Patent Application
20110208260
Cardiac pacing electrically stimulates the heart when the heart's natural pacemaker and/or conduction system fails to provide synchronized atrial and ventricular contractions at appropriate rates and intervals for a patient's needs. Such bradycardia pacing provides relief from symptoms and even life support for hundreds of thousands of patients. Cardiac pacing may also give electrical overdrive stimulation intended to suppress or convert tachyarrhythmias, again supplying relief from symptoms and preventing or terminating arrhythmias that could lead to sudden cardiac death.
Cardiac pacing is usually performed by a pulse generator implanted subcutaneously or sub-muscularly in or near a patient's pectoral region. The generator usually connects to the proximal end of one or more implanted leads, the distal end of which contains one or more electrodes for positioning adjacent to the inside or outside wall of a cardiac chamber. The leads have an insulated electrical conductor or conductors for connecting the pulse generator to electrodes in the heart. Such electrode leads typically have lengths of 50 to 70 centimeters.
Known pulse generators can include various sensors for estimating metabolic demand, to enable an increase in pacing rate proportional and appropriate for the level of exercise. The function is usually known as rate-responsive pacing. For example, an accelerometer can measure body motion and indicate activity level. A pressure transducer in the heart can sense the timing between opening and closing of various cardiac valves, or can give a measure of intracardiac pressure directly, both of which change with changing stroke volume. Stroke volume increases with increased activity level. A temperature sensor can detect changes in a patient's blood temperature, which varies based on activity level. The pacemaker can increase rate proportional to a detected increase in activity.
Pulse generator parameters are usually interrogated and modified by a programming device outside the body, via a loosely-coupled transformer with one inductance within the body and another outside, or via electromagnetic radiation with one antenna within the body and another outside.
Although more than one hundred thousand rate-responsive pacemakers are implanted annually, various well-known difficulties are present.
The pulse generator, when located subcutaneously, presents a bulge in the skin that patients can find unsightly or unpleasant. Patients can manipulate or “twiddle” the device. Even without persistent twiddling, subcutaneous pulse generators can exhibit erosion, extrusion, infection, and disconnection, insulation damage, or conductor breakage at the wire leads. Although sub-muscular or abdominal placement can address some of concerns, such placement involves a more difficult surgical procedure for implantation and adjustment, which can prolong patient recovery.
A conventional pulse generator, whether pectoral or abdominal, has an interface for connection to and disconnection from the electrode leads that carry signals to and from the heart. Usually at least one male connector molding has at least one terminal pin at the proximal end of the electrode lead. The at least one male connector mates with at least one corresponding female connector molding and terminal block within the connector molding at the pulse generator. Usually a setscrew is threaded in at least one terminal block per electrode lead to secure the connection electrically and mechanically. One or more O-rings usually are also supplied to help maintain electrical isolation between the connector moldings. A setscrew cap or slotted cover is typically included to provide electrical insulation of the setscrew. The complex connection between connectors and leads provides multiple opportunities for malfunction.
For example, failure to introduce the lead pin completely into the terminal block can prevent proper connection between the generator and electrode.
Failure to insert a screwdriver correctly through the setscrew slot, causing damage to the slot and subsequent insulation failure.
Failure to engage the screwdriver correctly in the setscrew can cause damage to the setscrew and preventing proper connection.
Failure to tighten the setscrew adequately also can prevent proper connection between the generator and electrode, however over-tightening of the setscrew can cause damage to the setscrew, terminal block, or lead pin, and prevent disconnection if necessary for maintenance.
Fluid leakage between the lead and generator connector moldings, or at the setscrew cover, can prevent proper electrical isolation.
Insulation or conductor breakage at a mechanical stress concentration point where the lead leaves the generator can also cause failure.
Inadvertent mechanical damage to the attachment of the connector molding to the generator can result in leakage or even detachment of the molding.
Inadvertent mechanical damage to the attachment of the connector molding to the lead body, or of the terminal pin to the lead conductor, can result in leakage, an open-circuit condition, or even detachment of the terminal pin and/or molding.
The lead body can be cut inadvertently during surgery by a tool, or cut after surgery by repeated stress on a ligature used to hold the lead body in position. Repeated movement for hundreds of millions of cardiac cycles can cause lead conductor breakage or insulation damage anywhere along the lead body.
Although leads are available commercially in various lengths, in some conditions excess lead length in a patient exists and is to be managed. Usually the excess lead is coiled near the pulse generator. Repeated abrasion between the lead body and the generator due to lead coiling can result in insulation damage to the lead.
Friction of the lead against the clavicle and the first rib, known as subclavian crush, can result in damage to the lead.
In many applications, such as dual-chamber pacing, multiple leads can be implanted in the same patient and sometimes in the same vessel. Abrasion between the leads for hundreds of millions of cardiac cycles can cause insulation breakdown or even conductor failure.
Communication between the implanted pulse generator and external programmer uses a telemetry coil or antenna and associated circuitry in the pulse generator, adding complexity that increases the size and cost of devices. Moreover, power consumption from the pulse generator battery for communication typically exceeds power for pacing by one or more orders of magnitude, introducing a requirement for battery power capability that can prevent selecting the most optimal battery construction for the otherwise low-power requirements of pacing.
According to an embodiment of a biostimulation system, a leadless cardiac pacemaker comprises a housing, a plurality of electrodes coupled to an outer surface of the housing, and a pulse delivery system hermetically contained within the housing and electrically coupled to the electrode plurality, the pulse delivery system configured for sourcing energy internal to the housing, generating and delivering electrical pulses to the electrode plurality. The pacemaker further comprises an activity sensor hermetically contained within the housing and adapted to sense activity and a processor hermetically contained within the housing and communicatively coupled to the pulse delivery system, the activity sensor, and the electrode plurality, the processor configured to control electrical pulse delivery at least partly based on the sensed activity.
Embodiments of the invention relating to both structure and method of operation may best be understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings, in which similar reference characters denote similar elements throughout the several views:
In an illustrative system, a rate-responsive leadless cardiac pacemaker can be implanted adjacent to the inside or outside wall of a cardiac chamber.
In addition, a technique for rate-responsive pacing enables pacing control of the leadless cardiac pacemaker which is implanted adjacent to the inside or outside wall of a cardiac chamber.
A cardiac pacemaker for implantation in the human body, more specifically a leadless cardiac pacemaker for implantation adjacent to the inside or outside wall of a cardiac chamber, uses two or more electrodes located within, on, or within two centimeters of the housing of the pacemaker for pacing and sensing at the cardiac chamber and for bidirectional communication with at least one other device within or outside the body. The pacemaker contains an activity sensor, such as an accelerometer, temperature sensor, and/or a pressure transducer to measure patient activity, enabling rate-responsive pacing.
The illustrative system enables cardiac pacing without a pulse generator located in the pectoral region or abdomen, without an electrode-lead separate from the pulse generator, without a communication coil or antenna, and without an additional requirement on battery power for transmitted communication.
An illustrative rate-responsive leadless cardiac pacemaker can be substantially enclosed in a hermetic housing suitable for placement on or attachment to the inside or outside of a cardiac chamber. The pacemaker has at least two electrodes located within, on, or near the housing, for delivering pacing pulses to and sensing electrical activity from the muscle of the cardiac chamber, and for bidirectional communication with at least one other device within or outside the body. The housing contains a primary battery to provide power for pacing, sensing, and communication. The housing also contains circuits for sensing cardiac activity from the electrodes, receiving information from at least one other device via the electrodes, generating pacing pulses for delivery via the electrodes, transmitting information to at least one other device via the electrodes, monitoring device health, and controlling these operations in a predetermined manner.
A leadless pacemaker is configured for implantation adjacent to the inside or outside wall of a cardiac chamber, without the need for a connection between the pulse generator and electrode lead, and without the need for a lead body.
In some embodiments, the illustrative system enables communication between the implanted pulse generator and a device internal or external to the body, using conducted communication via the same electrodes used for pacing, without the need for an antenna or telemetry coil.
Still other embodiments enable communication between the implanted pulse generator and a device internal or external to the body, with power consumption similar to that for cardiac pacing, to allow optimization of battery performance.
Referring to
In various embodiments, the electrodes 108 can be coupled on, within, or within two centimeters of the housing 110. In some arrangements, the electrodes 108 can be formed integrally to an outer surface of the housing 110.
Referring to
In accordance with another embodiment of a pacing system, a leadless cardiac pacemaker 102 comprises a housing 110, multiple electrodes 108 coupled to the housing 108, and a pulse generator 116 hermetically contained within the housing 110 and electrically coupled to the electrodes 108. The pulse generator 116 is configured to generate and deliver electrical pulses to the electrodes 108 powered from a source 114 contained entirely within the housing 110. An activity sensor 154 is hermetically contained within the housing 110 and adapted to sense activity. A logic 112, for example a processor, controller, central processing unit, state machine, programmable logic array, and the like, which is hermetically contained within the housing 110 and communicatively coupled to the pulse generator 116, the activity sensor 154, and the electrodes 108. The logic 112 is configured to control electrical pulse delivery at least partly based on the sensed activity.
In some embodiments, the logic 112 can be a processor that controls electrical pulse delivery and application of the activity sensor according to one or more programmable parameters with the processor programmable by communication signals transmitted via the electrodes 108.
The information communicated on the incoming communication channel can include, but is not limited to pacing rate, pulse duration, sensing threshold, and other parameters commonly programmed externally in typical pacemakers. The information communicated on the outgoing communication channel can include, but is not limited to programmable parameter settings, event counts (pacing and sensing), battery voltage, battery current, and other information commonly displayed by external programmers used with common pacemakers. The outgoing communication channel can also echo information from the incoming channel, to confirm correct programming.
Also shown in
One suitable primary battery uses beta-voltaic technology, licensed to BetaBatt Inc. of Houston, Tex., USA, and developed under a trade name DEC™ Cell, in which a silicon wafer captures electrons emitted by a radioactive gas such as tritium. The wafer is etched in a three-dimensional surface to capture more electrons. The battery is sealed in a hermetic package which entirely contains the low-energy particles emitted by tritium, rendering the battery safe for long-term human implant from a radiological-health standpoint. Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years so that the technology is more than adequate to meet a design goal of a lifetime exceeding 5 years.
In accordance with another embodiment of a pacing system, a leadless cardiac pacemaker 102 comprises a housing 110, multiple electrodes 108 coupled to the housing 110, and a pulse generator 116 hermetically contained within the housing 110 and electrically coupled to the electrodes 108. The pulse generator 116 generates and delivers electrical pulses to the electrodes 108, causing cardiac contractions. The pulse generator 116 also conveys information to one or more devices 106 external to the pacemaker 102. The pacemaker 102 further comprises at least one amplifier 132, 134 hermetically contained within the housing 110 and electrically coupled to the electrodes 108. The amplifier or amplifiers 132, 134 are configured to amplify signals received from the electrodes 108 and to detect cardiac contractions, and further can receive information from the external device or devices 106. The pacemaker 102 further comprises a power supply 114 hermetically contained within the housing 110 and coupled to the pulse generator 116. The power supply 114 sources energy for the electrical pulses from internal to the housing 110. The pacemaker 102 has an activity sensor 154 hermetically contained within the housing 110 that senses activity. A processor 112 is hermetically contained within the housing 110 and communicatively coupled to the pulse generator 116, the amplifiers 132, 134, the activity sensor 154, and the electrodes 108. The processor 112 configured to receive amplifier output signals from the amplifier or amplifiers 132, 134 and control electrical pulse delivery at least partly based on the sensed activity.
In an illustrative embodiment, the amplifiers comprise a cardiac sensing amplifier 132 that consumes no more than 5 microwatts, a communications amplifier 134 that consumes no more than 25 microwatts, and a rate-response sensor amplifier 156 that consumes no more than 10 microwatts.
In an example embodiment, the regulator 146 can be configured to consume electrical power of no more than 2 microwatts and configured to supply electrical power of no more than 74 microwatts in the illustrative system that includes a rate-response amplifier.
The processor 112 can be configured to consume electrical power of no more than 5 microwatts averaged over one cardiac cycle.
Current from the positive terminal 140 of primary battery 114 flows through a shunt 144 to a regulator circuit 146 to create a positive voltage supply 148 suitable for powering the remaining circuitry of the pacemaker 102. The shunt 144 enables the battery current monitor 136 to provide the processor 112 with an indication of battery current drain and indirectly of device health.
The illustrative power supply can be a primary battery 114 such as a beta-voltaic converter that obtains electrical energy from radioactivity. In some embodiments, the power supply can be selected as a primary battery 114 that has a volume less than approximately 1 cubic centimeter.
In an illustrative embodiment, the primary battery 114 can be selected to source no more than 75-80 microwatts instantaneously since a higher consumption may cause the voltage across the battery terminals to collapse. Accordingly in one illustrative embodiment the circuits depicted in
In various embodiments, the system can manage power consumption to draw limited power from the battery, thereby reducing device volume. Each circuit in the system can be designed to avoid large peak currents. For example, cardiac pacing can be achieved by discharging a tank capacitor (not shown) across the pacing electrodes. Recharging of the tank capacitor is typically controlled by a charge pump circuit. In a particular embodiment, the charge pump circuit is throttled to recharge the tank capacitor at constant power from the battery.
Implantable systems that communicate via long distance radio-frequency (RF) schemes, for example Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) transceivers, which exhibit a peak power requirement on the order of 10 milliwatts, and other RF or inductive telemetry schemes are unable to operate without use of an additional accumulator. Moreover, even with the added accumulator, sustained operation would ultimately cause the voltage across the battery to collapse.
In various embodiments, the activity sensor 154 is adapted for controlling rate-responsive pacing and may use any appropriate technology, for the example the activity sensor 154 may be an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, or any other suitable sensor.
In an illustrative embodiment, the activity sensor 154 can operate with a power requirement of no more than 10 microwatts.
In other embodiments, the accelerometer 154 and accelerometer amplifier 156 shown in
Also shown in
Several techniques and structures can be used for attaching the housing 110 to the interior or exterior wall of cardiac muscle 104.
A helix 226 and slot 228 enable insertion of the device endocardially or epicardially through a guiding catheter. A screwdriver stylet can be used to rotate the housing 110 and force the helix 226 into muscle 104, thus affixing the electrode 108A in contact with stimulable tissue. Electrode 108B serves as an indifferent electrode for sensing and pacing. The helix 226 may be coated for electrical insulation, and a steroid-eluting matrix may be included near the helix to minimize fibrotic reaction, as is known in conventional pacing electrode-leads.
In other configurations, suture holes 224 and 225 can be used to affix the device directly to cardiac muscle with ligatures, during procedures where the exterior surface of the heart can be accessed.
The leadless cardiac pacemaker or pacemakers 102 can be configured to detect a natural cardiac depolarization, time a selected delay interval, and deliver an information-encoded pulse during a refractory period following the natural cardiac depolarization. By encoding information in a pacing pulse, power consumed for transmitting information is not significantly greater than the power used for pacing. Information can be transmitted through the communication channel with no separate antenna or telemetry coil. Communication bandwidth is low with only a small number of bits encoded on each pulse.
In some embodiments, information can be encoded using a technique of gating the pacing pulse for very short periods of time at specific points in the pacing pulse. During the gated sections of the pulse, no current flows through the electrodes of a leadless cardiac pacemaker. Timing of the gated sections can be used to encode information. The specific length of a gated segment depends on the programmer's ability to detect the gated section. A certain amount of smoothing or low-pass filtering of the signal can be expected from capacitance inherent in the electrode/skin interface of the programmer as well as the electrode/tissue interface of the leadless cardiac pacemaker. A gated segment is set sufficiently long in duration to enable accurate detection by the programmer, limiting the amount of information that can be transmitted during a single pacing pulse. Accordingly, a technique for communication can comprise generating stimulation pulses on stimulating electrodes of an implanted biostimulator and encoding information onto generated stimulation pulses. Encoding information onto the pulses can comprise gating the stimulation pulses for selected durations at selected timed sections in the stimulation pulses whereby gating removes current flow through the stimulating electrodes and timing of the gated sections encodes the information.
Another method of encoding information on pacing pulses involves varying the timing between consecutive pacing pulses in a pulse sequence. Pacing pulses, unless inhibited or triggered, occur at predetermined intervals. The interval between any two pulses can be varied slightly to impart information on the pulse series. The amount of information, in bits, is determined by the time resolution of the pulse shift. The steps of pulse shifting are generally on the order of microseconds. Shifting pulses by up to several milliseconds does not have an effect on the pacing therapy and cannot be sensed by the patient, yet significant information can be transmitted by varying pulse intervals within the microsecond range. The method of encoding information in variation of pulses is less effective if many of the pulses are inhibited or triggered. Accordingly, a technique for communication can comprise generating stimulation pulses on stimulating electrodes of an implanted biostimulator and encoding information onto generated stimulation pulses comprising selectively varying timing between consecutive stimulation pulses.
Alternatively or in addition to encoding information in gated sections and/or pulse interval, overall pacing pulse width can be used to encode information.
The three described methods of encoding information on pacing pulses can use the programmer to distinguish pacing pulses from the patient's normal electrocardiogram, for example by recognition of the specific morphology of the pacing pulse compared to the R-wave generated during the cardiac cycle. For example, the external programmer can be adapted to distinguish a generated cardiac pacing pulse from a natural cardiac depolarization in an electrocardiogram by performing comparative pattern recognition of a pacing pulse an an R-wave produced during a cardiac cycle.
Other attachment structures used with conventional cardiac electrode-leads including tines or barbs for grasping trabeculae in the interior of the ventricle, atrium, or coronary sinus may also be used in conjunction with or instead of the illustrative attachment structures.
Referring to
In accordance with another embodiment of a pacing system 100, a pacemaker configured as a rate-responsive leadless cardiac pacemaker 102 comprising a housing 110, and multiple electrodes 108 coupled to the housing 110. A pulse generator 116 hermetically contained within the housing 110 and electrically coupled to the electrodes 108 and is configured for generating and delivering electrical pulses to the electrodes 108. An activity sensor 154 is hermetically contained within the housing 110 and adapted to sense activity. A processor 112 is hermetically contained within the housing and communicatively coupled to the pulse generator 116, the activity sensor 154, and the electrodes 108. The processor 112 controls electrical pulse delivery at least partly based on the sensed activity and communicates with one or more devices 106 external to the pacemaker 102 via signals conducted through the electrodes 108.
In various embodiments, the processor 112 and pulse delivery system 152 transmits and/or receives information such as programmable parameter settings, event counts, power-supply voltage, power-supply current, rate-response control parameters adapted for converting an activity sensor signal to a rate-responsive pacing parameter.
Referring to
When the pacemaker 102 is supplying a pacing pulse but is not sending data for communication, the waveform can resemble that shown in
In some embodiments, configurations, or conditions, the processor 112 and pulse delivery system 152 are configured to generate and deliver electrical energy with the stimulation pulse interrupted by at least one notch that conveys information to a device 106 external to the pacemaker 102.
Referring to
As controlled by processor 112, pulse generator 116 selectively generates or does not generate a notch in each timing window 508, 509, 510, and 511 so that the device 102 encodes four bits of information in the pacing pulse. A similar scheme with more timing windows can send more or fewer bits per pacing pulse. The width of the notches is small, for example approximately 15 microseconds, so that the delivered charge and overall pulse width, specifically the sum of the widths of the shorter pulses, in the pacing pulse is substantially unchanged from that shown in
In a leadless cardiac pacemaker, a technique can be used to conserve power when detecting information carried on pacing pulses from other implanted devices. The leadless cardiac pacemaker can have a receiving amplifier that implements multiple gain settings and uses a low-gain setting for normal operation. The low-gain setting could be insufficiently sensitive to decode gated information on a pacing pulse accurately but could detect whether the pacing pulse is present. If an edge of a pacing pulse is detected during low-gain operation, the amplifier can be switched quickly to the high-gain setting, enabling the detailed encoded data to be detected and decoded accurately. Once the pacing pulse has ended, the receiving amplifier can be set back to the low-gain setting. For usage in the decoding operation, the receiving amplifier is configured to shift to the more accurate high-gain setting quickly when activated. Encoded data can be placed at the end of the pacing pulse to allow a maximum amount of time to invoke the high-gain setting.
In some embodiments, configurations, or conditions, the processor 112 and pulse delivery system 152 are configured to generate and deliver electrical energy with the stimulation pulse that conveys information to a device 106 external to the pacemaker 102 in designated codes encoding the information in modulation of off-time between pacing pulses.
As an alternative or in addition to using notches in the stimulation pulse, the pulses can be generated with varying off-times, specifically times between pulses during which no stimulation occurs. The variation of off-times can be small, for example less than 10 milliseconds total, and can impart information based on the difference between a specific pulse's off-time and a preprogrammed off-time based on desired heart rate. For example, the device can impart four bits of information with each pulse by defining 16 off-times centered around the preprogrammed off-time.
In some embodiments, configurations, or conditions, the processor 112 and pulse delivery system 152 are configured to generate and deliver electrical energy with the stimulation pulse that conveys information to a device 106 external to the pacemaker 102 in designated codes encoding the information in pacing pulse width.
To ensure the leadless cardiac pacemaker functions correctly, a specific minimum internal supply voltage is maintained. When pacing tank capacitor charging occurs, the supply voltage can drop from a pre-charging level which can become more significant when the battery nears an end-of-life condition and has reduced current sourcing capability. Therefore, a leadless cardiac pacemaker can be constructed with a capability to stop charging the pacing tank capacitor when the supply voltage drops below a specified level. When charging ceases, the supply voltage returns to the value prior to the beginning of tank capacitor charging.
In another technique, the charge current can be lowered to prevent the supply voltage from dropping below the specified level. However, lowering the charge current can create difficulty in ensuring pacing rate or pacing pulse amplitude are maintained, since the lower charge current can extend the time for the pacing tank capacitor to reach a target voltage level.
The illustrative scheme for transmitting data does not significantly increase the current consumption of the pacemaker. For example, the pacemaker could transmit data continuously in a loop, with no consumption penalty.
The illustrative example avoids usage of radiofrequency (RF) communication to send pacing instructions to remote electrodes on a beat-to-beat basis to cause the remote electrodes to emit a pacing pulse. RF communication involves use of an antenna and modulation/demodulation unit in the remote electrode, which increase implant size significantly. Also, communication of pacing instructions on a beat-to-beat basis increases power requirements for the main body and the remote electrode. In contrast, the illustrative system and stimulator do not require beat-to-beat communication with any controlling main body.
The illustrative leadless pacemaker 102 includes an internal power source that can supply all energy for operations and pulse generation. In contrast, some conventional implanted pulse generators have remote pacing electrodes that receive some or all energy from an energy source through an RF induction technique, an energy transfer scheme that employs a large loop antenna on the remote electrode which increases size significantly. In addition, energy transfer with the RF induction technique is inefficient and is associated with a significant increase in battery size of the energy source. In contrast, the illustrative leadless pacemaker 102 uses an internal battery and does not require energy to be drawn from outside sources. Also in the conventional system, the energy source receives sensing information by RF communication from the remote electrodes and sends pacing instructions to the electrodes on a beat-to-beat basis in a configuration that uses an addressing scheme in which the identity of specific remote pacing electrodes is stored in the energy source memory. The conventional method can also be inefficient due to overhead for transmitting an identification number from/to a generic pacing electrode at implant and/or during sensing. The illustrative leadless pacemaker 102 avoids such overhead through a structure in which pulse generation functionality is independent within a single implantable body.
Another conventional technology uses a system of addressable remote electrodes that stimulate body tissue without requiring a main body to send commands for individual stimulations. The remote electrodes are specified to be of a size and shape suitable for injection rather than for endocardial implantation. A controller sets operating parameters and sends the parameters to remote electrodes by addressable communication, enabling the remote electrodes function relatively autonomously while incurring some overhead to controller operations. However, the remote electrodes do not sense or monitor cardiac information and rely on the main body to provide sensing functionality. In contrast, the illustrative leadless pacemaker 102 combines pacing and sensing of intrinsic cardiac activity in a single implantable body.
Referring again to
With regard to operating power requirements in the leadless cardiac pacemaker 102, for purposes of analysis, a pacing pulse of 5 volts and 5 milliamps amplitude with duration of 500 microseconds and a period of 500 milliseconds has a power requirement of 25 microwatts.
In an example embodiment of the leadless pacemaker 102, the processor 112 typically includes a timer with a slow clock that times a period of approximately 10 milliseconds and an instruction-execution clock that times a period of approximately 1 microsecond. The processor 112 typically operates the instruction-execution clock only briefly in response to events originating with the timer, communication amplifier 134, or cardiac sensing amplifier 132. At other times, only the slow clock and timer operate so that the power requirement of the processor 112 is no more than 5 microwatts.
For a pacemaker that operates with the aforementioned slow clock, the instantaneous power consumption specification, even for a commercially-available micropower microprocessor, would exceed the battery's power capabilities and would require an additional filter capacitor across the battery to prevent a drop of battery voltage below the voltage necessary to operate the circuit. The filter capacitor would add avoidable cost, volume, and potentially lower reliability.
For example, a microprocessor consuming only 100 microamps would require a filter capacitor of 5 microfarads to maintain a voltage drop of less than 0.1 volt, even if the processor operates for only 5 milliseconds. To avoid the necessity for such a filter capacitor, an illustrative embodiment of a processor can operate from a lower frequency clock to avoid the high instantaneous power consumption, or the processor can be implemented using dedicated hardware state machines to supply a lower instantaneous peak power specification.
In a pacemaker, the cardiac sensing amplifier typically operates with no more than 5 microwatts.
An accelerometer amplifier, or other general purpose signal conditioning amplifier, operates with approximately 10 microwatts.
A communication amplifier at 100 kHz operates with no more than 25 microwatts. The battery ammeter and battery voltmeter operate with no more than 1 microwatt each.
A pulse generator typically includes an independent rate limiter with a power consumption of no more than 2 microwatts.
The total power consumption of the pacemaker is thus 74 microwatts, less than the disclosed 75-microwatt battery output.
Improvement attained by the illustrative cardiac pacing system 100 and leadless cardiac pacemaker 102 is apparent.
The illustrative cardiac pacing system 100 enables encoding optional outgoing communication in the pacing pulse, so that the outgoing communication power requirement does not exceed the pacing current requirement, approximately 25 microwatts.
The illustrative leadless cardiac pacemaker 102 can have sensing and processing circuitry that consumes no more than 10 microwatts as in conventional pacemakers.
The described leadless cardiac pacemaker 102 can have an incoming communication amplifier for receiving triggering signals and optionally other communication which consumes no more than 25 microwatts.
Furthermore, the leadless cardiac pacemaker 102 can have a primary battery that exhibits an energy density of at least 3 watt-hours per cubic centimeter (W·h/cc).
Referring to
Referring to
In some embodiments, information is encoded, for example, as a binary code in one or more notches interrupting a stimulation pulse. Information can otherwise or also be encoded in selected or designated codes as variations in pacing pulse width of a stimulation pulse. Information can also be conveyed as electrical energy in a stimulation pulse in designated codes encoding the information in modulation of off-time between pacing pulses.
Terms “substantially”, “essentially”, or “approximately”, that may be used herein, relate to an industry-accepted tolerance to the corresponding term. Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to twenty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise. The term “coupled”, as may be used herein, includes direct coupling and indirect coupling via another component, element, circuit, or module where, for indirect coupling, the intervening component, element, circuit, or module does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. Inferred coupling, for example where one element is coupled to another element by inference, includes direct and indirect coupling between two elements in the same manner as “coupled”.
While the present disclosure describes various embodiments, these embodiments are to be understood as illustrative and do not limit the claim scope. Many variations, modifications, additions and improvements of the described embodiments are possible. For example, those having ordinary skill in the art will readily implement the steps necessary to provide the structures and methods disclosed herein, and will understand that the process parameters, materials, and dimensions are given by way of example only. The parameters, materials, and dimensions can be varied to achieve the desired structure as well as modifications, which are within the scope of the claims. Variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein may also be made while remaining within the scope of the following claims. For example, although the description has some focus on CRT, the pacemaker, system, structures, and techniques can otherwise be applicable to other uses, for example multi-site pacing for prevention of tachycardias in the atria or ventricles. Phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of the description and should not be regarded as limiting. With respect to the description, optimum dimensional relationships for the component parts are to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use that are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present description. Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of structure and operation. Numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those of ordinary skill in the art whereby the scope is not limited to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be included.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/549,603, filed Oct. 13, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,937,148; which application claims the benefit of priority to and incorporates herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes, U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/726,706, entitled “LEADLESS CARDIAC PACEMAKER WITH CONDUCTED COMMUNICATION,” filed Oct. 14, 2005; 60/761,531, entitled “LEADLESS CARDIAC PACEMAKER DELIVERY SYSTEM,” filed Jan. 24, 2006; 60/729,671, entitled “LEADLESS CARDIAC PACEMAKER TRIGGERED BY CONDUCTED COMMUNICATION,” filed Oct. 24, 2005; 60/737,296, entitled “SYSTEM OF LEADLESS CARDIAC PACEMAKERS WITH CONDUCTED COMMUNICATION,” filed Nov. 16, 2005; 60/739,901, entitled “LEADLESS CARDIAC PACEMAKERS WITH CONDUCTED COMMUNICATION FOR USE WITH AN IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR,” filed Nov. 26, 2005; 60/749,017, entitled “LEADLESS CARDIAC PACEMAKER WITH CONDUCTED COMMUNICATION AND RATE RESPONSIVE PACING,” filed Dec. 10, 2005; and 60/761,740, entitled “PROGRAMMER FOR A SYSTEM OF LEADLESS CARDIAC PACEMAKERS WITH CONDUCTED COMMUNICATION,” filed Jan. 24, 2006; all by Peter M. Jacobson.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60726706 | Oct 2005 | US | |
| 60761531 | Jan 2006 | US | |
| 60729671 | Oct 2005 | US | |
| 60737296 | Nov 2005 | US | |
| 60739901 | Nov 2005 | US | |
| 60749017 | Dec 2005 | US | |
| 60761740 | Jan 2006 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11549603 | Oct 2006 | US |
| Child | 13098266 | US |
