Patent Grant
8879479
The present application is related to the following U.S. application commonly owned with this application by Motorola, Inc.: Ser. No. 12/360428, filed Jan. 27, 2009 concurrently with the present application, titled “Proactive Scheduling Methods and Apparatus to Enable Peer-to-Peer Communication Links in a Wireless OFDMA System,” the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference.
The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications and more particularly to methods and apparatus for scheduling resources in Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication networks for peer-to-peer communications among stations operating therein.
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multiple access method for sharing a radio frequency (RF) channel among multiple users. OFDMA uses an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme to modulate information signals. OFDMA can be described as a combination of frequency domain and time domain multiple access. In OFDMA, a communication space is divided into a plurality of time slots, and each time slot is further divided into a number of frequency sub-channels each having at least one of its own sub-carriers. In OFDMA systems, both time and/or frequency resources are used to separate multiple user signals. Transmissions to/from multiple users are separated using time slots and sub-channels within each time slot such that users' signals can be separated in the time domain and/or in the frequency domain. Thus, in OFDMA, resources can be partitioned in the time-frequency space.
Recently, broadband wireless networks have been developed that implement OFDMA. For instance, IEEE 802.16 networks are one example. As used herein, “IEEE 802.16” refers to a set of IEEE Wireless LAN (WLAN) standards that govern broadband wireless access methods. IEEE 802.16 standards have been and are currently being developed by working group 16 of the IEEE local area network/metropolitan area network (LAN/MAN) Standards Committee (IEEE 802). Any of the IEEE standards or specifications referred to herein may be obtained at http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/index.html or by contacting the IEEE at IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, PO Box 1331, Piscataway, N.J. 08855-1331, USA. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards is a unit of the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee that aims to prepare formal specifications to support the development and deployment of broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks. In such 802.16 communication networks, communications signals between a base station and a station are modulated using OFDM. In one configuration, the OFDMA channel is split into a number of time slots. Each time slot is further divided into a number of frequency sub-channels (e.g., one 70 MHz wide time slot can be divided into fourteen sub-channels each being five MHz wide).
In a wireless communication system, the near-far problem refers to the situation where a receiver receives a low-power signal from a transmitter and a high-power signal from a different transmitter at the same time, resulting in desensitization or “desense” of the receiver to the low-power signal. In other words, the high-power signal may cause the low-power signal to fall below the receiver's detectability threshold. For instance, when a high power transmitter is located near a receiver operating in the same time slot but on a different frequency sub-channel, the high transmit energy can desensitize the receiver.
Scheduling algorithms are widely used in wireless networks for allocating or distributing communication resources (e.g., time slots and/or sub-channels) among stations to take advantage of instantaneous channel variations by giving priority to the stations with favorable channel conditions. For instance, in an OFDMA communication system, the base station can include a time-division multiple access (TDMA) scheduler that schedules time/frequency resources used by each normal uplink communication and each downlink communication. A normal uplink communication is when a station transmits to a base station and downlink communication when the base station transmits to a station. A scheduler may assign an uplink communication on different sub-channels within the same time slot to different stations. In particular, the base station scheduler may schedule these uplink communications either in different time slots or in the same time slot and uses power control to prevent/reduce near-far interference among various stations communicating to the base station in the system. The TDMA scheduler avoids near-far problems by creating time-orthogonal uplink and downlink transmissions, and through uplink power control. For example, in OFDMA solutions which have a base station centric deployment, such as IEEE 802.16, the near-far problem is reduced by forcing each base station to create either time (TDD) or frequency (FDD) orthogonal uplinks and downlinks to prevent desensitization of the mobile receiver. Power control of uplink transmissions from a mobile station can be used to assure that signals arrive at the base station receiver at similar power levels thereby preventing desensitization of the base station's receiver.
Thus, in networks such as these, in which stations communicate directly with a base station using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) for the uplink, such TDMA scheduling techniques can be used to separate low-power and high-power users in time to avoid near-far problems. However, as will be described below, such TDMA scheduling techniques will not work in all types of OFDMA networks.
The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.
The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.
Although existing TDMA scheduling techniques work well in situations where all stations communicate with and are assigned or scheduled resources by a central base station, these techniques do not work in mixed networks that also include direct station-to-station or “peer-to-peer” communication between stations. With peer-to-peer communication, there is no concept of uplink and downlink since communications between the stations are direct and do not implicate a base station. OFDMA communication systems allowing peer-to-peer and mesh ad-hoc traffic will experience significant near-far issues if conventional TDMA uplink/downlink scheduling is used. As such, with OFDMA communication systems such as these, it would be desirable to add capability for scheduled peer-to-peer and mesh hopping communication links. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide new schedulers and scheduling techniques for use in future OFDMA systems that allow for peer-to-peer communication.
In one embodiment, systems, methods and apparatus are provided for for scheduling Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) resources allocated to a transmitter station that is actively involved in a peer-to-peer communication session with a receiver station using existing OFDMA resources previously allocated by a base station for the peer-to-peer communication session. The disclosed systems, methods and apparatus can be implemented in an OFDMA communication system such as a wide area wireless OFDMA communication network. In such systems and networks, a base station defines a cell in which a particular wideband frequency channel is divided into multiple OFDMA time slots or subframes and in which information that is transmitted is OFDM modulated. Particular examples of such systems and networks include a Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) IEEE 802.16 compliant network or a 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE) compliant network.
The base station maintains a resource allocation map. The resource allocation map includes particular OFDMA resources of an OFDMA frame that have been allocated to particular stations that are identified by particular station identification numbers. Each of the OFDMA resources is a OFDMA frequency sub-channel within an OFDMA time slot.
The base station generates and broadcasts a Grant Metric Information Element (GMIE). In one implementation, the GMIE comprises: an indicator of a type of Quality-of-Service (QoS) performance metric that the base station is requesting measurements for with respect to the existing OFDMA resources, and a number of OFDMA frames to average for each QoS performance metric measurement being requested by the base station for the existing OFDMA resources. In general, the QoS performance metric measurements are any metrics that reflect quality of the communication link between the transmitter station and the receiver station and allow the base station to monitor adequacy of the existing OFDMA resources allocated to the transmitter station. Examples of the types of QoS performance metrics that the base station can request measurements for include one or more of frame error rate (FER), Signal-to-interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR); and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) desense. The receiver station, upon receiving the GMIE, decodes the GMIE to determine QoS performance metrics being requested by the base station for the existing OFDMA resources previously allocated by the base station for the peer-to-peer communication session, and can then determine (measure or calculate) values for the requested QoS performance metrics being requested by the base station for the existing OFDMA resources. Based on the values for the QoS performance metrics determined by the receiver station, the receiver station can decide whether to continue using the existing OFDMA resources, or whether to request a new resource allocation of OFDMA resources for the peer-to-peer communication session to prevent near/far problems. When the receiver station determines that the receiver station will continue using the existing OFDMA resources it can transmit a resource renewal request message (RRRM) to the base station to renew allocation of the existing OFDMA resources so that the receiver station can continue using the existing resource allocation for its peer-to-peer communication session with the transmitter station. By contrast, when the receiver station determines that the receiver station will request a new resource allocation of OFDMA resources, the receiver station can unicast a Grant Metric Response Message (GMRM) to the base station and a request for a new resource allocation for the peer-to-peer communication session with the transmitter station. The GMRM is used to report values for the QoS performance metrics measured by the receiver station during the peer-to-peer communication session. In response to the request for a new resource allocation for the peer-to-peer communication session the BS can determine a new resource allocation and communicate this new resource allocation to the receiver station and the transmitter station.
In one implementation, the receiver station determines (measures or calculates) short-term QoS performance metrics over a current OFDMA frame for the existing OFDMA resources, and then determines whether those short-term QoS performance metrics are acceptable for the current OFDMA frame. When the short-term QoS performance metrics are not acceptable, the receiver station can send the base station a GMRM that specifies the short-term QoS performance metrics and a resource re-allocation request message (RRARM) to request a new resource allocation for its communication session with the transmitter station. The GMRM includes at least the fields mentioned above. When the short-term QoS performance metrics are acceptable for the current OFDMA frame, the receiver station can check to determine whether a grant period for the existing resources has expired. When the grant period for the existing resources has not yet expired, the receiver station continues to monitor short-term QoS performance metrics until the grant period for the existing resources expires. When the grant period for the existing resources has expired, the receiver station sends the base station a GMRM that includes the short-term QoS performance metrics for the current OFDMA frame. The GMRM includes at least the fields mentioned above. The receiver station then determines whether there is more data for the peer-to-peer communication session. If so, the receiver station can then determine (measure or calculate) long-term QoS performance metrics for the existing OFDMA resources, and determine whether the long-term QoS performance metrics are acceptable. The long-term QoS performance metrics can be computed based on calculations of short-term QoS performance metrics determined for each frame from a start of a grant period up to the current point in time. The calculations for determining long-term metrics can be based on recursive combinations of the short-term metrics such as a moving average. The long-term metrics can be based on statistical calculations of the short-term metrics such as mean, median, maximum or minimum. When the long-term QoS performance metrics are acceptable, the receiver station transmits a request to continue with the existing resource allocation for its communication session with the transmitter station. When the long-term QoS performance metrics are not acceptable, the receiver station can unicast a GMRM to the base station that reports the long-term QoS performance metrics, and a resource re-allocation request message (RRARM) to request new resource allocation for the peer-to-peer communication session with the transmitter station. The GMRM includes at least the fields mentioned above.
The base station also generates and broadcasts a Resource Map Information Element (RMIE) that directs the receiver station (and other recipient stations) to collect metric measurement information about its local environment. The RMIE includes a Partial Resource Allocation Map (PRAM). The PRAM specifies selected OFDMA resources of the OFDMA frame that the base station is requesting more information about, an indicator of at least one metric to be measured with respect to the selected OFDMA resources, a number of metric measurements being requested with respect to the selected OFDMA resources, and a metric categories field which identifies one or more metric categories that the receiver station is to report with respect to the selected OFDMA resources. This metric, which is different than the QoS performance metrics, can generally be any radio frequency (RF) quality metric including, but not limited to, receive signal strength (RSS) power levels, Signal-to-interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), or range.
When the recipient stations including the receiver station, receive the RMIE they decode it to determine at least a metric being requested by the base station with respect to the selected OFDMA resources listed in the PRAM. The selected OFDMA resources can be different than the existing OFDMA resources. The recipient stations, including the receiver station, can then measure the metric with respect to at least some of the selected OFDMA resources specified in the PRAM; the stations can pick which ones of the selected OFDMA resources to monitor/measure. For example, in one implementation, upon receiving the RMIE, the recipient stations start a resource measurement period timer, and begin monitoring an OFDMA channel (e.g., data or control channel) for an OFDMA frame. The recipient stations can select particular ones of the selected OFDMA resources from the PRAM, and measure the metric with respect to each of the particular ones of the selected OFDMA resources that the particular recipient station has selected.
The recipient stations can then use the information measured to generate a resource map response message (RMRM). The RMRM includes information regarding a metric measurement with respect to some of the selected OFDMA resources. In one implementation, each RMRM comprises: a resource type field that specifies a type of resource that the particular station is reporting in the RMRM; a total categories field that specifies a total number of different metric categories being reported in the RMRM; and a partial resource measurement map (PRMM). The PRMM comprises a plurality of metric categories each including information regarding metric measurements made by the particular station for selected ones of the selected OFDMA resources specified in the PRAM. The plurality of metric power categories specified in each PRMM comprise: a high metric category used to report high power metric measurements, a medium metric category used to report medium power metric measurements, and a low metric category used to report low power metric measurements. In the description that follow, the RMRM generated by the receiver station will be refered to as a first RMRM that includes a first PRMM.
Each of the recipient stations generates its RMRM by sorting the measured metrics for each of the particular ones of the selected OFDMA resources into one of a plurality of metric categories. These metric categories categorize the particular ones of the selected OFDMA resources based on measured values of the metric. In one implementation, the plurality of metric categories can include: a high metric category that includes information regarding peer stations that cause high level interference; a medium metric category that includes information regarding peer stations that cause medium level interference, and a low metric category that includes information regarding peer stations that cause low level interference. Then, after sorting this information, the recipient station generates a partial resource measurement map (PRMM) comprising the plurality of metric categories. Each of the metric categories includes metric measurement information regarding some of the particular ones of the selected OFDMA resources. In one implementation, each of the metric categories comprise a plurality of fields used to report information regarding metric measurements made by the particular station for that metric power category. The plurality of fields include a category identifier field that identifies the particular metric category; a number measured field that specifies a number of metric measurements that are included for the particular metric category, and a category MAP data field that specifies particular resource locations in the resource allocation map for the particular metric category, wherein each particular resource location is specified as at least one specific sub-channel and at least one time slot.
Each of the recipient stations can then transmit their respective RMRM to the base station. In one implementation, the receiver station transmits the first RMRM to the base station when the grant period for the existing resources has expired or alternatively when the long-term QoS performance metrics are not acceptable. The receiver station can also transmit a Resource Re-allocation Request Message (RRARM) to request allocation of some of the OFDMA resources for the peer-to-peer communication session with the receiver station.
Upon receiving the first RMRM from the receiver station, the base station processes the first RMRM (along with RMRMs from other recipient stations) to determine specific ones of the OFDMA resources to be allocated to the transmitter station for the peer-to-peer communication session with the receiver station. The specific ones of the OFDMA resources allocated to the transmitter station each comprise: an allocated OFDMA sub-channel within a particular OFDMA time slot, and are allocated such that other stations communicating over different OFDMA sub-channels of the particular OFDMA time slots will not cause near-far problems for the receiver station, and such that communications by the transmitter station using the specific ones of the OFDMA resources will not cause near-far problems for the other stations communicating over different OFDMA sub-channels of the particular OFDMA time slots.
For instance, in one implementation, the base station begins processing of the first RMRM by determining, based on the first PRMM from the first RMRM, updated peer station information for the receiver station. The base station can then schedule a first OFDMA resource in a first OFDMA time slot for a first transmission by the transmitter station to the receiver station during the peer-to-peer communication session, and can schedule other OFDMA resources in other OFDMA time slots for other transmissions by high metric peer stations of the receiver station that have a “high” valued metric. In this manner, the first transmission is received by the receiver station at a time when the high metric peer stations of the receiver station are not transmitting so that the first transmission is isolated in the time domain from the other transmissions by the high metric peer stations of the receiver station.
In one implementation, updated peer station information for the receiver station can be determined by extracting from the first PRMM information regarding metric measurements made by the receiver station for the selected ones of the selected OFDMA resources, and using the resource allocation map maintained at the base station to translate the selected ones of the selected OFDMA resources into corresponding peer station identification numbers; each peer stations has particular station identification number.
The base station can then determine metric categories from the first PRMM for each of the peer station indentification numbers, and can assign each particular peer station identification number to one of: a high power metric transmitter peer list that specifies peer stations having high power metric, a low power metric transmitter peer list that specifies peer stations having low power metric, and a medium power metric transmitter peer list that specifies peer stations having medium power metric. The base station can then create an entry in a peer memory map (PMM) for the receiver station. In one implementation, the PMM comprises a plurality of rows, and a plurality of columns, where the plurality of columns can include a first column that lists peer station identification numbers corresponding to peer-to-peer enabled stations including the transmitter station and the receiver station, wherein each row corresponds to entry for a particular peer-to-peer enabled station that is identified in the first column by a particular peer station identification number; a second column comprising the high power metric transmitter peer list that specifies peer stations having high power metric; a third column comprising the low power metric transmitter peer list that specifies peer stations having low power metric; and a fourth column comprising the medium power metric transmitter peer list that specifies peer stations having medium power metric. The second through fourth columns list peer station identification numbers for peer stations of the corresponding station in the first column.
The base station can also process the first PRMM (and/or other PRMMs received from other recipient stations) to generate a high impact peer set and a low impact peer set. The high impact peer set identifies stations in the high power metric transmitter peer list of the receiver station that are susceptible to near-far issues when one station that belongs to the high impact peer set transmits while another station that belongs to the high impact peer set is receiving a different transmission from another station that does not belong to the high impact peer set. By constrast, the low impact peer set that identifies stations in the low power metric transmitter peer list of the receiver station that are not susceptible to near-far issues when one station that belongs to the low impact peer set transmits while another station that belongs to the low impact peer set is receiving a different transmission from another station that does not belong to the low impact peer set. The base station can then use information in the resource allocation map, the high impact peer set and the low impact peer set to determine preferred OFDMA time slots (TSp) of the OFDMA frame and excluded OFDMA time slots (TSx) of the OFDMA frame, and can mark the preferred OFDMA time slots (TSp) and excluded OFDMA time slots (TSx) in the resource allocation map it maintains. The base station can estimate a resource allocation size (RAS) for the peer-to-peer communication session between the transmitter station and the receiver station, and then determine, based on the estimated RAS, a resource allocation to allocate for the peer-to-peer communication session between the transmitter station and the receiver station. This resource allocation will include at least one of the preferred OFDMA time slots (TSp) and at least one sub-channel in that preferred OFDMA time slot (TSp).
For example, in one implementation, the base station can mark any time slots where transmissions are allocated to peer stations in a high impact peer set of the transmitter station as being preferred OFDMA time slots (TSp) of the OFDMA frame, can mark any time slots where receptions are allocated to peer stations in the high impact peer set of the transmitter station as excluded OFDMA time slots (TSx), can mark any time slots where transmissions are allocated to peer stations in the high impact peer set of the receiver station as excluded OFDMA time slots (TSx) of the OFDMA frame, and when the high impact peer set of the receiver station includes no peer stations, the base station can mark any time slots allocated to peer stations in a low impact peer set of the transmitter station as preferred OFDMA time slots (TSp) of the OFDMA frame. To the extent, an OFDMA time slot is marked as being both an excluded time slot (TSx) and preferred time slot (TSp), then the base station can mark the OFDMA time slot: as a preferred OFDMA time slot (TSp) of the OFDMA frame when the receiver station is a member of the high impact peer set of the transmitter station, or as an excluded OFDMA time slot (TSx) of the OFDMA frame when the receiver station is not a member of the high impact peer set of the transmitter station
Embodiments of the present invention can apply to a number of network configurations. Prior to describing some embodiments, one example of a network configuration in which these embodiments can be applied will now be described with reference to
The stations 110 are wireless communication devices enabled to communicate “peer-to-peer” or directly with another station, and to communicate with the base station 105 over OFDMA communication links. A station is potentially mobile (i.e., not fixed) and can be mobile at any particular time, whereas the base station 105 is fixed at a particular location.
The base station 105 can communicate data and/or control signaling information with plurality of stations 110-n . In
To provide greater control over the network many decisions are made at the base station 105. For example, centralized scheduling algorithms can be implemented within the base station 105, and the base station 105 can be responsible for making resource scheduling decisions for allocating resources to the various stations (SSs) 110-n operating within the cell that is defined by the base station (e.g., in the base station's “cell”). As will be described below, the base station 105 is responsible for making scheduling decisions. As noted above, in an OFDMA system, the uplink and downlink radio frequency resources are divided into multiple slots in the time domain, and into a number of subcarriers in the frequency domain. Within one time slot, different subcarriers can be allocated to different users in any order. Moreover, the subcarriers assigned to a particular user can vary from time slot to time slot (e.g., a diversity subcarrier sub-channelization scheme where subcarriers assignments do not need to follow the precise pattern in each time slot). As used herein, the term “resource” refers to a time slot within an OFDMA frame 400 and a frequency subcarrier/sub-channel within that time slot. In some systems, two or more resources are grouped together in a “tile” that includes more than one resource (e.g., one time slot with two or more subcarriers/sub-channels in that time slot grouped together or two or more time slots and one or more subcarriers/sub-channels in each time slot grouped together). The term “resource allocation” refers to resources allocated (or granted) to a particular source/transmitter station by a base station for communications between the source/transmitter station and a destination/receiver station. A resource allocation may comprise any combination of (1) time slots and (2) any combination of subcarriers/sub-channels within those time slots that are allocated by a base station to a transmitting/source station. The minimum resource allocation is one time slot and one subcarrier/sub-channel within that time slot. In some implementations, resources are allocated in a rectangular aggregation of contiguous frequency sub-channels and time slots.
In accordance with the various embodiments described herein, the base station 105 schedules uplink resources and downlink resources for communication with various stations 110-n . In addition, as will be described below, the base station 105 also schedules resources for direct, peer-to-peer communication links that are used to communicate between stations. Prior to describing the scheduling methods in detail below, one example of a base station 205 and one example of a station 310 will now be described with reference to
Each port 250-n provides an endpoint or “channel” for network communications by the base station 205. Each port 250-n may be designated for use as, for example, an IEEE 802.16 port or a backhaul port. For example, the base station 205 can communicate with one or more stations within an 802.16 network using an IEEE 802.16 port. An IEEE 802.16 port, for example, can be used to transmit and receive both data and control, signaling or management information. A backhaul port similarly can provide an endpoint or channel for backhaul communications by the base station 205. For example, the base station 205 can communicate with a wired backhaul via the backhaul port; the backhaul port does not need to communicate using OFDMA or OFDM.
Each of the ports 250-n are coupled to the controller 253 for operation of the base station 205. Each of the ports employs conventional OFDM demodulation and modulation techniques for receiving and transmitting communication signals respectively, such as packetized signals, to and from the base station 205 under the control of the controller 253. The packetized signals can include, for example, voice, data or multimedia information, and control information. As used herein, the term “data” can refer to, for example, data generated by applications, a network management entity, or any other higher-layer protocol entities that may use the IEEE 802.16 Media Access Control (MAC) layer to transfer information. Examples of user data include, for example, packets generated by voice, video, e-mail, file transfer applications and network management agents. As used herein, the term “control information” can refer to, for example, messages and signaling used by the IEEE 802.16 MAC layer and physical (PHY) layer to carry out its own protocol functionality. Control information includes periodic control information and aperiodic control information. As used herein, the term “periodic control information” can refer to, for example, preambles, midambles, synchronization sequences, timing and frequency correction channels or any other signaling used to ensure correct reception of the messages transmitted in a frame. Examples of periodic control information include, for example, frame control information such as a frame control header (FCH), a synchronization channel, preamble information, information regarding the frame structure, markers which flag the start of the frame, a downlink MAP (DL-MAP) message and other types of control information. As used herein, the term “aperiodic control information” can refer to, for example, messages transmitted aperiodically to ensure proper protocol behavior and station upkeep. Examples of aperiodic control information include, for example, management and control information, such as capability announcements, ranging messages, measurement reports, and handoff instructions.
Among other modules (not illustrated), the controller 253 includes a scheduler module 259 that includes a proactive scheduler module 255 and a reactive scheduler module 257. The scheduler module 259 and the parameters utilized therein can be hard coded or programmed into the base station 205 during manufacturing, and/or can be programmed over-the-air upon customer subscription, and/or can be a downloadable application. Other programming methods can be utilized for programming the scheduler module 259 into the base station 205. In one implementation, the scheduler module 259 can be implemented within the controller 253 as illustrated, or alternatively can be an individual preprocessing module communicatively coupled to the controller 253 (not shown).
To perform the necessary functions of the base station 205, the controller 253 is coupled to the memory 262, which preferably includes a random access memory, a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and flash memory. The memory 262 can be integrated within the base station 205, or alternatively, can be at least partially contained within an external memory such as a memory storage device. The memory storage device, for example, can be a subscriber identification module (SIM) card.
The station 310 further comprises a controller 371 and a memory 383. Each of the ports 368-n are coupled to the controller 371 for operation of the station 310. Each of the ports employs conventional demodulation and modulation techniques for receiving and transmitting communication signals to and from the station 310, respectively, under the control of the controller 371. The packetized signals include those described above.
The controller 371 includes a local scheduler module 380 that includes a proactive sceduler module 355 and a reactive scheduler module 357. The local scheduler 380 and the parameters utilized therein can be hard coded or programmed into the station 310 during manufacturing, can be programmed over-the-air upon customer subscription, or can be a downloadable application. Other programming methods can be utilized for programming the local scheduler 380 into the relay station 310. The local scheduler 380 can be contained within the controller 371 as illustrated, or alternatively can be individual modules operatively coupled to the controller 371 (not shown). The operation of each of these modules will be described herein.
To perform the necessary functions of the station 310, the controller 371 and the local scheduler 380 are each coupled to the memory 383, which preferably includes a random access memory, a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and flash memory. The memory 383 can be integrated within the station 310, or alternatively, can be at least partially contained within an external memory such as a memory storage device. The memory storage device, for example, can be a subscriber identification module (SIM) card. A SIM card is an electronic device typically including a microprocessor unit and a memory suitable for encapsulating within a small flexible plastic card. The SIM card additionally includes an interface for communicating with the station 310.
Embodiments that will be described below relate to scheduling communication resources. An example of resources scheduled by a base station will now be described with reference to
In this embodiment, time division duplexing (TDD) is implemented such that the uplink and downlink are allocated different (non-overlapping) time-periods of the frame. As noted above, OFDM modulation is implemented for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) communications, and a particular frequency band is divided into multiple OFDMA time slots. Each time slot has a number of subcarriers/sub-channels of a wideband channel. In the resource allocation map, the time slots correspond to the vertical columns 412-428 and 452-468 of the frame 400, where the group of time slots define an OFDMA frame 400. The subcarriers/sub-channels 432-446 correspond to horizontal rows of the frame 400, where the same subcarriers/sub-channels are used for both uplink and downlink.
Although not illustrated, the resource allocation map could also include specific dedicated “zones.” These dedicated zones are portions of the frame 400 that are reserved exclusively for or dedicated to direct station-to-station (i.e., “ad hoc” or “peer-to-peer”) communication links, or alternatively, for direct station-to-relay station communication links. Thus, in one embodiment, direct station-to-station communication links can be interspersed with normal station-to-BS uplinks. In another embodiment, a subset or region or zone of time slots in the uplink (UL) portion/zone 450 of the frame 400 can be dedicated or devoted exclusively to direct station-to-station communication links. In this exclusive region, no station-to-BS traffic is allowed or scheduled.
In one embodiment, the base station implements a front-back scheduler module. DL resource allocations are allocated in a downlink (DL) portion/zone 410 of the frame 400 (i.e., time slots at the front of the frame 400), and UL resource allocations are allocated in an uplink (UL) portion/zone 450 of the frame 400 (i.e., time slots at the rear of the frame 400). As such, the resource allocation map includes a downlink (DL) portion/zone 410 of downlink resources that are to be allocated for downlink communications and an uplink (UL) portion/zone 450 of uplink resources that are to be allocated for uplink communications.
Each shaded-rectangle in
In the description that follows, it is assumed that resources for direct station-to-station (i.e., “ad hoc” or “peer-to-peer”) communication links are allocated from uplink resources in the uplink (UL) portion/zone 450 of the OFDMA frame 400. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that, in other embodiments, resources for direct station-to-station (i.e., “ad hoc” or “peer-to-peer”) communication links can be allocated from downlink resources in the downlink (DL) portion/zone 410 of the OFDMA frame 400.
Information Elements and Response Messages
To enable scheduling of uplink resources for peer-to-peer or station-to-station communication links, embodiments disclosed herein define new broadcast information elements (IEs) and unicast response messages (RMs) that are used in conjuction with the various embodiments described below. Prior to describing various embodiments, various information elements (IEs) that can be used in conjunction with these embodiments will now be described in detail. The new information elements include a resource map information element (RMIE) and a grant metric information element (GMIE) that will be described with respect to
In addition, the new response message include a resource map response message (RMRM) and a grant metric response message (GMRM) that will be described below with regard to
The RMIE 500 includes an information element identification number (IE ID#) field 510 that is a a unique identification number for the RMIE 500, an information element size (IE size) field 520 that is used to specify the size (in bytes) of the RMIE 500, a time slot start field 535 that specifies the starting location of the PRAM 530 within the resource allocation map, a number of time slots field 540 that specifies the number of time slots over which a station is to take RSS measurements (the PRAM 530 does not specify sub-channels), a resource type (Resource Type) field 550 that is used to specify a type of resource for which a station is to report RSS measurements in its RMRM (
Thus, upon receiving the RMIE, a station measures RSS information described by the RMIE 500 for selected ones of the time slots specified in the RMIE 500, sorts its RSS measurements into groups or categories (e.g., high RSS, medium RSS, low RSS, etc.), and then reports this information in a RMRM that is described below with reference to
The GMIE 600 includes an information element identification number (IE ID#) field 610 that is a unique identification number for the GMIE 600, an information element size field 620 that is used to specify the size (in bytes) of the GMIE 600, a measurement type (Meas. Type) field 630 that is used to specify to the station a type of QoS measurement that is to be reported by the station in the GMRM (
Thus, any station that is in a communication session and would potentially require/desire a new resource allocation, upon receiving the GMIE 600, measures QoS metrics described by the GMIE 600 for each time slot that it has been allocated. For example, if a receive station is receiving in time slots 3 and 4, then it would measure QoS metrics during the communication session on time slots 3 and 4. The station then reports these QoS metrics in a GMRM that is described below with reference to
As will be described below, as traffic changes from base station-to-station to peer-to-peer, the base station can adjust the RMIE 500 and/or GMIE 600 to adjust the amount of information collected by the stations and sent to the base station for creation of the peer sets needed to prevent near-far scheduling issues. The base station also adjusts the RMIE 500 and the GMIE 600 to request an increase or decrease in destination/receiver station (B) measurements based on the base station perception of how error free the communication session is. For low loading and/or little peer-to-peer traffic, little additional uplink resource information is needed. Only a small amount of uplink RSS resource information and QoS metrics are required from destination/receiver stations (B). If this is insufficient for the base station to figure out what is happening, it can put in a temporary request for additional information from a specific destination/receiver station (B). In one implementation, a base station can have a particular station that it has trouble scheduling. The base station can unicast an RMIE to this station that requires different measurements than the standard broadcast RMIE. For example, for high loading and/or high peer-to-peer traffic the RMIEs and GMIEs can request more destination/receiver station (B) information. For example, in a large room (trade show, conference hotel), more information regarding uplink resources can be requested from a given localized area. The base station may also use the RMIE or GMIE as a unicast probe request to a specific destination/receiver station (B) to ask for more detailed uplink resource information than is required by the regular RMIE and GMIE. A probe to one destination/receiver station (B) requesting a full local map can greatly resolve peer grouping issues in some situations. Using unicast requests for additional information via the RMIE and GMIE can provide the information needed by a base station to improve peer group sets (described below) without significant network overhead.
The RMRM 700 includes response message identification number (RM ID#) field 710 that is a unique identification number for this RMRM 700, a response message size field 720 that is used to specify the size in bytes of the RMRM 700, and a resource type (Resource Type) field 730 that is used to specify a type of resource that this station is reporting in the RMRM 700, and a total categories (Total Categories) field 735 to specify the total number of different RF quality metric categories reported in RMRM 700. The type of resource was previously included in the RMIE 500, but it is included again in the RMRM 700 since a base station has the option of changing the default resource type at any time, and therefore needs to know what type of resource measurement is being specified in the RMRM 700. As in the description above and in the description that follows, one example will be described in which a particular RF quality metric, namely RSS, is used to describe measurements made by and reported stations. However, in other embodiments equivalent metrics (or combinations of equivalent metrics) can be used in conjunction with the methods described below. Examples of these equivalent metrics can include, but are not limited to, range, SNR and SINR. For example, in one implementation, RSS and/or SINR measurements can be reported to the base station in the RMRM 700. In one implementation, the resource type field 730 can include both resource and measurement type. In this manner, for instance, the base station can request SINR measurements over a time slot, or SINR measurements over both time slots and frequency sub-channels, or RSS measurements over a time slot, or RSS measurements over both time slots and frequency sub-channels.
The RMRM 700 also includes a partial resource measurement map (PRMM) 740 that includes information regarding RSS measurements made by a particular station for selected ones of the resources specified in the PRAM 530 specified in the RMIE 500 of
In the example illustrated in
A few examples of the content of the PRMM 740 will now be described to provide context.
For instance, when the base station had requested, via the RMIE 500, measurements over the region of time slots 15-20 of the resource allocation map, an example of the category 1 RF quality metric category could be as follows:
Category 1 RSS Power Category=[0] (to indicate high RSS);
Category 1# RSS Measurements=[3];
Category 1 Valid system for measurement 1=[1];
Category 1 Valid system for measurement 2=[1];
Category 1 Valid system for measurement 3=[0] (to indicate that the receiver could not decode this signal so there may be external interference or really bad channel conditions);
Category 1 Map Data for measurement 1=[sub-channel=3], [time slot=16];
Category 1 Map Data for measurement 2=[sub-channel=5], [time slot=18]; and
Category 1 Map Data for measurement 3=[sub-channel=7], [time slot=19].
By contrast, when the base station requests measurements over the resource region that includes sub-channels 3-10 and time slots 15-20, the PRMM 740 can include:
Category 1 RSS Power=[0] (to indicate high RSS);
Category 1# RSS Measurement=[3];
Category 1 Valid system for measurement 1=[1];
Category 1 Valid system for measurement 2=[1];
Category 1 Valid system for measurement 3=[0] (to indicate that the receiver could not decode this signal so there may be external interference or really bad channel conditions);
Category 1 Map Data for measurement 1=[sub-channel=3], [time slot=4];
Category 1 Map Data for measurement 2=[sub-channel=5], [time slot=10]; and
Category 1 Map Data for measurement 3=[sub-channel=7], [time slot=14].
In addition, a particular implementation of a station can specify one, two or three sets of category map data 748, 758, 768. For instance, if the station also reports three low RSS measurements then it has to include a set of Category 2 measurements analogous to those above.
As noted above, a station can measure RSS information described by the RMIE 500 for selected ones of the time slots specified in the RMIE 500, and sort its RSS measurements into groups or categories (e.g., high RSS, medium RSS, low RSS, etc.).
In one implementation, category 2 can be used to specify a group of low RSS measurements. For instance, a station can also report three low RSS measurements as a set of Category 2 measurements as follows:
Category 2 RSS Power Category=[1] (to indicate low RSS);
Category 2# RSS Meas=[3];
Category 2 Valid system for measurement 1=[0] This low power signal was invalid;
Category 2 Valid system for measurement 2=[1];
Category 2 Valid system for measurement 3=[1];
Category 2 Map Data for measurement 1=[sub-channel=4], [time slot=17], [sub-channel=6], [time slot=17] (These form rectangles in the resource allocation map);
Category 2 Map Data for measurement 2=[sub-channel=6], [time slot=19], [sub-channel=6], [time slot=20]; and
Category 2 Map Data for measurement 3=[sub-channel=12], [time slot=18], [sub-channel=14], [time slot=20].
Notably, in the set of Category 2 measurements, the “Category_2 RSS Power Category” is set to a different value (1) to indicate that this measurement is for a low RSS power category.
The GMRM 800 includes response message identification number (RM ID#) field 810 that is a unique identification number for this GMRM 800, an response message (RM) size field 820 that is used to specify the size in bytes of the GMRM 800, and a total categories field 830 indicating the number of measurement categories included in the remainder of the table.
In
Scheduling
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to protocols, methods and apparatus for scheduling uplink communication resources within a cell of an OFDMA communication system. For example, the disclosed embodiments can provide MAC-layer scheduling methods and OFDMA scheduling apparatus for scheduling uplink communication resources in time-division duplex (TDD) or frequency division duplex (FDD) wide area wireless OFDMA communication networks (e.g., WiMAX/IEEE 802.16, 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)).
More specifically, the disclosed protocols, methods and apparatus allow for scheduling of (1) uplink communication resources allocated for “normal” uplink communications from stations to a base station and (2) uplink communication resources allocated for “direct link” or peer-to-peer communication between stations. The disclosed scheduling methods and apparatus allocate uplink resources for “direct link” or peer-to-peer communication between stations such that near-far issues caused by peer-to-peer communication are reduced/avoided. The disclosed protocols, methods and apparatus can prevent peer-to-peer communication links using different sub-channels within the same time slot from creating near-far issues for other receiver stations that are within communication range. In other words, a base station schedules uplink communication resources that are used by stations to avoid scheduling resources in the same time slot such that near/far issues result.
Some of the disclosed embodiments, that will now be described below, relate to proactive scheduling methods for initial uplink resource allocation. In such embodiments, a proactive resource allocation method is provided in which a base station instructs stations how to collect appropriate information. The stations collect the information and send to the base station, which then uses the information to create and update peer-sets of the stations, and then schedules inter-peer resources and/or intra-peer resources.
Proactive Scheduling Methods for Initial Uplink Resource Allocation
The proactive scheduling method 900 begins at step 905. At step 910, the base station generates an RMIE (
At step 920, the stations, including a source/transmitter station (Z) that wants to request a resource allocation, determine (measure or calculate) peer information (e.g., performance metrics) being requested by the base station based on information specified in the RMIE. At step 930, stations (including the source/transmitter station (Z)) communicate a RMRM (
At step 940, the base station processes the RMRM (and RMRMs from other stations) and determines uplink resources to be allocated to the source/transmitter station (Z) for its communication with the destination/receiver station (B). In summary, the base station uses the information in station RMRMs to create rules for scheduling or allocating uplink resources to avoid causing near-far issues. The uplink resources allocated to the source/transmitter station (Z) are allocated such that stations communicating over different sub-channels of the same time slot(s) will not experience or cause near-far problems for other stations, including the source/transmitter station (Z), and likewise communications by the source/transmitter station (Z) over the uplink resources it has been allocated will not cause near-far problems for other stations.
For a given location, traffic characteristics may change over time, with different concentrations of base station-to-station and station-to-station traffic. As indicated by the feedback loop exiting step 940 and returning to step 910, the proactive scheduling methods can accommodate large changes over time in the amount of peer-to-peer traffic by dynamically adjusting the content of the RMIE and RMRM transmitted.
In the description of
As noted above, the base station maintains a resource allocation map, and at step 1010 regularly generates and broadcasts an RMIE 500 (
Prior to requesting an uplink resource grant, the source/transmitter station (Z) waits for the RMIE 500. When the source/transmitter station (Z) receives the RMIE 500 at step 1020, the method 1000 proceeds to step 1030, where the source/transmitter station (Z) of the station decodes the PRAM 530 of the RMIE 500 to determine which resource measurement variables are being requested by the base station in the RMIE 500.
In general, the resource measurement variables specify what information should be collected by the recipient stations. In one implementation, the resource measurement variables specify performance metrics (e.g., RSS) that are to be measured for particular uplink resources indicated in the PRAM 530.
At step 1040, the source/transmitter station (Z) sets the resource measurement variables and then processing then continues as illustrated in
At step 1105, the source/transmitter station (Z) starts a timer that specifies a resource measurement period, and begins to monitor an OFDMA channel for selected ones (or all of) the uplink resources specified in the RMIE 500 received from the base station. The resource measurement period is set such that the source/transmitter station (Z) will receive one or more OFDMA frames 400 transmitted on the OFDMA channel. The resource measurement period can be a standard value that is known to the source/transmitter station (Z) that is of a long enough duration to allow accurate measurements. This duration can vary depending upon the implementation. In one embodiment the resource measurement period is selected during system installation and downloaded to all stations.
At step 1110, the source/transmitter station (Z) monitors an OFDMA channel until it receives a new OFDMA frame 400 from the base station. The OFDMA frame 400 includes a preamble which defines when the OFDMA frame 400 starts.
Upon receiving the next OFDMA frame 400, at step 1120, the station begins determining (e.g., measuring and/or calculating) performance metrics for “selected” uplink resources specified in the PRAM 530 received from the BS. The stations do not need to determine (e.g., measure and/or calculate) performance metrics for all uplink resources specified in the PRAM 530, but can in some implementations. In some embodiments, the recipient stations are permitted to select particular ones of the uplink resources specified in the PRAM 530. For example, in one embodiment of step 1120, the source/transmitter station(i.e., a particular station that plans to request an uplink resource allocation from the BS) can select particular ones of the uplink resources specified in the PRAM 530, and monitor those selected uplink resources to determine performance metrics (e.g., RSS) associated with those selected uplink resources. In such embodiments, the portion of the PRAM 530 that is monitored is left up to the station. In one specific implementation, the station can randomly select uplink resources from the PRAM 530 or randomly select groups of uplink resources from the PRAM 530 to monitor. As will be described below, the performance metrics will eventually be used to generate a partial resource measurement map (PRMM) 740.
In one implementation of step 1120, the source/transmitter station (Z) measures receive signal strength (RSS) levels for the selected uplink resources. Each of the uplink resources is a combination of a time slot and frequency sub-channel. For each time slot of a selected uplink resource (i.e., that the source/transmitter station (Z) selects from the PRAM 530), the station scans all sub-channels in that time slot, down converts to baseband, filters then takes the fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The magnitude square of the output of the FFT is the power level for each frequency sub-carriers. The RSS of a given sub-channel is obtained by summing the power of the sub-carriers that make up that sub-channel. Each of the measured RSS values can be specified using a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), which is a measure of the received radio signal strength over a particular communication link.
At step 1130, the source/transmitter station (Z) categorizes the measured performance metrics into different categories. For instance, according to one implementation, the source/transmitter station (Z) categorizes the measured receive signal strength (RSS) levels into different categories (e.g., high, middle and low measured RSS levels).
At step 1140, the source/transmitter station (Z) determines whether the resource measurement period has expired. If not, then process 1100 loops back to step 1110.
If the resource measurement period has expired, then the process 1100 proceeds to step 1150, where the source/transmitter station (Z) uses the performance metrics it determined (measured or calculated) to generate a resource map response message (RMRM) 700 that includes a partial uplink resource measurement map (PRMM) 740 for uplink resources specified in the PRAM 530 that are selected by the source/transmitter station (Z). The PRMM includes performance metrics determined by the the source/transmitter station (Z) for selected uplink resources (time slot/frequency sub-channel). In the embodiment described above with reference to
Stations can then transmit their respective RMRMs back to the base station. At a minimum, any station that is preparing to request an uplink resource allocation needs to send its RMRM. Thus, at step 1150, the source/transmitter station (Z) transmits the RMRM 700 to the base station to report its performance metrics (e.g., RSS measurements measured/determined by the source/transmitter station (Z)) to the base station via the PRMM 740. At a maximum, every station receiving the RMIE sends its RMRM to the base station. As will be described below with reference to
At step 1150, the source/transmitter station (Z) also transmits an initial uplink Resource Request Message (RRM) to the base station. The RRM indicates the type of communication session the source/transmitter station (Z) would like to set up with a destination/receiver station (B) including information regarding QoS requirements for that communication session. The Resource Request Message (RRM) can include information including: (1) the type of communication session the source/transmitter station (Z) would like to set up with a destination/receiver station (B) including information regarding QoS requirements for that communication session, (2) information regarding the station type, (3) information about the size of the packet to be transmitted by the source/transmitter station (Z), etc.
In one embodiment, the RRM also includes the RMRM 700 (and hence the PRMM 740). In another embodiment, the source/transmitter station (Z) transmits the RMRM 700 separately.
At step 1210, the base station receives the resource map response message (RMRM) 700 and the initial uplink Resource Request Message (RRM) from the source/transmitter station (Z), and saves this information in memory. Although not illustrated, the base station can also receive RMRMs from other stations. As will be described below, the base station eventually uses the RMRM received from the source/transmitter station (Z) (along with RMRMs from other stations) to schedule uplink resources allocated to the source/transmitter station (Z).
At step 1215, the base station can determine, based on the RMM, the packet size the source/transmitter station (Z) requests to transmit and/or the station type of the station that is requesting an uplink resource grant (i.e., the source/transmitter station (Z)), needed to determine the amount of resources to be allocated.
At step 1225, based on the partial resource measurement map (PRMM) 740 from the RMRM 700, the base station updates peer information for the source/transmitter station (Z) that is requesting the uplink resource grant. At this point in time, only information that station Z has sent in the recent RMRM is used to update Zs peer information. However, other stations that receive transmissions from Z may send back Zs resource allocation in their RMRM. Some embodiments may assume that wireless channels are reciprocal and update Zs peer information to include stations whose RMRMs contain Z. One embodiment of the peer information updating method will be described below with reference to
Update of Peer Information
At step 1310, the base station translates or converts the resource information (X1, Y1, etc . . . ) from source/transmitter station (Z) (that was provided in the partial resource measurement map (PRMM) 740) into actual peer station identification numbers or “identifiers” (x1, y1, etc . . . ). Because the base station generated the resource allocation map, the base station knows which station was previously assigned to which resource (i.e., the base station know which resources were allocated to what stations). Hence, given the resource location (sub-channel/time-slot), the base station knows the station identification number that was allocated to transmit during the given resource. For example, when the base station receives resource allocation X1 (for instance frequency sub-channel 1 and time slot 3 above)in a PRMM, the base knows that device x1 was previously assigned to transmit during this portion of the frame 400 using this resource allocation.
At step 1320, for each of the peer identifiers determined at step 1310, the base station evaluates the corresponding category MAP Data fields 748, 758, 768 from the PRMM 740, determines which peer station indentification numbers correspond to particular entries in each of the category MAP Data fields 748, 758, 768, and determines the appropriate transmitter peer list for each peer station identification number. A base station may maintain multiple transmitter peer lists for high power RSS peers, medium power RSS powers and low power RSS peers. Low power RSS peers can be referred to as transmitting non-peers. For instance, in one simplified example, after completing step 1320 the base station has determined that source/transmitter station with identification number z has high RSS peer stations with identification numbers x1, x2 and x3, low RSS peer stations with identification numbers y1, y2 and y3, and no medium RSS peer stations.
At step 1330, the base station then creates or updates an entry in a Peer Memory Map (PMM) for source/transmitter station (Z). The PMM includes columns and rows, where each row corresponds to data for a particular station. In the example illustrated, the PMM includes three columns as follows: (1) one column that lists stations including the source/transmitting station (with identification number z) and every other station that can potentially engage in peer to peer communications, (2) another column that lists peer stations (of each station in the first column) having a high RSS and (3) another column that lists peer stations (of each station in the first column) having a low RSS. Although not illustrated, there can be another column that lists peer stations (of each station in the first column) having a medium RSS. An entry in the PMM is a row of data for a particular station that is identified in the first column.
One example of a PMM is illustrated in Table 5 below. In this simplified example, the Peer Memory Map (PMM) in Table 5 has entries for two stations: source/transmitter station (z) and the destination/receiver station (b). For destination/receiver station (b) the PMM includes a list of peer stations (a1, a2, a3) having a high measured RSS and a list of peer stations (w1, w2, w3) having a low measured RSS, where a1, a2 and a3 and w1, w2, w3 are peer station identification numbers. Similarly, for the source/transmitter station (z) the PMM includes a list of peer stations (x1, x2, x3) having a high measured RSS and a list of peer stations (y1, y2, y3) having a low measured RSS, where x1, x2 and x3 and y1, y2, y3 are peer station identification numbers. Although not illustrated in Table 5, the PMM includes one entry for each station that can potentially engage in peer to peer communication. After updating the source/transmitter station PMM entries for z and b in Table 5, the peers for z and b may also be updated. For example in Table 5 the PMM entries for stations (x1, x2, x3) all can have station z listed as a high power peer and stations (a1, a2, a3) can have station b listed as a high power peer. (Table 5 does not show the analogous low power peers for stations (y1, y2, y3) and (w1, w2, w3)).
Generation of Updated Peer Sets
High RSS peer stations cause the most interference for nearby receivers, and therefore it is desirable to isolate transmissions of high RSS peer stations in the time domain by scheduling transmission of the source/transmitter station (Z) so that they are received at a time when it's high RSS peer stations are not transmitting.
The base station receives PRMMs from each station that want to transmit peer-to-peer (or station-to-station) traffic. The base station combines the information from multiple PRMMs received from different stations to create or update peer sets. In the following description, different peer sets will be called high and low impact peer sets. For example, as illustrated at step 1230 of
For instance, in the example described above, the source/transmitter station (Z) has three high impact (high RSS) peer stations: ZHI
Marking Timeslots as Excluded or Preferred Based on Transmit and Receive Peer Sets
Continuing with
At step 1410, per Equation (1), the base station marks time slots that include peers {a1, a2, a3} in the high impact (high RSS) peer set (BHI
TSx={TS(i): i εBHI
where ε denotes “belongs to” and TS(i) represents the time slot in which transmission by station i has already been scheduled.
At step 1420, per Equation (2), the base station marks time slots that include peers {x1, x2, x3} in the high RSS peer set (ZHI
TSp={TS(i): i εZHI
At step 1430, per Equation (3), if there are no peers in the high RSS peer set (ZHI
TSp={TS(i): i εBLO
With intra-peer-set communications or in the presence of shadow fading, some time slots can be marked as being both an excluded time slot (TSx) and preferred time slot (TSp). Specifically, if j is a transmit station assigned to time slot TS(j) such that: j ε ZHI
This conflicting time slot status can be resolved based on whether the source/transmitter station (Z) is a member of the high impact peer set (BHI
If Z ε BHI
If Z is a member of the high impact peer set (BHI
In the former situation, the source/transmitter station (Z), the destination/receiver station (B), and transmit station (j) are all high-power peers of each other. The intra-peer set communication from the source/transmitter station (Z) to the destination/receiver station (B) is power controlled to use the minimum power needed to achieve the system's maximum modulation rate. The destination/receiver station (B) receives a high RSS level and can tolerate the presence of transmissions from transmit station (j) in the same vicinity. The latter situation can arise with shadow fading when the source/transmitter station (Z) is not a high-power peer of the destination/receiver station (B) but transmit station (j) is a high-power peer of the source/transmitter station (Z) and the destination/receiver station (B). This can happen, for example, if the source/transmitter station (Z) and the destination/receiver station (B) are in adjacent rooms separated by a wall and transmit station (j) is at the doorway connecting the two rooms.
At step 1250, the base station estimates the uplink resource allocation size (RAS) based on the channel quality, i.e., estimated SINR for the resources under consideration (which determines the modulation and coding scheme that can be used) and the packet size. Thus, different RASs may be needed in different sub-channels, for example due to different fading and interference conditions. The uplink resource allocation size (RAS) depends on the channel/interference conditions experienced by the destination/receiver station (B) on the particular sub-channel(s). Thus, the RAS may change depending on which sub-channel/sub-channel group is considered for allocation. That is, the RAS is not necessarily the same for all parts of the wideband channel.
Specifically, starting with the first preferred time slot (TSp) and the first candidate set of sub-channels, the number of sub-channels required and the transmit power required are computed. If the number of sub-channels available in the first preferred time slot (TSp) is inadequate, the next preferred time slot (TSp) is considered and so on. Any preferences pertaining to horizontal and vertical striping can be applied.
At step 1260, the base station allocates one or more uplink resources to the source/transmitter station (Z). Each “resource” is a combination of a frequency sub-channel within a particular time slot of an OFDMA frame 400. The set of one or more uplink resources allocated to the source/transmitter station (Z) is a “resource allocation” that can be any combination of one or more preferred time slot (TSp) and any combination of one or more subcarriers/sub-channels within the one or more preferred time slots (TSp). In one embodiment, the right-most preferred time slot(s) (TSp) in the UL portion 450 of the resource allocation map, which are also not marked as being excluded time slots (TSx), are allocated to the source/transmitter station (Z).
After the base station allocates the uplink resources to the source/transmitter station (Z), at step 1270 the base station transmits a resource grant message (RGM) to the source/transmitter station (Z) to notify the source/transmitter station (Z) of the uplink resources allocated to it. The source/transmitter station (Z) may then use the allocated uplink resources specified in the RGM for transmissions to the destination/receiver station (B).
Reactive Scheduling Methods for Potential Reallocation of Uplink Resources Based on QoS Performance Metrics for a Communication Session
In the proactive method, uplink resources are allocated to the source/transmitter station (Z). In some scenarios, after a communication session or call is in progress, the uplink resource allocations provided via the proactive scheduling method can become inadequate and near-far issues can occur for the destination/receiver station (B). In such cases, the destination/receiver station (B) should request a new uplink resource allocation (or “re-allocation”) to reduce and/or eliminate such near-far issues. For instance, in one implementation, a resource grant is terminated, renewed or reallocated at regular intervals (e.g., approximately every 2 seconds).
Reactive scheduling methods will now be described that can be used to address such scenarios. The reactive scheduling methods describe actions performed by a base station and a station after a communication session or call is in progress. The reactive scheduling methods allow for potential re-allocation of long-term uplink resources based on QoS performance metrics. These reactive scheduling methods allow the destination/receiver station (B) to recover from scenarios in which the proactive scheduling methods fail for some reason (e.g., station mobility or poor RSS measurements). In such embodiments, a reactive uplink resource allocation method is provided in which the base station re-schedules uplink communication resources and possibly changes the amount of information stations collect.
The reactive scheduling method 1500 starts at step 1505 when destination/receiver station (B) begins a new peer-to-peer (or station-to-station) communication session with the source/transmitter station (Z). At step 1510, the destination/receiver station (B) receives a Grant Metric Information Element (GMIE) 600 generated and broadcast by the base station. As described above, the GMIE 600 informs stations of the type and amount of QoS information the destination/receiver stations (B) are to provide to the base station via a Grant Metric Response Message (GMRM) 800.
At step 1520, the destination/receiver station (B) decodes the GMIE 600, determines QoS performance metrics (e.g., frame error rate (FER), SINR, ADC desense) being requested by the base station for existing uplink resources allocated to this communication session, and determines (measures and/or calculates) those QoS performance metrics for the existing uplink resources allocated to this communication session that it is using to communicate with the source/transmitter station (Z).
At step 1530, the destination/receiver station (B) can determine, based on these QoS performance metrics, whether to continue with its existing uplink resource allocation for this communication session, or whether to request a new uplink resource allocation for this communication session. For example, the destination/receiver station (B) determines, based on the QoS performance metrics (e.g., frame error rate (FER), SINR, ADC desense) that it has measured/calculated for existing uplink resources allocated to this communication session, whether to continue using existing uplink resource allocation or whether to request an adjustment or “reallocation” of the existing uplink resources is necessary to prevent near/far problems.
When the destination/receiver station (B) determines, based on the measured/calculated QoS performance metrics for existing uplink resources allocated to this communication session, that continued use of its existing uplink resources is likely to cause near/far problems, the method 1500 proceeds to step 1540, where the destination/receiver station (B) unicasts a GMRM to the base station along with a request for a new uplink resource allocation for this communication session with the source/transmitter station (Z). At step 1550, in response to the request for a new uplink resource allocation, the base station determines a new uplink resource allocation and communicates this information to the destination/receiver station (B) and the source/transmitter station (Z).
By contrast, when the destination/receiver station (B) determines that it would like to continue using existing uplink resource allocation for its communication session with the source/transmitter station (Z), the method 1500 proceeds to step 1565, where the destination/receiver station (B) renews the allocation of its existing resources by transmitting a resource renewal request message (RRRM) to the base station.
A specific implementation of the reactive scheduling method will now be described with reference to
While participating in an active communication session or call with the source/transmitter station (Z) over an existing resource allocation, the destination/receiver station (B) actively monitors the OFDMA channel. For each OFDMA frame 400 received, the destination/receiver station (B) determines information the base station has requested via a RMIE 500 and a GMIE 600. As described below, the destination/receiver station (B) can measure any number of QoS performance metrics with respect to the existing resources that reflect quality of the communication link between the source/transmitter station (Z) and the destination/receiver station (B), and then use these QoS performance metrics to monitor adequacy of the current uplink resource allocation.
The reactive scheduling method 1600 starts at step 1605, when destination/receiver station (B) begins a new communication session with the source/transmitter station (Z). At step 1610, the destination/receiver station (B) receives a Resource Map Information Element (RMIE) 500 and a Grant Metric Information Element (GMIE) 600 generated and broadcast by the base station. The RMIE and GMIE may be independent broadcast signals or may be embedded in the control time slots at the beginning of an OFDMA frame 400. The RMIE directs the destination/receiver station (B) to collect information about its local environment. If the current resource allocation that is being used for the communication session begins performing poorly from a QoS perspective, it is desirable for the base station to have up-to-date RSS measurement information to use in making a new resource allocation. The destination/receiver station (B) can send an RMRM to the base station to provide this up-to-date RSS measurement information.
At step 1620, the destination/receiver station (B) decodes the RMIE 500 and implements methods similar to those described above with respect to
At step 1630, the destination/receiver station (B) can determine whether the short-term QoS performance metrics are acceptable for the current OFDMA frame 400.
If the short-term QoS performance metrics are not acceptable for the current OFDMA frame 400, the method 1600 proceeds to step 1670, where the destination/receiver station (B) can send a GMRM to the base station that reports the short-term QoS performance metrics that were determined at step 1620, a RMRM and an uplink resource re-allocation request message (RRARM) to request new uplink resource allocation for the communication session between the source/transmitter station (Z) and the destination/receiver station (B). Although not illustrated in
If the short-term QoS performance metrics are acceptable for the current OFDMA frame 400, the method 1600 proceeds to step 1640, where the destination/receiver station (B) can determine if the grant period for the existing resources has expired. Grant periods can be a function of traffic type, channel reliability, traffic intensity and base station loading. Grant periods may also be values specified by standard bodies for certain types of traffic. If the grant period for the existing resources has not yet expired, then the method 1600 loops back to step 1610, where the destination/receiver station (B) can continue to monitor short-term QoS performance metrics until the grant period for the existing resources expires.
If the grant period for the existing resources has expired, then the method 1600 can proceed to step 1645, where the destination/receiver station (B) can send a RMRM 700 and a GMRM 800 to the base station that reports the short-term QoS performance metrics for this OFDMA frame 400, and the method 1600 proceeds to step 1650 where the destination/receiver station (B) can determine whether there is more data for this communication session (or call).
If the destination/receiver station (B) determines that there is no more data for this communication session (or call), then the method 1600 ends at step 1655.
If the destination/receiver station (B) determines that there is more data for this communication session (or call), then the method 1600 proceeds to step 1660, where the destination/receiver station (B) can determine whether the long-term QoS performance metrics are acceptable. This way the destination/receiver station (B) can determine whether it wants to continue using its existing uplink resource allocation for this communication session, or whether to request a new uplink resource allocation for this communication session (i.e., an adjustment or “reallocation” of the existing uplink resources is necessary to prevent near/far problems).
The long-term QoS performance metrics are determined by processing QoS measurements. For instance, one embodiment estimates long-term QoS metrics as the running average of the short-term QoS performance metrics (determined for each frame) from the start of a grant period up to the current point in time. The destination/receiver station (B) compares the long-term metrics over the grant period with thresholds to determine whether or not a re-association request should be made. In one embodiment, the FER threshold for triggering re-association request from a destination/receiver station (B) depends on the type of traffic being communicated since different traffic types require different quality of service (QoS) and therefore need different re-association thresholds. For example, best effort data can tolerate fairly high FER, while real time traffic is more sensitive to interference. When the QoS Traffic Type is known, the table below provides re-associating trigger points according to one implementation.
When the ADC desense exceeds a predefined tolerance limit, RSS levels for all uplink resources causing ADC desense to the receiver's desired grant can be returned in the RMRM when a destination/receiver station (B) requests re-association.
If the long-term QoS performance metrics are acceptable, the method 1600 proceeds to step 1665, where the destination/receiver station (B) can renew the allocation of its existing resources by transmitting a resource renewal request message (RRRM) to the base station. In other words, the destination/receiver station (B) can request renewal of its current uplink resource allocations so that it can continue using existing uplink resource allocation for its communication session with the source/transmitter station (Z).
If the long-term QoS performance metrics for existing uplink resources (allocated to this communication session) are not acceptable (e.g., that continued use of its existing uplink resources is likely to cause near/far problems), the method 1600 proceeds to step 1670, where the destination/receiver station (B) can unicast a GMRM to the base station that reports the long-term QoS performance metrics (as computed above), a RMRM, and an uplink resource re-allocation request message (RRARM) to request new uplink resource allocation for its communication session with the source/transmitter station (Z). In response to the uplink resource re-allocation request message, the base station can determine new uplink resources to allocate for the communication session between the source/transmitter station (Z) and the destination/receiver station (B).
At step 1710, the base station receives the resource map response message (RMRM) 700, a grant metric response message (GMRM) 800 and the uplink Resource Re-allocation Request Message (RRARM) from the destination/receiver station (B), and saves this information in memory. Although not illustrated, the base station can also receive RMRMs and GMRMs from other stations. As will be described below, the base station eventually uses the RMRM and the GMRM received from the destination/receiver station (B) (along with RMRMs and GMRMs from other stations) to schedule uplink resources allocated for the communication session between the source/transmitter station (Z) and the destination/receiver station (B).
At step 1715, the base station can determine, based on the RRARM, the packet size the destination/receiver station (B) requests to transmit and/or the station type of the station that is requesting an uplink resource re-allocation (i.e., the destination/receiver station (B)). The packet size can be used to determine the amount of resources to be allocated (e.g. number of frequency sub-channels and number of time slots).
At step 1725, based on the partial resource measurement map (PRMM) 740 from the RMRM 700, the base station updates peer information for the destination/receiver station (B) that is requesting the uplink resource re-allocation. Moreover, in some embodiments other RMRM information can be used to update the source/transmitter station's (Z) peer sets. In addition, timeouts may be used for each individual peer to allow past PRMM 740 measurements to reside in the peer set memory for a period of time. The reactive scheduling method uses techniques similar to those used in the proactive scheduling method to improve peer sets. One embodiment of the peer information updating method will be described below with reference to
Update of Peer Information
At step 1810, the base station translates or converts the resource information (A1, W1, etc . . . ) from destination/receiver station (B) (that was provided in the partial resource measurement map (PRMM) 740) into actual peer station identification numbers or “identifiers” (a1, w1, etc . . . ). Because the base station generated the resource allocation map, the base station knows which station was previously assigned to which resource (i.e., the base station know which resources were allocated to what stations). Hence, given the resource location (sub-channel/time-slot), the base station knows the station identification number that was allocated to transmit during the given resource. For example, when the base station receives resource allocation A1 in a PRMM, the base station knows that device a1 was previously assigned to resource allocation A1 (frequency sub-channel 1 and time slot 3 above).
At step 1820, for each of the peer identifiers determined at step 1810, the base station evaluates the corresponding category MAP data fields 748, 758, 768 from the PRMM 740, determines which peer station identification numbers correspond to particular entries in each of the category MAP data fields 748, 758, 768, and determines the appropriate transmitter peer list for each peer station identifier. A base station may maintain multiple transmitter peer lists for high power RSS peers, medium power RSS powers and low power RSS peers. Low power RSS peers can be referred to as transmitting non-peers. For instance, in one simplified example, after completing step 1820 the base station has determined that destination/receiver station (B) with identification number b has high RSS peer stations with identification numbers a1, a2 and a3 and low RSS peer stations with identification numbers w1, w2 and w3, and no medium RSS peer stations.
At step 1830, the base station then creates or updates an entry in a Peer Memory Map (PMM) for destination/receiver station (B). The PMM includes columns and rows. In the example illustrated in Table 7 (below), the PMM includes three columns as follows: (1) a column that lists stations including the source/transmitting station (Z) with identification number z and all other stations that can potentially engage in peer to peer communication, (2) another column that lists peer stations (of each station in the first column) having a high RSS and (3) another column that lists peer stations (of each station in the first column) having a low RSS. Although not illustrated, there can be additional columns that list peer stations (of each station in the first column) having a medium RSS. An entry is a row of data for a corresponding station in column 1.
One example of a PMM is illustrated in Table 7 below. In this simplified example, the Peer Memory Map (PMM) in Table 7 has entries for two stations: source/transmitter station (Z) and the destination/receiver station (B). For destination/receiver station (B) the PMM includes a list of peer stations (a1, a2, a3) having a high measured RSS and a list of peer stations (w1, w2, w3) having a low measured RSS. Similarly, for the source/transmitting station (Z) the PMM includes a list of peer stations (x1, x2, x3) having a high measured RSS and a list of peer stations (y1, y2, y3) having a low measured RSS. Although not illustrated, the PMM can also include one entry for each station that can potentially engage in peer to peer communication. After updating the source transmitter station PMM entries for z and b in Table 7, in some embodiments the peers for z and b may also be updated. For example in Table 7 the PMM entries for stations (x1, x2, x3) all can have source/transmitter z listed as a high power peer and stations (a1, a2, a3) can have destination/receiver station b listed as a high power peer, wherein x1, x2, x3 and a1, a2, a3 are peer station identification numbers. (Table 7 does not show the analogous low power peers for stations (y1, y2, y3) and (w1, w2, w3)).
Generation of Updated Peer Sets
High RSS peer stations cause the most interference for nearby receivers, and therefore it is desirable to isolate transmissions of high RSS peer stations in the time domain by scheduling transmission of the destination/receiver station (B) so that they are received at a time when it's high RSS peer stations are not transmitting.
The base station receives PRMMs from each station that want to transmit peer-to-peer (or station-to-station) traffic. Referring again to
In an alternative embodiment, the base station could use other information to generate updated peer sets. For instance, the base station could use QoS information about an ongoing communication session provided in the grant metric response messages (GMRM) 800 to improve peer sets. For example, if the receiver reports a medium RSS from another station that is occurring during its call (via PRMM) and also reports a poor QoS measurement for that call (via the GMRM), then the base station could decide to bump up the medium RSS interferer to a high category (High RSS) based on the impact it is having on the receiver call.
Marking Timeslots as Excluded or Preferred Based on Transmit and Receive Peer Sets
Continuing with
Although not illustrated, the base station can then perform processing during the reactive scheduling method that is similar to that described above with respect to
At step 1750, the base station estimates the uplink resource allocation size (RAS). Specifically, starting with the first preferred time slot (TSp) and the first candidate set of sub-channels, the number of sub-channels required and the transmit power required are computed. If the number of sub-channels available in the first preferred time slot (TSp) is inadequate, the next preferred time slot (TSp) is considered and so on. Any preferences pertaining to horizontal and vertical striping can be applied.
At step 1760, the base station re-allocates one or more uplink resources to the destination/receiver station (B), where the one or more uplink resources re-allocated to the destination/receiver station (B) is a “resource allocation” that can be any combination of one or more preferred time slot (TSp) and any combination of one or more subcarriers/sub-channels within the one or more preferred time slots (TSp). In one embodiment, the right-most preferred time slot(s) (TSp) in the UL portion 450 of the resource allocation map, which are also not marked as being excluded time slots (TSx), are allocated to the destination/receiver station (B).
After the base station re-allocates the uplink resources to the destination/receiver station (B), at step 1770 the base station transmits a resource grant message (RGM) to the destination/receiver station (B) and the source/transmitter station (Z) to notify them of the uplink resources re-allocated to them. The source/transmitter station (Z) may then use the allocated uplink resources specified in the RGM for transmissions to the destination/receiver station (B).
Conclusion
Traditional OFDMA scheduling solutions for avoiding near-far problems are base-station centric and do not support peer-to-peer traffic. The disclosed embodiments enable broadband OFDMA peer-to-peer communication networks and mesh mobility by using the MAC layer to avoid scheduling stations that would experience near-far issues in the same time allocation. The disclosed embodiments provide a signaling protocol with which the base station can request peer information from stations and the stations can appropriately respond to this request. This signaling protocol allows for both proactive and reactive collection of information. The disclosed embodiments also provide a seamless mechanism for transition between a conventional uplink/downlink scheduler and a scheduler that accommodates significant peer-to-peer traffic. As traffic changes from BS-station to peer-to-peer, the base station can adjust the RMIE and/or GMIE to adjust the amount of information collected by the stations and sent to the base station for creation of the peer sets needed to prevent near-far scheduling issues.
In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present teachings. The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.
Moreover in this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes,” “including,” “contains,” “containing” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a,” “has . . . a,” “includes . . . a,” “contains . . . a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains the element. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. The terms “substantially”, “essentially”, “approximately”, “about” or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodiment the term is defined to be within 10%, in another embodiment within 5%, in another embodiment within 1% and in another embodiment within 0.5%. The term “coupled” as used herein is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly and not necessarily mechanically. A device or structure that is “configured” in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed.
It will be appreciated that some embodiments may be comprised of one or more generic or specialized processors (or “processing devices”) such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, customized processors and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and unique stored program instructions (including both software and firmware) that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of the method and/or apparatus described herein. Alternatively, some or all functions could be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic. Of course, a combination of the two approaches could be used.
Moreover, an embodiment can be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium having computer readable code stored thereon for programming a computer (e.g., comprising a processor) to perform a method as described and claimed herein. Examples of such computer-readable storage mediums include, but are not limited to, a hard disk, a CD-ROM, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a ROM (Read Only Memory), a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), an EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) and a Flash memory. Further, it is expected that one of ordinary skill, notwithstanding possibly significant effort and many design choices motivated by, for example, available time, current technology, and economic considerations, when guided by the concepts and principles disclosed herein will be readily capable of generating such software instructions and programs and ICs with minimal experimentation.
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.
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