherein the thickness of the thin layer, the concentration of the detection probe in the sample, or the concentration of the optical enhancer in the sample is configured to make, in the step (e) of imaging, in the thin layer, the location having the bound detection probe is distinguishable from the locations not having the bound detection probe, wherein the bound detection probe is the detection probe bound to the analyte in the cell.

In some embodiments, the two plates are movable relative to each other and the spacers are between the plates to regulate the spacing between the plates.

A device of an intra-cellular single-cell assay, comprising:

(a) a first plate and a second plate, each has a sample contact area on its surface, wherein the sample contact surfaces contact a sample comprising a cell that contains or is suspected to contain an analyte that is inside the cell;

(b) a detection probe that specifically binds the analyte;

wherein the sample contact areas in the first and second plates faces each other and sandwich the sample and the detection probe, wherein the thin layer has a thickness of 200 microns (um) or less; and

wherein the thin layer sample thickness is configured so that for a given concentration of the cell in the sample, each individual cell does not substantially overlap other cells in the imaging;

wherein the thickness of the thin layer, the concentration of the detection probe in the sample, or the concentration of the optical enhancer in the sample is configured to make, in the step (c) of imaging, in the thin layer, the location having the bound detection probe is distinguishable from the locations not having the bound detection probe, wherein the bound detection probe is the detection probe bound to the analyte in the cell.

In some embodiments, the detection probe is coated on at least one of the sample contact areas of the plate.

In some embodiments, the analyte comprises a protein or a nucleic acid (e.g. DNA/RNA) or a combination.

In some embodiments, the method and the devices further comprising a permeabilization reagent that assists the probe penetrate into the cell.

A method of collecting and analyzing a sample using intra-cellular cytology comprising:

obtaining a first plate and a second plate that are movable relative to each other;

depositing a part of the sample on an inner surface of a first plate;

having reagents for staining and penetration of the cell;

bringing the two plate together to a closed configuration, in which, the two inner surfaces of the first and second plates are facing each other and the spacing between the plates is regulated by spacers between the plate, and at least a part of the staining solution is between the sample and the inner surface of the second plate;

having an imager; and

imaging the sample for analysis.

A subject comprises a human or animal.

In some embodiments, the reagents are a staining reagents and cell permeabilizing reagent. In some embodiments, the reagents are in solution and mixed with the sample. In some embodiments, the reagents are coated and dried on either (i) surface of the first plate and/or on top of the sample, (ii) inner surface of the second plate, or (iii) both,

In some embodiments, the analysis by imaging is cyto-analysis.

In some embodiments, the spacers are fixed on one or both plates. In some embodiments, the spacers are inside of the staining solution.

In some embodiments, the sample is mixed with the staining solution before dropped on the plate.

In some embodiments, the staining solution comprises staining agent (things that stain cells/tissue) in a solution. In some embodiments, the staining solution does not comprises staining dye in a solution, but is configured to transport a staining agent coated on one of the plates into the cells/tissue. In some embodiments, the staining solution comprises staining agent (things that stain cells/tissue) in a solution, and is configured to transport a staining agent coated on one of the plates into the cells/tissue.

In some embodiments, the spacer height is configured to make the stained cells and/or tissues be visible by an imaging device without washing away the staining solution between the second plate and the sample.

In some embodiments, the spacer height is configured to make the stained cells and/or tissues be visible by an imaging device without open the plates after the plates reached a closed configuration.

In some embodiments, a sample was stained without washing away the staining solution between the second plate and the sample, and imaged by an imager, after closing the plates into a closed configuration, in 30 seconds or less, 60 seconds or less, 120 seconds or less, 300 seconds or less, 600 seconds or less, or a range between any of the two.

In some preferred embodiments, a sample was stained without washing away the staining solution between the second plate and the sample, and imaged by an imager, after closing the plates into a closed configuration, in 30 seconds or less, 60 seconds or less, 120 seconds or less, or a range between any of the two.

In some embodiments, the spacer height is 0.2 um (micron) or less, 0.5 um or less, 1 um or less, 3 um or less, 5 um or less, 10 um or less, 20 um or less, 30 um or less, 40 um or less, 50 um or less, or a range between any of the two.

In some preferred embodiments, the spacer height is 3 um or less. In some preferred embodiments, 10 um or less. In some preferred embodiments, 20 um or less. In some preferred embodiments, 30 um or less.

In some preferred embodiments, the staining solution has, after the plates are in a closed configuration, a thickness that is equal or less than sub-noise thickness.

The term “sub-noise thickness” (SNT) reference to the a thickness of a sample or a staining solution, which is thinner than a thickness where the noise in the sample or in the staining solution is below the signal from a specifically bound optical label, making the optical label visible to an imager. Making a staining solution less than the SNT will remove the need to wash away the unbind optical labels.

The terms “detection agent” and “detection probe” are interchangeable

2. Instant Intra-Cellular Single-Cell Assay (INSA) for Diagnosing Diseases

In some embodiments, the present invention provides:

A method for determining the presence and the quantity of one or more intracellular biomarkers indicative of a disease in a sample containing at least one cell, comprising:

contacting the sample containing at least one cell and an intracellular stain formulation for a targeted intracellular biomarker to form an intracellular reaction product within a closed Q-card if the targeted intracellular biomarker is present;

imaging the intracellular reaction product with an imager to generate an image of the intracellular reaction product;

analyzing the image to generate an analysis of the intracellular reaction product to determine the presence and the quantity of one or more intracellular biomarker; and generating at least one disease diagnosis by correlating the determined presence and the quantity of one or more intracellular biomarker measured in the method with a database of correlated biomarker and disease combinations.

The intracellular stain formulation comprising protein detection probe, nucleic acid detection probe (e.g. RNA, DNA), cell permeabilizing reagent, fixing reagent, or any combination.

A method for correlating a measured intracellular biomarker in a first cell with a measured diseased second cell or an organism having the diseased second cell, comprising:

contacting a sample containing at least one cell and an intracellular stain formulation to form an intracellular reaction product within a closed Q-card;

imaging the intracellular reaction product with an imager to generate an image of the intracellular reaction product;

analyzing the image to generate an analysis of the intracellular reaction product to determine the presence and the quantity of the measured intracellular biomarker; and

generating at least one disease diagnosis by correlating the determined presence and the quantity of the measured intracellular biomarker with a database of correlated biomarkers and disease combinations.

In one or more embodiments, the present invention provides, for example:

A method for determining the presence and the quantity of one or more intracellular biomarkers indicative of a disease in a sample containing at least one cell, comprising:

imaging the intracellular reaction product with an imager to generate an image of the intracellular reaction product;

analyzing the image to generate an analysis of the intracellular reaction product to determine the presence and the quantity of one or more intracellular biomarker; and

generating at least one disease diagnosis by correlating the determined presence and the quantity of one or more intracellular biomarker measured in the method with a database of correlated biomarker and disease combinations.

A method for correlating a measured intracellular biomarker in a first cell with a measured diseased second cell or an organism having the diseased second cell, comprising:

contacting a sample containing at least one cell and an intracellular stain formulation to form an intracellular reaction product within a closed Q-card;

imaging the intracellular reaction product with an imager to generate an image of the intracellular reaction product;

analyzing the image to generate an analysis of the intracellular reaction product to determine the presence and the quantity of the measured intracellular biomarker; and

- generating at least one disease diagnosis by correlating the determined presence and the quantity of the measured intracellular biomarker with a database of correlated biomarkers and disease combinations.

EXAMPLE-A
TB Detection Using INSA

A method for detecting whether a subject having TB, comprising:

- a. get a sample (e.g. sputum, swab, etc.) from the subject;
- b. detecting, directly in the sample, either a TB bacteria or a subject's cell (e.g. blood cell, epithelial), wherein the detection comprising stain the bacteria and/or the cell; wherein the staining comprising intra-cellular assay to stain either a TB specific protein or a TB specific nucleic acid inside cell; wherein, in some embodiments, stain the bacteria.
- In some embodiments, QMAX card is used in the step (b). In some embodiments, smartphone is used in step (b).

In some embodiments, thee step b comprising the steps:

- a. dropping a sample on the QMAX card and closing the card;
- b. observing, without washing, the staining of TB bacteria and/or the subject's cell.

EXAMPLE-B
Influenza Detection Using INSA

A method for detecting whether a subject having influenza, comprising:

- a. get a sample (e.g. nose secretes, nose swab, etc.) from the subject;
- b. detecting, directly in the sample, either an influenza virus or a subject's cell (e.g. blood cell, epithelial), wherein the detection comprising stain the an influenza virus and/or the cell; wherein the staining comprising intra-cellular assay to stain either an influenza virus specific protein or an influenza virus specific nucleic acid inside cell; wherein, in some embodiments, stain the influenza virus using INSA.
- In some embodiments, QMAX card is used in the step (b). In some embodiments, smartphone is used in step (b).

In some embodiments, the step b comprising the steps:

a. dropping a sample on the QMAX card and closing the card;

b. observing, without washing, the staining of the influenza virus and/or the subject's cell.

3. Quantification Of A Cell-Fee Biomarkers In A Sample Using INSA

Other aspects of the present invention include, not limited to:

Use INSH for detection mRNAs inside cells in undiluted whole blood (e.g. inside white blood cells).

- Use instant intra-cellular single-cell assay (ISIM) to detect cytokines inside of cells in whole blood, and converted into the free cytokins outside the cells in the whole blood.
- Additional exemplary biomarkers to be detected by INSH and ISIM to identify bacteria infection and viral infection.

A method for quantifying a cell-free biomaker in a whole blood, comprising:

(a) having a blood sample that contains and is suspected of containing the cell-free biomarker;

(b) detecting and quantifying the biomaker inside a cell in the whole blood by specific intra-cellular protein immune-detection;

(d) calculating a total signal by multiplying the detected signal of the biomarker in each cell (detected and quantified in step (b)) by the total number of the cells that contain the biomarker (detected and counted in step (c)); and

(e) related the total signal to the concentration of the biomarker free in the whole blood.

- In some embodiments, the whole is undiluted.
- In some embodiments, the cells are placed between two plates.

An exemplary method for INSH images analysis, comprising:

- a. having a whole blood sample that contains or is suspected of containing a biomaker;
- b. performing specific intra-cellular RNA hybridization detection to a labeled RNA detection agent to specifically hybridize the RNA related to the biomaker, wherein the detection comprising imaging using an imager (e.g. microscope);
- c. opening microscope images by an image software.
- d. Obtaining average fluorescent signals of each cells from the image and background signals(noise);
- e. Calculating signal (S) to noise(N) ratio by using formula: (S-N)/N for each images (T), 9-20 images for each assay condition, to ach
- f. Using B2M house keeping gene as internal control. Runing the same analysis for B2M images as targeted genes (C)
- g. Normalizing the RNA signal for the biomarker by taking a ratio of the signal to that its own B2M internal control and reported as T/C;
- h. Relating the normalized signal with the cell-free biomarker concentration in the whole blood.
  
  An example of Quantification of intracellular protein expression level using ISIM, comprising
- a. having a whole blood sample that contains or is suspected of containing a biomaker;
- b. performing specific intra-cellular protein immuno detection to a labeled protein detection agent to specifically bind to the biomaker, wherein the detection comprising imaging using an imager (e.g. microscope);
- c. after 1 min staining of intracellular protein using ISIM, (e.g. 9-20 bright field and correspondent fluorescent images are taken using iPhone or microscope);
- d. Images are then analyzed and reported using software with the listed parameters: comprising
  
  The blood sample comprising a whole blood, undiluted whole blood, diluted whole blood, or white blood cells.
- Nt: total number of pictured cells
- Np: number of positively stained cells
- % Np/Nt: percentage of Np over Nt
- Fn: Fluorescent intensity from each pictured cell
- MF: Mean of positive fluorescent intensity from positively stained cells
- TF: total positive fluorescent intensity by multiplying MF with % Np/Nt.
  
  3) There are four levels of results representing the quantity of intracellular protein level based on the biological diagnostic feature of the biomarker:
- A. % Np/Nt, when percentage of positivity is crucial for diagnosis;
- B. Fn, when protein level in any positively stained cells is crucial for diagnosis;
- C. MF and TF, when both percentage of positivity and fluorescent intensity are crucial for diagnosis.
- D. All parameters, when all parameters are crucial for diagnosis.
  
  Exemplary Biomarkers for identification of bacterial infection and virus infection

Infectious disease and antibiotic resistance biomarkers

Cytokine
IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9,

IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18

Interferon
Interferon gamma, Interferon alpha

Chemokine
IP-10, PF-4, Eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha,

MIP-1 beta, RANTES

Tumor
TNF alpha, TRAIL

necrosis

factors

Other
GM, VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2, G-CSF

cytokines

Other
CRP, PCT, Calprotectin, sTie-2,

biomarkers
CC16, Neopterin, sTie-1, sTREM-

1, suPAR, FGF, sVEGF-R, PDGF-BB

Genes
ACTR2 IFNGR2 OAS2 AGER ISG15 OAS3

classifier
ARAP3 ITGA2B OASL EP300 ITGAM OSBPL8

F13A1 ITGAX OTOF GNG11 ITGB3 PROS1 HERC5

ITGB5 RSAD2 IFI27 MAP2K4 SORL1 IFI6

MT2A SPATS2L IFIT1 MYL9 VHL IFNGR1

OAS1 ZYX; ALPL GYG1 MPO C19orf59

HK3 ORM1 CD247 HLA-DMB PFKFB3 CD3D

HP PGYRP1 CD7 IFITM3 PRTN3 CEACAM1

IL18R1* PSTPI2 CKAP4 IL18R1* RETN

CSF3R IL1R2 RNF24 DYSF IL1RN S100A12

FCGR1A ITGAM SLC2A3 FFAR2 ITM2A

SP11 FGR* LCN2 SRCAP-like

FPR2 LIME1 STXBP2 FPR84

LRRN3 TNFAIP6 G4GALT5 MAL TRAJ17

GRAP MMP9 TRBV28 GRINA;

BTN3A3 IFIT3 OASL IFI27 KIAA1618

PARP9 IFI44 OAS2 RSAD2 IFIT2;

ADAR IFIT1 OAS2 ATF3 IFIT2 OAS3 C13orf18

IFIT3 OASL CCL2 IFIT5 PPIA CTSL1 IL16

PRSS21 CUZD1 ISG15 RPL30 DDX58 LAMP3 RSAD2

ENOSF1 LILRB2 RTP4 GAPDH LILRB1 4-Sep

GBP1 LOC26010 SERPING1 GM2A LY6E SIGLEC1

HERC5 MX1 SOCS1 HLA-DOB NDUFA10

SOCS2 IFI27 NLRP3 SOCS5 IFI44

NOD2 TNFAIP6 IFI44L OAS1 XAF1 IFI6.

FIG. 12 shows schematics A and B of exemplary intracellular detection embodiments.

Schematic A illustrates the antecedent infection of a healthy white blood cell (WBC)(120) having a nucleus (122) and a normal level of a cytokine such as IL-6 (130). The WBC is infected (130) by a disease agent (not shown) which produces a proliferation or production of elevated levels or abnormal levels of IL-6 (132). The infected WBC secretes (134) IL-6 extracellularly into the plasma or the serum surrounding the infected WBC. The proliferation and secretion of the IL-6 can occur close in time or nearly simultaneously. In the present invention a probe (“P”;135) molecule is added (144) to the sample containing the infected WBC to contact the intracellular IL-6 and form an intracellularly detectable complex or a reaction product (“P°”; 136) between the probe and the IL-6 target biomarker. The intracellular complex (“P°”) is detected by an imager to generate an image. The image is analyzed by software to determine the presence and quantity of the IL-6 intracellular biomarker. The determined presence and quantity of the IL-6 intracellular biomarker is correlated with a database of extracellular biomarker and disease combinations, such as a correlated IL-4 and IL-6 extracellular biomarker and a bacterial infection disease (see Example 1). The quantity of the indcued intracellular IL-6 positively correlates with the plasma or serum IL-6 level.

Schematic B in FIG. 12 illustrates the antecedent viral infection of a healthy cell (150), e.g., a CD4, a T-cell, a lymphocyte, having a nucleus (151) and a normal level of IL-6 (130). The healthy cell (150) is infected (162) by a virus particle. The viral infection can replicate (164) intra-nuclearly (152) or extra-nuclearly (153) to produce elevated levels or abnormal levels or disease level of virus particles (154). In the present invention a viral specific probe (“C”; 155) is added (166) to the sample containing the infected cell to contact the intracellular virus particles and form a detectable complex (“C*”; 156) between the viral specific probe and the intra-cellular and intra-nuclear target biomarker (see Example 3).

Referring to the Figures, FIG. 1C. shows an example result for instant intra-cellular single-cell hybridization (INSH) of Alexa488-IL-6 a 60-mer oligo probe with whole blood. Fresh whole blood was stimulated by LPS for 5 hours and hybridized with Alexa488 labeled IL-6 oligo probe in INSH (instant intra-cellular single-cell hybridization) for detection of IL-6 mRNA expression and imaged by a fluorescent microscope with excitation at 490 nm. The red circles in the images indicated white blood cells in the bright view (upper panel). The fluorescent view images showed fluorescent signals of IL-6 positive cells (light spots; lower panel).

FIG. 2 shows an example result for instant intra-cellular single-cell hybridization (INSH) of Alexa 647-B2M (housekeeping genes) 60-mer oligo probe with whole blood. Fresh whole blood was stimulated by LPS for 5 hours and hybridized with an Alexa 647 labeled IL-6 oligo probe in INSH for detection of B2M mRNA expression and imaged by a fluorescent microscope with excitation at 650 nm. The red circles showed white blood cells in the bright view (upper panel). The fluorescent view images showed fluorescent signals of B2M positive cells (light spots; lower panel).

FIG. 3 shows INSH results of IL-6 expression in white blood cells which showed a dose dependent pattern with LPS induction. The left panel shows a plot curve of LPS doses dependent IL-6 expression. The right panel shows a bar chart representation of the same data in left panel. The signal/noise ratios of IL-6 were normalized by B2M internal controls.

FIG. 4 shows Basal IL-6 expression (mRNA) compared with a negative control GFP (green fluorescent protein) in INSH. The basal level of IL-6 mRNA was significantly higher than the signals of the negative control GFP, indicating that IL-6 was expressed in white blood cells without LPS stimulation.

FIG. 5 shows a comparison of IL-6 mRNA expression (INSH) and protein production (ELISA) in white blood cells (WBC) with LPS induction. The left panel showed a dose dependent LPS induction of IL-6 protein production detected by ELISA. The right panel showed the comparison of LPS induced IL-6 mRNA expression (INSH) and IL-6 protein production (ELISA). The IL-6 INSH and ELISA data correlated well. The R2 value was 0.9025.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show INSH miRNA staining results of white blood cells from the fingertip blood of a healthy donor. FIG. 6A shows representative images of INSH miRNA staining of white blood cells from the fingertip blood from a healthy human donor. The upper panel shows fluorescent images taken with a filter 670 nm. The lower panel shows the corresponding bright field images of the fluorescent images. From left to right: AF647-scramble control miRNA probe; AF647-Mir-16-5p; and AF647-Let 7-5p miRNA probe stained results of white blood cells indicated by the circles (red). These miRNA probes were from Thermo Fisher Scientific. FIG. 6B shows a bar chart of fluorescent intensities from each condition shown in FIG. 6A and were analyzed using Image J software. Data were collected and listed in the table (lower) and presented as bar chart (upper).

FIGS. 7A and 7B show INSH AF647-Let-7a-5p and AF647-miR150-5p results of staining white blood cells from fingertip blood from a healthy donor. FIG. 7A shows representative images of INSH staining of Let-7a-5p and miR150-5p in granulocytes and monocytes circles (red) and lymphocytes circles (blue) from fingertip blood from a healthy donor. AF647-Let-7a-5p predominantly stained granulocytes/monocytes; AF647-miR150-5p predominantly stained lymphocytes. FIG. 7B shows fluorescent intensities from each condition as shown in FIG. 7A and were analyzed using Image J software. The data were collected and listed in the table (lower) and presented as bar chart (upper). AF647-Let-7a-5p expressed significantly higher in granulocytes/monocytes (left bars). However, AF647-miR150-5p expressed significantly higher in lymphocytes (left bars).

FIG. 8 shows instant intra-cellular single-cell immunoassay (ISIM) AF647-anti-IL6 staining of LPS stimulated white blood cells in fresh human whole blood. After fresh human whole blood was incubated with various concentration of LPS for 16 hrs at 37° C., the white blood cells in LPS stimulated whole blood were stained with AF647-anti-IL6 antibody. Representative fluorescent images (670 nm) are shown in the upper panel, and bright field images corresponding from fluorescent images are shown in the lower panel. White blood cells are indicated in circles (red).

FIG. 9 show experimental results for instant intra-cellular single-cell immunoassay (ISIM) IL-6 staining and a total fluorescence intensity correlation with the ELISA plasma IL-6 level. Fluorescent intensity and percentage of IL-6 (+) cells from all images in LPS stimulated experiments (as shown in representative images in FIG. 2) were analyzed using Image J software. The ISIM total fluorescence was multiplied by fluorescence intensity and the % of IL-6 (+) cells as shown in the table listing (lower). Half of the LPS stimulated blood from the experiment in FIG. 2 was centrifuged and the plasma was collected for ELISA analysis of the soluble IL-6 level as shown in the table listing (lower). ISIM total fluorescence and soluble IL-6 level by ELISA were plotted in graph (upper). There is a significant linear correlation of the two parameters (R²=0.9464).

FIG. 10 show experimental results for ISIM double staining of IL-6 and Lamin A/C of white blood cells in fresh human whole blood. Fresh whole blood was co-stained with AF647-anti-IL6 (left panels) and AF488-anti-Lamin A/C (middle panels). AF647-anti-IL6 fluorescent images were taken using a 670 nm filter (left panels); AF488-Lamin A/C fluorescent images were taken using a 495 nm filter (middle panel); and the corresponding bright field images are shown in the right panel. White blood cells are indicated in aperiodic open circles (red). The periodic circles are spacers in the sample Qcard.

FIG. 11 show experimental results for ISIM AF647-anti-IFN-γ staining of LPS stimulated white blood cells in human whole blood. After fresh human whole blood was incubated with various concentrations of LPS for 16 hrs at 37° C., white blood cells in LPS stimulated whole blood were stained with the AF647-anti-IIFN-γ antibody. Representative fluorescent images are shown in upper panels, and the lower panels are bright field images for the corresponding fluorescent images. White blood cells are indicated in aperiodic open circles (red). The periodic circles are spacers in the sample Qcard.

In certain embodiments, machine learning is utilized to analyte the images captured in the INSA. In certain embodiments, the machine learning comprising a use of the spacers and/or monitoring marks in the sample that are captured by the image together with the sample.

EXAMPLE-C
INSH for mRNA in Fresh Whole Blood
Materials:

1. Obtaining Fresh whole blood samples

2. Performing INSH fluorescence-labeled oligo probes were customer designed and made by Integrated DNA technology

2.1. IL-6 Alexa488 60-mer oligo probe:

[SEQ. ID# 1]

5′Alex488N/TCTGCAGGAACTGGATCAGGACTTTTGTACTCATCTG

CACAGCTCTGGCTTGTTCCTCAC

2.2. B2M Alexa647 60-mer oligo probe:

[SEQ. ID# 2]

5′Alexa647N/ATC TTCAAACCTCCATGATGCTGCTTACATGTC TCG

ATCCCACTTAACTATCTTGGGCT

2.3 GFP Cy5 60-mer oligo probe:

[SEQ. ID# 3]

5′Cy5N/ATGGCGGACTTGAAGAAGTCGTGCTGCTTCATG

TGGTCGGGGTAGCGGCTGAAGCACTGC

3. Formamide (Sigma Cat #F9037)

4. Zwittergent 3-14 detergent (EMD Millipore, Cat #693017)

5. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, Sigma, Cat #L-4391)

Methods

- 1. Qcard preparation: Treat an X-plate (top plate):
  - 1.1. with 1 M NaOH at 50° C. for 1 hour and briefly washed with 1× PBS two times
  - 1.2. coat with 4% BSA at room temperature for 2 hours and briefly rinse twice with water
  - 1.3. dry on paper towel
- 2. Blade-coating of hybridization solution on the BSA coated X-plate:
  - 2.1. Preparation of hybridization solution:
    - 2×SSC, 1× Denhardt's solution, 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH7.2), 3% formamide, 12 mg/ml Zwittergent, and 1 uM fluorescent-labeled oligo probe
  - 2.2. Blade-coating: 5 microliters of hybridization solution deposited onto a X-plate and the hybridization solution is spread back and forth over the whole plate once with a blade
  - 2.3. The blade-coated plates were air-dried for 30 minutes and ready to use
- 3. LPS (lipopolysaccharides from E. coli) stimulation for cytokine release:
  - 3.1. Fresh whole blood samples were mixed with an equal volume of cell culture medium RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 Medium)
  - 3.2. LPS was added to indicated concentrations and the samples were incubated at 37° C. with constant rotation for 5 hours
- 4. INSH:
  - 4.1. Blade-coating X-plate (top plate) with hybridization solution, and let it dried at room temperature.
  - 4.2. 3.5 microliters of a fresh blood sample is deposited on a substrate plate (M-plate base)
  - 4.3. Place pre-coated X-plate on the blood sample on the substrate (bottom plate) and pressed together to close the card. The substrate or M-plate has 10 uM pillar or spacer height.
  - 4.4. The closed card is incubated at room temperature for 2 minutes and then imaged with a microscope

EXAMPLE-D
INSH miRNA in Fresh Whole Blood (In 60 Seconds)
Materials:

1. Fresh human whole blood.

2. Q-Card: 5 um or 10 um pillar height.

3. Alexa Fluor labelled miRNA probes, 1 uM stock concentration. All probes are from Thermo Fisher Scientific.

4. The FISH hybridization buffer is from BioSearch Technologies.

Procedure: Mix 5 microliters of whole blood with 5 microliters of hybridization buffer and 0.5 microliters Alexa Fluor labelled miRNA probe on the bottom of the Q-Card. Close the Q-Card and incubate at room temperature for ˜1 min and immediately observe using an iPhone having a Qcard adapter or a fluorescent microscope. The observation includes imaging, recording, and analyzing, an image to generate a disease diagnosis from a correlated biomarker and disease database.

EXAMPLE-E
Instant Intra-Cellular Single-Cell Assay (ISIM) Cytokines in Fresh Whole Blood
Materials:

1. Fresh human whole blood;

2. Q-Card: 5 um or 10 um pillar height.

3. Antibodies, 0.6 mg/ml antibody in PBS.
- 3.1 anti-human IL-6 and anti-human IFN-γ from R&D Systems
- 3.2 AF647 labelling kit from Thermo Fisher Scientific
- 3.3 AF488-anti-Lamin A/C from Cell Signaling

4. Staining solution: 60% ethanol, 5% Zwittergent 3-14, and 1% Tween-20

Procedure:

1. Mix 2 microliters of whole blood with 4 microliters of staining solution and 0.5 microliters antibody on the bottom plate of the Q-Card;

2. Close the Q-Card, incubate at room temperature for ˜1 min, and immediately ready for observation of using a fluorescent microscope or an iPhone adapted camera. The observation includes imaging, recording, and analyzing, an image to generate a disease diagnosis from a correlated biomarker and disease database.

Examples of QMAX Cards

In some embodiments, the first plate and the second plate are connected by a hinge.

In some embodiments, the staining solution has a volume 2 uL(micro-liter) or less, 2 uL or less, 5 uL or less, 10 uL or less, 15 uL or less, 20 uL or less, 30 uL or less, 50 uL or less, 100 uL or less, or a range between any of the two.

In some preferred embodiments, the staining solution has a volume 2 uL(micro-liter) or less, 2 uL or less, 5 uL or less, 10 uL or less, 15 uL or less, 20 uL or less, 30 uL or less, or a range between any of the two.

In some preferred embodiments, the staining solution has a volume 2 uL(micro-liter) or less, 2 uL or less, 5 uL or less, 10 uL or less, 15 uL or less, or a range between any of the two.

4. Examples of INSA Applicable Diseases

The instant intra-cellular single-cell assay (INSA) provide a one-step chemical contact with the sample containing at least one cell including 60 sec or less incubation, imaging, analyzing, and reporting the presence and quantity of detected intracellular biomarkers, such as nucleic acids and proteins, directly from a fresh crude biological sample, such as a needle biopsy sample, whole blood, urine, sputum, saliva, swab samples (pap smear), and like samples. The INSA procedure provides advantages in diagnosis of, for example, diseases that have established or discoverable intracellular diagnostic biomarkers, for example: infectious diseases; malignant diseases; autoimmune diseases; metabolic diseases, and inherited genetic disorders. The tabulated listing below provides examples of sample sources (e.g., bodily fluid) or sample retrieval methods, disease categories, and diseases and conditions, where the disclosed INSA methodology can be used for diagnosis in accordance with the disclosed methods.

Some of INSA Biomarkers and/or process are given below.

INSA Biomarkers in Whole Blood Samples:

Blood
Leukemia: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL),

cancer
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Chronic

lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Chronic myelogenous

leukemia (CML); Lymphoma: Hodgkin's lymphoma,

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Multiple myeloma.

Infectious
Inflammation symptom (cytokine storm), Virus

Disease
infection (EBV, CMV, HIV, HBV, HCV, Influenza,

yellow fever virus), Bacterial Neutropenia (Gram-negative

aerobic bacteria (e.g., Escherichiacoli, Klebsiella species,

Pseudomonas
aeruginosa), Viral Neutropenia (EBV,

HBV, Yellow fever virus, CMV, influenza), Coronavirus

(Sars, Mers, COVID-19)

Auto-
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),

immune
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, Dermatomyositis,

disease
Graves Disease, Psoriasis, Coeliac Disease.

Primary
Cytokines deficiency (IFN-γ, interleukins and other),

immuno-
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (BTK protein),

deficiency
LRBA (LRBA protein), DOCK8

(PID)
deficiency (DOCK8 protein)

Genetic
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, Myeloperoxidase deficiency

diseases

Urine Samples:

Benign
Lithiasis (stones); cystitis (most common infection caused

urinary
by E.Coli.), special infections (human

tract
polyomavirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpesvirus,

diseases
human papillomavirus (HPV), tuberculosis

and
(TB), fungus, parasites (schistosomiasis) miscellaneous

conditions
organisms), other types of cystitis (eosinophilic cystitis,

malakoplakia)]; intravenous and retrograde pyelogram effect

(radiologic contrast material); heavy metal poisoning; renal

transplant; therapeutic effects (chemotherapy:

cyclophosphamide (cytoxan), busulfan, thiotepa,

mitomycin, cyclosporine, nephrogenic adenoma

Urinary
Urothelial neoplasia (papilloma), urothelial carcinoma

tract
(bladder cancer, papillary, flat/nodular, low

cancer
grade and high grade, carcinoma in situ), leukoplakia,

bladder condylomas, squamous cell carcinoma, adeno-

carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, sarcoma, mixed

urothelial carcinoma, lymphoma/leukemia,

mesenchymal tumors, secondary tumors (renal

cell carcinoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma,

melanoma, other metastasis from lung and breast)

Biomarkers in Swab Samples:

Benign
Infectious diseases:

diseases
throat swab: strep throat, pneumonia, tonsillitis,

and
whooping cough, and meningitis, HPV

conditions
nasal swab: upper respiratory infections

(influenza respiratory syncytial virus, Bordetella

pertussis infection (whooping cough)

Staphylococcus aureus infections of the nose and throat),

TB, virus infections (metapneumovirus, influenza A virus,

parainfluenza virus, or respiratory syncytial virus),

and Coronavirus (Sars, Mers, COVID-19).

Vaginal, cervix and uterus swabs: sexual transmitted

diseases (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis,

and Trichomonas vaginalis), Pap test for HPV,

Herpes virus, Candida albicans, Gardnerella vaginalis,

Prevotella spp, Treponema pallidum.

Genetic diseases

Malignant
hypopharyngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal

diseases
cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, laryngeal

cancer, lung cancer, nasal and sinus tumors

(squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma,

melanoma, esthesioneuroblastomas, osteomas), cervical

cancers (squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinoma, small

cell cancer), virginal cancers (squamous cell carcinomas,

adenocarcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, melanoma),

Urinary tract cancers (see urine samples)

The following eight examples are the experiments being tested, as a part of embodiments of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Co-staining of IL-4 and IL-6 in white blood cells and white blood cells count in fresh human whole blood differentiates a bacterial infection from a virus infection. This experimental example illustrates instant intra-cellular single-cell immunoassay (ISIM), which is a simple assay that can accomplish a blood test that involves, for example, IL-4 and IL-6 staining and quantification. The method can differentiate, for example, a bacterial infection from a virus infection. An increase of IL-4 and IL-6 in blood is a significant biomarker for early bacterial infection. Increased IL-6 in blood shows a 50 to 64.3% sensitivity and an 82.8 to 97.1% specificity. An increased IL-4 in blood shows a 100% sensitivity and a 76.5% specificity of bacterial infection. Co-staining of IL-4 and IL-6 in white blood cells can significantly increase both sensitivity and specificity for differentiating a bacterial infection from other pathogens.

Sampling:

Deposit a drop of whole blood onto a Q-Card.

Staining and Imaging:

Mix the blood with a staining solution including PBS, Zwittgent 3-14, ethanol and AF488-anti-IL-4, and AF647-anti-IL6 antibodies.

Close Q-Card and incubate blood sample with staining solution at room temperature for less than 1 min.

Image white blood cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: An IL-4 level higher than 9 pg/ml or an IL-6 level higher than 0.15 pg/ml to <74.5 ng/ml, an increase of the total WBC count and high granulocytes, or both, are significant biomarkers for bacterial infection.

EXAMPLE 2

Co-staining of IFN-γ and IL-2 in white blood cells from fresh human whole blood to determine an active Tuberculosis (TB) infection. A distinct profile of IFN-γ and IL-2 is an immunological marker of a mycobacterial load and a clinical status of tuberculosis. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed that frequencies of purified protein derivative (PPD) specific IFN-γ/IL-2 dual-positive T cells below 56% were an accurate marker for active TB (specificity 100%, sensitivity 70%) enabling effective discrimination from non-active states.

Sampling: Deposit a drop of whole blood onto a Q-Card.

Staining and Imaging:

Mix blood with staining solution including PBS, Zwittergent 3-14, ethanol, and the antibodies AF488-anti-IFN-γ, AF647-anti-I L2, and AF590-anti-CD16.

Close the Q-Card and the incubate blood sample with the staining solution at room temperature for less than 1 min.

Image the white blood cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: IFN-γ/IL-2 dual-positive CD16(−) mononuclear cells below 56% indicates an active Tuberculosis (TB) infection.

EXAMPLE 3

HIV Gag p24 antigen staining in white blood cells from fresh human whole blood to diagnose HIV infection. The percentage of HIV p24 antigen-positive cells detected in the peripheral blood of HIV-seropositive individuals is highly correlated with the clinical stage and an inverse correlation with the total number of T4 cells. Combination of detection of p24 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the total number of T4 cells are significant biomarkers to determining disease progression in HIV-seropositive individuals.

Sampling: Deposit a drop of whole blood onto a Q-Card.

Staining and Imaging:

Mix the blood with the staining solution including PBS, Zwittergent 3-14, ethanol, and antibodies AF488-anti-p24 and AF647-anti-CD4.

Close the Q-Card and incubate blood sample with staining solution at room temperature for less than 1 min.

Image the white blood cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: p24 (+) mononuclear cells higher than 4%, and/or decreased CD4 (+) cells can be diagnosed as an HIV-seropositive blood sample.

EXAMPLE 4

INSH HIV RNA Gag-Pol Sequence Staining in White Blood Cells from Fresh Human Whole Blood to Diagnose HIV Infection.

Sampling and pre-printed Staining: Deposit a drop of whole blood onto a Q-Card. that comprises printed/coated dry staining material (AF488-HIV RNA Gag-pol probes and

AF647—scramble control probes) on the Qcard top plate (X-plate).

Imaging:

Close the Q-Card and incubate the blood sample in the microvolume embodiment at room temperature for less than 1 min;

Image the white blood cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: The percentage of HIV RNA Gap pol probes (+) mononuclear cells higher than 0.01% can be diagnosed as HIV-seropositive blood sample.

EXAMPLE 5

HBsAg and HBcAg Staining in White Blood Cells from Fresh Human Whole Blood to Diagnose Hepatitis B (HBV) Infection.

Sampling: Deposit a drop of whole blood onto a Q-Card.

Staining and Imaging:

Mix the blood with the staining solution including PBS, Zwittergent 3-14, ethanol, and antibodies AF488-anti-HBsAg and AF647-anti-HBcAg.

Close the Q-Card and the incubate blood sample with the staining solution at room temperature for less than 1 min;

Image the white blood cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: HBsAg and HBcAg (+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) higher than 5% can be diagnosed as HBV-positive patient sample.

EXAMPLE 6

INSH HPV E6/E7 mRNA in Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology Specimen to Diagnose HPV Infection.

Sampling and Staining:

Drop a liquid-based cervical cytology specimen onto the bottom plate of a Q-Card with dry print/coat HPV E6/E7 mRNA probes on the top plate of the Q-Card (X-plate);

Close the Q-Card and incubate the specimen sample with the staining solution at room temperature for less than 1 min; and

Image, record, and analyze, the white blood cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: Observation of HPV E6/E7 mRNA (+) epithelial cells can be diagnosed as an HPV infection.

EXAMPLE 7

ISIM HPV E6/E7 Protein in Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology Specimen to Diagnose HPV Infection

Sampling and Staining:

1. Mix the liquid-based cervical cytology specimen with a staining solution including PBS, Zwittergent 3-14, ethanol, and AF488-anti HPV E6/E7 antibody;

2. Close the Q-Card and incubate the blood sample with the staining solution at room temperature for less than 1 min;

3. Image, record, and analyze, the white blood cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: Percentage of HPV E6/E7 protein (+) epithelial cells higher than 2% can be diagnosed as HPV positive specimen.

EXAMPLE 8

ISIM CMV-Specific Early Antigen (pp65) Staining in Peripheral Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNLs) to Diagnose CMV Infection.

Sampling: Repeat the sampling steps 1 to 3 of Example 1.

Staining and Imaging:

Mix blood with staining solution including PBS, Zwittgent 3-14, ethanol, and AF488-anti-pp65 antibody;

Close Q-Card and incubate blood sample with staining solution at room temperature for less than 1 min; and

Image, record, and analyze, the white blood cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: pp65 (+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) higher than 5% can be diagnosed as a CMV-positive patient sample.

EXAMPLE 9

INSH Sars-cov-2 Specific mRNA Probes Staining of Nasopharyngeal Epithelial Cells to Diagnose COVID-19

The genome of human SARS-CoV-2 shares 88% similarity with human SARS-CoV-1, 29% with human MERS, and 99% with Bat coronavirus RaTG13 as shown in FIG. 1. To specific diagnose COVID-19 using iMOST, I designed 11 listed probes targeting Orf1ab, Orf3 and Spike mRNAs of SARS-COV-2.

Orf1ab 5289-5349

tagagcaggtggattaaacttcaactctatttgttggagtgttaacaat

gcagtggcaag

Orf1ab 6262-6322

caactggttttgtgctccaaagacaacgtatacaccaggtatttggttt

atacgtggctt

Orf1ab 6702-6762

agtacaaacacggtttaaacaccgtgtaactatgttagtagttgtacta

acaactttgtt

Orf1ab 20344-20404

Ggtgattccttaaaacgtttagctagtccaatcagtagatgtaaaccac

ctaactgacta

Orf1ab 1550-1607

Ttgtcattaagaccttcggaaccttctccaacaacacctgtatggttac

aacctatgtta

Orf3a 25687-25746

Ttatactctgcaagaagtagactaaagcataaagatagagaaaaggggc

ttcaaggccag

Orf3a 25409-25469

Tgaaggagtagcatccttgatttcaccttgcttcaaagttacagttcca

attgtgaagat

Spike 21750-21756

Cctcttagtaccattggtcccagagacatgtatagcatggaaccaa

Spike 21995-22053

Ttcgcactagaataaactctgaactcactttccatccaacttttgttgt

ttttgtggta

Spike 22276-22336

Ccaacctgaagaagaatcaccaggagtcaaataacttctatgtaaagca

agtaaagtttg

Spike 22291-22349

cagcaccagctgtccaacctgaagaagaatcaccaggagtcaaataact

tctatgtaaa

Sampling and Staining:

Mix nasopharyngeal cytology swab with 100 ul of saline in a clean eppendorf tube.

Add 3-10 ul of nasopharyngeal saline mix onto the bottom plate of a Q-Card with dry print/coat Sars-cov-2 specific mRNA probes on the top plate of the Q-Card (X-plate);

Close the Q-Card and incubate the specimen sample with the staining solution at room temperature for less than 1 min; and

Image, record, and analyze, the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: Observation of Sars-cov-2 mRNA (+) epithelial cells can be diagnosed as COVID-19.

EXAMPLE 10

ISIM Sars-cov-2 Specific Antibody Staining of Nasopharyngeal Epithelial Cells to Diagnose COVID-19

Sampling and Staining:

Mix nasopharyngeal cytology swab with staining solution, for example, including PBS, Zwittgent 3-14, ethanol, and AF488-anti-Spike or AF488-anti-Nucleocapsid protein antibody;

Close the Q-Card and incubate the specimen sample with the staining solution (in some embodiments at room temperature for less than 1 min); and

Image, record, and analyze, the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in the closed Q-Card using an iPhone having an adapter or a fluorescent microscope.

Experimental Results: Observation of AF488-anti-Spkie (+) or AF488-anti-Nucelocapsid protein (+) epithelial cells can be diagnosed as COVID-19.

Biomarkers

Tables 1 to 3 provide lists of biomarkers that can be detected in accordance with the present invention and their associated diseases or conditions.

A biomarker, as listed in the accompanying tables, can be for example, a protein or a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) biomarker, unless specified otherwise. The diagnosis can be associated with an increase or a decrease in the level of a biomarker in the sample, unless specified otherwise.

TABLE 1

Diagnostic Markers

Marker (bodily fluid source)
Disease

Aβ42, amyloid beta-
Alzheimer's disease (AD).

protein (cerebral spinal

fluid; CSF)

fetuin-A (CSF)
multiple sclerosis.

tau (CSF)
niemann-pick type C.

secretogranin II (CSF)
bipolar disorder.

prion protein (CSF)
Alzheimer disease, prion disease

Cytokines (CSF)
HIV-associated

neurocognitive disorders

Alpha-synuclein (CSF)
parkinsonian disorders

(neuordegenerative disorders)

tau protein (CSF)
parkinsonian disorders

neurofilament light chain (CSF)
axonal degeneration

parkin (CSF)
neuordegenerative disorders

PTEN induced putative
neuordegenerative disorders

kinase 1 (CSF)

DJ-1 (CSF)
neuordegenerative disorders

leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (CSF)
neuordegenerative disorders

mutated ATP13A2 (CSF)
Kufor-Rakeb disease

Apo H (CSF)
parkinson disease (PD)

ceruloplasmin (CSF)
PD

Peroxisome proliferator-
PD

activated receptor

gamma coactivator-1

alpha (PGC-1α)(CSF)

transthyretin (CSF)
CSF rhinorrhea (nasal

surgery samples)

Vitamin D-binding Protein (CSF)
Multiple Sclerosis Progression

proapoptotic kinase R (PKR) and its
AD

phosphorylated PKR (pPKR) (CSF)

CXCL13 (CSF)
multiple sclerosis

IL-12p40, CXCL13 and IL-8 (CSF)
intrathecal inflammation

Dkk-3 (semen)
prostate cancer

p14 endocan fragment (blood)
Sepsis: Endocan,

specifically secreted

by activated-pulmonary vascular

endothelial cells, is thought to

play a key role in the control of

the lung inflammatory reaction.

Serum (blood)
neuromyelitis optica

ACE2 (blood)
cardiovascular disease

autoantibody to CD25 (blood)
early diagnosis of esophageal

squamous cell carcinoma

hTERT (blood)
lung cancer

CAI25 (MUC 16) (blood)
lung cancer

VEGF (blood)
lung cancer

sIL-2 (blood)
lung cancer

Osteopontin (blood)
lung cancer

Human epididymis
ovarian cancer

protein 4 (HE4) (blood)

Alpha-Fetal Protein (blood)
pregnancy

Albumin (urine)
diabetics

albumin (urine) uria
albuminuria

microalbuminuria
kidney leaks

AFP (urine)
mirror fetal AFP levels

neutrophil gelatinase-
Acute kidney injury

associated lipocalin

(NGAL) (urine)

interleukin 18 (IL-18) (urine)
Acute kidney injury

Kidney Injury Molecule-
Acute kidney injury

1 (KIM-1) (urine)

Liver Fatty Acid Binding
Acute kidney injury

Protein (L-FABP)

(urine)

LMP1 (saliva)
Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein

(nasopharyngeal carcinomas)

BARF1 (saliva)
Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein

(nasopharyngeal carcinomas)

IL-8 (saliva)
oral cancer biomarker

carcinoembryonic
oral or salivary

antigen (CEA) (saliva)
malignant tumors

BRAF, CCNI, EGRF,
Lung cancer

FGF19, FRS2, GREB1,

and LZTS1 (saliva)

alpha-amylase (saliva)
cardiovascular disease

carcinoembryonic antigen (saliva)
Malignant tumors

of the oral cavity

CA 125 (saliva)
Ovarian cancer

IL8 (saliva)
spinalcellular carcinoma.

thioredoxin (saliva)
spinalcellular carcinoma.

beta-2 microglobulin
HIV

levels-monitor activity

of the virus (saliva)

tumor necrosis factor-
HIV

alpha receptors-

monitor activity of

the virus (saliva)

CA15-3 (saliva)
breast cancer

TABLE 2

Diagnostic Markers

Disease/Condition
Source
Biomarker

HPA axis activity
Saliva
Cortisol

(Cushing′s disease,

Adrenal cortex

diseases, etc.)

Pregnancy/fetal
Saliva
progesterone

development
urine
human chorionic gonadotropin, Levonorgestrel, alpha-

fetoprotein, early conception factor, Unconjugated

Estriol

serum
Estradiol, interleukin-6, Unconjugated Estriol, Inhibin-A

Infant development
urine
NGAL, KIM-1, Cys-C, and B2mG, AFP

S100B, MBP

Menopause
Saliva
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Estrogen and progesterone, testosterone, free

testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

(DHEAS), cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone

(DHEA)

Polycystic ovary
saliva
testosterone

syndrome

Andropause
saliva
testosterone; testosterone precursors such as

pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-

hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone,

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and delta-4-

androstene-3,17-dione; testosterone and

dihydrotestosterone metabolites such as the 17-

ketosteroids androsterone and etiocholanolone, polar

metabolites in the form of diols, triols, and conjugates,

as well estradiol, estrogens, androsteindione, cortisol,

DHEA, FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH

(luteinizing hormone), and GnRH (gonadotropin-

releasing hormone)

Coagulation
mis-
b-Thromboglobulin, Platelet factor 4, Von Willebrand

status/disorders
cellaneous
factor, Factor I: Fibrinogen, Factor II: Prothrombin,

Factor III: Tissue factor, Factor IV: Calcium, Factor V:

Proaccelerin, Factor VI, Factor VII: Proconvertin,

Factor VIII:, Anti-hemolytic factor, Factor IX: Christmas

factor, Factor X: Stuart-Prower factor, Factor XI:

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent, Factor XII:

Hageman factor, Factor XIII: Fibrin-stabilizing factor,

Prekallikrein, High-molecular-weight kininogen, Protein

C, Protein S, D-dimer, Tissue plasminogen activator,

Plasminogen, a2-Antiplasmin, Plasminogen activator

inhibitor 1 (PAH)

Autism
mis-
miR-484, miR-21, miR-212, miR-23a, miR-598, miR-

cellaneous
95, miR-129, miR-431, miR-7, miR-15a, miR-27a, miR-

15b, miR-148b, miR-132, or miR-128; miR-93, miR-

106a, miR-539, miR-652, miR-550, miR-432, miR-

193b, miR-181d, miR-146b, miR-140, miR-381, miR-

320a, ormiR-106b; GM1, GD1a, GD1b, or GT1b

Ceruloplasmin, Metalothioneine, Zinc, Copper, B6,

B12, Glutathione, Alkaline phosphatase, and Activation

of apo-alkaline phosphatases

Alzheimer′s
mis-
miR-107, miR-29a, miR-29b-1, ormiR-9; miR-128;

Disease
cellaneous
HIF-1α, BACE1, Reelin, CHRNA7, or 3Rtau/4Rtau;

BACE1, Reelin, Cystatin C, Truncated Cystatin C,

Amyloid Beta, C3a, t-Tau, Complement factor H, or

alpha-2-macroglobulin

CSF, serum,
β-amyloid(1-42), β-amyloid(1-40), tau, phosphor-tau-

saliva
181

Saliva
cTnl, myoglobin, MMP-9, MMP-8, MMP-2, slCAM-1,

myeloperoxidase [MPO], IL-4, and/or IL-5; B-type

natiuretic peptide [BNP], IL-1α, IL-11, IL-10, TNF-α,

IFN-γ, VEGF, insulin, GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (total),

TREM1, Leukotriene E4, Akt1, Aβ-40, Aβ-42, Fas

ligand, PSA, G-CSF, MIP-1α, IL-22, IL-8, IL-21, IL-15,

IL-6, IL-7, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12, IL-17α, IL-1β, MCP,

IL-32 or RANTES, apolipoproteins A1, D and E,

ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), fibronectin, s. alpha-

amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate

dehydrogenase, tissue factor activity, MCP-1, sVCAM-

1, sCD-40, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II

acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE),

Serum/CSF
β-amyloid(1-42), β-amyloid(1-40), tau, phosphor-tau-

181, GSK-3, PKC, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, macrophage

inflammatory proteins-1δ and -4 (MIP1δ and MIP4),

regulated upon activation normal T-cell (RANTES),

tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), midregional pro-

atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP)

AD-associated neuronal thread protein (AD7c-NTP)

Parkinson′s
mis-
miR-133b; Nurr1, BDNF, TrkB, gstml, or 5100 beta;

Disease
cellaneous
apo-H, Ceruloplasmin, BDNF, IL-8, Beta2-

microglobulin, apoAII, tau, ABeta1-42, DJ-1

Saliva
cTnl, myoglobin, MMP-9, MMP-8, MMP-2, slCAM-1,

myeloperoxidase [MPO], IL-4, and/or IL-5; B-type

natiuretic peptide [BNP], IL-1α, IL-11, IL-10, TNF-a,

IFN-γ, VEGF, insulin, GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (total),

TREM1, Leukotriene E4, Akt1, Aβ-40, Aβ-42, Fas

ligand, PSA, G-CSF, MIP-1a, IL-22, IL-8, IL-21, IL-15,

IL-6, IL-7, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12, IL-17α, IL-1β, MCP,

IL-32 or RANTES, apolipoproteins A1, D and E,

ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), fibronectin, s. alpha-

amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate

dehydrogenase, tissue factor activity, MCP-1, sVCAM-

1, sCD-40, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II

Schizophrenia
mis-
miR-181b; miR-7, miR-24, miR-26b, miR-29b, miR-

cellaneous
30b, miR-30e, miR-92, ormiR-195; IFITM3,

SERPINA3, GLS, or ALDH7A1BASP1; TP5B, ATP5H,

ATP6V1B, DNM1, NDUFV2, NSF, PDHB

Bipolar disease
mis-
FGF2, ALDH7A1, AGXT2L1, AQP4, or PCNT2

Mood disorder
cellaneous

(blood)
Mbp, Edg2, Fgfr1, Fzd3, Mag, Pmp22, Ugt8, Erbb3,

Igfbp4, Igfbp6, Pde6d, Ptprm, Nefh, Atp2c1, Atxn1,

Btg1, C6orf182, Dicer1, Dnajc6, and Ednrb

Major Depressive
mis-
FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, or AQP4

Disorder
cellaneous
Secretogranin, VGF

serum
Cortisol; EGF; GCS; PPY; ACTH; AVP; CRH;

A1AT; A2M; ApoC3; CD40L; IL-6; IL-13; IL-18; IL-

1ra; MPO; PAI-1; TNFA; ACRP30; ASP; FABP;

INS; LEP; PRL; RETN; Testosterone; TSH; BDNF;

S100B; NTF3; GDNF; ARTN

Prion disease
mis-
Amyloid B4, App, IL-1 R1, orSODI; PrP(c), 14-3-3,

cellaneous
NSE, S-100, Tau, AQP-4

Inflammation
mis-
TNF-α, IL-6, IL1β, Rheumatoid factor (RF), Antinuclear

cellaneous
Antibody (ANA), acute phase markers including C-

reactive protein (CRP), Clara Cell Protein (Uteroglobin)

Multiple sclerosis
mis-
14-3-3 protein epsilon; Isoform Long of Protocadherin

cellaneous
alpha C2 precursor; Insulin-like growth factor IA

precursor; Isoform 1 of Protocadherin-8 precursor;

Isoform 1 of Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 2

precursor; Complement factor H-related 5; Di-N-

acetylchitobiase precursor; Isoform 1 of Protein

NDRG2; N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase precursor;

Isoform 1 of Semaphorin-3B precursor; Cadherin-5

precursor; UPF0454 protein C12orf49 precursor;

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor;

Metallothionein-3; Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2;

Coactosin-like protein; Isoform Long of Platelet-derived

growth factor A chain Precursor; Isoform Long of

Endothelin-3 precursor; HLA class I histocompatibility

antigen, A-1 alpha chain Precursor; Neuronal

pentraxin-2 precursor; retbindin isoform 2;

Neuroendocrine convertase 2 precursor; 15 kDa

selenoprotein isoform 1 precursor; Phospholipase D4;

Isoform 1 of CD109 antigen precursor; Ectonucleotide

pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family; member 6

precursor; Fascin; Golgi phosphoprotein 2; Isoform

Delta 6 of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein

kinase type II delta chain; Isoform 1 of FRAS1-related

extracellular matrix protein 2 Precursor; Putative

uncharacterized protein LOC130576; Isoform 1 of L-

lactate dehydrogenase A chain; Isoform 1 of

Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13;

Papilin; Protein DJ-1; Beta-mannosidase precursor;

Protein YIPF3; Isoform 1 of Receptor-type tyrosine-

protein phosphatase N2 Precursor; Cell growth

regulator with EF hand domain protein 1; Sulfhydryl

oxidase 2 precursor; Ig lambda chain V-II region TRO;

Ig lambda chain V-V1 region AR; Ig heavy chain V-III

region WEA; Ig heavy chain V-III region CAM; Ig heavy

chain V-III region BUR; Myosin-reactive

immunoglobulin kappa chain variable region

(Fragment); Microfibrillar protein 2 (Fragment); Ig

kappa chain V-III region IARC/BL41 precursor; Ig

kappa chain V-1 region Kue; 1g kappa chain V-1 region

Sew; 1g kappa chain V-III region B6; IGLV6-57 protein;

hypothetical protein LOC402665; Isoform 1 of Proline-

rich acidic protein 1 precursor; Rheumatoid factor RF-

ET13; Rheumatoid factor D5 heavy chain (Fragment);

Uncharacterized protein ENSP00000375027;

Uncharacterized protein ENSP00000375043;

Uncharacterized protein ENSP00000375019;

Isoform 1 of Protocadherin-1 precursor; Isoform 1 of

Epithelial discoidin domain-containing receptor 1

precursor; Serine protease HTRA1 precursor; Isoform

Delta of Poliovirus receptor-related protein 1

Precursor; chemokine (C X C motif) ligand 16;

Plastin-2; 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta; Apolipoprotein C-II

precursor; Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1

precursor; Semaphorin-3G precursor; Follistatin-

related protein 3 precursor; Hepatocyte growth factor

activator precursor; Isoform 1 of Contactin-associated

protein-like 2 precursor; Phosphoglycerate kinase 1;

Gamma-enolase; Phosphoglycerate mutase 2; Low

affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A

precursor; Isoform Beta of Poliovirus receptor

precursor; Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 6

precursor; Isoform 1 of Chordin precursor; Out at first

protein homolog precursor; Isoform 1 of

Carboxypeptidase B2 precursor; ROBO2 isoform a ig

kappa chain V-III region POM; Isoform 1 of Protein-L-

isoaspartate(D-aspartate) O-Methyltransferase CDNA

FLJ45296 fis, clone BRHIP3003340, moderately

similar to Actin, alpha skeletal muscle 2; Isoform 1 of

RGM domain family member B precursor;

Carboxypeptidase N subunit 2 precursor; Hypothetical

LOC284297

mis-
L-6, IL-17, PAR-3, IL-17, T1/ST2, JunD, 5-LO, LTA4H,

cellaneous
MBP, PLP, or alpha-beta crystallin

antithrombin III; α-2 glycoprotein 1, zinc; transthyretin

(prealbumin); NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1

beta subcomplex, 2; neurotrimin; orosomucoid 1

precursor (α-1-acid glycoprotein-1); leucine-rich α-2-

glycoprotein; leucine-rich repeat protein; α-1-

antitrypsin

Chronique fatigue
saliva
cortisol

syndrome
saliva
Ig alpha-1 chain C region; Polymeric immunoglobulin

receptor; Protein S100-A7; Cystatin-C; Cystatin-B; 14-

3-3 protein zeta/delta; Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG)

Sjögren′s
saliva
IgA, IgG, IgM autoantibodies; IgA, lactoferrin and

syndrome

beta2-microglobulin; lysozyme C, and cystatin C,

amylase and carbonic anhydrase

mis-
Autoantibodies (SSA/Ro; LA/SS-B)

cellaneous

Systemic lupus
mis-
Autoantibodies (CDC25B, APOBEC3G, ARAF,

erythematosus
cellaneous
BCL2A1, CLK1, CREB1, CSNK1G1, CSNK2A1,

(SLE)

CWC27, DLX4, DPPA2, EFHD2, EGR2, ERCC2,

EWSR1, EZH2, FES, FOS, FTHL17, GEM, GNA15,

GNG4, HMGB2, HNRNPUL1, HOXB6, ID2, IFI35,

IGF2BP3, IGHG1, JUNB, KLF6, LGALS7, LIN28A,

MLLT3, NFIL3, NRBF2, PABPC1, PATZ1, PCGF2,

PPP2CB, PPP3CC, PRM1, PTK2, PTPN4, PYGB,

RET, RPL18A, RPS7, RRAS, SCEL, SH2B1, SMAD2,

STAM, TAF9, TIE1, UBA3, VAV1, WT1, ZAP70, or

ZNRD1)

mis-
Autoantibodies ((i) KIT, (ii) C6orf93, (iii) RPL34, (iv)

cellaneous
DOM3Z, (v) COPG2, (vi) DNCL12, (vii) RRP41, (viii)

FBXO9, (ix) RALBP1, (x) PIAS2, (xi) EEF1D, (xii)

CONI, (xiii) KATNB1, (xiv) POLR2E, (xv) CCT3, (xvi)

KIAA0643, (xvii) RPL37A, (xviii) GTF2H2, (xix)

MAP2K5, (xx) CDK3, (xxi) RPS6KA1, (xxii) MARK4,

(xxiii) MTO1, (xxiv) MGC42105, (xxv) NFE2L2, (xxvi)

WDR45L, (xxvii) STK4, (xxviii) PFKFB3, (xxix) NTRK3,

(xxx) MLF1, (xxxi) TRIM37, (xxxii) ACTL7B, (xxxiii)

RPL18A, (xxxiv) CKS1B, (xxxv) TUBA1, (xxxvi) NME6,

(xxxvii) SUCLA2, (xxxviii) IGHG1, (xxxix) PRKCBP1,

(xl) BAG3, (xli) TCEB3, (xlii) RPL15, (xliii) SSX4, (xliv)

MAP2K7, (xlv) EEF1G, (xlvi) RNF38, (xlvii) PHLDA2,

(xlviii) KCMF1, (xlix) NUBP2, (I) VPS45A)

mis-
Autoantibodies (SSA/Ro; dsDNA; Smith; histones;

cellaneous
thrombin)

CREST syndrome

Autoantibodies (centromere)

Systemic sclerosis
mis-
Autoantibodies (Type I topoisomerase)

cellaneous

Primary biliary
mis-
Autoantibodies (nucleoporin 62, Sp100 nuclear

cirrhosis
cellaneous
antigen, nucleoporin 210kDa, mitochondria)

cirrhosis
mis-
NLT; NLT, HBsAG, AST, YKL-40, Hyaluronic acid,

cellaneous
TIMP-1, alpha 2 macroglobulin, a-1-antitrypsin P1Z

allele, haptoglobin, or acid phosphatase ACP AC

autoimmune
mis-
Autoantibodies (Liver kidney microsomal type 1,

hepatitis
cellaneous
smooth muscle)

Celiac disease
mis-
Autoantibodies (tTG, actin)

cellaneous

Celiac disease
saliva
Anti-IgA gliadin

Irritable Bowel
mis-
REG1A, MMP3

Syndrome (IBS)
cellaneous

Inflammatory bowel
mis-
Trypsinogen IV, SERT; II-16, II-1beta, II-12, TNF-

disease (IBD)
cellaneous
alpha, interferon gamma, 11-6, Rantes, MCP-1,

Resistin, or 5-HT

Ulcerative colitis
mis-
IFITM1, IFITM3, STAT1, STAT3, TAP1, PSME2,

cellaneous
PSMB8, HNF4G, KLF5, AQP8, APT2B1, SLC16A,

MFAP4, CCNG2, SLC44A4, DDAH1, TOB1,

231152_at, MKNK1, CEACAM7*, 1562836_at,

CDC42SE2, PSD3, 231169_at, IGL@*, GSN, GPM6B,

CDV3*, PDPK1, ANP32E, ADAM9, CDH1, NLRP2,

215777_at, OSBPL1, VNN1, RABGAP1L, PHACTR2,

ASH1L, 213710_s_at, CDH1, NLRP2, 215777_at,

OSBPL1, VNN1, RABGAP1L, PHACTR2, ASH1,

213710_s_at, ZNF3, FUT2, IGHA1, EDEM1, GPR171,

229713_at, LOC643187, FLVCR1, SNAP23*, ETNK1,

LOC728411, POSTN, MUC12, HOXA5, SIGLEC1,

LARP5, PIGR, SPTBN1, UFM1, C6orf62, WDR90,

ALDH1A3, F2RL1, IGHV1-69, DUOX2, RAB5A, or CP;

(P)ASCA

Hyperplastic Polyp
mis-
SLC6A14, ARHGEF10, ALS2, IL1RN, SPRy4,

cellaneous
PTGER3, TRIM29, SERPINB5, 1560327 at, ZAK,

BAG4, TRIB3, TTL, FOXQ1

Psoriasis
mis-
miR-146b, miR-20a, miR-146a, miR-31, miR-200a,

cellaneous
miR-17-5p, miR-30e-5p, miR-141, miR-203, miR-142-

3p, miR-21, ormiR-106a; miR-125b, miR-99b, miR-

122a, miR-197, miR-100, miR-381, miR-518b, miR-

524, let-7e, miR-30c, miR-365, miR-133b, miR-10a,

miR-133a, miR-22, miR-326, ormiR-215; IL-20,

VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, or EGR1;

Dermatitis
mis-
Autoantibodies (eTG)

herpetiformis
cellaneous

Miller-Fisher
mis-
Autoantibodies (ganglioside GQ1B)

Syndrome
cellaneous

Wegener′s
mis-
Autoantibodies (c-ANCA)

granulomatosis
cellaneous

Neuropathies
mis-
Autoantibodies (ganglioside GD3, ganglioside GM1)

cellaneous

microscopic
mis-
Autoantibodies (p-ANCA)

polyangiitis
cellaneous

Polymyositis
mis-
Autoantibodies (Signal recognition particles)

cellaneous

scleromyositis
mis-
Autoantibodies (exosome complex Signal recognition

cellaneous
particles)

myasthenia gravis
mis-
Autoantibodies (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Signal

cellaneous
recognition particles, muscle-specific kinase (MUSK)

Signal recognition particles)

Lambert-Eaton
mis-
Autoantibodies (voltage-gated calcium channel (P/Q-

myasthenic
cellaneous
type))

syndrome

Hashimoto′s
mis-
Autoantibodies (thyroid peroxidase)

thyroiditis
cellaneous

Graves′ disease
mis-
Autoantibodies (TSH receptor)

cellaneous

paraneoplastic
mis-
Autoantibodies (Hu, Yo (cerebellar Purkinje Cells),

cerebellar
cellaneous
amphiphysin)

syndrome

encephalitis
mis-
Autoantibodies (voltage-gated potassium channel

cellaneous
(VGKC), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA))

Sydenham′s chorea
mis-
Autoantibodies (basal ganglia neurons)

cellaneous

Neuromyelitis
mis-
Autoantibodies (aquaporin-4)

cellaneous

Allergies
saliva
Allergen-specific IgAs

Rheumatic disease
mis-
miR-146a, miR-155, miR-132, miR-16, ormiR-181;

cellaneous
HOXD10, HOXD11, HOXD13, CCL8, LIM homeobox2,

or CENP-E; TNFα

Rheumatoid
mis-
Autoantibodies (Rheumatoid factor, cyclic citrullinated

arthritis
cellaneous
protein)

Rheumatoid
mis-
ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A, member 12

arthritis
cellaneous
isoform b; ATP-binding cassette A12; apolipoprotein;

B-100 precursor-human; complement component 3

precursor; alpha-2-glycoprotein 1,zinc; Alpha-2-

glycoprotein, zinc; serine (or cysteine) proteinase

inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin),

member 2; Protease inhibitor 1-like; protease inhibitor

1 (alpha-1-antitrypsin)-like; group-specific component

(vitamin D binding protein); hDBP; serine (or cysteine)

proteinase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase,

antitrypsin), member 1; Protease inhibitor (alpha-1 -

antitrypsin); protease inhibitor 1 (anti-elastase), alpha-

1-antitrypsin; Vitronectin precursor V65 subunit; A

kinase anchor protein 9 isoform 2; retrovirus-related

hypothetical protein II -human retrotransposon LINE-1;

nuclear receptor coactivator RAP250; peroxisome

proliferator-act; nuclear receptor coactivator RAP2; Ig

kappa chain NIG26 precursor-human; Vitamin D-

binding protein precursor (DBF) (Group-specific

component) (GC-globulin) (VDB) complement C4A

precursor [validated] Human; guanine nucleotide

binding protein (G protein), gamma transducing activity

polypeptide 1; nucleoporin 98 kD isoform 4;

nucleoporin 98 kD; Nup98-Nup96 precursor; GLFG-

repeat containing; nucleoporin; vitronectin precursor;

serum spreading factor; somatomedin B; complement

S-protein; Alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor; HMG-BOX

transcription; factor BBX; x 001; protein; hect domain

and RLD 2; calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L

type, alpha 1C subunit; Alpha-2-antiplasmin precursor

(Alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor) (Alpha-2-PI) (Alpha-2-AP);

Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (Neuronal PAS2)

(Member of PAS protein 4) (MOP4); Retinoic acid

receptor gamma-2 (RAR-gamma-2) alpha-1-B-

glycoprotein - human; Heparin cofactor II precursor

(HC-II) (Protease inhibitor leuserpin 2) (HLS2); Ig

gamma-1 chain C region; isocitrate dehydrogenase 3

(NAD+) alpha precursor; H-IDH alpha; isocitric

dehydrogenase; isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] sub-

unit alpha, mitochondrial; NAD+-specific ICDH;

NAD(H)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha

subunit precursor; isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+)

alpha chain precursor; ferroxidase (EC 1.16.3.1)

precursor [validated]-human; similar to zona

pellucida binding protein; N-acetylneuraminic acid

phosphate synthase; sialic acid synthase; sialic acid

phosphate synthase; triple functional domain (PTPRF

interacting); deleted in bladder cancer chromosome

region candidate 1; ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase);

Ceruloplasmin; RAB3A interacting protein (rabin3)-like

1; talin 2; similar to Ceruloplasmin precursor

(Ferroxidase); orosomucoid 1 precursor;

Orosomucoid-1 (alpha-1-acid glycoprotein-1); Ig

lambda chain precursor-human; cold

autoinflammatory syndrome 1; chromosome 1 open

reading frame 7; angio-tensin/vasopressin receptor;

similar to KIAA0913 protein; sodium channel, voltage-

gated, type V, alpha polypeptide; hypothetical protein

FLJ10379; orosomucoid 2; alpha-1-acid glycoprotein,

type 2; Ig alpha-1 chain C region; corticosteroid

binding globulin precursor; corticosteroid binding

globulin; alpha-1 anti-proteinase, antitrypsin;

KV3M_HUMAN IG KAPPA CHAIN V-III REGION HIC

PRECURSOR; MUC_HUMAN ig mu chain C region;

similar to Ig gamma-2 chain C region; alpha-1-

antichymotrypsin, precursor; alpha-1-antichymotrypsin;

Antichymotrypsin; thyroid hormone receptor-

associated protein, 240 kDa subunit; Ig heavy chain -

human; Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin precursor (ACT)

hypothetical protein XP_173158; hypothetical protein

DKFZp434G2226; haptoglobin; Plasma protease C1

inhibitor precursor (C1 Inh) (C1lnh) Haptoglobin-1

precursor; leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein; S-

arrestin; S-antigen; NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone

2; NAD(P)H menadione oxidoreductase-1, di-oxin-

inducible-2; NAD(P)H menadione oxi-doreductase 2,

dioxin-inducible; angiotensin precursor [validated] -

human; similar to KIAA1902 protein; similar to

KIAA1728 protein; calpain 3 isoform d; calpain, large

polypep-tide L3; calpain p94, large [catalytic] subunit;

muscle-specific calcium-activated neutral protease 3

large subunit; asp (abnormal spindle)-like,

microcephaly associated; haptoglobin-related protein;

Haptoglobin-related locus; Ig alpha-2 chain C region;

hypothetical protein DKFZp434P1818.1-human

(fragment); GC3_HUMAN Ig gamma-3 chain C region

(Heavy chain disease protein) (HDC)

Organ Rejection
mis-
miR-658, miR-125a, miR-320, miR-381, miR-628, miR-

cellaneous
602, miR-629, ormiR-125a; miR-324-3p, miR-611,

miR-654, miR-330_MM1, miR-524, miR-17-3p_MM1,

miR-483, miR-663, miR-5,6-5p, miR-326, miR-

197_MM2, or miR-346; matix metalloprotein-9,

proteinase 3, or HNP

Bone turnover/
Urine
Pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline, collagen type 1 corss-

Osteoporosis

linked N-telopeptide (NTX), collagen type 1 corss-

linked C-telopeptide (CTX), bone sialoprotein (BSP),

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b

saliva
deoxypyridinium (D-PYR) and osteocalcin (OC),

hepatocyte growth factor and interleukin-1 beta

Serum
Osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, bone-specific

alkaline phosphatase, serum type 1 procollagen

(C1NP, P1NP)

Jaw osteonecrosis
mis-
PTH, insulin, TNF-α, leptin, OPN, OC, OPG and IL6

cellaneous

Gaucher′s disease
(serum)
lyso-Gbl, Chitotriosidase and CCL18

urine
CCL18

Traumatic brain
mis-
apoA-1, S-100B, isoprostane

injury
cellaneous

urine
GFAP, NGAL

serum
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)

Septic shock
Miscellaneous
15-Hydroxy-PG dehydrogenase (up), LAIR1 (up),

NFKB1A (up), TLR2, PGLYPR1, TLR4, MD2, TLR5,

IFNAR2, IRAK2, IRAK3, IRAK4, PI3K, PI3KCB,

MAP2K6, MAPK14, NFKB1A, NFKB1, IL1R1,

MAP2K1IP1, MKNK1, FAS, CASP4, GADD45B,

SOCS3, TNFSF10, TNFSF13B, OSM, HGF, or IL18R1

Septic shock
Mis-
IL-6, Protein-C, IL-1beta

cellaneous

Cancer
mis-
FEN-1; CEA, NSE, CA 19-9, CA 125, PSA, proGRP,

cellaneous
SCC, NNMT, anti-p53 autoantibodies, Separase and

DPPFV/Separase

SERPINA3; ACTB; AFM; AGT; AMBP; APOF; APOA2;

APOC1; APOE; APOH; SERPINC1; C1QB; C3;

C4BPA; C8G; C9; SERPINA6; CD14; CP; CRP; CSK;

F9; FGA; FGG; FLNA; FN1; GC; HRG; IF; IGFALS;

ITGA1; ITIH1; ITIH2; ITIH4; KLKB1; LPA; MLL; MRC1;

MYL2; MY06; ORM1; SERPINF1; SERPINA1;

SERPINA4; PROS1; QSCN6; RGS4; SAA4;

SERPINA7; TF; TFRC; TTN; UBC; ALMS1; ATRN;

PDCD11; KIAA0433; SERPINA10; BCOR; C10orf18;

YY1AP1; FLJ10006; BDP1; SMARCAD1; MKL2;

CHST8; MCPH1; MYO18B; MICAL-L1; PGLYRP2;

KCTD7; MGC27165; A1BG; A2M; ABLIM1; ACTA1;

AHSG; ANK3; APCS; APOA1; APOA4; APOB;

APOC3; APOL1; AZGP1; B2M; BF; C1R; C1S; C2;

C4B; C5; C6; C7; C8A; C8B; CDK5RAP2/CDK5RA2;

CHGB; CLU; COMP; CORO1A; CPN1; CUL1; DET1;

DSC1; F13A1; F2; F5; FGB; GOLGA1; GSN; HBA1;

HBB; HP; HPX; HSPA5; HUNK; IGFBP5; IGHG1;

IGLV4-3; KIF5C; KNG1; KRT1; KRT10; KRT9; LBP;

LGALS3BP; LRG1; LUM; MMP14; MYH4; NEB;

NUCB2; ORM2; PF4V1; PIGR; PLG; PON1; PPBP;

RBP4; RIMS1; RNF6; SAA1; SEMA3D; SERPIND1;

SERPINF2; SERPING1; SF3B1; SPINK1; SPP1;

SPTB;SYNE1; TAF4B; TBC1D1; TLN1;TMSB4X;

TRIP11; TTR; UROC1; VTN; VWF; ZFHX2; ZYX;

PSA (total prostate specific antigen), Creatinine,

Prostatic acid phosphatase, PSA complexes,

Prostrate-specific gene-1, CA 12-5, Carcinoembryonic

Antigen (CEA), Alpha feto protein (AFP), hCG (Human

chorionic gonadotropin), Inhibin, CAA Ovarian C1824,

CA 27.29, CA 15-3, CAA Breast C1924, Her-2,

Pancreatic, CA 19-9, CAA pancreatic, Neuron-specific

enolase, Angiostatin DcR3 (Soluble decoy receptor 3),

Endostatin, Ep-CAM (MK-1), Free Immunoglobulin

Light Chain Kappa, Free Immunoglobulin Light Chain

Lambda, Herstatin, Chromogranin A, Adrenomedullin,

Integrin, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Epidermal

growth factor receptor-Tyrosine kinase, Pro-

adrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide, Vascular

endothelial growth factor, Vascular endothelial growth

factor receptor, Stem cell factor receptor, c-kit/KDR,

KDR, and Midkine; Zinc a2-glycoprotein (ZAG)

Adenoma
mis-
SI, DMBT1, CFI*, AQP1, APOD, TNFRSF17, CXCL10,

cellaneous
CTSE, IGHA1, SLC9A3, SLC7A1, BATF2, SOCS1,

DOCK2, NOS2A, HK2, CXCL2, IL15RA, POU2AF1,

CLEC3B, ANI3BP, MGC13057, LCK*, C4BPA,

HOXC6, GOLT1A, C2orf32, IL10RA, 240856_at,

SOCS3, MEIS3P1, HIPK1, GLS, CPLX1,

236045_x_at, GALC, AMN, CCDC69, CCL28, CPA3,

TRIB2, HMGA2, PLCL2, NR3C1, EIF5A, LARP4, RP5-

1022P6.2, PHLDB2, FKBP1B, INDO, CLDN8, CNTN3,

PBEF1, SLC16A9, CDC25B, TPSB2, PBEF1, ID4,

GJB5, CHN2, LIMCH1, or CXCL9; ABCA8, KIAA1199,

GCG, MAMDC2, C2orf32, 229670_at, IGF1, PCDH7,

PRDX6, PCNA, COX2, or MUC6

Head and Neck
saliva
IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, MMP-9, TGF-β, TNF-α, MMP-7,

cancer

plasminogen activated (PA), uPA, IGF, or INF-2

Barrett′s
mis-
miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-194, ormiR-215;

esophagus
cellaneous
S100A2, S100A4; p53, MUC1, MUC2

Lung cancer
mis-
miR-21, miR-205, miR-221 (protective), let-7a

cellaneous
(protective), miR-137 (risky), miR-372 (risky), ormiR-

122a (risky); miR-17-92, miR-19a, miR-92, miR-155,

miR-191, ormiR-210; EGFR, PTEN, RRM1, RRM2,

ABCB1, ABCG2, LRP, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, class III b-

tubulin; KRAS, hENT1; RLF-MYCL1, TGF-ALK, or

CD74-ROS1

saliva
CCNI, EGFR, FGF19, FRS2, and GREB1 LZTS,

BRAF, FRS2, ANXA1, Haptoglobin Hp2, Zinc Alpha2-

Glycoprotein, Calprotectin, Porphyromonas catoniae

16S rRNA, Campylobacter showae 16S rRNA,

Streptocococcus salivaris 16S rRNA, Campylobacter

rectus 16S rRNA, Veillonella parvula 16S rRNA,

Kigella oralis 16S rRNA, and Granulicatella adiacens

16S rRNA

Pancreatic cancer
mis-
miR-221, miR-181a, miR-155, miR-210, miR-213, miR-

cellaneous
181b, miR-222, miR-181b-2, miR-21, miR-181b-1,

miR-220, miR-181d, miR-223, miR-100-1/2, miR-125a,

miR-143, miR-10a, miR-146, miR-99, miR-100, miR-

199a-1, miR-10b, miR-199a-2, miR-221, miR-181a,

miR-155, miR-210, miR-213, miR-181b, miR-222, miR-

181b-2, miR-21, miR-181b-1, miR-181c, miR-220,

miR-181d, miR-223, miR-100-1/2, miR-125a, miR-143,

miR-10a, miR-146, miR-99, miR-100, miR-199a-1,

miR-10b, miR-199a-2, miR-107, miR-103, miR-103-2,

miR-125b-1, miR-205, miR-23a, miR-221, miR-424,

miR-301, miR-100, miR-376a, miR-125b-1, miR-21,

miR-16-1, miR-181a, miR-181c, miR-92, miR-15, miR-

155, let-7f-1, miR-212, miR-107, miR-024-1/2, miR-

18a, miR-31, miR-93, miR-224, or let-7d; miR-148a,

miR-148b, miR-375, miR-345, miR-142, miR-133a,

miR-216, miR-217 or miR-139; KRAS, CTNNLB1,

AKT, NCOA3, or B-RAF; BRCA2, PALB2, or p16

saliva
MBD3L2, KRAS, STIM2, DMXL2, ACRV1, DMD and

CABLES1, TK2, GLTSCR2, CDKL3, TPT1 and DPMI

Breast cancer
mis-
miR-21, miR-155, miR-206, miR-122a, miR-210, miR-

cellaneous
155, miR-206, miR-210, or miR-21; let-7, miR-10b,

miR-125a, miR-125b, miR-145, miR-143, miR-16, miR-

10b, miR-125a; hsp70, MART-1, TRP, HER2, hsp70,

MART-1, TRP, HER2, ER, PR, Class III b-tubulin, or

VEGFA; GAS5; ETV6-NTRK3

Saliva
CAH6 (Carbonic anhydrase VI), K2C4 (Cytokeratin 4),

CYTA (Cystatin A), FABP4 (Epid. Fatty acid binding

prot.), IGHGI (Ig gamma-1 chain C region), TRFL

(Lactoferrin), BPIL1 (Bact. Perm.-increasing prot.-1),

CYTC (Cystatin C), HPT (Haptoglobin), PROF1

(Profilin-1), ZA2G (Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein), ENOA

(Alpha enolase), IGHA2 (1g alpha-2 chain C region),

IL-1 ra (lnterleukin-1 receptor anatagonist protein

precursor), S10A7 (S100 calcium-binding protein A7),

and SPLC2 (Short palate, lung and nasel epith Care,

assoc, protein 2)

Ovarian cancer
Saliva
c-erbB-2, cancer antigen 15-3, p53

urine
HER2/neu (c-erbB-2)

47D10 antigen, PTCD2, SLC25A20, NFKB2,

RASGRP2, PDE7A, MLL, PRKCE, GPATC3, PRIC285

and GSTA4

MIPEP, PLCB2, SLC25A19, DEF6, ZNF236,

C18orf22, COX7A2, DDX11, TOP3A, C9orf6, UFC1,

PFDN2, KLRD1, LOC643641, HSP90AB1, CLCN7,

TNFAIP2, PRKCE, MRPL40, FBF1, ANKRD44, CCT5,

USP40, UBXD4, LRCH1, MRPL4, SCCPDH, STX6,

LOC284184, FLJ23235, GPATC3, CPSF4, CREM,

HIST1H1D, HPS4, FN3KRP, ANKRD16, C8 orf16,

ATF71P2, PRIC285

mis-
miR-200a, miR-141, miR-200c, miR-200b, miR-21,

cellaneous
miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-203, miR-205,

miR-214, miR-199″, ormiR-215; miR-199a, miR-140,

miR-145, miR-100, miR-let-7 cluster, or miR-125b-1;

ERCC1, ER, TOPO1, TOP2A, AR, PTEN, HER2/neu,

CD24 or EGFR; VEGFA, VEGFR2, or HER2

Ovarian cancer
Saliva
CA 125

Prostate cancer
Saliva
AGPAT1, B2M, BASP2, IER3, and IL1B

mis-
miR-9, miR-21, miR-141, miR-370, miR-200b, miR-

cellaneous
210, miR-155, ormiR-196a; miR-202, miR-210, miR-

296, miR-320, miR-370, miR-373, miR-498, miR-503,

miR-184, miR-198, miR-302c, miR-345, miR-491, miR-

513, miR-32, miR-182, miR-31, miR-26a-1/2, miR-

200c, miR-375, miR-196a-1/2, miR-370, miR-425,

miR-425, miR-194-1/2, miR-181a-1/2, miR-34b, let-71,

miR-188, miR-25, miR-106b, miR-449, miR-99b, miR-

93, miR-92-1/2, miR-125a, or miR-141; let-7a, let-7b,

let-7c, let-7d, let-7g, miR-16, miR-23a, miR-23b, miR-

26a, miR-92, miR-99a, miR-103, miR-125a, miR-125b,

miR-143, miR-145, miR-195, miR-199, miR-221, miR-

222, miR-497, let-7f, miR-19b, miR-22, miR-26b, miR-

27a, miR-27b, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-30_5p, miR-

30c, miR-100, miR-141, miR-148a, miR-205, miR-

520h, miR-494, miR-490, miR-133a-1, miR-1-2, miR-

218-2, miR-220, miR-128a, miR-221, miR-499, miR-

329, miR-340, miR-345, miR-410, miR-126, miR-205,

miR-7-1/2, miR-145, miR-34a, miR-487, or let-7b; miR-

15a, miR-16-1, miR-143 or miR-145; AR, PCA3;

FASLG orTNFSFIO; U50; ACSL3-ETV1, C15ORF21-

ETV1, FLJ35294-ETV1, HERV-ETV1, TMPRSS2-

ERG, TMPRSS2-ETV1/4/5, TMPRSS2-ETV4/5,

SLC5A3-ERG, SLC5A3-ETV1, SLC5A3-ETV5 or

KLK2-ETV4

kallikrein-2 (KLK2), C reactive protein (CRP), cysteine-

rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP3) and chromogranin A

(CHGA), comprises prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP),

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase

(ALP)

saliva
PSA

Esophageal Cancer
urine
PCA3, GOLPH2, SPINK1, TMPRSS2:ERG

mis-
miR-192, miR-194, miR-21, miR-200c, miR-93, miR-

cellaneous
342, miR-152, miR-93, miR-25, miR-424, ormiR-151;

miR-27b, miR-205, miR-203, miR-342, let-7c, miR-

125b, miR-100, miR-152, miR-192, miR-194, miR-27b,

miR-205, miR-203, miR-200c, miR-99a, miR-29c, miR-

140, miR-103, or miR-107;

Gastric cancer
mis-
miR-106a, miR-21, miR-191, miR-223, miR-24-1, miR-

cellaneous
24-2, miR-107, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-25, or miR-

221; let-7a; RRM2, or surviving; EphA4

Gastrointestinal
mis-
DOG-1, PKC-theta, KIT, GPR20, PRKCQ, KCNK3,

Stromal Tumor
cellaneous
KCNH2, SCG2, TNFRSF6B, or CD34; PDGFRA, c-kit

(GIST)

Colorectal
mis-
miR-24-1, miR-29b-2, miR-20a, miR-10a, miR-32,

carcinoma
cellaneous
miR-203, miR-106a, miR-17-5p, miR-30c, miR-223,

miR-126, miR-128b, miR-21, miR-24-2, miR-99b, miR-

155, miR-213, miR-150, miR-107, miR-191, miR-221,

miR-20a, miR-510, miR-92, miR-513, miR-19a, miR-

21, miR-20, miR-183, miR-96, miR-135b, miR-31, miR-

21, miR-92, miR-222, miR-181b, miR-210, miR-20a,

miR-106a, miR-93, miR-335, miR-338, miR-133b, miR-

346, miR-106b, miR-153a, miR-219, miR-34a, miR-

99b, miR-185, miR-223, miR-211, miR-135a, miR-127,

miR-203, miR-212, miR-95, ormiR-17-5p; miR-143,

miR-145, miR-143, miR-126, miR-34b, miR-34c, let-7,

miR-9-3, miR-34a, miR-145, miR-455, miR-484, miR-

101, miR-145, miR-133b, miR-129, miR-124a, miR-30-

3p, miR-328, miR-106a, miR-17-5p, miR-342, miR-

192, miR-1, miR-34b, miR-215, miR-192, miR-301,

miR-324-5p, miR-30a-3p, miR-34c, miR-331, or miR-

148b; EFNB1, ERCC1, HER2, VEGF, or EGFR; AFRs,

Rabs, ADAM10, CD44, NG2, ephrin-B1, MIF, b-

catenin, Junction, plakoglobin, glalectin-4, RACK1,

tetrspanin-8, FasL, TRAIL, A33, CEA, EGFR,

dipeptidase 1, hsc-70, tetraspanins, ESCRT, TS,

PTEN, orTOPOl; GREM1, DDR2, GUCY1A3, TNS1,

ADAMTS1, FBLN1, FLJ38028, RDX, FAM129A,

ASPN, FRMD6, MCC, RBMS1, SNA12, MEIS1,

DOCK10, PLEKHC1, FAM126A, TBC1D9, VWF, DCN,

ROBO1, MSRB3, LATS2, MEF2C, IGFBP3, GNB4,

RCN3, AKAP12, RFTN1,226834_at, COL5A1, GNG2,

NR3C1*, SPARCL1, MAB21L2, AXIN2, 236894_at,

AEBP1, AP1S2, C10orf56, LPHN2, AKT3, FRMD6,

COL15A1, CRYAB, COL14A1, LOC286167, QKI,

WWTR1, GNG11, PAPPA, or ELDT1; 227458_at,

INDO, CXCL9, CCR2, CD38, RARRES3, CXCL10,

FAM26F, TNIP3, NOS2A, CCRL1, TLR8, IL18BP,

FCRL5, SAMD9L, ECGF1, TNFSF13B, GBPS, or

GBP1; TMEM37*, IL33, CA4, CCDC58, CLIC6,

VERSUSNL1, ESPN, APCDD1, C13orf18, CYP4X1,

ATP2A3, LOC646627, MUPCDH, ANPEP, C1orf115,

HSD3B2, GBA3, GABRB2, GYLTL1B, LYZ, SPC25,

CDKN2B, FAM89A, MOGAT2, SEMA6D, 229376_at,

TSPAN5, IL6R, or SLC26A2

Melanoma
mis-
miR-19a, miR-144, miR-200c, miR-211, miR-324-5p,

cellaneous
miR-331, ormiR-374; miR-9, miR-15a, miR-17-3p,

miR-23b, miR-27a, miR-28, miR-29b, miR-30b, miR-

31, miR-34b, miR-34c, miR-95, miR-96, miR-100, miR-

104, miR-105, miR-106a, miR-107, miR-122a, miR-

124a, miR-125b, miR-127, miR-128a, miR-128b, miR-

129, miR-135a, miR-135b, miR-137, miR-138, miR-

139, miR-140, miR-141, miR-149, miR-154, miR-

154#3, miR-181a, miR-182, miR-183, miR-184, miR-

185, miR-189, miR-190, miR-199, miR-199b, miR-

200a, miR-200b, miR-204, miR-213, miR-215, miR-

216, miR-219, miR-222, miR-224, miR-299, miR-302a,

miR-302b, miR-302c, miR-302d, miR-323, miR-325,

let-7a, let-7b, let-7d, let-7e, or let-7g; MUM-1, beta-

catenin, or Nop/5/Sik; DUSP-1, Alix, hsp70, Gib2, Gia,

moesin, GAPDH, malate dehydrogenase, p120

catenin, PGRL, syntaxin-binding protein 1 & 2, septin-

2, or WD-repeat containing protein 1; H/ACA (U1071),

SNORA11D

Head and neck
mis-
miR-21, let-7, miR-18, miR-29c, miR-142-3p, miR-155,

cancer
cellaneous
miR-146b, miR-205, or miR-21; miR-494; HPV E6,

HPV E7, p53, IL-8, SAT, H3FA3; EGFR, EphB4, or

EphB2; CHCHD7-PLAG1, CTNNB1-PLAG1, FHIT-

HMGA2, HMGA2-NFIB, LIFR-PLAG1, orTCEAl-

PLAG1

Oral squamous cell
saliva
p53 autoantibodies, defensing-1, IncRNAs (MEG-3,

carcinoma

MALAT-1, HOTAIR, NEAT-1, UCA) Cortisol, lactate

dehydrogenase,

Transferrin, cyclin D1, Maspin, alpha-amylase, IL-8,

TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, Basic fibroblast growth factor,

Statherin, Cyfra21.1, TPA, CA125, Endothelin-1,

IL-10, CD44, IGF-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, CD59, Catalase,

Profilin, S100A9/MRP14, M2BP, CEA, Carcinoma

associated antigen CA-50, Salivary carbonyls, Maspin,

8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, 0GG1,

Phosphorylated-Src, Ki-67, Zinc finger protein 501

peptide, Hemopexin, Haptoglobin, Complement C3,

Transthyretin, α1-antitrypsin, Peroxidase, GST, SOD,

8-OHdG,Glutathione, MDA, miR-125a, miR-200a, miR-

31

Salivary gland
mis-
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and fibroblast growth

tumors
cellaneous
factor receptor 1 (FGFR1)

Hepatocellular
mis-
miR-221; et-7a-1, let-7a-2, let-7a-3, let-7b, let-7c, let-

carcinoma
cellaneous
7d, let-7e, let-7f-2, let-fg, miR-122a, miR-124a-2, miR-

130a, miR-132, miR-136, miR-141, miR-142, miR-143,

miR-145, miR-146, miR-150, miR-155(BIC), miR-181a-

1, miR-181a-2, miR-181c, miR-195, miR-199a-1-5p,

miR-199a-2-5p, miR-199b, miR-200b, miR-214, miR-

223, or pre-miR-594; miR-122, miR-100, ormiR-10a;

miR-198 or miR-145

Renal cell
mis-
miR-141, miR-200; miR-28, miR-185, miR-27, miR-let-

carcinoma
cellaneous
7f-2; laminin receptor 1, betaig-h3, Galectin-1, a-2

Macroglobulin, Adipophilin, Angiopoietin 2, Caldesmon

1, Class II MHC-associated invariant chain (CD74),

Collagen IV-aI, Complement component, Complement

components, Cytochrome P450, subfamily IIJ

polypeptide 2, Delta sleep-inducing peptide, Fc g

receptor 111a (CD16), HLA-B, HLA-DRa, HLA-DRb,

HLA-SB, IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3, IFN-

induced transmembrane protein 1, or Lysyl Oxidase;

IF1 alpha, VEGF, PDGFRA; ALPHA-TFEB, NONO-

TFE3, PRCC-TFE3, SFPQ-TFE3, CLTC-TFE3, or

MALAT1-TFEBf

Renal cell
mis-
Akt, total Erk1/2, total Met, total GSK3b, total Hif1a,

carcinoma
cellaneous
total p21, total AMPKal, total VEGF, total PIGF, total

VEGFR-1/Flt-1, phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated

Erk1/2, phosphorylated. Met, phosphorylated STAT3,

phosphorylated GSK3b, and phosphorylated AMPKal

Cervical cancer
mis-
HPV E6, HPV E7, or p53

cellaneous

Thyroid cancer
mis-
AKAP-BRAF, CCDC6-RET, ERC1-RETM, GOLGA5-

cellaneous
RET, HOOK3-RET, HRH4-RET, KTN1-RET, NCOA4-

RET, PCM1-RET, PRKARA1A-RET, RFG-RET,

RFG9-RET, Ria-RET, TGF-NTRK1, TPM3-NTRK1,

TPM3-TPR, TPR-MET, TPR-NTRK1, TRIM24-RET,

TRIM27-RET or TRIM33-RET; PAX8-PPARy

Neuroblastoma
Urine
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)

Glioblastoma
serum
GFAP

Brain cancer
mis-
miR-21, miR-10b, miR-130a, miR-221, miR-125b-1,

cellaneous
miR-125b-2, miR-9-2, miR-21, miR-25, ormiR-123;

miR-128a, miR-181c, miR-181a, ormiR-181b; GOPC-

ROS1; MGMT; EGFR

Blood Cancers
mis-
HOX11, TAL1, LY1, LMO1, or LMO2; TTL-ETV6,

cellaneous
CDK6-MLL, CDK6-TLX3, ETV6-FLT3, ETV6-RUNX1,

ETV6-TTL, MLL-AFF1, MLL-AFF3, MLL-AFF4, MLL-

GAS7, TCBA1-ETV6, TCF3-PBX1 orTCF3-TFPT, for

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL); BCL11B-TLX3, IL2-

TNFRFS17, NUP214-ABL1, NUP98-CCDC28A, TAL1-

STIL, or ETV6-ABL2, for T-cell acute lymphocytic

leukemia (T-ALL); ATIC-ALK, KIAA1618-ALK, MSN-

ALK, MYH9-ALK, NPM1-ALK, TGF-ALK or TPM3-

ALK, for anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL); BCR-

ABL1, BCR-JAK2, ETV6-EVII, ETV6-MN1 or ETV6-

TCBA1, for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML);

CBFB-MYH11, CHIC2-ETV6, ETV6-ABL1, ETV6-

ABL2, ETV6-ARNT, ETV6-CDX2, ETV6-HLXB9,

ETV6-PER1, MEF2D-DAZAP1, AML-AFF1, MLL-

ARHGAP26, MLL-ARHGEF12, MLL-CASC5, MLL-

CBL, MLL-CREBBP, MLL-DAB21P, MLL-ELL, MLL-

EP300, MLL-EPS15, MLL-FNBP1, MLL-FOXO3A,

MLL-GMPS, MLL-GPHN, MLL-MLLT1, MLL-MLLT11,

MLL-MLLT3, MLL-MLLT6, MLL-MYO1F, MLL-

PICALM, MLL-SEPT2, MLL-SEPT6, MLL-SORBS2,

MYST3-SORBS2, MYST-CREBBP, NPM1-MLF1,

NUP98-HOXA13, PRDM16-EVI1, RABEP1-PDGFRB,

RUNX1-EVI1, RUNX1-MDS1, RUNX1-RPL22,

RUNX1-RUNX1T1, RUNX1-SH3D19, RUNX1-USP42,

RUNX1-YTHDF2, RUNX1-ZNF687, orTAF15-ZNF-

384, for AML; CCND1-FSTL3, for chronic lymphocytic

leukemia (CLL); and FLIP1-PDGFRA, FLT3-ETV6,

KIAA1509-PDGFRA, PDE4DIP-PDGFRB, NIN-

PDGFRB, TP53BP1-PDGFRB, or TPM3-PDGFRB, for

hyper eosinophilia/chronic eosinophilia; miR-23b, miR-

24-1, miR-146, miR-155, miR-195, miR-221, miR-331,

miR-29a, miR-195, miR-34a, ormiR-29c; miR-15a,

miR-16-1, miR-29 ormiR-223; miR-128b, miR-204,

miR-218, miR-331, miR-181b-1, miR-17-92

B-Cell Chronic
mis-
miR-183-prec, miR-190, miR-24-1-prec, miR-33, miR-

Lymphocytic
cellaneous
19a, miR-140, miR-123, miR-10b, miR-15b-prec, miR-

Leukemia

92-1, miR-188, miR-154, miR-217, miR-101, miR-141-

prec, miR-153-prec, miR-196-2, miR-134, miR-141,

miR-132, miR-192, or miR-181b-prec; miR-213, miR-

220; ZAP70, AdipoRi; BCL3-MYC, MYC-BTG1,

BCL7A-MYC, BRWD3-ARHGAP20 or BTG1-MYC

B-cell lymphoma
mis-
miR-17-92 polycistron, miR-155, miR-210, ormiR-21,

cellaneous
miR-19a, miR-92, miR-142 miR-155, miR-221 miR-17-

92, miR-21, miR-191, miR-205, U50; miR-17-92, miR-

155, miR-210, ormiR-21; A-myb, LMO2, JNK3, CD10,

bcl-6, Cyclin D2, IRF4, Flip, orCD44; CITTA-BCL6,

CLTC-ALK, IL21R-BCL6, PIM1-BCL6, TFCR-BCL6,

IKZF1-BCL6 or SEC31A-ALK

Burkitt′s lymphoma
mis-
pri-miR-155; MYC, TERT, NS, NP, MAZ, RCF3, BYSL,

cellaneous
IDE3, CDC7, TCL1A, AUTS2, MYBL1, BMP7, ITPR3,

CDC2, BACK2, TTK, MME, ALOX5, orTOPI; BCL6,

KI-67; IGH-MYC, LCP1-BCL6

Endometrial cancer
mis-
miR-185, miR-106a, miR-181a, miR-210, miR-423,

cellaneous
miR-103, miR-107, or let-7c; miR-71, miR-221, miR-

193, miR-152, or miR-30c; NLRP7, AlphaV Beta6

integrin

uterine leiomyomas
mis-
let-7 family member, miR-21, miR-23b, miR-29b, or

cellaneous
miR-197

myelofibrosis
mis-
miR-190; miR-31, miR-150 and miR-95; miR-34a, miR-

cellaneous
342, miR-326, miR-105, miR-149, miR-147

Pheochromocytoma
Urine
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine,

adrenaline)

Kidney
mis-
ADBP-26, NHE3, KIM-1, glutamyltransferase, N-

disease/injury
cellaneous
acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, lysozyme, NGAL, L-

FABP, bikunin, urea, prostaglandins, creatinine, alpha-

1-microglobulin, retinol binding protein, glutathione-S-

transferases, adiponectin, beta-2-macroglobuin,

calbindin-D, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61,

endothelial/epithial growth factors, alpha-1-acid

glycoprotein (orosomucoid), prealbumin, modified

albumin, albumin, transferrin, alpha-1-lipoprotein,

alpha-1-antitrypsin matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs),

alpha-1-fetoprotein, Tamm Horsfall protein,

homoarginine, interleukin 18, monocyte chemotactic

protein-1 (MCP-1), Lipocalin, VCAN, NRP1, CCL2,

CCL19, COL3A1, GZMM, alpha-galactosidase, casein

kinase 2, IP-10, Mig, I-TAC, MIP-1α, MIP-3α, and MIP-

1β, alpha-2-glycoprotein-Zinc, leucine-rich alpha-2-

glycoprotein, uromodulin, Pacsin 2, hepcidin-20,

hepcidin-25, AIF-2, urinary type-IV collagen, lipocalin-

type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), urinary

neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL),

Annexin A1, Rab23, Shh, Ihh, Dhh, PTCH1, PTCH2,

SMO, GH1, Gli2, Gli3, TLR4, cystatin C, AQPI, AQP2,

AQP3, NKCC2, NaPill, DAHKSEVAHRFKD

[RNA:] SLC12A1, UMOD, vWF, MMPI, MMP3,

SLC22A6, SLC22A 8, SLC22A 12, podocin, cubulin,

LRP2, AQP9, and albumin, carcinoembryonic antigen

(CEA), mucin, alpha-fetoprotein, tyrosinase, melanoma

associated antigen, mutated tumor protein 53, p21,

PUMA, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or

thyroglobulin, von Willebrand factor (VWF), thrombin,

factor VIII, plasmin, fibrin, osteopontin (SPP1), Rab23,

Shh, Ihh, Dhh, PTCH1, PTCH2, SMO, Gli1, Gli2, Gli3

urine
L-FABP, NGAL

Liver
saliva
Lactoferrin, uric acid, cortisol, alpha-amylase

failure/disease
mis-
Carnitine; Cholic Acid; Chenodeoxycholic,

cellaneous
Deoxycholic, Lithocholic, Glycocholic; Prostaglandin

E₂; 13,14-dihydro-15-keto Prostaglandin A2;

Prostaglandin B2; Prostaglandin F2a; 15-keto-

Prostaglandin F2α; 6-keto-Prostaglandin F1α;

Thromboxane B2; 11-dehydro-Thromboxane B2;

Prostaglandin D2; Prostaglandin J2;

15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2; 11β-Prostaglandin

F2a; 5(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 5(S)-

Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid; Leukotriene B4;

Leukotriene B5; Leukotriene C4; Leukotriene D4;

Leukotriene E4; Leukotriene F4; 12(S)-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 12(S)-

Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid; 15(S)-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 15(S)-

Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid; Lipoxin A4; 8(S)-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 9-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 11-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 8-iso-Prostaglandin

F2α; 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; 13-

Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; 20(S)-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 9,10-

Epoxyoctadecenoic acid; 12,13-Epoxyoctadecenoic

acid; 12,13-Dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid; 5,6-

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; 11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic

acid; 14,15-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; 5,6-

Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid; 8,9-

Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid; 11,12-

Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid; 14,15-

Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid; 14,15-

Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 17,18-

Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 14,15-

Dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 17,18-

Dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 19,20-

Dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid; diacetylspermine,

hemopexin, TLR4

Stroke
mis-
MMP9, S100-P, S100A12, S100A9, coag factor V,

cellaneous
Arginasel, CA-IV, monocarboxylic acid transporter,

ets-2, EIF2alpha, cytoskeleton associated protein 4, N-

formylpeptide receptor, Ribonuclease2, N-

acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase, BCL-6, or Glycogen

phosphorylase

Heart failure/
urine
8-iso-prostaglandin F2a (8-iso-PGF2α)

Cardiovascular
mis-
miR-195, miR-208, miR-214, let-7b, let-7c, let-7e, miR-

health
cellaneous
15b, miR-23a, miR-24, miR-27a, miR-27b, miR-93,

miR-99b, miR-100, miR-103, miR-125b, miR-140, miR-

145, miR-181a, miR-191, miR-195, miR-199a, miR-

320, miR-342, miR-451, ormiR-499; miR-1, miR-10a,

miR-17-5p, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20a, miR-20b,

miR-26b, miR-28, miR-30e-5p, miR-101, miR-106a,

miR-126, miR-222, miR-374, miR-422b, ormiR-423;

MRP14, CD69; CK-MB, cTnl (cardiac troponin), CRP,

BPN, IL-6, MCSF, CD40, CD40L

mis-
SFRP-3, NT-proBNP, troponin T,

cellaneous
SKITHRIHWESASLL, AHKSEVAHRFK, uroguanylin,

BNP

saliva
miR-378, miR-497, miR-21, miR-15b, miR-99a, miR

29a, miR-24, miR-30b, miR-29c, miR-331.3p, miR-

19a, miR-22, miR-126, let-7b, miR-502.3, and miR-

652;

IL-16, sFas, Fas ligand, MCP-3, HGF, CTACK,

EOTAXIN, adiponectin, IL-18, TIMP.4, TIMP.1, CRP,

VEGF, and EGF

C-reactive protein (CRP); myoglobin (MYO), creatinine

kinase myocardial band (CK-MB), cardiac troponins

(cTn), and myeloperoxidase; TNF-α, and MMP-9;

CD40

Vulnerable plaque
saliva
Amylase

mis-
L-6, MMP-9, PAPP-A, D-dimer, fibrinogen, Lp-PLA2,

cellaneous
SCD40L, 11-18, oxLDL, GPx-1, MCP-1, P1GF, or CRP

High blood
saliva
lysozyme

pressure

Fibromyalgia
mis-
NR2D

cellaneous

Neuropathic Pain
mis-
CCR2/4, CNP; ICAM-1, CGRP, TIMP-1, CLR-1, HSP-

cellaneous
27, FABP, or apolipoprotein D; OX42, ED9

Tiredness/fatigue
saliva
PPGKPQGPPPQGGNQPQGPPPPPGKPQ (SEQ ID

NO: //); GNPQGPSPQGGNKPQGPPPPPGKPQ (SEQ

ID NO: //); SPPGKPQGPPQQEGNKPQGPPPPGKPQ

(SEQ ID NO: //)

urine
endorepellin

human herpesvirus 6, human herpesvirus 7, human

cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

mis-
GGHPPPP (SEQ ID NO: //), ESPSLIA (SEQ ID NO:

cellaneous
//);

Stress
saliva
Cortisol, chromogranin A, alpha-amylase, secretary

IgA, lysozyme

dehydro-androsteronesulfate; 17-ketosteroidsulfate;

dehydro-epiandrostronesulfate; corticosteroid, 17-

hydroxycorticosteroid, growth hormone, oxytocin

mis-
aldose reductase, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1,

cellaneous
aquaporin 5, beta-endorphin, betaine GABA

transporter, caspase recruitment domain protein 9,

caspase 8, cyclin D, cyclooxygenase 2, cytochrome

P450, cytochrome c, c-fos, c-jun, epidermal growth

factor receptor, ferritin, glucocorticoid receptor,

glucose regulated protein 58, glucose regulated

protein 75, glutathione S-transferase p, GroEL, heat

shock protein 25/27, heat shock protein 40, heat shock

protein 60, heat shock protein 70, heat shock protein

90, heat shock transcription factor-1, heme

oxygenase-1, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, interleukin

8, interleukin 10, interleukin 12, laminin, leptin

receptor, matrix metalloproteinase 9, metallothionein,

Mek-1, Mekk-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase,

peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, p38 MAPK,

salivary alpha amylase, SAPK, serotonin, serotonin

receptor, substance P, superoxide dismutase Mn,

superoxide dismutase Cu/Zn, superoxide dismutase

EC, transforming growth factor β, tumor suppressor

p53, and vasoactive intestinal peptide

Malnutrition
Saliva
slgA

Nutritional status
mis-
Prealbumin, Albumin, Retinol-binding protein (RBP),

cellaneous
Transferrin, Acylation-Stimulating Protein (ASP),

Adiponectin, Agouti-Related Protein (AgRP),

Angiopoietin-like Protein 4 (ANGPTL4, FIAF), C-

peptide, AFABP (Adipocyte Fatty Acid Binding Protein,

FABP4), Acylation-Stimulating Protein (ASP), EFABP

(Epidermal Fatty Acid Binding Protein, FABP5),

Glicentin, Glucagon, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1,

Glucagon-Like Peptide-2, Ghrelin, Insulin, Leptin,

Leptin Receptor, PYY, RELMs, Resistin, and sTfR

(soluble Transferrin Receptor)

Energy balance
Serum
AMPK

(protein excretion)/
Urine, sweat,
pre-albumin, retinol binding protein, urea

energy status/
feces

metabolic state
mis-
cholesterol, lipoproteins, insulin, insulin C peptide, IGF

cellaneous
binding proteins, e.g. IGF-BPI, liver enzymes

Diabetes
Mis-
11-8, CTSS, ITGB2, HLA-DRA, CD53, PLAG27, or

cellaneous
MMP9; RBP4;

Urine
8-iso-prostaglandin F2a (8-iso-PGF2a), 11-dehydro-

thromboxane B₂ (TXM)

Urine
C-peptide

Mis-
Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), 1,5-

cellaneous
anhydroglucitol, NGPTL3 and 4

autoantibodies (Zn transporter 8, glutamic acid

decarboxylase (GAD))

Urine (serum,
ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP),

etc.)-
member 8; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C

mis-
(CFTR/MRP), member 9; angiotensin I converting

cellaneous
enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 1; adenylate cyclase

activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary); adiponectin, C1Q

and collagen domain containing; adiponectin receptor

1; adiponectin receptor 2; adrenomedullin; adrenergic,

beta-2-, receptor, surface; advanced glycosylation end

product-specific receptor; agouti related protein

homolog (mouse); angiotensinogen (serpin peptidase

inhibitor, clade A, members); angiotensin II receptor,

type 1; angiotensin II receptor-associated protein;

alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein; v-akt murine thymoma viral

oncogene homolog 1; v-akt murine thymoma viral

oncogene homolog 2; albumin; Alstrom syndrome 1;

archidonate 12-lipoxygenase; ankyrin repeat domain

23; apelin, AGTRL 1 Ligand; apolipoprotein A-l;

apolipoprotein A-lI; apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x)

antigen); apolipoprotein E; aryl hydrocarbon receptor

nuclear translocator; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

nuclear translocator-like; arrestin, beta 1; arginine

vasopressin (neurophysin II, antidiuretic hormone,

Diabetes insipidus, neurohypophyseal);

bombesin receptor subtype 3; betacellulin;

benzodiazepine receptor (peripheral); complement

component 3; complement component 4A (Rodgers

blood group); complement component 4B (Childo

blood group); complement component 5; Calpain-10;

cholecystokinin; cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptor;

chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; CD14 molecule;

CD163 molecule; CD36 molecule (thrombospondin

receptor); CD38 molecule; CD3d molecule, delta

(CD3-TCR complex); CD3g molecule, gamma (CD3-

TCR complex); CD40 molecule, TNF receptor

superfamily member 5; CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily,

member 5, hyper-IgM syndrome); CD68 molecule;

cyclin-dependent kinase 5; complement factor D

(adipsin); CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator;

Clock homolog (mouse); chymase 1, mast cell;

cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain); cannabinoid receptor 2

(macrophage); cortistatin; carnitine

palmitoyltransferase 1; carnitine palmitoyltransferase II;

complement component (3b/4b) receptor 1;

complement component (3d/Epstein Barr virus)

receptor 2; CREB binding protein (Rubinstein-Taybi

syndrome); C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related;

CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2; colony

stimulating factor 1 (macrophage); cathepsin B;

cathepsin L; cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A,

polypeptide 1; Dio-2, death inducer-obliterator 1;

dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (CD26, adenosine deaminase

complexing protein 2); epidermal growth factor (beta-

urogastrone); early growth response 1; epididymal

sperm binding protein 1; ectonucleotide;

pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1; E1A binding

protein p300; coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide;

coagulation factor VIII, procoagulant component

(hemophilia A); fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte;

Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6); Fas ligand

(TNF superfamily, member 6); free fatty acid receptor

1; fibrinogen alpha chain; forkhead box A2; forkhead

box O1A; ferritin; glutamate decarboxylase 2; galanin;

gastrin; glucagon; glucokinase; gamma-

glutamyltransferase 1; growth hormone 1;

ghrelin/obestatin preprohormone; gastric inhibitory

polypeptide; gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor;

glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor; guanine nucleotide

binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 3;

glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (alanine

aminotransferase); gastrin releasing peptide

(bombesin); gelsolin (amyloidosis, Finnish type);

hemoglobin; hemoglobin, beta; hypocretin (orexin);

neuropeptide; precursor; hepatocyte growth factor

(hepapoietin A; scatter factor); hepatocyte nuclear

factor 4, alpha; haptoglobin; hydroxysteroid (11-beta);

dehydrogenase 1; heat shock 70 kDa protein 1B; islet

amyloid polypeptide; intercellular adhesion molecule 1

(CD54), human rhinovirus receptor; interferon, gamma;

insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C); insulin-

like growth factor 2 (somatomedin A); insulin-like

growth factor binding protein 1; insulin-like growth

factor binding protein 3; inhibitor of kappa light

polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta;

interleukin 10; interleukin 18 (interferon-gamma-

inducing factor); interleukin 1, alpha; interleukin 1,

beta; interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; interleukin 2;

interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2); interleukin 6 receptor;

interleukin 8; inhibin, beta A (activin A, activin AB

alpha polypeptide); insulin; insulin receptor; insulin

promoter factor-1; insulin receptor substrate 1; insulin

receptor substrate-2; potassium inwardly-rectifying

channel, subfamily J, member 11; potassium inwardly-

rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 8; klotho;

kallikrein B, plasma (Fletcher factor) 1; leptin (obesity

homolog, mouse); leptin receptor; legumain;

lipoprotein, Lp(a); lipoprotein lipase; v-maf

musculoaponeurotic brosarcoma oncogene homolog A

(avian);

mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; interacting protein

1; mannose-binding lectin (protein C) 2, soluble

(opsonic defect); melanocortin 4 receptor; melanin-

concentrating hormone receptor 1; matrix

metallopeptidase 12 (macrophage elastase); matrix

metallopeptidase 14 (membrane-inserted); matrix

metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa gelatinase,

72 kDa type IV collagenase); matrix metallopeptidase

9 (gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV

collagenase); nuclear receptor co-repressor 1;

neurogenic differentiation 1; nuclear factor of kappa

light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1(p105);

nerve growth factor, beta polypeptide; non-insulin-

dependent Diabetes Mellitus (common, type 2) 1; non-

insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (common, type 2)

2; Noninsulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus 3; nischarin

(imidazoline receptor); NF-kappaB repressing factor;

neuronatin; nitric oxide synthase 2A; Niemann-Pick

disease, type C2; natriuretic peptide precursor B;

nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1;

nuclear respiratory factor 1; oxytocin, prepro-

(neurophysin I); purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein

coupled, 10; purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein

coupled, 12; purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein

coupled, 2; progestagen-associated endometrial;

protein (placental protein 14, pregnancy-associated

endometrial alpha-2-globulin, alpha uterine protein);

paired box gene 4; pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor

1; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK1);

proprotein convertase; subtilisin/kexin type 1; placental

growth factor, vascular; endothelial growth factor-

related protein; phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic,

alpha polypeptide; phosphoinositide-3-kinase,

regulatory subunit 1 (p85 alpha);

phospholipase A2, group XHA; phospholipase A2,

group HD; plasminogen activator, tissue; patatin-like

phospholipase domain containing 2;

proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/beta-

lipotropin/alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/beta-

melanocyte stimulating hormone/beta-endorphin);

paraoxonase 1 ESA, PON, Paraoxonase; peroxisome

proliferative activated receptor, alpha; peroxisome

proliferative activated receptor, delta; peroxisome

proliferative activated receptor, gamma; peroxisome

proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1;

protein phosphatase 1, regulatory

(inhibitor) subunit 3A (glycogen and sarcoplasmic

reticulum binding subunit, skeletal muscle); protein

phosphatase 2A, regulatory subunit B′(PR 53); protein

kinase, AMP-activated, beta 1 non-catalytic subunit;

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha;

protein kinase C, epsilon; proteasome (prosome,

macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 9 (Bridge-1);

prostaglandin E synthase; prostaglandin-endoperoxide

synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and

cyclooxygenase); protein tyrosine phosphatase,

mitochondrial 1; Peptide YY retinol binding protein 4,

plasma (RBP4); regenerating islet-derived 1 alpha

(pancreatic stone protein, pancreatic thread protein);

resistin; ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa,

polypeptide 1; Ras-related associated with Diabetes;

serum amyloid A1; selectin E (endothelial adhesion

molecule 1); serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-

1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 6; serpin

peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen

activator inhibitor type 1), member 1;

serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase; sex hormone-

binding globulin; thioredoxin interacting protein;

solute carrier family 2, member 10; solute carrier family

2, member 2; solute carrier family 2, member 4; solute

carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+

system), member 1(ERR); SNF1-like kinase 2;

suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; v-src sarcoma

(Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog (avian);

sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor

1; solute carrier family 2, member 4; somatostatin

receptor 2; somatostatin receptor 5; transcription factor

1, hepatic; LF-B1, hepatic nuclear factor (HNF1);

transcription factor 2, hepatic, LF-B3, variant hepatic

nuclear factor; transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell

specific, HMG-box); transforming growth factor, beta 1

(Camurati-Engelmann disease); transglutaminase 2 (C

polypeptide, protein-glutamine-gamma-

glutamyltransferase); thrombospondin 1;

thrombospondin, type I, domain containing 1; tumor

necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2); tumor

necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2); tumor

necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1 A;

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member

1B; tryptophan hydroxylase 2; thyrotropin-releasing

hormone; transient receptor potential cation channel,

subfamily V, member 1; thioredoxin interacting protein;

thioredoxin reductase 2; urocortin 3 (stresscopin);

uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier);

upstream transcription factor 1; urotensin 2; vascular

cell adhesion molecule 1; vascular endothelial growth

factor; vimentin; vasoactive intestinal peptide;

vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1; vasoactive

intestinal peptide receptor 2; von Willebrand factor;

Wolfram syndrome 1 (wolframin); X-ray repair

complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster

cells 6; c-peptide; cortisol; vitamin D3; estrogen;

estradiol; digitalis-like factor; oxyntomodulin;

dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS); serotonin

(5-hydroxytryptamine); anti-CD38 autoantibodies;

gad65 autoantibody; Angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase

A family, 5; Hemoglobin A1c; Intercellular adhesion

molecule 3 (CD50); interleukin 6 signal transducer

(gp130, oncostatin M receptor); selectin P (granule

embrane protein 140 kDa, antigen CD62); TIMP

metallopeptidase inhibitor; Proinsulin; endoglin;

interleukin 2 receptor, beta; insulin-like growth factor

binding protein 2; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor;

fructosamine, N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase,

pentosidine, advanced glycation end product, beta2-

microglobulin, pyrraline

Metabolic
Serum
GFAP autoantibodies

syndrome/

prediabetes

Alcohol
saliva
aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyltransferase,

abuse/dependence

ethanol, ethyl glucuronide, sialic acid, β-

hexosaminidase A, oral peroxidase, methanol,

diethylene/ethylene glycol, α-amylase, clusterin,

haptoglobin, heavy/light chains of immunoglobulins

and transferrin; α-fucosidase (FUC), α-mannosidase

(MAN), β-galactosidase (GAL), and β-glucuronidase

(GLU)

Non-alcoholic fatty
mis-
cytokeratin CK-18 (M65 antigen), caspase-cleaved

cellaneous
CK-18 (M30-antigen), resistin, adiponectin, visfatin,

insulin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),

interleukin 6 (IL-6), or interleukin 8 (IL-8)

liver disease
Serum
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine

aminotransferase (ALT); gamma-glutamyltransferase

(GGT), immunoglobulin A, carbohydrate-deficient

transferrin (CDT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

(GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), bilirubin

Cystic fibrosis
saliva
amylase

cathepsin-D, lactate dehydrogenase

Ectodermal
saliva
alpha-amylase

dysplasia

sarcoidosis
serum
IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-17, IP-10, MIG, HGF, VEGF,

TNF-RII, G-CSF, IFN-γ, MCP-1, RANTES and IL-5

Asthma
Saliva
eotaxin-1/CCL11, RANTES/CCL5, and IL-5; IL-1β, IL-

6, MCP-1/CCL2, and IL-8/CXCL8; IP-10/CXCL10

Periodontitis/dental

aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline

caries

phosphatase (ALP), uric acid and albumin; 12-HETE;

MMP-8, TIMP-1, and ICTP

Muscle damage
Serum, urine
Myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), lactate

dehydrogenase (LDH), aldolase, troponin, carbonic

anhydrase type 3 and fatty acid-binding protein

(FABP), transaminases

Infection
mis-
IL-32, NXNL1, PSMA7, C6orf61, EMP1, CLIC1,

(Mycobacterium
cellaneous
LACTB and DUSP3, LOC389541, MIDI IP 1, KLRC3,

tuberculosis)

KLF9, FBXQ32, C50RF29, CHUK , LOC652062,

C6ORF60, MTMR II, SCD170; IFN-gamma; IL-Iβ, IL-

6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, sCD4, SCD25, SCD26,

sCD32b/c, SCD50, SCD56, sCD66a, SCD83, sCD85j,

SCD95, SCD106, sCD120b, sCD121b, SCD127,

SCD154, SCD222, SCD226, sCDw329 and TNF

alpha; VEGF, AAT, CRP, IL-IRA, TIMP-1, IL- 18,

A2Macro, Haptoglobin ICAM-1, VCAM- 1, SCF, IL-17,

Fibrinogen, beta-2-macroglobulin, TNF-alpha, C3 and

TNFR2, GPR117, TAZ, HSDL I, HIP 1 (host);

Infection
saliva
MUC-5B and MUC7

(Helicobacter

pylori)

Infection (Candida
saliva
Hsp70, calprotectin, histatins, mucins, basic proline

species)

rich proteins and peroxidases (host);

Infection (influenza)
mis-
Hemagglutinin (H1), neuraminidase (N1); C-reactive

cellaneous
protein, [RNA:] DNA cross-link repair 1A, PSO2

homolog, synaptonemal complex protein 3, v-maf

musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family,

chitinase 3-like 3, matrix metalloproteinase 12, ATP-

binding cassette, sub-family E (OABP), member 1,

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F (GCN20), member

1, feminization 1 homolog a (C. elegans), general

transcription factor II H. polypeptide 2, forkhead box

P1, zinc finger protein 282, arginyl-tRNA synthetase-

like, Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L48, ribosomal

protein S4, X-linked, eukaryotic translation elongation

factor 1 alpha 1, proteaseome (prosome, macropain)

28 subunit 3, GLE1 RNA export mediator-like (yeast),

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide A′,

cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 2,

ribosomal protein L27a, , thioredoxin domain

containing 4 (endoplasmic reticulum), flap structure

specific endonuclease 1, ADP-ribosylation factor-like 6

interacting protein 2, cytidine 5′-triphosphate synthase

2, glutathione S-transferase, mu 5, phospholipase D1,

aspartate-beta-hydroxylase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase,

cytochrome P450 family 17, subfamily a, polypeptide

1, thioredoxin interacting protein, carbonyl reductase 2,

alpha globin regulatory element containing gene, male-

specific lethal-2 homolog (Drosophila), RAB1, member

RAS oncogene family, protein tyrosine phosphatase,

non-receptor type 21, potassium voltage-gated

channel, Isk-related subfamily, gene 3, Bcl2-

associated athanogene 3, lymphocyte cytosolic protein

2, pore forming protein-like, tumor necrosis factor

receptor superfamily, member 19, filamin beta,

microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1, keratin complex

1, acidic, gene 18, keratin complex 1, acidic, gene 19,

mesoderm development candidate 2, tubulin, alpha 4, ,

glutathione peroxidase 1, integrin linked kinase,

guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha inhibiting 2,

cyclin L2, tubulin, alpha 2, DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)

box polypeptide 5, programmed cell death 4,

proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-

ATPase 8, signal sequence receptor, beta, RAD23b

homolog (host);

Infection (HIV-1)
Urine, serum
p24, gp41, gp120

Infection (Hepatitis
mis-
Core, Envelope, Surface (Ay),

B virus)
cellaneous

Infection (Hepatitis
mis-
Core, NS3, NS4, NS5,

C virus)
cellaneous

Infection (Hepatitis
mis-
orf2 3 KD, orf2 6 KD, orf3 3 KD

E virus)
cellaneous

Infection (Vibrio
mis-
Cholera Toxin

cholerae)
cellaneous

Infection
mis-
Diphtheria toxin

(Corynebacterium
cellaneous

diphtheria)

Infection (Epstein-
mis-
EA, VGA, NA

Barr virus)
cellaneous

Infection (Herpes
mis-
gD

simplex virus HSV-
cellaneous

1)

Infection (Herpes
mis-
gG

simplex virus HSV-
cellaneous

2)

Infection
mis-
Tetanus toxin

(Clostridium tetani)
cellaneous

Infection
mis-
15 kd, p47

(Treponema
cellaneous

pallidum)

Infection
saliva
M17

(Entamoeba

histolytica)

Infection
serum
a2-HS glycoprotein and apB glycoprotein (host);

(Toxoplasma

TGME49 052280, TGME49_021500, TGME49J)

gondii)

19630, TGME49_061720 and TGME49_076220;

Infection (Dengue
mis-
IL-10, fibrinogen, C4A, immunoglobulin, tropomyosin,

virus)
cellaneous
albumin, SCSb-9 complement complex (host); NS-1

Infection
mis-
stratifin, cullin 1, selenoprotein K, metal response

(Streptococcus
cellaneous
element binding transcription factor 2, prostaglandin E

pneumonia)

synthase 2, HLA-B associated transcript 4, zinc finger

protein (C2H2 type) 276, GCIP-interacting protein p29,

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L20, aryl hydrocarbon

receptor nuclear translocator-like, secretory carrier

membrane protein 1, nuclear receptor subfamily 5,

group A, member 2, NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-

related expressed, kinase 7, ribosomal protein L28,

ribosomal protein S25, lysosomal-associated protein

transmembrane 5, neural precursor cell expressed,

developmentally, down-regulted gene 4, alpha

glucosidase 2, alpha neutral subunit, coatomer protein

complex, subunit beta 2 (beta prime), ribosomal

protein L3, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1

alpha, subcomplex, assembly factor 1,

isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase, ,

cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3,

mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1, RNA-

binding region (RNP1, RRM) containing 1, , folate

receptor 4 (delta), ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal

50/57 kDa, V1, subunit H, zinc finger, DHHC domain

containing 6, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

synthetase-associated, protein 2,

choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1, , solute

carrier family 38, member 1, ATP synthase, H+

transporting, mitochondrial FO, complex, subunit f,

isoform 2, glucose phosphate isomerase 1,2′-5′

oligoadenylate synthetase 1A, tyrosine hydroxylase,

hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1, selenoprotein P,

plasma, 1, acetyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-

chain, mannosidase, beta A, lysosomal, , deltex3

homolog (Drosophila), ras homolog gene family,

member AB, estrogen receptor 1 (alpha),

phosphoglycerate kinase 1,, keratin complex 2, basic,

gene 8, emerin, nucleoporin 153, formin 2,

prothymosin alpha, synapsin I, ,cullin 4B, regulator of

chromosome condensation (RCC1) and, BTB (POZ)

domain containing protein 1,, immediate early

response 5, SAM domain and HD domain, 1, tumor

rejection antigen gp96, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex,

locus E, , DAZ associated protein 2, general

transcription factor III, RNA polymerase II

transcriptional coactivator, SWI/SNF-related, matrix-

associated actin-dependent, regulator of chromatin,

subfamily a, containing DEAD/H, box 1, structure

specific recognition protein 1, ankyrin repeat and

FYVE domain containing 1, SET translocation,

myocyte enhancer factor 2A, homeo box D9, H2A

histone family, member Z, cellular nucleic acid binding

protein, , golgi reassembly stacking protein 2,

cathepsin L, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5,

ubiquitin specific protease 9, X chromosome,

proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, alpha type

7, pescadillo homolog 1, containing BRCT domain,

(zebrafish), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein

K, DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 52,

sorting nexin 5, cathepsin B, DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog,

subfamily B, member 9, ribosomal protein S3a, ,

cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 4,

5-3′ exoribonuclease 2, small nuclear

ribonucleoprotein polypeptide F, , arachidonate 5-

lipoxygenase activating protein, cytochrome c oxidase,

subunit Vic, RIKubiquinol cytochrome c reductase core

protein 2, lactate dehydrogenase 2, B chain, ubiquinol-

cytochrome c reductase core protein 1, ATP synthase,

H+ transporting, mitochondrial FO, complex, subunit b,

isoform 1, microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1, ras

homolog gene family, member A, RAB7, member RAS

oncogene family, EGF-like module containing, mucin-

like, hormone, receptor-like sequence 1, annexin A6,

mitogen activated protein kinase 3, tyrosine kinase,

non-receptor, 2, villin 2, tubulin, beta 5, catenin src

(host); Pneumolysin, pneumococcal histidine triad D

(PhtD), pneumococcal histidine triad E (PhtE), LytB,

and pneumococcal choline-binding protein A (PepA)

Infection
mis-
DnaK, L7/L12, P1, exotoxin

(Mycoplasma
cellaneous

pneumonia)

Infection
mis-
gyrA, 16S rDNA, orflaA/flaB

(Campylobacter
cellaneous

jejuni)

Infection (Bacillus
mis-
Lethal factor, HtrA (BA3660), NlpC/P60-domain

anthracis)
cellaneous
endopeptidase (BA1952), BA0796 locus (BA0796),

SAP

Infection (West Nile
mis-

virus)
cellaneous

Infection (Human
mis-
E6, E7

papilloma virus)
cellaneous

Infection
urine
RNase 7 (host);

Infection
Nasal swab
spike, nucleocapsid, orf1a, orf1ab, orf3a, orf6, orf7a,

(coronavirus: Sars,

orf7b, orf10, membrane glycoprotein, envelop protein

Mers, Sars-cov-
Saliva
spike, nucleocapsid, orf1a, orf1ab, orf3a, orf6, orf7a,

2/COVID-19)

orf7b, orf10, membrane glycoprotein, envelop protein

Blood
spike, nucleocapsid, orf1a, orf1ab, orf3a, orf6, orf7a,

orf7b, orf10, membrane glycoprotein, envelop protein

The following Table 3 provides a list of biomarkers that can be detected and quantified using the disclosed method, and correlated to associated diseases or health conditions.

TABLE 3

Diagnostic Biomarkers

Health Condition
Source
Biomarkers

Diabetes
Saliva
plgR, Arp 3, CA VI, and IL-1 Ra; PLS-2, LEI, and IGJ

chain, resistin

mis-
ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP),

cellaneous
member 8; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C

(CFTR/MRP), member 9; angiotensin I converting

enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 1; adenylate cyclase

activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary); adiponectin, C1Q

and collagen domain containing; adiponectin receptor

1; adiponectin receptor 2; adrenomedullin; adrenergic,

beta-2-, receptor, surface; advanced glycosylation end

product-specific receptor; agouti related protein

homolog (mouse); angiotensinogen (serpin peptidase

inhibitor, clade A, members); angiotensin II receptor,

type 1; angiotensin II receptor-associated protein;

alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein; v-akt murine thymoma viral

oncogene homolog 1; v-akt murine thymoma viral

oncogene homolog 2; albumin; Alstrom syndrome 1;

archidonate 12-lipoxygenase; ankyrin repeat domain

23; apelin, AGTRL 1 Ligand; apolipoprotein A-I;

apolipoprotein A-II; apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x)

antigen); apolipoprotein E; aryl hydrocarbon receptor

nuclear translocator; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear

translocator-like; arrestin, beta 1; arginine vasopressin

(neurophysin II, antidiuretic hormone, Diabetes

insipidus, neurohypophyseal);

bombesin receptor subtype 3; betacellulin;

benzodiazepine receptor (peripheral); complement

component 3; complement component 4A (Rodgers

blood group); complement component 4B (Childo blood

group); complement component 5; Calpain-10;

cholecystokinin; cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptor;

chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; CD14 molecule;

CD163 molecule; CD36 molecule (thrombospondin

receptor); CD38 molecule; CD3d molecule, delta (CD3-

TCR complex); CD3g molecule, gamma (CD3-TCR

complex); CD40 molecule, TNF receptor superfamily

member 5; CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily, members,

hyper-IgM syndrome); CD68 molecule; cyclin-

dependent kinase 5; complement factor D (adipsin);

CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator; Clock

homolog (mouse); chymase 1, mast cell; cannabinoid

receptor 1 (brain); cannabinoid receptor 2

(macrophage); cortistatin; carnitine

palmitoyltransferase I; carnitine palmitoyltransferase II;

complement component (3b/4b) receptor 1;

complement component (3d/Epstein Barr virus)

receptor 2; CREB binding protein (Rubinstein-Taybi

syndrome); C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related; CREB

regulated transcription coactivator 2; colony stimulating

factor 1 (macrophage); cathepsin B; cathepsin L;

cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide

1; Dio-2, death inducer-obliterator 1; dipeptidyl-

peptidase 4 (CD26, adenosine deaminase complexing

protein 2); epidermal growth factor (beta-urogastrone);

early growth response 1; epididymal sperm binding

protein 1; ectonucleotide;

pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1; E1A binding

protein p300; coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide;

coagulation factor VIII, procoagulant component

(hemophilia A); fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte;

Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6); Fas ligand

(TNF superfamily, member 6); free fatty acid receptor 1;

fibrinogen alpha chain; forkhead box A2; forkhead box

O1A; ferritin; glutamate decarboxylase 2; galanin;

gastrin; glucagon; glucokinase; gamma-

glutamyltransferase 1; growth hormone 1;

ghrelin/obestatin preprohormone; gastric inhibitory

polypeptide; gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor;

glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor; guanine nucleotide

binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 3;

glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (alanine

aminotransferase); gastrin releasing peptide

(bombesin); gelsolin (amyloidosis, Finnish type);

hemoglobin; hemoglobin, beta; hypocretin (orexin);

neuropeptide; precursor; hepatocyte growth factor

(hepapoietin A; scatter factor); hepatocyte nuclear

factor 4, alpha; haptoglobin; hydroxysteroid (11-beta);

dehydrogenase 1; heat shock 70 kDa protein 1B; islet

amyloid polypeptide; intercellular adhesion molecule 1

(CD54), human rhinovirus receptor; interferon, gamma;

insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C); insulin-

like growth factor 2 (somatomedin A); insulin-like

growth factor binding protein 1; insulin-like growth

factor binding protein 3; inhibitor of kappa light

polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta;

interleukin 10; interleukin 18 (interferon-gamma-

inducing factor); interleukin 1, alpha; interleukin 1,

beta; interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; interleukin 2;

interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2); interleukin 6 receptor;

interleukin 8; inhibin, beta A (activin A, activin AB alpha

polypeptide); insulin; insulin receptor; insulin promoter

factor-1; insulin receptor substrate 1; insulin receptor

substrate-2; potassium inwardly-rectifying channel,

subfamily J, member 11; potassium inwardly-rectifying

channel, subfamily J, member 8; klotho; kallikrein B,

plasma (Fletcher factor) 1; leptin (obesity homolog,

mouse); leptin receptor; legumain; lipoprotein, Lp(a);

lipoprotein lipase; v-maf musculoaponeurotic

brosarcoma oncogene homolog A (avian);

mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; interacting protein

1; mannose-binding lectin (protein C) 2, soluble

(opsonic defect); melanocortin 4 receptor; melanin-

concentrating hormone receptor 1; matrix

metallopeptidase 12 (macrophage elastase); matrix

metallopeptidase 14 (membrane-inserted); matrix

metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa gelatinase, 72

kDa type IV collagenase); matrix metallopeptidase 9

(gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV

collagenase); nuclear receptor co-repressor 1;

neurogenic differentiation 1; nuclear factor of kappa

light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105);

nerve growth factor, beta polypeptide; non-insulin-

dependent Diabetes Mellitus (common, type 2) 1; non-

insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (common, type 2)

2; Noninsulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus 3; nischarin

(imidazoline receptor); NF-kappaB repressing factor;

neuronatin; nitric oxide synthase 2A; Niemann-Pick

disease, type C2; natriuretic peptide precursor B;

nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1;

nuclear respiratory factor 1; oxytocin, prepro-

(neurophysin I); purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein

coupled, 10; purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein

coupled, 12; purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein

coupled, 2; progestagen-associated endometrial;

protein (placental protein 14, pregnancy-associated

endometrial alpha-2-globulin, alpha uterine protein);

paired box gene 4; pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor

1; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK1);

proprotein convertase; subtilisin/kexin type 1; placental

growth factor, vascular; endothelial growth factor-

related protein; phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic,

alpha polypeptide; phosphoinositide-3-kinase,

regulatory subunit 1 (p85 alpha);

phospholipase A2, group XIIA; phospholipase A2,

group HD; plasminogen activator, tissue; patatin-like

phospholipase domain containing 2;

proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/beta-

lipotropin/alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/beta-

melanocyte stimulating hormone/beta-endorphin);

paraoxonase 1 ESA, PON, Paraoxonase; peroxisome

proliferative activated receptor, alpha; peroxisome

proliferative activated receptor, delta; peroxisome

proliferative activated receptor, gamma; peroxisome

proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1;

protein phosphatase 1, regulatory

(inhibitor) subunit 3A (glycogen and sarcoplasmic

reticulum binding subunit, skeletal muscle); protein

phosphatase 2A, regulatory subunit B′(PR 53); protein

kinase, AMP-activated, beta 1 non-catalytic subunit;

protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha;

protein kinase C, epsilon; proteasome (prosome,

macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 9 (Bridge-1);

prostaglandin E synthase; prostaglandin-endoperoxide

synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and

cyclooxygenase); protein tyrosine phosphatase,

mitochondrial 1; Peptide YY retinol binding protein 4,

plasma (RBP4); regenerating islet-derived 1 alpha

(pancreatic stone protein, pancreatic thread protein);

resistin; ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa,

polypeptide 1; Ras-related associated with Diabetes;

serum amyloid A1; selectin E (endothelial adhesion

molecule 1); serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1

antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 6; serpin peptidase

inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor

type 1), member 1; serum/glucocorticoid regulated

kinase; sex hormone-binding globulin; thioredoxin

interacting protein;

solute carrier family 2, member 10; solute carrier family

2, member 2; solute carrier family 2, member 4; solute

carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+

system), member 1(ERR); SNF1-like kinase 2;

suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; v-src sarcoma

(Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog (avian);

sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1;

solute carrier family 2, member 4; somatostatin receptor

2; somatostatin receptor 5; transcription factor 1,

hepatic; LF-B1, hepatic nuclear factor (HNF1);

transcription factor 2, hepatic, LF-B3, variant hepatic

nuclear factor; transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell

specific, HMG-box); transforming growth factor, beta 1

(Camurati-Engelmann disease); transglutaminase 2 (C

polypeptide, protein-glutamine-gamma-

glutamyltransferase); thrombospondin 1;

thrombospondin, type 1, domain containing 1; tumor

necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2); tumor

necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2); tumor

necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A;

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1B;

tryptophan hydroxylase 2; thyrotropin-releasing

hormone; transient receptor potential cation channel,

subfamily V, member 1; thioredoxin interacting protein;

thioredoxin reductase 2; urocortin 3 (stresscopin);

uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier);

upstream transcription factor 1; urotensin 2; vascular

cell adhesion molecule 1; vascular endothelial growth

factor; vimentin; vasoactive intestinal peptide;

vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1; vasoactive

intestinal peptide receptor 2; von Willebrand factor;

Wolfram syndrome 1 (wolframin); X-ray repair

complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster

cells 6; c-peptide; cortisol; vitamin D3; estrogen;

estradiol; digitalis-like factor; oxyntomodulin;

dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS); serotonin

(5-hydroxytryptamine); anti-CD38 autoantibodies;

gad65 autoantibody; Angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase

A family, 5; Hemoglobin A1c; Intercellular adhesion

molecule 3 (CD50); interleukin 6 signal transducer

(gp130, oncostatin M receptor); selectin P (granule

embrane protein 140 kDa, antigen CD62); TIMP

metallopeptidase inhibitor; Proinsulin; endoglin;

interleukin 2 receptor, beta; insulin-like growth factor

binding protein 2; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor;

fructosamine, N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase,

pentosidine, advanced glycation end product, beta2-

microglobulin, pyrraline

Metabolic
Serum
GFAP autoantibodies

syndrome/

prediabetes

Kidney
saliva
Lactoferrin, uric acid, cortisol, alpha-amylase

failure/disease
mis-
ADBP-26, NHE3, KIM-1, glutamyltransferase, N-acetyl-

cellaneous
beta-D-glucosaminidase, lysozyme, NGAL, L-FABP,

bikunin, urea, prostaglandins, creatinine, alpha-1 -

microglobulin, retinol binding protein, glutathione-S-

transferases, adiponectin, beta-2-macroglobuin,

calbindin-D, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61,

endothelial/epithial growth factors, alpha-1-acid

glycoprotein (orosomucoid), prealbumin, modified

albumin, albumin, transferrin, alpha-1-lipoprotein,

alpha-1-antitrypsin matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs),

alpha-1-fetoprotein, Tamm Horsfall protein,

homoarginine, interleukin 18, monocyte chemotactic

protein-1 (MCP-1), Lipocalin, VCAN, NRP1, CCL2,

CCL19, COL3A1, GZMM, alpha-galactosidase, casein

kinase 2, IP-10, Mig, I-TAC, MIP-1α, MIP-3α, and MIP-

1β, alpha-2-glycoprotein-Zinc, leucine-rich alpha-2-

glycoprotein, uromodulin, Pacsin 2, hepcidin-20,

hepcidin-25, AIF-2, urinary type-1 V collagen, lipocalin-

type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), urinary

neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL),

Annexin A1, Rab23, Shh, Ihh, Dhh, PTCH1, PTCH2,

SMO, GH1, Gli2, Gli3, TLR4, cystatin C, AQPI, AQP2,

AQP3, NKCC2, NaPill, DAHKSEVAHRFKD

[RNA:] SLC12A1, UMOD, vWF, MMPI, MMP3,

SLC22A6, SLC22A 8, SLC22A 12, podocin, cubulin,

LRP2, AQP9, and albumin, carcinoembryonic antigen

(CEA), mucin, alpha-fetoprotein, tyrosinase, melanoma

associated antigen, mutated tumor protein 53, p21,

PUMA, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or thyroglobulin,

von Willebrand factor (VWF), thrombin, factor VIII,

plasmin, fibrin, osteopontin (SPP1), Rab23, Shh, Ihh,

Dhh, PTCH1, PTCH2, SMO, Gli1, Gli2, Gli3

Liver
mis-
Carnitine; Cholic Acid; Chenodeoxycholic, Deoxycholic,

failure/disease
cellaneous
Lithocholic, Glycocholic; Prostaglandin E₂; 13,14-

di hydro-15-keto Prostaglandin A2; Prostaglandin B2;

Prostaglandin F2a; 15-keto-Prostaglandin F2α; 6-keto-

Prostaglandin F1α; Thromboxane B2; 11-dehydro-

Thromboxane B2; Prostaglandin D2; Prostaglandin J2;

15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2; 11β-Prostaglandin

F2α; 5(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 5(S)-

Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid; Leukotriene B4;

Leukotriene B5; Leukotriene C4; Leukotriene D4;

Leukotriene E4; Leukotriene F4; 12(S)-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 12(S)-

Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid; 15(S)-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 15(S)-

Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid; Lipoxin A4; 8(S)-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 9-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 11-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2α;

9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; 13-

Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; 20(S)-

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 9,10-Epoxyoctadecenoic

acid; 12,13-Epoxyoctadecenoic acid; 12,13-

Dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid; 5,6-Epoxyeicosatrienoic

acid; 11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; 14,15-

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; 5,6-Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic

acid; 8,9-Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid; 11,12-

Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid; 14,15-

Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid; 14,15-

Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 17,18-

Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 14,15-

Dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 17,18-

Dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 19,20-

Dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid; diacetylspermine,

hemopexin, TLR4

Heart failure
mis-
SFRP-3, NT-proBNP, troponin T, SKITHRIHWESASLL

cellaneous
(SEQ ID NO://), AHKSEVAHRFK (SEQ ID NO://),

uroguanylin, BNP

Cardiovascular
mis-
miR-378, miR-497, miR-21, miR-15b, miR-99a, miR

health
cellaneous
29a, miR-24, miR-30b, miR-29c, miR-331.3p, miR-19a,

miR-22, miR-126, let-7b, miR-502.3, and miR-652

IL-16, sFas, Fas ligand, MCP-3, HGF, CTACK,

EOTAXIN, adiponectin, IL-18, TIMP.4, TIMP.1, CRP,

VEGF, and EGF

saliva
C-reactive protein (CRP); myoglobin (MYO), creatinine

kinase myocardial band (CK-MB), cardiac troponins

(cTn), and myeloperoxidase; TNF-α, and MMP-9; CD40

High blood
saliva
lysozyme

pressure

Tiredness/fatigue
urine
endorepellin

saliva
PPGKPQGPPPQGGNQPQGPPPPPGKPQ (SEQ ID

NO://); GNPQGPSPQGGNKPQGPPPPPGKPQ (SEQ

ID NO://); SPPGKPQGPPQQEGNKPQGPPPPGKPQ

(SEQ ID NO://)

urine
human herpesvirus 6, human herpesvirus 7, human

cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

mis-
GGHPPPP (SEQ ID NO://), ESPSLIA (SEQ ID NO://);

cellaneous

Malnutrition
Saliva
slgA

Depressive
mis-
Secretogranin, VGF

disorder
cellaneous

Alzheimer’s
CSF, serum,
β-amyloid(1-42), β-amyloid(1-40), tau, phosphor-tau-

disease
saliva
181

Stress
saliva
Cortisol, dehydro-androsteronesulfate; 17-

ketosteroidsulfate; dehydro-epiandrostronesulfate;

corticosteroid, 17-hydroxycorticosteroid, chromogranin

A, alpha-amylase, secretary IgA, lysozyme, growth

hormone, oxytocin

mis-
aldose reductase, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1,

cellaneous
aquaporin 5, beta-endorphin, betaine GABA

transporter, caspase recruitment domain protein 9,

caspase 8, cyclin D, cyclooxygenase 2, cytochrome

P450, cytochrome c, c-fos, c-jun, epidermal growth

factor receptor, ferritin, glucocorticoid receptor, glucose

regulated protein 58, glucose regulated protein 75,

glutathione S-transferase p, GroEL, heat shock protein

25/27, heat shock protein 40, heat shock protein 60,

heat shock protein 70, heat shock protein 90, heat

shock transcription factor-1, heme oxygenase-1,

interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 10,

interleukin 12, laminin, leptin receptor, matrix

metalloproteinase 9, metallothionein, Mek-1, Mekk-1,

inducible nitric oxide synthase, peripheral

benzodiazepine receptor, p38 MAPK, salivary alpha

amylase, SAPK, serotonin, serotonin receptor,

substance P, superoxide dismutase Mn, superoxide

dismutase Cu/Zn, superoxide dismutase EC,

transforming growth factor 3, tumor suppressor p53,

and vasoactive intestinal peptide

Circadian rhythm
saliva
melatonin

Bone turnover/
Urine
Pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline, collagen type 1 corss-

Osteoporosis

linked N-telopeptide (NTX), collagen type 1 corss-linked

C-telopeptide (CTX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), Tartrate-

resistant acid phosphatase 5b

saliva
deoxypyridinium (D-PYR) and osteocalcin (OC),

hepatocyte growth factor and interleukin-1 beta

Muscle damage
Serum,
Myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), lactate

urine
dehydrogenase (LDH), aldolase, troponin, carbonic

anhydrase type 3 and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP),

transaminases

Exercise/athletic
sweat
urea

activity
serum
Myostatin, follistatin-like related gene

saliva
testosterone

Performance
mis-
interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, G-CSF, interferon-

enhancement
cellaneous
gamma, interleukin-8, interleukin-9, MCP-1, MIP-beta,

and/or TNF alpha

Energy balance
Serum
AMPK

metabolic state
Urine,
pre-albumin, retinol binding protein, urea

(protein
sweat, feces

excretion)/
mis-
cholesterol, lipoproteins, insulin, insulin C peptide, IGF

energy status/
cellaneous
binding proteins, e.g. IGF-BPI, liver enzymes

Growth
Saliva
IGF-1

Andropause
saliva
testosterone; testosterone precursors such as

pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone,

17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone

(DHEA) and delta-4-androstene-3,17-dione;

testosterone and dihydrotestosterone metabolites such

as the 17-ketosteroids androsterone and

etiocholanolone, polar metabolites in the form of diols,

triols, and conjugates, as well estradiol, estrogens,

androsteindione, cortisol, DHEA, FSH (follicle

stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Menopause
Saliva
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Estrogen and progesterone, testosterone, free

testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfat

e (DHEAS), cortisol and dehydroepi

androsterone (DHEA)

Pregnancy/fetal
Saliva
progesterone

development
urine
human chorionic gonadotropin, Levonorgestrel, alpha-

fetoprotein

serum
estradiol

Breast cancer
urine
47D10 antigen, PTCD2, SLC25A20, NFKB2,

RASGRP2, PDE7A, MLL, PRKCE, GPATC3, PRIC285

and GSTA4, MIPEP, PLCB2, SLC25A19, DEF6,

ZNF236, C18orf22, COX7A2, DDX11, TOP3A, C9orf6,

UFC1, PFDN2, KLRD1, LOC643641, HSP90AB1,

CLCN7, TNFAIP2, PRKCE, MRPL40, FBF1,

ANKRD44, CCT5, USP40, UBXD4, LRCH1, MRPL4,

SCCPDH, STX6, LOC284184, FLJ23235, GPATC3,

CPSF4, CREM, HIST1H1D, HPS4, FN3KRP,

ANKRD16, C8 orf16, ATF71P2, PRIC285

Prostate cancer
Serum/saliva
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Urine
PCA3, GOLPH2, SPINK1, TMPRSS2:ERG

Infections

See Table 2

Dental
Saliva
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline

caries/periodontal

phosphatase (ALP), uric acid and albumin; 12-HETE;

disease

MMP-8, TIMP-1, and ICTP

Heavy metal
saliva
lead, cadmium

poisoning

Drugs/drug
saliva
marijuana, Cocaine (crystalline tropane alkaloid),

metabolites

methamphetamine, amphetamine, heroin,

methyltestosterone, mesterolone, morphine,

cyclophosphamide metabolites, Haloperidol,

barbiturates; antipyrine, caffeine, cisplatin,

cyclosporine, diazepam, digoxin, methadone,

phenytoin, theophylline, tolbutamide. Nicotine/cotinine,

cannabis

urine
trichloroethanol glucuronide, Anabolic steroids,

Androstenedione, Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide,

Lorazepam, Zidovudine

Allergies
saliva
Allergen-specific IgAs (see Tables 7 and 9)

In some instances, the biomarker to be detected using the present method is a micro RNA (miRNA) biomarker that is associated with a disease or a health condition. The following Table 7 provides a list of miRNA biomarker that can be detected using the present method.

TABLE 7

Diagnostic miRNA Markers

Disease/

Condition
Biomarker*

Breast
miR-10b, miR-21, miR-125b, miR-145,

cancer
miR-155, miR-191, miR-382,

MiR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b,

miR-202, miR-1255a, miR-671-3p,

miR-1827, miR-222, miR-744,

miR-4306, miR-151-3p, miR-130,

miR-149, miR-652, miR-320d,

miR-18a, miR-181a, miR-3136, miR-

629, miR-195, miR-122, miR-

375, miR-184, miR-1299, miR381,

miR-1246, miR-410, miR-196a,

miR-429, miR-141, miR-376a, miR-

370, miR-200b, miR-125a-5p,

miR-205, miR-200a, miR-224, miR-

494, miR-216a, miR-654-5p,

miR-217, miR-99b, miR-885-3p, miR-

1228, miR-483-5p, miR-200c,

miR-3065-5p, miR-203, miR-1308, let-

7a, miR-17-92, miR-34a, miR-223,

miR-150, miR-15b, miR-199a-5p,

miR-33a, miR-423-5p, miR-424,

let-7d, miR-103, miR-23b, miR-30d,

miR-425, miR-23a, miR-26a,

miR-339-3p, miR-127-3p, miR-148b,

miR-376a, miR-376c, miR-409-3p,

miR-652, miR-801, (miR-92a,

miR-548d-5p, miR-760, miR-1234,

miR-18b, miR-605, miR-193b, miR-29)

Leukemia
miR-98, miR-155, miR-21, let-7,

miR-126, miR-196b, miR-128, miR-

195, miR-29a, miR-222, miR-20a,

miR-150, miR-451, miR-135a,

miR-486-5p, miR-92, miR-148a, miR-181a,

miR-20a, miR-221, miR-625, miR-99b

(miR-92a, miR-15, miR-16,

miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-29)

Multiple
miR-15a, miR-16, miR-193b-365,

myeloma
miR-720, miR-1308, miR-1246,

miR-1, miR-133a, miR-221, miR-99b,

Let-7e, miR-125a-5p, miR-21,

miR-181a/b, miR-106b-25, miR-32,

miR-19a/b, miR-17-92, miR-17,

miR-20, miR-92, miR-20a, miR-

148a, miR-153, miR-490, miR-455,

miR-642, miR-500, miR-296,

miR-548d, miR-373, miR-554, miR-

888, miR-203, miR-342, miR-631,

miR-200a, miR-34c, miR-361,

miR-9*, miR-200b, miR-9,

miR-151, miR-218, miR-28-3p, miR-200c,

miR-378, miR-548d-5p, miR-621,

miR-140-5p, miR-634, miR-616,

miR-130a, miR-593, miR-708,

miR-200a*, miR-340, miR-760, miR-

188-5p, miR-760, miR-885-3p,

miR-590-3p, miR-885-5p, miR-7,

miR-338, miR-222, miR-99a,

miR-891a, miR-452, miR-98, miR-629,

miR-515-3p, miR-192, miR-454,

miR-151-3p, miR-141, miR-128b,

miR-1227, miR-128a, miR-205,

miR-27b, miR-608, miR-432, miR-

220, miR-135a, miR-34a, miR-28,

miR-412, miR-877, miR-628-5p,

miR-532-3p, miR-625, miR-34b,

miR-31, miR-106b, miR-146a, miR-

210, miR-499-5p, miR-140, miR-

188, miR-610, miR-27a, miR-142-

5p, miR-603, miR-660, miR-649,

miR-140-3p, miR-300, miR-335,

miR-206, miR-20b, miR-130b,

miR-183, miR-652, miR-133b, miR-

191, miR-212, miR-194, miR-

100m miR-1234m miR-182m miR-888,

miR-30e-5p, miR-574, miR-135b,

miR-125b, miR-502m miR-320,

miR548-421, miR-129-3p, miR-

190b, miR-18a, miR-549, 338-5p,

miR-756-3p, miR-133a, miR-521,

miR-486-3p, miR-553, miR-452*,

miR-628-3p, miR-620, miR-566,

miR-892a, miR- miR-339-5p, miR-

628, miR-520d-5p, miR-297, miR-213,

miR-519e*, miR-422a, miR-

198, miR-122a, miR-1236,

miR-548c-5p, miR-191*, miR-583, miR-

376c, miR-34c-3p, miR-453, miR-509,

miR-124a, miR-505, miR-208,

miR-659, miR-146b, miR-518c, miR-665,

miR-324-5p, miR-152, miR-548d, miR-455-3p

(miR-15a, miR-373*, miR-378*,

miR-143, miR-337, miR-223, miR-

369-3p, miR-520g, miR-485-5p,

miR-524, miR-520h, miR-516-3p,

miR-519d, miR-371-3p, miR-455, miR-

520b, miR-518d, miR-624, miR-296, miR-16)

monoclonal
miR-21, miR-210, miR-9*,

gammo-
miR-200b, miR-222, miR-376

pathy
(miR-339, miR-328)

of un-

determined

significance

Myelo-
(Let-7a, miR-16)

displastic

syndrome

Lymphoma
miR-155, miR-210, miR-21, miR-

17-92, miR-18a, miR-181a, miR-

222, miR-20a/b, miR-194, miR-29,

miR-150, miR-155, miR-223,

miR-221, let-7f, miR-146a, miR-15,

miR-16-1, miR-34b/c, miR-17-5p

(miR-20b, miR-184, miR-200a/b/c,

miR-205, miR-34a, miR-29a,

miR-29b-1, miR-139, miR-345, miR-

125a, miR-126, miR-26a/b, miR-

92a, miR-20a, miR-16, miR-101,

miR-29c miR-138, miR-181b)

Lung cancer
let-7c, miR-100, miR-10a, miR-

10b, miR-122a, miR-125b, miR-129,

miR-148a, miR-150, miR-17-5p,

miR-183, miR-18a*, miR-18b, miR-

190, miR-192, miR-193a, miR-196b,

miR-197, miR-19a, miR-19b,

miR-200c, miR-203, miR-206,

miR-20b, miR-210, miR-214, miR-

218, miR-296, miR-30a-3p, miR-31,

miR-346, miR-34c, miR-375,

miR-383, miR-422a, miR-429,

miR-448, miR-449, miR-452, miR-

483, miR-486, miR-489, miR-497,

miR-500, miR-501, miR-507, miR-

511, miR-514, miR-516-3p,

miR-520d, miR-527, miR-7, miR-92,

miR-93, miR-99a, miR-25, miR-223,

miR-21, miR-155, miR-556,

miR-550, miR-939, miR-616*,

miR-146b-3p and miR-30c-1*, miR-

142-5p, miR-328, miR-127, miR-151,

miR-451, miR-126, miR-425-

5p, miR-222, miR-769-5p,

miR-642, miR-202, miR-34a

(let-7a, let-7d, let-7e, let-7g, let-7i,

miR-1, miR-103, miR-106a, miR-

125a, miR-130a, miR-130b,

miR-133a, miR-145, miR-148b, miR-

15a, miR-15b, miR-17-3p, miR-

181d, miR-18a, miR-196a, miR-198,

miR-199a, miR-199a*, miR-

212, miR-22, miR-221, miR-23a, miR-

23b, miR-26a, miR-27a, miR-27b,

miR-29b, miR-30b, miR-30d, miR-

30e-3p, miR-320, miR-323,

miR-326, miR-331, miR-335, miR-339,

miR-374, miR-377, miR-379, miR-410,

miR-423, miR-433, miR-485-

3p, miR-485-5p, miR-487b,

miR-490, miR-491, miR-493, miR-493-

3p, miR-494, miR-496, miR-502, miR-505,

miR-519d, miR-539, miR-542-3p, miR-98)

Colorectal
miR-29a, miR-17-3p, miR-92,

cancer
miR-21, miR-31, miR-155, miR-92a,

miR-141, mir-202, mir-497, mir-3065,

mir-450a-2, mir-3154, mir-585, mir-3175,

mir-1224, mir-3117, mir-1286

(miR-34)

Prostate
miR-141, miR-375, miR-16, miR-92a,

cancer
miR-103, miR-107, miR-197,

miR-485-3p, miR-486-5p, miR-26a,

miR-92b, miR-574-3p, miR-636,

miR-640, miR-766, miR-885-5p,

miR-141, miR-195, miR-375, miR-

298, miR-346, miR-1-1, miR-1181,

miR-1291, miR-133a-I, miR-133b,

miR-1469, miR-148*, miR-153,

miR-182, miR-182*, miR-183, miR-

183*, miR-185, miR-191, miR-192,

miR-1973, miR-200b, miR-205,

miR-210, miR-33b*, miR-3607-5p,

miR-3621, miR-378a, miR-429,

miR-494, miR-582, miR-602, miR-665,

miR-96 , miR-99b*, miR-100,

miR-125b, miR-143, miR-200a, miR-200c,

miR-222, miR-296, and miR-425-5p

Ovarian
miR-21, miR-92, miR-93, miR-126,

cancer
miR-29a, miR-141, miR-

200a/b/c, miR-203, miR-205,

miR-214, miR-221, miR-222, miR-

146a, miR-150, miR-193a-5p, miR-31,

miR-370, let-7d, miR-508-5p,

miR-152, miR-509-3-5p, miR-508-3p,

miR-708, miR-431, miR-185,

miR-124, miR-886-3p, hsa-miR-449,

hsa-miR-135a, hsa-miR-429,

miR-205, miR-20b, hsa-miR-

142-5p, miR-29c, miR-182

(miR-155, miR-127, miR-99b)

Cervical
miR-21, miR-9, miR-200a, miR-497

cancer
(miR-143, miR-203, miR-218)

Esophageal
miR-21, hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-345,

carcinoma
hsa-miR-373*, hsa-miR-630,

hsa-miR-663, hsa-miR-765, hsa-miR-

625, hsa-miR-93, hsa-miR-

106b, hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-130b,

hsa-miR-30a, hsa-miR-301a, hsa-miR-15b

(miR-375)

Gastric
miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-106a, miR-

cancer
106b, miR-187, miR-371-5p, miR-378

(let-7a, miR-31, miR-192, miR-215, miR-200/141)

Pancreatic
miR-210, miR-21, miR-155, miR-196a,

cancer,
miR-1290, miR-20a, miR-24,

ductal
miR-25, miR-99a, miR-185, miR-191,

adeno-
miR-18a, miR-642b-3p, miR-

carcinoma
885-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-675, miR-212,

miR-148a*, miR-148, miR-

187, let-7g*, miR-205, miR-944,

miR-431, miR-194*, miR-769-5p,

miR-450b-5p, miR-222, miR-222*,

miR-146, miR-23a*, miR-143*,

miR-216a, miR-891a, miR-409-5p, miR-

449b, miR-330-5p, miR-29a*, miR-625

Hepato-
miR-500, miR-15b, miR-21, miR-130b,

cellular
miR-183, miR-122, miR-34a,

carcinoma
miR-16, miR-221, miR-222

Melanoma
miR-150, miR-15b, miR-199a-5p,

miR-33a, miR-423-5p, miR-424,

miR-let-7d, miR-103, miR-23b,

miR-30d, miR-425, miR-222, miR-

23a, miR-26a, miR-339-3p

Squamous
miR-184a

cell

carcinoma

Bladder
miR-126, miR-182 (urine), miR-16, miR-320

cancer
(miR-143, miR-145, miR-200/141)

Renal
miR-1233, miR-199b-5p, miR-130b

cancer
(miR-10b, miR-139-5p)

Oral cancer
miR-31, miR-24, miR-184; miR-34c;

miR-137; miR-372; miR-124a;

miR-21; miR-124b; miR-31; miR-128a;

miR-34b; miR-154; miR-197;

miR-132; miR-147; miR-325;

miR-181c; miR-198; miR-155; miR-

30a-3p; miR-338; miR-17-5p;

miR-104; miR-134; miR-213

(miR-200a, miR-125a, miR-133a;

miR-99a; miR-194; miR-133; miR-

219; miR-100; miR-125; miR-26b;

miR-138; miR-149; miR-195; miR-

107; and miR-139 (saliva))

Head and
miR-455-3p, miR-455-5p, miR-130b, miR-130b*,

neck cancer
miR-801, miR-196a, miR-21, miR-31

Endometrial
miR-503, miR-424, miR-29b, miR-146a, miR-31

cancer

Testicular
miR-372, miR-373

cancer

Glio-
miR-21, miR-221, miR-222

blastoma

Thyroid
miR-187, miR-221, miR-222, miR-

cancer
146b, miR-155, miR-224, miR-

197, miR-192, miR-328, miR-346,

miR-512-3p, miR-886-5p, miR-

450a, miR-301 b, miR-429,

miR-542-3p, miR-130a, miR-146b-5p,

miR-199a-5p, miR-193a-3p, miR-

152, miR-199a-3p/miR-199b-3p,

miR-424, miR-22, miR-146a,

miR-339-3p, miR-365, let-7i*, miR-

363*, miR-148a, miR-299-3p, let-7a*,

miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-375,

miR-451 , miR-144, let-7i,

miR-1826, miR-1201 , miR-140-5p, miR-

126, miR-126*, let-7f-2*, miR-148b,

miR-21 *, miR-342-3p, miR-27a,

miR-145*, miR-513b, miR-101,

miR-26a, miR-24, miR-30a*, miR-

377, miR-518e7, miR-519a7, miR-

519b-5p, miR-519c-5p, miR-

5227, miR-523*, miR-222*,

miR-452, miR-665, miR-584, miR-492,

miR-744, miR-662, miR-219-2-3p,

miR-631 and miR-637, miRPlus-

E1078, miR-19a, miR-501-3p,

miR-17, miR-335, miR-106b, miR-

15a, miR-16, miR-374a, miR-542-5p,

miR-503, miR-320a, miR-326, miR-330-3p,

miR-1, miR-7b, miR-26b, miR-

106a, miR-139, miR-141, miR-143,

miR-149, miR-182, miR-190b,

miR-193a, miR-193b, miR-211, miR-

214, miR-218, miR-302c*, miR-320,

miR-324, miR-338, miR-342,

miR-367, miR-378, miR-409,

miR-432, miR-483, miR-486, miR-497,

miR-518f, miR-574, miR-616, miR-

628, miR-663b, miR-888, miR-

1247, miR-1248, miR-1262, and miR-1305

miR-21, miR-25, miR-32, miR-99b*,

miR-125a, miR-125b, miR-138,

miR-140, miR-181a, miR-213,

miR-221, miR-222, and miR-345

Ischemic
miR-1, miR-30c, miR-133, miR-145,

heart
miR-208a/b, miR-499, miR-663b,

disease/
miR-1291 (miR-126, miR-197, miR-223)

Myocardial

infarction

Heart failure
miR-29b, miR-122, miR-142-3p,

miR-423-5p, miR-152, miR-155,

miR-497 (miR-107, miR-125b,

miR-126, miR-139, miR-142-5p, miR-497)

Stroke
miR-124, miR-145 (miR-210)

Coronary
miR-21, miR-27b, miR-130a,

artery
miR-134, miR-135a, miR-198, miR-

disease
210, miR-370 (miR-17, miR-92a,

miR-126, miR-145m miR-155m

miR-181a, miR-221, miR-222)

Diabetes
miR-9, miR-28-3p, miR-29a,

miR-30d, miR-34a, miR-124a, miR-

146a, miR-375, miR-503, 144

(miR-15a, miR-20b, miR-21, miR-24,

miR-126, miR-191, miR-197, 223, miR-320, miR-486)

Hyper-
Hcmv-miR-UL112, Let-7e (miR-296-5p)

tension

Chronic
miR-155, miR-122, miR-125b, miR-146a, miR-21

HCV

infection

Liver injury
miR-122, miR-192

Sepsis
miR-146a, miR223

Arthritis
miR-125a-5p, miR-24, miR-26a,

miR-9, miR-25, miR-98, miR-146a,

miR-124a, miR-346, miR-223,

miR-155 (miR-132, miR-146)

Systemic
(miR-200a/b/c, miR-205, miR-429,

lupus
miR-192, miR-141, miR-429,

erythe-
miR-192 (urine or serum))

matosus

Chron
miR-199a-5p, miR-362-3p, miR-

disease
532-3p, miR-plus-E1271, miR-340*

(miR-149*, miR-plus-F1065)

Ulcerative
miR-28-5p, miR-151-5p, miR-199-5p,

colitis
miR-340*, miR-plus-E1271,

miR-103-2*, miR-362-3p, miR-532-3p (miR-505)

Asthma
miR-705, miR-575, let-7d, miR-173p,

miR-423-5p, miR-611, miR-

674, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-223,

miR-142-3p, let-7c, miR-25, miR-

15b, let-7g, and miR-542-5p, miR-370

(miR-325, miR-134, miR-198,

miR-721, miR-515-3p, miR-680,

miR-601, miR-206, miR-202, miR-

671, miR-381, miR-630, miR-759,

miR-564, miR-709, miR-513, miR-298)

Chronic
miR-148a, miR-148b, miR-152

pulmonary

disease

Idiopathic
miR-199a-5p

pulmonary

fibrosis

Alzheimer's
(miR-137, miR-181c, miR-9, miR-29a/b)

disease

Duchenne
miR-1, miR-133a, miR-206

muscular

dystrophy

Multiple
miR-633, miR-181c-5p (CSF),

sclerosis
miR-17-5p, miR-193a, miR-326, miR-

650, miR-155, miR-142-3p, miR-

146a, miR-146b, miR-34a, miR-21,

miR-23a, miR-199a, miR-27a,

miR-142-5p, miR-193a, miR-15a,

miR-200c, miR-130a, miR-223,

miR-22, miR-320, miR-214, miR-

629, miR-148a, miR-28, miR-195,

miR-135a, miR-204, miR-660,

miR-152, miR-30a-5p, miR-30a-3p,

miR-365, miR-532, let-7c, miR-

20b, miR-30d, miR-9, hsa-mir-18b,

hsa-mir-493, hsa-mir-599, hsa-

mir-96, hsa-mir-193, hsa-mir-328,

hsa-mir-409-5p, hsa-mir-449b,

hsa-mir-485-3p, hsa-mir-554

(miR-922 (CSF), miR-497, miR-1

and miR-126, miR-656, miR-184,

miR-139, miR-23b, miR-487b,

miR-181c, miR-340, miR-219, miR-

338, miR-642, miR-181b, miR-18a,

miR-190, miR-213, miR-330,

miR-181d, miR-151, miR-140)

Pre-
miR-210 (miR-152)

eclampsia

Gestational
(miR-29a, miR-132)

diabetes

Platelet
miR-126, miR-197, miR-223, miR-24, miR-21

activity

Pregnancy/
miR-526a, miR-527, miR-520d-5p,

placenta-
miR-141, miR-149, miR-299-5p, miR-517a

derived

Drug
miR-130a, miR-146b, miR-143,

treatment for
miR-145, miR-99b, miR-125a, miR-

immuno-
204, miR-424, miR-503

modulation

Aging
(miR-151a-3p, miR-181a-5p, miR-1248)

*miRNA markers in parentheses are downregulated

In some embodiments, the spacers are fixed on a plate by directly embossing the plate or injection molding of the plate.

In some embodiments, the materials of the plate and the spacers are selected from polystyrene, PMMA, PC, COC, COP, and another plastic.

In some embodiments, the inter-spacer distance is in the range of 1 um to 200 um.

In some embodiments, the inter-spacer distance is in the range of 200 um to 1000 um.

In some embodiments, the spacers regulating the layer of uniform thickness have a filling factor of at least 1%, wherein the filling factor is the ratio of the spacer area in contact with the layer of uniform thickness to the total plate area in contact with the layer of uniform thickness.

In some embodiments, for spacers regulating the layer of uniform thickness, the Young's modulus of the spacers times the filling factor of the spacers is equal to or larger than 10 MPa, wherein the filling factor is the ratio of the spacer area in contact with the layer of uniform thickness to the total plate area in contact with the layer of uniform thickness.

In some embodiments, for a flexible plate, the thickness of the flexible plate times the Young's modulus of the flexible plate is in the range 60 to 750 GPa-um.

In some embodiments, for a flexible plate, the fourth power of the inter-spacer distance (ISD) divided by the thickness of the flexible plate (h) and the Young's modulus (E) of the flexible plate, ISD⁴/(hE), is equal to or less than 10⁶um³/GPa.

In some embodiments, one or both plates comprises a location marker, either on a surface of or inside the plate, that provides information of a location of the plate.

In some embodiments, one or both plates comprises a scale marker, either on a surface of or inside the plate, that provides information of a lateral dimension of a structure of the sample and/or the plate.

In some embodiments, one or both plates comprises an imaging marker, either on surface of or inside the plate, that assists imaging of the sample.

In some embodiments, the spacers function as a location marker, a scale marker, an imaging marker, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the average thickness of the layer of uniform thickness is about equal to a minimum dimension of the analyte in the sample.

In some embodiments, the inter-spacer distance is in the range of 1 um to 50 um.

In some embodiments, the inter-spacer distance is in the range of 50 um to 120 um.

In some embodiments, the inter-spacer distance is in the range of 120 um to 200 um.

In some embodiments, the inter-spacer distance is substantially periodic.

In some embodiments, the spacers are pillars with a cross-sectional shape selected from round, polygonal, circular, square, rectangular, oval, elliptical, and any combination of the same.

In some embodiments, the spacers have a pillar shape and have a substantially flat top surface, wherein, for each spacer, the ratio of the lateral dimension of the spacer to its height is at least 1.

In some embodiments, for each spacer, the ratio of the lateral dimension of the spacer to its height is at least 1.

In some embodiments, wherein a minimum lateral dimension of the spacer is less than or substantially equal to the minimum dimension of the analyte in the sample.

In some embodiments, a minimum lateral dimension of the spacer is in the range of 0.5 um to 100 um.

In some embodiments, a minimum lateral dimension of the spacer is in the range of 0.5 um to 10 um.

In some embodiments, the spacers have a density of at least 100/mm².

In some embodiments, the spacers have a density of at least 1000/mm².

In some embodiments, at least one of the plates is transparent.

In some embodiments, at least one of the plates is made from a flexible polymer.

In some embodiments, for a pressure that compresses the plates, the spacers are not compressible and/or, independently, only one of the plates is flexible.

In some embodiments, the flexible plate has a thickness in the range of 10 um to 200 um.

In some embodiments, the variation is less than 30%.

In some embodiments, the variation is less than 10%.

In some embodiments, the variation is less than 5%.

In some embodiments, the collection and cover plates are connected and are configured to be changed from the open configuration to the closed configuration by folding the plates.

In some embodiments, the collection and cover plates are connected by a hinge and are configured to be changed from the open configuration to the closed configuration by folding the plates along the hinge.

In some embodiments, the collection and cover plates are connected by a hinge that is a separate material to the plates, and are configured to be changed from the open configuration to the closed configuration by folding the plates along the hinge.

RAPID INTRA-CELLULAR ASSAY AND USE OF THE SAME

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Provisional Applications (1)