1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to radar timing circuits, and more particularly to precision swept delay circuits for expanded time ranging systems. It can be used to generate a swept-delay dock for sampling radar, time domain reflectometry (TDR) and laser systems.
2. Description of Related Art
High accuracy pulse-echo ranging systems, such as wideband and ultra-wideband pulsed radar, pulsed laser rangefinders, and time domain reflectometers, sweep a timing circuit across a range of delays. The timing circuit controls a receiver sampling gate such that when an echo signal coincides with the temporal location of the sampling gate, a sampled echo signal is obtained. The echo range is then determined from the timing circuit, so high timing accuracy is essential. A beneficial feature for high accuracy is time expansion, whereby the receiver sampling rate is set to a slightly lower rate than the transmit pulse rate to create a stroboscopic time expansion effect that expands the apparent output time by a large factor, such as 100,000. Expanded time allows vastly more accurate signal processing than possible with realtime systems.
A common approach to generate accurate swept timing employs two oscillators with frequencies FT (e.g., a transmit clock frequency) and FR (e.g., a receive clock frequency) that are offset by a small amount FT−FR=Δ. In a ranging application, a transmit dock at frequency FT triggers transmit pulses, and a receive dock at frequency FR gates the echo pulses. If the receive dock is lower in frequency than the transmit clock by a small amount Δ, the phase of the receive clock can smoothly and linearly slip relative to the transmit clock such that one full cycle is slipped every 1/Δ seconds. Typical parameters are: transmit clock FT=2 MHz, receive dock FR=1.99999 MHz, offset frequency Δ=10 Hz, phase slip period=1/Δ=100 milliseconds, and a time expansion factor of FT/Δ=200,000. This two-oscillator technique was used in the 1960's in precision time-interval counters with sub-nanosecond resolution, and appeared in a short-range radar in U.S. Pat. No. 4,132,991, “Method and Apparatus Utilizing Time-Expanded Pulse Sequences for Distance Measurement in a Radar,” by Wocher et al.
The accuracy of the two-oscillator technique is limited by the differential and integral linearity of the phase slip between the two oscillators. The accuracy of the phase slip is not easy to measure accurately and it is also easy to assume it is somehow perfect. Commercial pulse echo radar rangefinders having a claimed accuracy in the millimeter range require error correction look-up tables, which indicates that high accuracy timing systems do not presently exist.
There are many influences that can affect the smoothness of the phase slip, including: (1) oscillator noise due to thermal and flicker effects, (2) transmit-to-receive clock cross-talk, and (3) thermal transients that typically do not track out between the two oscillators. The receive oscillator is typically locked to the offset frequency by a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit, which does a reasonable job when the offset frequency is above several hundred Hertz. Unfortunately, precision long range systems require extremely high accuracy, on the order of picoseconds, at offset frequencies on the order of 10 Hz. A PLL system cannot meet this requirement for the simple reason that the PLL loop response must be slower than 1/Δ, or typically slower than 100 ms, which is far too slow to control short term phase errors between the two clocks.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,404,288 to Bletz et al addresses the problems associated with controlling low offset frequencies by introducing three additional oscillators into a system that can include, for example, seven counters and two phase comparators, all to permit PLL control at higher offset frequencies than the final output offset frequency, which is obtained by frequency down-mixing. This system is too complex for many commercial applications and it does not control instantaneous voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) phase errors and crosstalk.
A need exists for a compact low cost method and precision timing system that instantaneously controls phase slip errors to produce extremely smooth and accurate phase slip rates. The present invention is directed to such a need.
The present invention provides a rate locked loop (RLL) arrangement to provide timing for a pulse-echo rangefinder that can include, but is not necessarily limited to, a phase detector responsive to phase between first and second clock signals for producing an output proportional to phase, a differentiator to produce a derivative signal and a controller responsive to the derivative signal for producing a feedback signal to the phase control.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for generating clock signals having a relative phase slip that includes: generating a first clock frequency, generating a second clock frequency, detecting the phase between the first and second clock frequencies to produce a phase signal, differentiating the phase signal to produce a derivative signal; and controlling the second clock phase using the derivative signal to produce a controlled phase slip.
A final aspect of the present invention provides for a radar, laser or time domain reflectometry (TDR) system that can include, but is not limited to: a transmitter triggered by a first clock signal, a receiver gated by a second clock signal, a phase detector responsive to phase between the first and second clock signals for producing a phase signal, a differentiator for producing a derivative signal from the phase signal, a phase control for adjusting the phase of the second clock signal; and a controller responsive to the derivative signal for producing a feedback control signal to the phase control.
The present invention can be used in expanded time radar, laser, and TDR ranging systems having picosecond accuracy. Applications include pulse echo rangefinders for tank level measurement, environmental monitoring, industrial and robotic controls, digital handwriting capture, imaging radars, vehicle backup and collision warning radars, and universal object/obstacle detection and ranging.
a depicts a two oscillator frequency source.
b depicts a single oscillator frequency source including a phase adjuster.
c is a phase adjuster.
a is a phase comparator.
b is a phase comparator for harmonically related clocks.
a is a derivative circuit and a controller.
b is a derivative circuit including a reset switch and a controller.
A detailed description of the present invention is provided below with reference to the figures. While illustrative component values and circuit parameters are given, other embodiments can be constructed with other component values and circuit parameters. All U.S. patents and copending U.S. applications cited herein are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
General Description
The present invention overcomes the bandwidth limitations of a PLL controller by directly controlling the phase slip rate on a continuous and instantaneous basis. A beneficial example embodiment, as disclosed herein, employs a phase detector coupled directly between two oscillators, rather than through counter chains that are customary in PLL circuits, to produce a voltage proportional to instantaneous phase. When the phase between the oscillators slips at a constant rate, because of the offset frequency, the phase detector output is a linear voltage ramp that increases for increasing phase values between 0 and 2π and then it resets to 0 at 2π, i.e., at the phase wrap point. The voltage ramp repeats at the offset frequency Δ. The voltage ramp is differentiated by a derivative circuit to produce a constant voltage proportional to the slope of the ramp, which can be termed the derivative voltage. The derivative voltage is applied to a feedback controller that controls the phase and frequency of one of the oscillators to maintain a constant phase slip rate. If the phase slip rate or smoothness varies, the gain of the feedback controller, often a high gain feedback controller, instantaneously corrects any deviations from a perfectly linear phase slip.
The derivative circuit in the feedback loop controls the rate of phase change rather than the phase itself. Consequently, such a loop can be termed a rate locked loop, or RLL. Compared to a PLL system, the loop bandwidth of an RLL can be orders of magnitude higher. Therefore, high accuracy swept timing can be realized at very low offset frequencies. For example, offset frequencies as low as about 1/100 Hz have been realized with, for example, 10 MHz oscillators using the present invention, with an associated time expansion factor of 1-billion.
A single oscillator implementation of the RLL can also be realized by substituting a phase adjuster circuit for the second oscillator. The loop controller sweeps the phase produced by the phase adjuster to produce a swept-phase receive clock. Ranging systems generally require swept phase over ¼ π or less since the remaining ¾ π is needed for echoes to settle before the next transmit pulse. Consequently, the phase adjuster of the present invention is often designed to, but not limited to, slip phase over a limited range before being reset from a selected maximum phase to zero.
Specific Description
Turning now to the drawings,
Blocks 12, 14, 16, and 20, as shown in
a depicts a frequency source 12 having an independent reference oscillator 30, which is often a quartz crystal oscillator that may be temperature compensated (TCXO) or ovenized for greater stability. Oscillator 30 operates at a frequency of Fref. A frequency and phase controllable VCO 32 provides CLK2, which operates at a small offset frequency from Fref. Voltage Vc on control line 22 adjusts the VCO frequency and phase. Large changes in Vc change the VCO frequency while small changes in Vc change the instantaneous phase. For clarity, it should be noted that frequency a) is the rate of change in phase φ as can be seen from the expression for phase, φ=ωt, or ω=φ/t.
In addition, VCO 32 is often, but not limited to, a quartz crystal oscillator with a varactor phase/frequency control element. The bandwidth of the crystal limits the RLL loop control bandwidth and corresponding response time to about 2 ms, about 100 times faster than a PLL system operating at 10 Hz. The benefits of an RLL are even more pronounced when the offset frequency is lower than about 10 Hz, as may be the case in long range systems.
b depicts another exemplary beneficial embodiment having a frequency source 12 based on a single oscillator 30, which directly provides CLK1. CLK2, in such an arrangement, is provided by a phase adjuster 34 coupled to the CLK1 line. The phase adjuster controls the phase of CLK2 in response to control voltage Vc on control line 22. In order to provide a continuously swept CLK2 phase, control voltage Vc on line 22 changes in response to loop controller 20, as shown in
c is an exemplary phase adjuster circuit that includes an RC network 36, generally coupled to a threshold element 38, a logic gate in this example. RC network 36 slows the CLK1 risetime, and voltage Vc on line 22 provides an offset voltage that is applied to the input of gate 38. The exact time that gate 38 thresholds on its input is a function of its input offset voltage. Therefore the timing, i.e. the phase, of dock CLK2 is controlled by Vc.
a is an exemplary phase detector 14, as shown in
b depicts a further example of a phase detector wherein the CLK1 signal is frequency divided by an integer N in counter 46, such that V(φ) is proportional to the phase between a sub-multiple of the CLK1 frequency and the direct frequency of CLK2. Counter 46 output is CLK1′ at a sub-multiple N of CLK1. When the CLK1′ is at a logic 1, latch 40 remains cleared, and when CLK1′ is at logic 0, the next trigger edge of CLK2 sets Q high. Since CLK2 occurs at a higher rate than CLK1′, the Q output, which is also CLK2, ranges over less than 2π. For N=4, the phase range is ¼ π, a desirable range for many ranging systems. Further details on this harmonic mode can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,427, “PRECISION RADAR TIMEBASE USING HARMONICALLY RELATED OFFSET OSCILLATORS,” by Thomas E. McEwan, the applicant of the present invention.
a is an implementation of differentiator 16 and controller 20, as shown in
b is another implementation of differentiator 16 and controller 20, as shown in
The sweep rate produced by the circuit of
Phase ramp voltage V(φ) can be optionally coupled to receiver 92 via line 93 to control a variable gain amplifier to compensate echo versus range loss. Other uses for phase ramp voltage V(φ) include detecting the phase wraps at 2π for generating reset pulses, generating sample-hold control pulses for controller 20, or for providing an analog indication of range. Blocks 12, 14, 16 and 20 form an RLL, which provides precision timing for rangefinder system 100. Transmitter 90 and receiver 92 may be fashioned to operate with a single radiator or lens, or in the case of TDR, may be coupled onto a single conductor, as known in the art.
Changes and modifications in the specifically described embodiments can be carried out without departing from the scope of the invention which is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
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3944925 | De Laune | Mar 1976 | A |
4118673 | Hafner | Oct 1978 | A |
4132991 | Wocher et al. | Jan 1979 | A |
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5001683 | Fukumoto et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
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6404288 | Bletz et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
20040119548 | Karlquist | Jun 2004 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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20070177704 A1 | Aug 2007 | US |